1 9/3/2004

PLANNING 1

SITE PLANNING and

LANDSCAPING ARCHITECTURE

ROMEO S. CAMACHO, UAP / AIA-IA

/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning
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Course Name:
PLANNING 1 – SITE PLANNING & LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE

Course Description:

The artistic and functional arrangement of buildings, open

spaces, service areas, circulation and other external areas;
techniques in the enhancement and design of exterior
environments.

Number of Units for Lecture and Studio: Lecture - 3 units

Number of Contact Hours per week Lecture - 3 hrs.

Pre-requisite: Plane Surveying, Man, Environment and Society

Co-requisite: Design 6 /Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning

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Course Objectives:

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

1. Explain the art of site planning & landscape architecture,

exposition on their principles and methods of construction.

2. Describe the ecological, social, psychological, aesthetic &

functional basis of site planning.

3. Relate the social Issues & implications of site planning.

4. To relate history & planning theories to ecology and

sustainable development.

/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning

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Studio Equipment Audio-visual equipment

Suggested Textbooks and References Suggested

References:

Site Planning – Lynch, Kevin (latest edition)

Site Planning Standards – De Chiara & Koppelman
A Pictorial Cyclopedia of Philippine Ornamental Plants –
Madulid, Domingo A.
Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture – CW
Harris/NT Dines (latest edition)
Landscape Architect’s Portable Handbook – Dines, Nicholas T.
and Brown, Kyle D., 2001
Construction Design for Landscape Architects – Minson, Albe E.

Site Design and Construction Detailing – Walker, Theodore E.

/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning
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COURSE OUTLINE
PRELIMS:

1.0 Introduction to Site Planning and Landscape Architecture

2.0 Parameters of Site Selection and Analysis
3.0 Ecological Considerations of Site:
3.1 Ground form
3.2 Soil and geology
3.3 Water Resources
3.4 Microclimate
3.5 Orientation
4.0 Social and Psychological Considerations
4.1 Site Values/Social Impact
4.2 Behavior Settings
4.3 User requirements
4.4 Cultural/Historical Significance
4.5 Activity/Communication Linkages
4.6 Pertinent Laws
4.6.1 Local government ordinances
4.6.2 Land use and zoning
/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning
4.6.3 Others
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COURSE OUTLINE
MIDTERM:

5.0 Aesthetic and Physical Considerations

5.1 Site Context
5.2 Image/Symbols
5.3 Sensuous Qualities
5.4 Vocabulary of space
5.4.1 Sensuous Forms
6.0 Movement Systems:
6.1 Pedestrian
6.2 Vehicular
6.3 Road layouts
7.0 Site Development

FINALS:

8.0 Landscape Design

9.0 Concepts and Principles of Green Architecture as applied in
site planning and landscape design
/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning
10.0 Cost Factors
 SITE PLANNING

What is SITE PLANNING

❑ Buildings
❑ Roads
❑ Walkway
❑ Trees, garden, pool
(landscape)
❑ Water
❑ Plaza
❑ Pier
❑ Environment
❑ Etc.
 SITE PLANNING

Definition

❑ Site planning is the art and science of arranging the

structures on the land and shaping the spaces between, an
arts of arranging USES of land linked to architecture,
engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning. Site
plans locate objects and activities in SPACE and TIME.
These plans may concern a small cluster of houses, a single
building and its grounds, or something as extensive as a
small community built in a single operation.

Kevin Lynch, Gary Hack; Site Planning, MIT press, Cambridge 1996
 SITE PLANNING
Scope of Work
No matter sites are large or small,
❑ Site Planners designate the they must be viewed as part of the
uses of land in detail by total environment.
selecting and analyzing
sites, forming land use
plans, organizing vehicular
and pedestrian circulation,
designing visual form and
materials concepts,
readjusting the existing
landforms by design
grading, providing proper
drainage, and finally
developing the
construction details
necessary to carry out their
projects.
 SITE PLANNING
❑ They must relate these components to each other, the sites, and
structures and activities on adjacent sites – for whether sites are
small or big, they must be viewed as part of the total
environment.

❑ Site planning is the organization of the external physical

environment to accommodate human behavior.

❑ It deals with the qualities and locations of structures, land,

activities, and living things.

❑ It creates a pattern of those elements in space and time, which

will be subject to continuous future management and change.

❑ The technical output – the grading plans, utility layout, survey

locations, planting plans, sketches, diagrams, and specifications -
–are simply a conventional way of specifying this complex
organization.
 SITE PLANNING
Site Concepts and Principles (Kevin Lynch)

❑ Every site is a unique interconnected web of things and activities

that imposes limitations and offers possibilities.

❑ A site or project/planning area varies in size, location and

characteristics. (can be located anywhere on land or beside a
body of water, or may concern a small cluster of houses, a single
building and its grounds, or something as extensive as a small
community built in a single operation).

❑ “A site in its own right is a living, changing community of plants

and animals.” Such a community also has its own interests that
should be conserved, preserved or protected.

❑ Knowledge of the site is vital in planning especially in mitigating

competing or conflicting interests between potential users and
existing occupants to avert natural disasters such as severe
erosion, water intrusion, flooding, a drop in the water table, etc.
 SITE PLANNING

❑ The site and its intended purpose are closely interrelated.

❑ Understanding the site to define or establish the essential

character or nature of the site or “the spirit of the place” (genius
loci) to maintain, to some degree, a continuity of the preexisting
conditions within the locale.

❑ Every place has a character, which may include the wider

landscape or may be local to a street or village.

❑ A sufficient knowledge and understanding of the nature of the

site would make the planner much conscious and sensitive to the
site’s distinct character and “closely knit” complexity “as to be
worthy of his interest, concern and even his affection.”

❑ Understanding the site has two branches – one oriented to the

users’ and the other to the site itself.
 SITE PLANNING

Objectives of Site Planning

❑ Site planning is concerned with the environment around

buildings, open spaces within the built environment and areas
which are non-agricultural.

❑ It provides a means of identifying and understanding problems

that arise from the relationship between man and the land.

❑ Decide the best location of each land use and each activity at
site.

