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Sinusoids & Phasor

This document discusses sinusoidal signals and phasors. It defines sinusoidal waveforms using amplitude, frequency, period, phase, and angular frequency. It shows how sinusoidal signals can be represented using complex exponential notation called phasors. Phasors allow sinusoidal quantities to be analyzed and combined using the algebraic rules of complex numbers. Key topics covered include representing signals as phasors, phasor addition and multiplication, and converting between rectangular and polar phasor forms.

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Bryan Yaranon
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77 views28 pages

Sinusoids & Phasor

This document discusses sinusoidal signals and phasors. It defines sinusoidal waveforms using amplitude, frequency, period, phase, and angular frequency. It shows how sinusoidal signals can be represented using complex exponential notation called phasors. Phasors allow sinusoidal quantities to be analyzed and combined using the algebraic rules of complex numbers. Key topics covered include representing signals as phasors, phasor addition and multiplication, and converting between rectangular and polar phasor forms.

Uploaded by

Bryan Yaranon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

SINUSOIDS,
PHASORS &
COMPLEX ALGEBRA
 sinusoidally time-varying excitation
 A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as
alternating current (ac).
 Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or
voltage sources are called ac circuits.
 First, nature itself is characteristically
sinusoidal.
 Second, a sinusoidal signal is easy to
generate and transmit.
 Third, through Fourier analysis, any practical
periodic signal can be represented by a sum
of sinusoids. (Sinusoids, therefore, play an important
role in the analysis of periodic signals.)
 Lastly, a sinusoid is easy to handle
mathematically.
A sketch of Vm sin ωt

A sketch of Vm sin ωt
 v(t) = Vm sin ωt
 where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
ωt = the argument of the sinusoid
 From the fig.
 ωt = 2π
 t=T
 Then,
 ωT = 2π
 Therefore;

• Period T - is the time of one


complete cycle or the number
of seconds per cycle.
 v(t) = Vm sin ωt

 The fact that v(t) repeats itself every T seconds is shown by


replacing t by t + T:
 v(t + T ) = Vm sin ω(t + T )
 = Vm sin ω (t + 2π/ω)
= Vm sin(ωt + 2π)
From addition formula: 0
1
Sin (A +B) = sinA cosB + sinB cosA
= Vm [sin ωt cos 2π + sin 2π cos ωt]
= Vm sin ωt
= v(t)
 Hence,
 v(t + T ) = v(t)
 The reciprocal of this quantity is the number
of cycles per second, known as the cyclic
frequency f of the sinusoid.

T = 2π/ ω
 Also, 1/f = 2π/ ω
ω = 2πf
Note: While ω is in radians per second (rad/s), f is in
hertz (Hz).
 The starting point
of v2 occurs first in
time.
 v2 leads v1 by φ
 v1 lags v2 by φ
 v1 and v2 are out of
phase
 Identitites:
 sin(A ± B) = sinAcosB ± cosAsinB
 cos(A ± B) = cosAcosB ∓ sinAsinB
 Then,
 sin(ωt ± 180◦) = −sin ωt
−sin ωt
 cos(ωt ± 180◦) = −cos ωt
 sin(ωt ± 90◦) = ±cos ωt
−cos ωt
 cos(ωt ± 90◦) = ∓sin ωt
 A cos ωt + B sin ωt = C cos(ωt − θ)
 Where: calculator
in Degree
mode

 Ex. Add 3 cos ωt and −4 sin ωt


 Sol. Using the formulas above
 C= 5; θ = -53.1◦
 Therefore:
 3 cos ωt − 4 sin ωt
 = 5 cos(ωt + 53.1◦)
 Solution:
 The amplitude is Vm = 12 V.
 The phase is φ = 10◦.
 The angular frequency is ω = 50 rad/s.
 The period T = 2π/ω = 2π/50 = 0.1257 s.
 The frequency is f = 1/T = 7.958 Hz.
 Solution: Method 1
 Express the two equations in the same cos form
 v1 = −10 cos(ωt + 50◦) from: −cos ωt = cos(ωt ± 180◦)
 = 10 cos(ωt + 50◦ − 180◦)
 = 10 cos(ωt − 130◦)
 Or
 v1 = 10 cos(ωt + 230◦)
 Also;
 v2 = 12 sin(ωt − 10◦) (from: cos(ωt ± 90◦) = ∓sin ωt

