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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 1
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 2 = 20
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QUESTION 1:

What is the number of bits required to store a 100 × 100 grayscale image with 256 gray levels?
a. 2560000
b. 10000
c. 80000
d. 240000

Correct Answer: (c)

Detailed Solution:

Number of gray levels=256=28. So we would require 8 bits per pixel.

Image size = 100 × 100 = 10,000 pixels. Number of channels = 1.
Bytes required = No. of pixels × bytes per pixel × No. of channels
= 10,000 × 8 × 1
= 80,000 bits.
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QUESTION 2:
In frequency domain, what is the equivalent operation of product of two functions in spatial
domain?
a. correlation
b. convolution
c. Fourier transform
d. fast Fourier transform
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Correlation in frequency domain is the equivalent operation of product of two functions in spatial
domain.
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 3:
What effect will happen if sampling frequency is less than Nyquist rate?
a. summation
b. smoothing
c. sharpening
d. aliasing

Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

From the sampling theorem, we know that when sampling frequency is less than Nyquist
frequency then while reconstruction we cannot get original signal because of aliasing effect.

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QUESTION 4:
What is the sampling frequency more than Nyquist rate called?
a. Nyquist sampling
b. over sampling
c. under sampling
d. critical sampling

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

From the sampling theory, sampling frequency more than Nyquist rate is called over sampling
and we can obtain a perfect reconstruction.

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QUESTION 5:
Width and height of an image are 180 pixels and 180 pixels respectively. This image was
scanned at 600 dpi. What will be the physical size of the image?

a. 3.0 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × 3.0 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

b. 0.4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × 0.4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
c. 0.3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × 0.3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
d. 1.4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × 1.4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
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Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Image scanned at 600 dpi.

Height and width= 180 pixels and 180 pixels.
Image size= (180/600) × (180/600) = 0.3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × 0.3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠.
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QUESTION 6:
What will be the value of delta function, 𝛿(𝑡 − 2), at 𝑡 = 0?

a. Infinity
b. 0
c. 0.5
d. 1

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

∞, 𝑡=0
𝛿(𝑡) = { . Using the time shifting property,
0, 𝑡≠0

∞, 𝑡=2
𝛿(𝑡 − 2) = {
0, 𝑡≠0

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QUESTION 7:
What is the purpose of using a low pass filter?

a. Resizing
b. Sharpening
c. Smoothing
d. None of the above

Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:
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Low pass filter are used for image smoothing as they retain only low frequency content.

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QUESTION 8:
Which of the following should be used for filling gaps in digital image that results from
operations like zooming, shrinking, rotation etc .?

a. Sampling.
b. Filtering.
c. Interpolation.
d. None of the above.

Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Interpolation is used for filling gaps in digital image that results from operations like zooming,
shrinking, rotation, etc.
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QUESTION 9:
Assuming that a 5𝑚 high structure is observed from a distance of 10𝑚. What is the size of
image in a pin-hole camera? Assume that the distance between the lens and imaging plane is
10𝑚𝑚.

a. 10 𝑚𝑚
b. 5 𝑐𝑚
c. 5 𝑚𝑚
d. 10 𝑐𝑚
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Let the distance be x, then using pin hole camera geometry and similar triangles.

𝑥 5𝑚
Therefore, = , 𝑥 = 5𝑚𝑚
10𝑚𝑚 10𝑚

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 10:
What is the process of extracting information from an image?

a. Image compression
b. Image Analysis
c. Image restoration
d. Image enhancement
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Image analysis is process of extracting information from the image.

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______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 2
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 2 = 20
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QUESTION 1:

Speech signal has a bandwidth of 6 KHz. If every sample is digitized using 8 bits and the digital
speech is to be transmitted over a communication channel, what is the minimum bandwidth
requirement of the channel?
a. 16 Kbps
b. 32 Kbps
c. 64 Kbps
d. 96 Kbps
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

First we need to convert continuous signal into discrete signal by the process of sampling and
then digitize using digital bits.
For minimum bandwidth we sample at Nyquist rate.
Therefore, minimum bandwidth will be 2 × 6 × 8 = 96Kbps.
____________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 2:
Which of the following option is true?