❑ Who are to use the land, what activities they are likely to want to
do there and what sort of environment is required if the users
have to get a high level of satisfaction out of participating in site
planning
 SITE PLANNING
❑ How analysis of the site’s environment (physical/social/
environmental/ cultural/political) are required by each activity
could be used to decide which part of the site can stay the same,
which parts need to be changed and what these changes aim to
achieve. (impacts)

❑ How to influence the appearance of the site by developing

appropriate landscape types and using suitable landscape
management methods. (methods/environmental quality)

❑ How to work out the details of what should happen on a given

area of land; how it should happen & what it will cost to
implement and manage the project on the area of land.
 SITE PLANNING
❑ How analysis of the site’s environment (physical/social/
environmental/ cultural/political) are required by each activity
could be used to decide which part of the site can stay the same,
which parts need to be changed and what these changes aim to
achieve. (impacts)

❑ How to influence the appearance of the site by developing

appropriate landscape types and using suitable landscape
management methods. (methods/environmental quality)

❑ How to work out the details of what should happen on a given

area of land; how it should happen & what it will cost to
implement and manage the project on the area of land.
Stakeholders

Aim:
▪ Client / Developer -policies
To make fully
▪ Users -site dev’t plans
informed
▪ Community -operational plans
site planning
▪ Planners / Designers -maintenance plans
decisions
 SITE PLANNING
Related Profession

❑ Site planning is
professionally exercised
directly by landscape
Urban
architects, but there are Planning
related profession involved
which are architects, urban
and regional planners,
engineers. ARCHITEC Site Landscape
TURE Planning Architecture
❑ On larger commissions the
landscape architect often
serve as a member of a Civil
closely coordinated Engineering
professional team, which
includes architects,
engineers, planners, and
scientist-advisors.
 SITE PLANNING
Environment and Quality of Life

❑ Site planning is the organization of the external

physical environment to accommodate human
behavior.

❑ It deals with the qualities and locations of structures,

land, activities and living things. It creates a pattern
of those elements in space and time, which will be
subject to continuous future management and
change.

➢ Spirit of place
➢ Character of the place
➢ Nature of the project
➢ Behavioral studies
 SITE PLANNING
Essence of Site Planning
❑ According to Beer, the essence of site planning allows all
concerned stakeholders to think systematically through the
whole range of issues that relate to deciding what should
happen on an area of land (site planning is multi-dimensional
/ multi-stakeholder / multi-sectoral activity)

➢ no one particular viewpoint is considered

➢ “holistic viewpoint”
➢ “multi-dimensional” viewpoint
➢ “comprehensive” viewpoint
➢ Think through all the problem that are likely to be associated with
developing the site or changing its use.

❑ Site planning attempts to consider the site in relation to the

interest of society as a whole as well as those of the
developer/client when determining what activities should or
should not happen on land with the least possible adverse
effect on the environment as a whole.
 SITE PLANNING
Essence of Site Planning

❑ Due to the complexity of man-environment relationship, we

need to look at situations rationally and systematically.

▪ Man’s desire
LAND Complex ▪ Man’s concept of utopia
▪ Man’s intent to modify it

Environmental creation which

took thousand years to make

Way they Define by

PEOPLE
use land Culture
 SITE PLANNING

❑ Economic / social issues factored in to accommodate the

interest of developer, politicians especially.
❑ ultimate decision-maker would be the developer guided by

a. policy – CLUP, laws, ordinances

b. systems and procedures / dev’t control
c. financial / economic constraints
d. market demand

❑ focus more on the analysis of the physical / natural

environment to determine constraints to land development /
building development.
❑ To ensure that necessary expansive solutions are not chosen
❑ Site planning can help to reduce long term management cost
associated with operating on a site.
 SITE PLANNING
When to do Site Planning?

❑ A client has an intended use in mind (the project has been

identified) and has identified a site (site is available). The site
planner proceeds with the planning process.

❑ A client has an intended use in mind (the project has been

identified) but does not know where to build the project (site is
not yet available). In this case, a site planner is commissioned to
identify an appropriate site based on the needs of the client and
plan the property.

❑ A client has a piece of property (the site is available) but does

not know what to do with it (the project has not been
identified). In this case, a site planner is commissioned to
determine the best use for the property and plan it.
 SITE PLANNING
Site Planning Process
❑ A thorough assessment of the natural environment and the
associated physical characteristics of the site and its
surroundings.
❑ A detailed analysis of the users and their requirements in terms
of facilities for each activity and the sort of environment needed
to enable the activity to take place (environmental setting) with
the maximum possible user satisfaction.
❑ An assessment of the potential of the site, based on the
relationship between the physical characteristics of the site and
the user requirements.
❑ An assessment of possibilities for changing the physical
characteristics of the site to make a better match between the
users and the site.
❑ Assessing the impact on the natural and visual environments of
any changes to the physical aspects of the site.
❑ Proposing a plan for the site which is a balance between man’s
requirements and the need to ensure the conservation and
enhancement of the natural environment.
 23 9/3/2004

To be Continued

RESEARCH NO. 1
❑ Parameters of Site Selection & Site Analysis
❑ Natural/Ecological Considerations of Site
Note: Provide illustrations and site references
on separate sheet
Due: 22 Nov. 2016 /Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning
 SITE PLANNING
Stages in the Production of a Site Plan

(As a cycle of events, site planning generally involves a sequence

of stages that begins when a developer or client of the site
planner decides to develop a site to the production of design
briefs. The flow chart below summarizes the general process
taken in the production of a site plan - Beer, 1990)
1. Client wants to develop a site
2. Technical Team assembled
3. Key Issues Identified
4. Alternative Site Examined
5. Discussions with local planners/stakeholders
6. SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT
7. Present and Future Needs
8. Site Potential Assessed
9. Environmental Policies
10. Alternative Development Concepts Examined
11. SITE PLAN
12. Planning Approval sought by client
13. Design and Management Briefs developed
 SITE PLANNING
Stages in the Production of a Site Plan
Client wants to develop a site

Technical Team Assembled

Key Issues Identified Alternative Site Examined

Discussions with local planners/stakeholders

SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Present and Future Needs

Environmental Policies Site Potential Assessed

Alternative Development Concepts Examined

SITE PLAN

Planning Approval sought by client

Design and Management Briefs developed

 SITE PLANNING
Site Inventory and Assessment

❑ Involves a thorough assessment of the natural environment

and the associated physical characteristics of the site and its
surroundings.

❑ Such factors are found above, below, and on the ground; make
up the nature of the site;

❑ Knowing these factors and their interrelationships enables one

to determine site constraints (threats) and potentials
(opportunities).

❑ Knowledge of constraints and threats can mitigate or minimize

potential damage or adverse effects that site development may
cause on the ecological (i.e., physical/biological) and social
fabric within the site or within the general vicinity of the site.

❑ Knowledge of the potentials and opportunities of the site can

clarify, reveal or enhance the nature of the site as well as the
plan or design.
 SITE PLANNING
Data/Information Required in Preparing a Site Profile
❑ Site Inventory and Assessment require the collection of
comprehensive and structured sets of data descriptive of the
geo-physical, biological and social environment in the site and
around the site. A site profile is the outcome of this activity.

Why Prepare a Site Profile?