 = 12 cos(ωt − 10◦ − 90◦)


 v2 = 12 cos(ωt − 100◦)

Phase Difference:
130◦ – 100◦ = 30◦
cos ωt
Therefore:
V2 leads v1 by 30◦
V1 lags v2 by 30◦
v1
v2
 Solution: Method 2
 Express the two equations in the same sin form
 v1 = −10 cos(ωt + 50◦) (from: sin(ωt ± 90◦) = ±cos ωt
 = 10 sin(ωt + 50◦ − 90◦)
 = 10 sin(ωt − 40◦)
 But;
 v2 = 12 sin(ωt − 10◦).

Phase Difference:
40◦ – 10◦ = 30◦

Therefore:
V2 leads v1 by 30◦
V1 lags v2 by 30◦
 Solution: Method 3
 By plotting itself the given sinusoid.
 v1 = −10 cos(ωt + 50◦) and
v2 =12 sin(ωt − 10◦).
 1. Given the sinusoid 5 sin(4πt − 60◦), find
its amplitude, phase, angular frequency,
period, and frequency.
 2. Find the phase angle between
i1 = −4 sin(377t + 25◦) and
i2 = 5 cos(377t − 40◦)
Does i1 lead or lag i2?
 3. In a linear circuit, the voltage source is
vs = 12 sin(103t + 24◦) V
 (a) What is the angular frequency of the
voltage?
 (b) What is the frequency of the source?
 (c) Find the period of the voltage.
 (d) Express vs in cosine form.
 (e) Determine vs at t = 2.5 ms.
 4. Express the following functions in cosine
form:
 (a) 4 sin(ωt − 30◦)
 (b) −2 sin 6t
 (c) −10 sin(ωt + 20◦)
 5. Given v1 = 20 sin(ωt + 60◦) and v2 = 60
cos(ωt − 10◦), determine the phase angle
between the two sinusoids and which one
lags the other.
 6. Find the period of the following sinusoids:
 a. 4 cos (3t + 33◦)
 b. cos (2t + π/4) + 3 sin (2t - π/6)
 c. 8 sin 2πt
 7. Find the amplitude and phase of the
following sinusoids:
 a. 6 cos 2t + 8 sin 2t
 b. 4 3 − 3 cos 2𝑡 + 30𝑜 + 3 3 − 4 cos(2𝑡 + 60𝑜 )

 8. Find the frequency of the following
sinusoids:
 a. 3 cos (6πt – 10◦)
 b. 4 sin 377t
PHASOR

 Rectangular Form: z = x + jy
 where: j = −1
 x = real part of z
 y = imaginary part of z
 Polar Form:
 Exponential Form :
 Where:
 r = magnitude of z
 Ø = phase angle of z

 𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥
 Ø= tan -1
𝑦
 x = r cos Ø
 y = r sin Ø
 Thus, z may be written as
 z = x + jy = r φ = r(cos φ + j sin φ)
 Note:
 Addition and Subtraction
 – in rectangular form
 Multiplication and Division
 – in polar form
 Given the complex • Multiplication:
numbers: • z1z2 = r1r2 φ1 + φ2
 z1 = x1 + jy1 = r1 φ1 • Division:
 z2 = x2 + jy2 = r2 φ2 • z1/z2 = (r1/r2) φ1 − φ2
• Reciprocal:
 Addition:
• 1/z = (1/r) − φ
 z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + j (y1
• Square Root:
+ y2)
• √z =√r φ/2
 Subtraction:
 z1 − z2 = (x1 − x2) + j (y1
− y2)
 Evaluate these complex numbers:
 (a) (40 50◦ + 20 −30◦) ½
 (b) 10 − 30◦ + (3 − j4)

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