DIGITAL

ELECTRONICS
NUMBER SYSTEM
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What are Digital Electronics?

Why Digital Electronics important?

Computers
the main numeral systems are based on:
a.The positional system in base 2 (binary
numeral system), with two binary digits, 0
and 1.
b.Positional systems obtained by grouping
binary digits by three (octal numeral system)
or four (hexadecimal numeral system).
 What are Bits and Bytes?
Bytes
Bits
• One byte = collection of 8 bits.
• A "bit" is atomic: the smallest
• e.g. 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
unit of storage
▪ unit of information storage.
• A bit stores just a 0 or 1 ▪ A document, an image, a movie.
• "In the computer it's all 0's Conversion
and 1's" • Kilobyte, KB, about 1 thousand bytes
• Anything with two separate • Megabyte, MB, about 1 million bytes
states can store 1 bit. • Gigabyte, GB, about 1 billion bytes
• Terabyte, TB, about 1 trillion bytes
(rare)
At the end of the lesson the students are
expected to:
Know the base values of commonly used
number systems.
Understand methods for extending the
scope of number systems.

Convert a number to other number

systems.
What is a Number System?
➢Code using symbols that refers
to a number.
➢These number system used to
represent information.
➢They also have different bases
or radix.
What is base or radix?
➢Is the number of unique digits,
including the digit zero, used to
represent numbers.
➢ A number which is represented
by a subscript.
 Most Significant Digit (MSD) and
Least Significant Digit (LSD)
MSD
The most significant digit in a number is a digit with the
greatest impact on that number.
LSD
The least significant digit in a number is a digit with the
least impact on that number.
Types of Number System

Decimal Number System

Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Common Number System
 Conversion Table

DECIMAL BINARY OCTAl 3-Bit HEXA- 4-Bit

String DECIMAL String
0 0 0 000 0 0000
1 1 1 001 1 0001
2 10 2 010 2 0010
3 11 3 011 3 0011
4 100 4 100 4 0100
5 101 5 101 5 0101
6 110 6 110 6 0110
7 111 7 111 7 0111
8 1000 10 - 8 1000
9 1001 11 - 9 1001
10 1010 12 - 10 (A) 1010
11 1011 13 - 11 (B) 1001
12 1100 14 - 12 (C) 1100
13 1101 15 - 13 (D) 1101
14 1110 16 - 14 (E) 1110
15 1111 17 - 15 (F) 1111
Conversion Among Bases
DECIMAL OCTAL

BINARY HEXADECIMAL
Binary to Octal
• Group into 3's starting at least significant symbol (if the
number of bits is not evenly divisible by 3, then add 0's at
the most significant end)

e.g.: a. (1010101)2 to ( )8

001 010 101

1 2 5

(1010101)2 = (125 )8
Binary to Octal
• Group into 3's starting at least significant symbol (if the
number of bits is not evenly divisible by 3, then add 0's at
the most significant end)

b. (1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1)2 to ( )8

010 110 111

2 6 7

(1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1)2 = (267 )8
 Binary to Octal

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c. (0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0)2 to ( )8
 Octal to Binary
•For each of the Octal digit write its binary equivalent.
e.g.: a. (257)8 to ( )2

2 5 7

010 101 111

(257)8 = (010101111)2 or (257)8 = (10101111)2

 Octal to Binary
•For each of the Octal digit write its binary equivalent.
e.g.: b. (35)8 to ( )2

3 5
0 1 1 1 0 1

(35)8 = (011101)2 or (35)8 = (11101)2

Octal to Binary

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c. (643)8 to ( )2
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Group into 4's starting at least significant symbol (if the
number of bits is not evenly divisible by 4, then add 0's at
the most significant end)

e.g.: a. (1010111011)2 to ( )16

0010 1011 1011

2 11 11
2 B B
(1010111011)2 = (2BB)16
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Group into 4's starting at least significant symbol (if the
number of bits is not evenly divisible by 4, then add 0's at
the most significant end)

e.g.: b. (1010 1001)2 to ( )16

1010 1001
10 9
A 9
(10101001)2 = (A9)16
Binary to Hexadecimal

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c. (01101100)2 to ( )16
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• For each of the Hex digit write its binary equivalent (use 4
bits to represent).
e.g.: a. (25A0)16 to ( )2
2 5 A 0
0010 0101 1010 0000
(25A0)16 = (0010 0101 1010 0000)2
or
(25A0)16 = (10 0101 1010 0000)2
Hexadecimal to Binary
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b. (A2E)16 to ( )2
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Steps:
1. Convert octal number to its binary equivalent.
2. Convert binary number to its hexadecimal equivalent.