❑ For planners, it provides information on the status and
characteristics of the various aspects of the environment which
are indicative of the potentials and weaknesses of a particular
area.
❑ For decision makers, the site profile provides information on
the environment needed in the formulation of policies,
strategies or business decisions pertaining specifically to the
area or to the environment in general.
❑ For those concerned with the assessment and monitoring of
the environment, the site profile provides benchmark
information on the environment with which various scenarios
can be drawn up with the introduction of particular
development project(s).
 SITE PLANNING
In general, the Site Profile is a valuable tool:

❑ In making better decisions and trade-offs for more rational or

sustainable development.

❑ In taking stock of or assessing the status of the environment of

an area as of a given time.

❑ In providing information on the environment for consideration

in project planning and development as well as for monitoring
and evaluation of a project’s impact on the environment;

❑ In preparing and evaluating the Initial Environmental

Examination or the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);
and

❑ In providing information for the purposes of management and

conservation of the environment
 SITE PLANNING
Description and Basis of Site Layout
Given the project’s general location, it is often desirable to draw
up a site master plan to indicate the spatial arrangement of the
various facilities and show the allocation of spaces to the different
activities involved.

❑ Such plan will help ensure that the most functionally efficient
layout, compatible with an acceptable standard of
environmental quality is obtained.
❑ Site and land use planning involves, firstly, a consideration of
various developmental purposes.
❑ A sieve map which grades the various sections of the area
according to the degree of physical difficulty in developing
them, is helpful in allocating the land for different uses.
❑ From this map can be noted the areas with steep slopes, low-
lying sections liable to flooding, areas with weak subsoil, etc.
and other sections that restrict development except at high
cost.
❑ At the same time, areas easily suitable for various
developmental uses can be shown.
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` END OF MODULE 1
RESEARCH NO. 2

❑ Social & Psycological Consideration of Site Planning

❑ Aesthetic & Physical Consideration of Site Planning
Note: Provide illustrations and site references
on separate sheet
Due: 29 Nov. 2016
/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning
 31 SITE PLANNING

BASELINE INFORMATION / SITE ANALYSIS

INVOLVES THE STUDY OF THE SITE IN TERMS OF THE

FOLLOWING :

❑ NATURAL or ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

❑ CULTURAL or SOCIAL &

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL FACTORS

 32 SITE PLANNING
BASELINE INFORMATION / SITE ANALYSIS

involves the study of the site in terms of the following :

❑ NATURAL FACTORS :

1. GEOLOGY

2. GEOMORPHOLOGY

3. HYDROLOGY

4. VEGETATION

5. WILDLIFE

6. CLIMATE
 33 SITE PLANNING
BASELINE INFORMATION / SITE ANALYSIS

❑ CULTURAL FACTORS :

1. EXISTING LAND USE

2. TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT

3. DENSITY AND ZONING

4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS

5. UTILITIES

6. HISTORIC FACTORS
 34 SITE PLANNING

BASELINE INFORMATION / SITE ANALYSIS

❑ AESTHETIC FACTORS :

1. NATURAL FEATURES

2. SPATIAL PATTERNS – SPACES AND

SEQUENCES

3. VISUAL RESOURCES – VIEWS AND VISTAS

 35 SITE PLANNING

NATURAL or ECOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATION OF SITE
PLANNING
 36 SITE PLANNING
BASELINE INFORMATION / SITE ANALYSIS

involves the study of the site in terms of the following :

❑ NATURAL FACTORS :

1. Geology – the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it

is composed, and the processes by which they change.

2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils,

drainage, topography and slopes, and soil erosion

3. Hydrology – surface and ground water

4. Vegetation – plant ecology

5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
 37 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOLOGY

❑ GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the Earth – its

composition; the processes that shaped its surface; and its
history. Earth is made up of rocks (including soil, sand, silt
and dust); rocks are composed of minerals; minerals are
made up of atoms :

▪ Igneous Rocks – rocks produced by crystallization from a

liquid.
 38 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOLOGY

▪ Sedimentary Rocks – when igneous rocks are exposed to

surface and weathering reduces them to particles, these
particles are moved by erosional process and deposited in
layers into rivers and oceans .
 39 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOLOGY

▪ Metamorphosed Rocks – when sedimentary rocks are pushed

to deeper levels of the earth, they transform into
metamorphosed rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature .
 40 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ GEOMORPHOLOGY - is that branch of Geology that deals

with the origin, nature and distribution of landforms.

Physiography – refers to the description of landforms.

Landforms – are irregularities on the earth’s surface.

They are derived from volcanic, glacial, or erosional
processes.
 41 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ When designing a piece of property for architectural,

landscape architectural and engineering usage, it is essential
for the designer to first confront the nature of the land,
particularly its form, its slopes, and its inherent capabilities
for surface and subsurface discharge of water, for supporting
vertical and horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion.
This exercise requires four basic geomorphologic information
such as :

➢ Soil Properties – Composition and Soil Texture

➢ Drainage

➢ Topography and Slopes

➢ Soil Erosion
 42 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship

between soil composition and land uses (other than
agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in site selection for
residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.

▪ Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for

use in site design. Of these ---

1. COMPOSITION

2. TEXTURE

▪ are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make

inferences about bearing capacity, internal drainage,
erodibility, and slope stability.
 43 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship

between soil composition and land uses (other than
agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in site selection for
residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.

▪ Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for

use in site design. Of these ---

1. COMPOSITION

2. TEXTURE

▪ are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make

inferences about bearing capacity, internal drainage,
erodibility, and slope stability.
 44 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ PROPERTIES:

1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:

➢ organic matter

➢ mineral particles

➢ water and

➢ air
 45 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ COMPOSITION:

a. Mineral Particles
comprise 50% to
80% of the volume
of the soil and
form the all
important skeletal
structure of the
soil.

Sand and gravel

particles provide
for the greatest
stability, usually Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to
yield a relatively penetration from a weighted object such
high bearing as a building foundation.
capacity.
 46 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ COMPOSITION:
BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS
Class Material Allowable
Bearing Value
(psf)
1 ROCK Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g. 200,000
granite, gneiss
2 Metamorphosed rock, e.g. 80,000
schist, slate
3 Sedimentary rocks, e.g. 30,000
shale, sandstone
4 Soil materials Well compacted 20,000
gravels and sands
5 Compact gravel, sand/gravel mixtures 12,000
6 SOIL Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000
7 MATERIALS Loose coarse sand; loose 6,000
sand/gravel mixtures, compact fine
sand, wet coarse sand 6,000
8 Loose fine sand, wet fine sand 4,000
9 Stiff clay (dry) 8,000
10 Medium-stiff clay 4,000
11 Soft clay 2,000
12 Fill, organic material, or silt (fixed by field tests)
 47 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ COMPOSITION:

b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually

imposes a limitation to any building structure. Organic
matter is important only for soil fertility, moisture
absorption and retention and for landscaping.

c. Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage,

topography and climate. Most water occupies the spaces
between particles; only in organic soils do the particles
themselves actually absorb measurable amounts of water.

d. Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied

by water. In layers where groundwater is formed by
gravity water in the subsoil and underlying rock, there is
absence of air.
 48 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ TEXTURE:

TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes

of particles in a soil sample.
 49 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ TEXTURE:

There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is

Class LOAM, which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand,
40% silt and 20% clay.

Sand Loam Clay

 50 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ DRAINAGE:
GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil’s
ability to transfer gravity water
downward through:

1. Infiltration - the rate at which water

penetrates the soil surface (usually
measured in cm or inches per hour);
2. Permeability - the rate at which
water within the soil moves through
a given volume of material (also
measured in cm or inches per hour)
3. Percolation - the rate at which water
water in a soil pit or pipe within the
soil is taken up by the soil (used
mainly in wastewater absorption
tests and measured in inches per
hour)
 51 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ DRAINAGE:
POOR DRAINAGE - means that
gravity water is not readily
transmitted by the soil and soil is
frequently or permanently
saturated and may have water
standing on it caused by :

1. The local accumulation of water

2. A rise in the level of

groundwater within the soil
column;

3. The size of the particles in the

soil being too small to transmit
infiltration water.
 52 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:

SLOPE ANALYSIS - Understanding slope forms for site design
requires understanding of local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and
vegetative conditions.
 53 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:

SLOPE FORM -- is expressed graphically in terms of a slope

profile, a silhouette of a slope drawn to known proportions
with distance on the horizontal axis and elevation on the
vertical axis

Four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps:

straight S – shape concave convex

 54 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely
inclined and beyond which it will fail.
 55 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a map of a portion of the earth that
the shape of the earth’s surface by contour lines.
 56 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND
SLOPES:
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Contours – are
imaginary lines that
join points of equal
elevation on the
surface of the land
above or below a
reference surface such
as the mean sea level.
Contours make it
possible to measure the
height of mountains,
depth of the ocean
bottoms, and steepness
of slopes .
 57 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
SLOPE ANALYSIS - is an important analytical process made
on a topographic map that makes a proper match between
land uses and slopes and produces an overall pattern of
slopes which helps the site planner in determining the
buildable portions of the site.

The process involves breaking down of topography into

grades which will establish the desired patterns for a given
land use as in the following example :

SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS

0 – 5% Generally flat Highly buildable

5 – 10% Gently rolling Moderately buildable
10 – 15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult to build
15 – 20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult to build
20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable
 58 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
In the analysis of the slopes, the
distances for each Slope Pattern
are computed from the given
topographic map, for use on the
Slope Map.

To compute the Distance of a slope Slope Percentage Calculator

Find the percent of a slope with this Slope Percentage Calculator.
from a topographic contour map : Rise:

Run:

D distance = contour interval /% slope X 100 Fill in amount of rise and the amount of run on a slope to find
the percent of slope.
Calculate Percentage
D distance = 10.00 m. /5% X 100 How do you find the percent of slope?

To find the percentage of a slope, use this slope percent formula:

Slope Percent = (Amount of Rise / Amount of Run) x 100
D distance = 200.00 m for slope pattern 0-5 %
Example: The angle percent of a slope with rise of 6 units and run
This distance unit will figure in the graduated of 10 units is:

scale that will be constructed for use in the Angle Percentage = (6 /10) x 100

slope map. Calculated out this gives an angle percentage of 60%.

 59 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

A Slope Map is prepared to visually express these slope

patterns on the topographic map. Here’s how to:
a. Establish the site boundaries on the map.
b. Make a constructed graduated scale on the edge of a
cardboard sheet, representing the distances of each
slope pattern (using same scale as the topo map).
c. Place the scale on the map (see illustration above) and
mark the edges where the scale matches the distances
between contour lines.
d. Color- or hatch-code each area delineated by these
edges.
e. The result is a colored or gradient-hatched SLOPE MAP.
 60 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
A Slope Map is prepared to visually
express these slope patterns on the
topographic map. Here’s how to:
a. Establish the site boundaries on
the map.
b. Make a constructed graduated
scale on the edge of a cardboard
sheet, representing the distances
of each slope pattern (using same
scale as the topo map).
c. Place the scale on the map (see
illustration above) and mark the
edges where the scale matches
the distances between contour
lines.
d. Color- or hatch-code each area
delineated by these edges.
 61 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES:
DESIRABLE SLOPES – when
slopes are selected according
to building type and the
activities associated
with it.
➢ Flat or gently sloping sites are
preferred for industrial and
commercial buildings
➢ Hilly sites are preferred for
fashionable suburban
residences.
Slopes influence the alignment of
modern roads according to class
of roads; the higher the class, the
lower the maximum grades
allowable.
 62 SITE PLANNING 9/3/2004

THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
Parking Lots
 63 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
▪ SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
LAND USE MAXIMUM MINIMUM OPTIMUM
Housing Sites 20% - 25% 0% 2%
Playgrounds 2% - 3% .05% 1%
Public Stairs 50% -- 25%
Lawns (mowed) 5% -- 2% - 3%
Septic Drainfields* 15% 0% .05%
Paved Surfaces
Parking Lots 3% .05% 1%
Sidewalks 8% 0% 1%
Streets and Roads 15% - 17% -- 1%
20 mph 12%
30 mph 10%
40 mph 8%
50 mph 7%
60 mph 5%
70 mph 4%
Industrial Sites
Factories 3% - 4% 0% 2%
Lay Down Storage 3% .05% 1%
Parking 3% .05% 1%
* Special drainfield designs are required at slopes above 10 to 12
 64 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ SOIL EROSION – when rocks are broken down (weathered)

into small fragments, and carried by wind, water, ice and
gravity. Energy for this process is solar and gravitational.
 65 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

▪ SOIL EROSION PREVENTION

Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:

vegetation, soil type, frequency and intensity of rainfall, slope
size and inclination
1. Vegetation:

➢ Foliage intercepts
raindrops
➢ Organic litter on the
ground reduces impact of
raindrops
➢ Roots bind together
aggregates of soil particles
➢ Cover density, in form of
ground cover or tree
canopy, decreases soil loss
to runoff
 66 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

2. Soil Type:
➢ Intermediate textures like
sand will usually yield
(erode) first

➢ To erode clay, the velocity

of the runoff should be
high enough to overcome
cohesive forces that bind
the particles together

➢ Similarly, high velocities

would be needed to move
masses of pebbles and
particles larger than those
of sand
 67 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY
3. Slope Size and
Inclination:
➢ The velocity of runoff is
closely related to the
slope of the ground
over which it flows.
Slopes that are both
steep and long produce
the greatest erosion
because they generate
runoff that is high in
velocity and mass.
➢ Slope also influences
the quantity of runoff
since long slopes
collect more rainfall
and thus generate a
larger volume of runoff.
 68 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - GEOMORPHOLOGY

4. Frequency and Intensity

of Rainfall:

➢ Intensive rainfalls
produced by
thunderstorms promote
the highest rates of
erosion.