e.g.: a. (635.27)8 to ( )16

6 3 5 . 2 7
110 011 101 . 010 111
000 00

0001 1001 1101 . 0101 1100

1 9 13 . 5 12
 Cont.
e.g.: a. (635.27)8 to ( )16
6 3 5 . 2 7
110 011 101 . 010 111
000 00
0001 1001 1101 . 0101 1100

1 9 13 . 5 12

(635.27)8 = (19D.5C )16

 Octal to Hexadecimal
e.g.: b. (752)8 to ( )16
Octal to Binary 7 5 2
111 101 010
(111101010) 2
Binary to Hexadecimal 7 5 2
000 111 101 010
0001 1110 1010
1 14 10
(752)8 = (1EA)16
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Steps:
1.Convert hexadecimal number to its binary equivalent.
2.Convert binary number to its octal equivalent.

e.g.: a. (A3B.7)16 to ( )8
A 3 B . 7
10 3 11 . 7
1010 0011 1011 . 0111 00

101 000 111 011 . 011 100

5 0 7 3 . 3 4
Hexadecimal to Octal
A 3 B . 7
10 3 11 . 7
1010 0011 1011 . 0111 00

101 000 111 011 . 011 100

5 0 7 3 . 3 4

(A3B)16 = (5073.34)8
 Hexadecimal to Octal
e.g.: b. (B5A)16 to ( )8

B 5 A
11 5 10
1011 0101 1010

101 101 011 010

5 5 3 2

(B5A)16 = (5532)8
 Any Base in Decimal
•Converting from any base to
decimal is done by multiplying
each digit by its weight and
summing.
 Positional Number System
Position Value in Base
10 2 8 16
0 100 20=1 80=1 160=1
1 101 21=2 81=8 161=16
2 102 22=4 82=64 162=256
3 103 23=8 83=512 163=4096
4 104 24=16 84=4 096 164=65 536
5 105 25=32 85=32 768 165=1 048 576
6 106 26=64 86=262 144 166=16 777 216
7 107 27=128 87=2 097 152 167=268 435 456
8 108 28=256 88=16 777 216 168=4 294 967 296
9 109 29=512 89=134 217 728 169= 68 719 476 637
 Binary to Decimal
e.g.: a. (10101)2 to ( )10

Steps Binary Decimal Number

Number
Step 1 (10101)2 ((1x24) + (0x23) + (1x22) + (0x21) + (1x20))10

Step 2 (10101)2 ((16+0+4+0+1))10

Step 3 (10101)2 (21)10

Binary to Decimal

e.g.: b. (1011.11)2 to ( )10

Steps Binary Decimal Number

Number
Step 1 (1011.11)2 ((1x23) + (0x22) + (1x21) + (1x20) + (1x2-
1)+(1x2-2))
10
Step 2 (1011.11)2 ((8+0+2+1+0.5+0.25))10

Step 3 (1011.11)2 (11.75)10

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Octal to Decimal
2. (143 )8 to ( )10
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Hexadecimal to Decimal
3. (4D2)16 to ( )10
 Decimal to Any Base
Steps in Successive Division Method
1. Divide the integer part of decimal number by desired base number, store
quotient (Q) and remainder (R)
2. Consider quotient as a new decimal number and repeat step1 until
quotient becomes 0
3. List the remainders in the reverse order.

Steps in Successive Multiplication Method

1. Multiply the fractional part of decimal number by desired base number.
2. Record the integer part of product as carry and fractional part as new
fractional part.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until fractional part of product becomes 0 or until you
have many digits as necessary for your application.
4. Read carries downwards to get desired base number.
Decimal to Binary

a. (37)10 to ( )2
Remainder
2 37
2 18 1
2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
1 0

(37)10 = (100101)2
Decimal to Binary

b. (125)10 to ( )2

(125)10 = (01111101 )2

or (125)10 = (1111101 )2
Decimal to Octal
Remainder
8 177
8 22 1
a. (177)10 to ( )8
8 16 6
8 2 2

(177)10 = (261)8
Decimal to Octal

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(670)10 to ( )8
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Remainder
16 596
a. (596)10 to ( )16 16 37 4
16 2 5
0 2

(596)10 = (254)8
Decimal to Hexadecimal

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(596)10 to ( )16
 THANK YOU!
☺

Prepared by: Dannilyn A. Allam

Teacher I,QCSHS
 Next Lesson:
BINARY ARITHMETIC