➢ Accordingly, the
incidence of storms plus
total annual rainfall can
be a reliable measure of
the effectiveness of
rainfall in promoting soil
erosion.
 69 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - HYDROLOGY
▪ HYDROLOGY – the natural science that studies the Waters
of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution,
their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction to
the living environment including their relation to all living
things.

➢ Hydrologic cycle – or
the planet’s water
cycle, described by
the movement of
water from the
oceans to the
atmosphere to the
continents and back
to the sea .
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THE NATURAL FACTORS - HYDROLOGY

➢ Water table – is the upper boundary of the zone of

groundwater; the top of unconfined aquifer .
 71 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - HYDROLOGY

➢ Aquifer – A permeable geological stratum or formation

that can both store and transmit groundwater in
significant quantities.
 72 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - HYDROLOGY

➢ Watershed – a geographic area of land bounded by

topographic features and height of land that captures
precipitation, filters and stores water and drains waters
to a shared destination. Knowledge of watershed
boundaries is critical to water quality and storm water
management.
 73 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

VEGETATION:

The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role

in :

1. Climatic control

2. Environmental Engineering

3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses

 74 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

1. Climatic control

a. Solar Radiation – is Earth’s source of light and heat. It

warms the earth’s surface, is reflected by paving and other
objects, and produces glare.

Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because:

➢ they block or filter sunlight;

➢ they cool the air under their canopies providing natural

air conditioning;

Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of

84deg F, surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg,
while surface temp under shade trees were 20deg lower.
 75 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

b. Wind – helps to control temperature. When winds are of low

velocity, they may be pleasant, but when velocity increases,
may cause discomfort or damage.

Trees help to buffer winds in urban areas caused by convection

and Venturi effects.
 76 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

c. Precipitation . Plants help

to control precipitation
reaching the ground. By
intercepting rain and
it down, they aid in
moisture retention, and in
the prevention of soil
erosion. They also help
soil retain water by
providing shade, or
protection from the wind,
or by water shedding
function of trees’ roots.
 77 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

2. Environmental Engineering

a. Air Purification – Plants

clean air through the
process of photosynthesis
where they use up carbon
dioxide emissions of cars
and trucks and in the
process release oxygen into
the air.

Trees also help filter out other

pollutants, i.e. sulfur dioxide, dust,
pollen, and smoke.
 78 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

a. Noise – To understand noise: The sound level of normal

conversation is about 60 decibels; a plane taking off
produces 120 decibels at a distance of 200 ft. Sound energy
usually spreads out and dissipates in transmission. Sound
waves can be absorbed, reflected or deflected.

Plants absorb sound waves through their leaves, branches,

twigs, especially those with thick fleshy leaves and thin
petioles.
 79 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

c. Glare and Reflection – Plants reduce glare and reflection

caused by sunlight. A light source received directly produces
primary glare while reflected light is secondary glare. Plants
may be used to filter or block glare by use of plants with the
appropriate size, shape, and foliage density.
 80 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

d. Erosion Control – Plants are a primary means of preventing

erosion from stormwater runoff and of controlling erosion
during construction. Erosion is also minimized by the plants
action of intercepting rain, decreasing splash, and increased
water absorption.
 81 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

a. Erosion Control Vegetation

with extensive root systems
imparts stability to slopes.

On sandy slopes, the

presence of woody
vegetation can increase the
angle of repose by 10 to 15
degrees.

Vitiveria ziziainoides or
Vitiver Grass ‘miracle’ grass
of amazing bio-engineering
capabilities.
 82 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

3. Architectural and
Aesthetic Uses

a. Space Definition –
Plants can help in
several ways: as
wall elements to
form outdoor
spaces, as canopies
to provide shade, or
as ground covers to
provide color and
texture on the base
plane.
 83 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - VEGETATION

b. View Control – While

trees and shrubs can
screen out objectionable
views, they can also
provide backdrops for
sculpture and fountains.

Additionally, they may

provide filtered views of
buildings or spaces, or
frame a view, maximizing
its effect.

c. Mood – Plants affects

peoples’ moods.
 84 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - WILDLIFE

WILDLIFE:

Wildlife relates closely to habitats

provided by plant communities.

The three groups of habitat elements

essential to the different species of
wildlife are:

1. Openland Wildlife

2. Woodland

3. Wetland Wildlife
 85 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - WILDLIFE

1. Openland Wildlife – includes birds and mammals

commonly associated with crop fields, meadows,
pastures, and non-forested lands. Habitat elements
essential for openland wildlife include:

a. Grain and seed crops

b. Grasses and legumes

c. Wild herbaceous upland

plants

d. Hardwood woody plants

 86 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - WILDLIFE

2. Woodland Wildlife – These species need various

combinations of:

a. Grasses and legumes

b. Wild herbaceous upland

plants

c. Hardwood woody plants

d. Cone-bearing shrubs
such as pines.
 87 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - WILDLIFE

3. Wetland Wildlife – wetland species include birds and

mammals needing habitats with:
a. Wetland food plants
or wild herbaceous
plants of moist to wet
sites, excluding
submerged or floating
aquatic plants;
b. Shallow water
development with
water impoundments
not deeper than 5 ft.;
c. Excavated ponds with
ample supply of water
at least one acre and
average 6ft depth.
d. streams
 88 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE
Climates can be generally classified into four types:

COLD, TEMPERATE, HOT ARID and HOT HUMID.

In each, a site should be investigated in terms of:

a. Solar orientation
for buildings;

b. The best facing

slopes; and

c. Wind flows for

breezes.
 89 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE

SOLAR ORIENTATION
 90 SITE PLANNING 9/3/2004

THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE

SOLAR ORIENTATION

WALKIE TALKIE ARCHITECT

'DIDN'T REALISE IT WAS GOING
TO BE SO HOT'

Rafael Viñoly predicted building

might reflect sun but joins
developers in blaming 'current
elevation of the sun in the sky'

London skyscraper’s ‘deathray’

reflection is melting cars, burning
businesses, but also cooking eggs The Walkie Talkie's concave shape was
found to be channelling the sun’s rays
into a concentrated beam. Photograph:
Amer/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro
Ghazzal/Demotix/Corbis to site planning
 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE
SOLAR ORIENTATION
 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE
SOLAR ORIENTATION

Skyscraper melts car · melted jaguar

'Burning plastic smell': The car was

said to have been in the ray. '

Damage to a Jaguar wing mirror

caused by the reflected sunlight
 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE
SOLAR ORIENTATION
Vegas Hotel Pool 'Death Ray' Burns Tourists

Pintas said that

polyethylene
newspaper bags melt at
between 120 and 130
degrees.
A plastic cup melts at
around 160 degrees.
 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE
SOLAR ORIENTATION

"Because of the curved, concave shape of that hotel, they sometimes

get isolated pockets of high temperatures," Absher said.

Apparently there is a more scientific name for the "death ray," a

name that the hotel's management prefers: "solar convergence
phenomenon."
 95 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE

BEST FACING SLOPES

Temperatures vary with The more perpendicular a

elevation – by about 3 slope is to the rays of the
deg for every 1000 ft. sun, the warmer the surface
(300m) in the daytime. temperature.
 96 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE

WIND FLOWS

Abrupt forms cause Smooth forms induce

unpleasant air smooth flow of air.
turbulence.
 97 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE

PASSIVE COOLING – the technology of cooling spaces

through proper siting of structure and use of energy-
efficient materials, with the overall objective of energy
conservation.

❑ Solar Orientation

❑ Altitude

❑ Topography

❑ Vegetation

❑ Water Bodies
 98 SITE PLANNING
THE NATURAL FACTORS - CLIMATE

MONSOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Monsoon: large-scale seasonal currents

1.Northeast Monsoon = AMIHAN = the winter monsoon

Appears in October Attains maximum strength in

January Gradually weakens in March Disappears in
April

2. Southwest Monsoon = HABAGAT = the summer monsoon

Appears early May Maximum flows during August

Disappears gradually in October Persists from November
to December
 99 SITE PLANNING

SOCIAL- CULTURAL &

PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATION OF SITE
PLANNING
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS:

1. Physiological needs – need for water, food, air,

warmth
2. Safety and security needs – both psychological &
physiological
3. Belonging needs - need for affiliation and be member
of a group
4. Esteem needs – need to be held in esteem by oneself
and by others
5. Actualization needs – need to fulfil one’s
capacities/potential
6. Cognitive needs – need to learn
7. Aesthetic needs – need for sense of beauty
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

BEHAVIOR AND ENVIRONMENT

The interaction between human behaviour and the non-

human environment is a two-way process.

Behaviour is the result of interaction between:

1. The environment / physical factor

2. The individuals’ physiological / biological mechanism

and psychological factors
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

In design, we consider 3 (three) human factors: physical,

physiological, and psychological factors

1. PHYSICAL FACTORS:
▪ Relate to the physical shape and size of a person
and the detailed form of the environment

2. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS:
▪ People need air, water, exercise, and protection
from the excesses of heat and cold.
▪ Also, a semi-physiological need is the need for
self-preservation and avoidance of pain
▪ Establishment of City regulations and design
specifications for safety and security, i.e., fire code
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

3. PSYCOLOGICAL and SOCIAL FACTORS:

▪ Human psychological and social needs,

behavioural patterns, and tendencies is the most
difficult to define and relate to the form of
environment.

▪ Psychological needs and perception of the

environment differ according to the multitude of
the variables including age, social class, cultural
background, past experience, motives, and daily
routine of the individual.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

FIVE (5) GENERALIZED GROUPINGS OF MOTIVATIONAL

FORCES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS:

1. Social Need – need for social interaction (social form

of design-designed to draw people together, to
engendered social relationships), need for group
affiliation, need for companionship, and for love.

2. Stabilizing Need – need to be free from fear, anxiety,

and danger; need for clear orientation, organize the
environment. To form and shape environment
according to symbolic and metaphysical urge.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

3. Individual Need – need to experience and develop

self-awareness ; need for privacy; need for identity
and sense of personal uniqueness in the environment
– spiritual connection

4. Self-expression – need for self-assertion and

exhibition, for dominance and power; need for
status; need for territory and play

5. Enrichment Need – need for self-realization and

personal activity; need for beauty and aesthetic
experience (design for complexity)
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :
BEHAVIOR SETTING / ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Standing patterns of behaviour that repeats itself at
regular intervals in some bounded locality and in which
space and behaviour can be considered as a whole.
▪ Behaviour circuits – look at the track of activity
followed by an individual over a cycle of time.

▪ Site Planning and Human Environmental Preference:

▪ Complexity and Diversity

▪ Mystery

▪ Legibility
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :

▪ Influence of the Past Experience

▪ Make available in the immediate neighborhood a

wide array of environmental settings which each
individual could choose to experience

▪ Enhance the visual qualities of the setting to

emphasize the uniqueness of the place so that
people develop individual attachment and group
perceptions.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS :
1. EXISTING LAND USE – ownership of adjacent
property, off- site nuisances
2. TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT – vehicular and pedestrian
circulation on or adjacent to site
3. DENSITY AND ZONING – legal and regulatory
controls
4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
5. UTILITIES – sanitary, storm-water, water supply,
power supply, and communications.
6. HISTORIC FACTORS – historic buildings, landmarks,
and archeology
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
EXISTING LAND USE:

▪ Land Use Plans are available in each city and

municipality to determine the areas for commercial,
institutional, industrial, residential, and open space
uses.

▪ These were planned according to the most rational use

of land in relation to the natural and socio-economic
factors, and in accordance with compatibility with
adjacent land uses.

▪ Each site must conform to the land use plan: a

residential subdivision, for example, cannot be
developed in a site designated as Industrial.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
EXISTING LAND USE:
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCOLOGICAL

FACTORS
TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT
SYSTEMS:
The relationship of traffic
pattern to each other and
to the site must be
studied for adequacy of
access and efficiency of
circulation within and
outside of the site. Direction of dominant traffic
Efficient traffic and flow, both vehicular and
transportation systems pedestrian will also help
will result in successful establish points of highest
integration of the different visual impact for the site.
developments in the Access must also consider
vicinity. pedestrian movement.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
DENSITY AND ZONING:
▪ Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data
will determine whether existing utilities and land areas will be
sufficient to sustain additional future development, which will
naturally add to the existing population and bear on the
capacity of these utilities.
▪ Density is expressed in number of families or dwelling units
per hectare. It may also be expressed in Floor Area Ratio
(FAR). Density influences the privacy, social contact among
people, and freedom of movement of an individual or a group
of people.
▪ Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city
and municipality to regulate the type of development. It divides
the city or municipality into land use areas that are designated
by building height, building coverage, density of population,
and open space.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
DENSITY AND ZONING:
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
▪ Socio-economic factors are lifestyle components
and measurements of both financial viability and
social standing.
▪ They directly influence social privilege and levels of
financial independence.
▪ Factors such as health status, income, environment
and education are studied by sociologists in terms
of how they each affect human behaviors and
circumstances.
▪ As lifestyle measurements, they are believed to be
directly correlated to patterns of drug use, food
choices, migration, disease prevalence and rates of
mortality in human populations.
 115 SITE PLANNING
❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS :
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:

It is important to determine the existing availability of

utilities on site in terms of adequacy and efficiency.
This includes:

❑ SANITARY/SEWAGE SYSTEM
❑ ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY
❑ WATER SUPPLY
❑ DRAINAGE

Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial,

and fire stand-by supply from a distribution system.
Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it to
rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.
 SITE PLANNING
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:

❑ SANITARY/SEWAGE
The sanitary sewer is
a system of underground
pipes that carries sewage
from bathrooms, sinks,
kitchens, and other plumbing
components to a wastewater
treatment plant where it is
filtered, treated and
discharged.
The storm sewer is
a system designed to carry
rainfall runoff and other
drainage.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:
❑ ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:

❑ WATER SUPPLY
Water supply is the
provision
of water by public
utilities commercial
organizations,
community
endeavors or by
individuals, usually
via a system of
pumps and pipes.
Irrigation is covered
separately.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:

❑ DRAINAGE
In geomorphology,
drainage systems,
also known as river
systems, are the
patterns formed by
the streams, rivers,
and lakes in a
particular drainage
basin.

They are governed by the topography of the land, whether

a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and
the gradient of the land.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS

HISTORIC FACTORS:

1. HISTORIC BUILDINGS

2. HISTORIC LANDMARKS

3. ARCHEOLOGY
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS: HISTORIC BUILDINGS

Buildings, neighborhoods, and landscapes are often thought

of as being historic solely because they are old. Does that
mean that all old places should be protected and preserved?
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS: HISTORIC BUILDINGS

The decision to protect historic places rests in the meaning

they bring to our lives as places that define and mark our
history.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS: HISTORIC BUILDINGS

For example, a building may be historic because it was

designed by a well- known architect or was the first county
courthouse or is the place where a significant event
occurred.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS: HISTORIC BUILDINGS

A building may also be historic because it signifies patterns

of settlement and trade, incorporated local materials and
methods in construction, or because it is typical of the time.
Because there are so many factors in determining what is
historic, you may want to learn about federal, state, and
local interpretations and guidelines.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS: HISTORIC LANDMARKS

Historical Landmarks
are sites, buildings,
features, or events that
are of statewide
significance and have
anthropological,
cultural, military,
political, architectural,
economic, scientific or
technical, religious,
experimental, or other
value.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS: ARCHEOLOGY

Archaeology,
or archeology, is the study
of human activity through
the recovery and analysis
of material culture.

The archaeological record

consists of artifacts,
architecture, biofacts or
ecofacts, and cultural
landscapes.
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AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL

CONSIDERATION OF SITE
PLANNING
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING

AESTHETIC FACTORS :

The study of aesthetics is a branch of philosophy & is

philosophy concerned with the one of the Greek values
of truth beauty & goodness.

AESTHETIC – (Greek) means sense of perception

MODERN – include character & power & other qualities

within a comprehensive idea of beauty.

Aesthetic appreciation is widely considered to be

subjective in environment and townscape. The aesthetic
principles are based on the human experience. The
aspect that is considered are;
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS :

1. NATURAL FEATURES

2. SPATIAL PATTERNS – ENCLOSURE/SPACES and

SEQUENCES

3. VISUAL RESOURCES – VIEWS and VISTAS/PANORAMA

4. FURNITURE
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
THE ELEMENT OF SENSUOUS QUALITIES:

TERRITORY
▪ Is primarily private outdoor space clearly belonging to the
family that is a garden balcony, terrace, etc.
▪ Usually territory is defined by fencing, planting screen
change level party wall or the form of the house building
itself.

ORIENTATION
▪ Sunlight is enjoyed most of the time and values it both
inside and outside of the house building.
▪ There are different demands for sun energy based on the
climate of the site location.
▪ The suppression of the sun thermal energy is also needed
when there is an excessive thermal building up.
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
▪ Day lighting is another aspect of sun orientation air
movement in the form of wind and breeze can influence
orientation. Breeze is gentle and positive force. Wind is
an excessive and destructive force.
▪ Amenity of view must important determinants for
orientation of the building.

PRIVACY
▪ Privacy–internal privacy is accomplished conventionally
by constructing rooms, doors and windows that cannot
be easily looked into. External privacy is privacy in one’s
garden terrace, porch, balcony, & indoor open spaces.

CONVENIENCE
▪ The degree of physical ease or lack of difficulty
encountered in progressing through daily household
activities?
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
ACCESSIBILITY
▪ To all parts of the building environment by all members of
the family maybe considered a basic human need.
▪ The degree of accessibility must be carefully adjusted to
the intended user group.

SAFETY
▪ Is a sense of security in one’s house and garden day or
night?
▪ This means protection from the many things that threaten
human safety and cause property damage and loss of life.
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : NATURAL FEATURES

When sites are

characterized by
outstanding natural
features of earth, rock,
water or plant material,
these may be
incorporated in the site
development as
natural assets of the
land.
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : NATURAL FEATURES
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THE AESTHETIC FACTORS

SPATIAL PATTERNS:
Spatial pattern is defined as the way an open space of a
given site is configured according to an arrangement of
elements that evoke activity or flow, both physically or
visually.
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THE AESTHETIC FACTORS

VISUAL RESOURCES:
1. View – is a scene observed from a vantage point.

A view can be a theme that may suggest and give

added meaning to buildings.

The full view is not always the best view.

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THE AESTHETIC FACTORS

VISUAL RESOURCES:
2. Vista – is a confined view, usually directed toward a
terminal or dominant feature. It has three components: a
viewing station, a view, and a foreground.

or Panorama –
▪ an unbroken view of the whole region surrounding
an observer.

▪ a picture or photograph containing a wide

view.
▪ a complete survey or presentation of a subject or
sequence of events.
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : FURNITURE

Equipment of public service that occupies spaces in the

cities.

FUNCTIONAL FURNITURE DECORATIVE FURNITURE

Lighting System Public Monuments
Traffic Signs Fountains
Telephone Booths Trees
Magazine Booths Gardens
Water Hydrants Fences
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : FUNCTIONAL FURNITURE

Lighting System/Street Lamp post

Traffic Signs/Wayfinding
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : FUNCTIONAL FURNITURE

Signages

Telephone Booth
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : FUNCTIONAL FURNITURE

Magazine Booths

Water Hydrants
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : DECORATIVE FURNITURE

Public Monuments &

Sculptures
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : DECORATIVE FURNITURE

Fountains
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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : DECORATIVE FURNITURE

Trees and Gardens

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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : DECORATIVE FURNITURE

Fences and Benches

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❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
AESTHETIC FACTORS : DECORATIVE FURNITURE

Fences and Benches

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END OF TOPIC

THANK YOU!
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THE AESTHETIC FACTORS

VISUAL RESOURCES:
2. Vista – is a confined view, usually directed toward a
terminal or dominant feature. It has three components: a
viewing station, a view, and a foreground.

panorama; plural noun: panoramas

1.an unbroken view of the whole region surrounding an observer.
"the tower offers a wonderful panorama of Prague"
•a picture or photograph containing a wide view.
•a complete survey or presentation of a subject or sequence of events.

A view is usually better if in-framed or seen through an

appropriate screen.
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MOVEMENT SYSTEM
ROAD NETWORK FACILITIES
SITE DEVELOPMENTS
VOCABULARY OF SPACES
LANDSCAPE
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SENSUOUS FORMS

DETAIL
A site includes many man-made details. Their number becomes apparent when we try to
catalog the furniture of some existing area: fences, seats, signal boxes, signs, light poles,
meters, trash cans, fireplugs, man holes, wires, lights and so on. It is curios that the mere list
conveys a sense of clutter and disharmony.

Ground Form
In an urban area, space may be defined by man-made structures, in less dense
development by the basic natural materials: rock, earth, water and plant cover. The
configuration of the floor is determined by the existing topography whose modeling must be
thoroughly understood before work begins.

WATER

Water is equally elemental -- simple nature but extremely varied in effect. The very number
of descriptive terms in the common language indicates its potential richness in design:
ocean, pool, sheet, jet, torrent, rill, drop, spray, cascade, film (plus an equal number of
words for liquid motion: trickle, splash, foam, flood, ripple, surge, run). Moving water gives a
sense of life. Still water conveys unity and rest and may be used to clarify a plan. Usually it is
wise to place still water at the lowest point in its immediate surroundings.

Architects of urban projects are increasingly in thrall to water, believing it benefits them in a
number of ways — from the aesthetic to the psychological. In one sense, when reflected in
water, buildings look larger and more imposing. Yet water’s evanescent, organic qualities
can also soften and appear to dematerialize their severe lines, even making them look
ethereal.
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PLANT MATERIAL

Next in importance is the living plant material - trees, shrubs and herbs - material popularly
associated with landscape work. Site planning is thought to be the spotting of tress on a plan
after houses and roads have been located there. But in our terms it is the organization of
outdoor space in which the plant cover is only one element.
Many great landscapes are treeless; there are handsome squares that do not include a plant
in any description.

Plants are one of the fundamental landscape materials. Planting is considered the “extra” in
site development, the first item to be cut when the budget pinches.

GROUND TEXTURE
The textural finish of the ground can be a source of delight in itself. It can also set a general
visual character and scale. The texture of the floor imparts sensations of touch as well as
sight. The pattern of surface activity can be expressed in the textural pattern and such
differentiations play a role in guiding and controlling the activity: distinguishing roads and
footpaths, bicycle and car stalls, drainage runnels, play areas or spots for standing and
sitting.

Fine ground textures: moss, monolithic pavement or close cropped gas -- tend to emphasize
the shape and mass of the underlying ground and to increase its apparent size.

Coarse ground textures: rough grass, cobble, bricks, or blocks -- work in the opposite way,
calling attention to the surface itself, rather than to the underlying mass.
In landscape architecture and garden design, a water feature is one or more items from a
range of fountains, pools, ponds, cascades, waterfalls, and streams.
 153 9/3/2004

Visual Structure
Perceiving an environment is creating a visual hypothesis, building an organized mental
image that is based on the experience and purposes of the observer as well as stimuli
reaching his eye. In building his organization he will seize on congenial physical
characteristics: continuity, closure, differentiation, dominance, contrast of a figure on a
ground, symmetry, order, repetition or simplicity of form. Structure and relatedness can be
facilitated even in areas too expensive to be seen at one glance.

SIGNS
Another site detail merits a separate discussion: the signs that have become such a
dominant, and a generally ugly and chaotic, part of our landscape. Designers try to suppress
them as something intrinsically bad. A landscape must communicate to its users, whether by
conventional signs or by observer’s knowledge meaning visible shapes and motions.
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❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL

FACTORS
Sociology- is the study of man & society.
Psychology- is the science which deals with the reaction of the organism to their
environment.

The following elements to consider in Social & Psychogical Values of Site Planning are:

Site Values & Behavioral Settings- the most critical aspect is how human beings
act toward other living things. Things can best be described in behavior settings or small
localities bounded in time & space within which there is stable pattern of purposeful human
behavior in social / psychological, consideration of site planning.

Behavioral Diagrams
The stable cluster of action must relate to the setting. These clusters must focus on what
people do & how to use the environment. The clusters must be coherent as they must
represent the recurring behavior of people who are accomplishing a definite purpose in a
definite locale or site.

By observing what people actually do on the site or similar sites and discovering what their
purposes gives us the basis for determining what those units should be.

By the listing the behavior settings with the man- hours that occupy them gives as a concrete
sense of the quality of life.

Programs:
 155SITE PLANNING 9/3/2004

❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
THE ELEMENT OF SENSUOUS QUALITIES:

TERRITORY
▪ Is primarily private outdoor space clearly belonging to the
family that is a garden balcony, terrace, etc.
▪ Usually territory is defined by fencing, planting screen
change level party wall or the form of the house building
itself.

ORIENTATION
▪ Sunlight is enjoyed most of the time and values it both
inside and outside of the house building.
▪ There are different demands for sun energy based on the
climate of the site location.
▪ The suppression of the sun thermal energy is also needed
when there is an excessive thermal building up.
 SITE PLANNING
156 9/3/2004

❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
▪ Day lighting is another aspect of sun orientation air
movement in the form of wind and breeze can influence
orientation. Breeze is gentle and positive force. Wind is
an excessive and destructive force.
▪ Amenity of view must important determinants for
orientation of the building.

PRIVACY
▪ Privacy–internal privacy is accomplished conventionally
by constructing rooms, doors and windows that cannot
be easily looked into. External privacy is privacy in one’s
garden terrace, porch, balcony, & indoor open spaces.

CONVENIENCE
▪ The degree of physical ease or lack of difficulty
encountered in progressing through daily household
activities?
 SITE PLANNING
157 9/3/2004

❑ AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATION

OF SITE PLANNING
ACCESSIBILITY
▪ To all parts of the building environment by all members of
the family maybe considered a basic human need.
▪ The degree of accessibility must be carefully adjusted to
the intended user group.

SAFETY
▪ Is a sense of security in one’s house and garden day or
night?
▪ This means protection from the many things that threaten
human safety and cause property damage and loss of life.