1) Q ∈ N4 (P) 2) Q ∈ N8 (P) 3) Q ∈ ND (P)

a. only 1
b. only 3
c. both 2 and 3
d. all 1,2,3
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

From the definition of 8-connectedness and diagonal connectedness, Q ∈ N8 (P)and Q ∈ ND (P).

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QUESTION 3:
Compute the Euclidean Distance (D1), City-block Distance (D2) and Chessboard distance (D3)
for points p and q, where p and q be (5, 2) and (1, 5) respectively. Give answer in the form (D1,
D2, D3).
a. (5, 6, 4)
b. (5, 7, 4)
c. (7, 5, 4)
d. (5, 4, 4)

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Euclidean distance (D1) =√(𝑥 − 𝑢)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑣)2 =5

City block distance (D2) =|x-u|+|y-v|=7
Chessboard distance (D3) =max (|x-s|, |y-t|) = 4
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 4:
Consider an 2-D point [2, 5]T. Perform a scaling operation (S) in x-axis by 3 units and in y-axis
by 7 units. What will be the output?
a.
[6, 35]T
b.
[10, 2]T
c.
[6, 6]T
d.
None of the above

Correct Answer: a.
Detailed Solution:

For given transformation we use the scaling matrix in homogenous system as

𝑋′ 3 0 0 2
[𝑌′ ] = [0 7 0] [5]
1 0 0 1 1
On solving we get,

𝑋 ′ = 6, and 𝑌′ = 35.
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QUESTION 5:
Consider an 3-D point [5 5 5]T. Perform a scaling operation (S) in both x-axis and y-axis by 5
units. What will be the output?
a.
[10, 10, 5]T
b.
[10, 10, 10]T
c.
[25, 25, 5]T
d.
None of the above

Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

For this we can use scaling matrix in homogenous system

𝑋′ 5 0 0 0 5
′ 0 5 0 0 5
𝑌
[ ′] = [ ] [ ].
𝑍 0 0 1 0 5
1 0 0 0 1 1
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On solving we get,

𝑋 ′ = 25, 𝑌 ′ = 25 and 𝑍 ′ = 5.
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QUESTION 6:
100 150 70 50 50 25
Consider the following two images f1 = ( 50 55 175 ) and f2 = ( 45 55 50).
200 50 150 50 50 75
The addition and subtraction of images are given by f1 + f2 and f1 − f2 . Assume both the
images are of the 8-bit integer type.
51 153 132 −49 −147 −118
a. f1 + f2 = ( 50 70 230) and f1 − f2 = (−40 −40 20 )
255 100 225 0 0 75

51 153 132 0 0 0
b. f1 + f2 = ( 50 70 255) and f1 − f2 = (0 0 20)
255 100 225 0 0 75

150 200 95 50 100 45

c. f1 + f2 = ( 95 110 225) and f1 − f2 = ( 5 0 125)
250 100 225 150 0 75

51 153 132 0 0 0
d. f1 + f2 = ( 50 70 230) and f1 − f2 = (0 0 20)
255 100 225 0 0 75
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

As we performing simple pixel to pixel addition and subtraction therefore,

150 200 95 50 100 45

f1 + f2 = ( 95 110 225) And f1 − f2 = ( 5 0 125).
250 100 225 150 0 75
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______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
In formula 𝑔(x,y) = T[ƒ(x,y)], T is the
a. Transformed image
b. Transformation vector
c. Transformation theorem
d. Transformation function
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

In above expression 𝑇 is known as transformation function which transform 𝑓(x,y) into 𝑔(x,y)
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QUESTION 8:

Consider an image point [1,1]T in a continuous image. Rotation of the image point around the
origin by 45 o in anticlockwise direction around origin is given by
a. [0, √2]T
b. [0, 2]T
c. [1, 2√2]T
d. [1, √2]T

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

Rotation matrix in homogenous coordinate system for anticlockwise direction is given as

cosθ −sinθ 0
𝑅(𝜃) = [ sinθ cosθ 0].
0 0 1
 x 
 y  =
  0 0
 1  cos450 −sin450 0
1
[ sin45 cos45 0] [1].
0 0 1 1

On solving this equation, we get 𝑥 ′ = 0 and 𝑦 ′ = √2.

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 9:
Consider a 3-D point [5 5 5]T. Perform a shifting operation (S) in both x-axis and y-axis by 5
units.
a.
[10, 10, 5]T
b.
[10, 10, 10]T
c.
[25, 25, 5]T
d.
None of the above

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
The output of an image sensor takes values between 0.0 and 10.0. If it is quantized by a uniform
quantizer with 256 levels, what will be the transition (𝑡𝑘 ) and reconstruction level (𝑟𝑘 )?
10(𝑘+1) 5
a. 𝑡𝑘 = , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,257; 𝑟𝑘 = 𝑡𝑘 + 256 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,256
256

10(𝑘+1) 10
b. 𝑡𝑘 = , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,257; 𝑟𝑘 = 𝑡𝑘 + 256 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,256
256

10(𝑘) 5
c. 𝑡𝑘 = , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,257; 𝑟𝑘 = 𝑡𝑘 + 256 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,256
256

10(𝑘−1) 5
d. 𝑡𝑘 = , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,257; 𝑟𝑘 = 𝑡𝑘 + 256 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,256
256

Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

Using the uniform quantizer design, transition and reconstruction levels can be defined as
10(𝑘−1) 5
𝑡𝑘 = 256 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,257; 𝑟𝑘 = 𝑡𝑘 + 256 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . . . ,256.
______________________________________________________________________________

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************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 3
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

What is discretizing pixel intensities of an image?

a) Sampling
b) Quantization
c) Framing
d) Both A and B
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

In the process of quantization, we convert continous intensity levels of pixels into discrete levels.
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QUESTION 2:
Which of the following transformation matrix corresponds to rotation about x-axis?
1 0 0 0
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
a) [ ]
0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
b) [ ]
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
c) [ ]
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0
0 0 0 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 0
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0 0
d) [ ]
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

Transformation matrix corresponds to rotation about x-axis is given as

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1 0 0 0
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
[ ]
0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0
0 0 0 1
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3:
How many cameras are required to find 3-D point using image coordinates of camera?
a) Atleast 1
b) Atleast 2
c) Atleast 3
d) Atleast 4
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

A single camera provide us a ray in 3-D. So in order to find the corresponding 3-D point, we require at
least two cameras such that the intersection of these two rays (one from each camera) gives us the 3-D
point.
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QUESTION 4:
For a stereo pair, one camera is shifted along x-axis with respect to other. Imaging plane is 𝑋𝑌 plane. If B
is the baseline between the cameras, λ is the focal length, and (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) is the disparity along x-axis then
which of the following is true?
λB
a) Z = B + (𝑥
2 −𝑥1 )
λB
b) Y = λ − (𝑥
2 −𝑥1 )
λB
c) X = λ − (𝑥 −𝑥 )
2 1
λB
d) Z = λ − (𝑥 −𝑥 )
2 1

Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

By using standard stereo model, we get

λB
Z=λ−
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
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QUESTION 5:
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Two identical cameras having focal length of 0.04m are used for stereo imaging. If the camera
displacement along X axis is 6.0 cm, left image point corresponding to a world point W is (0.2 mm, 0.4
mm) and the corresponding right image point is (0.4 mm, 0.4 mm), find out the 3-D location of W with
respect to a world coordinate system aligned with the coordinate system of the left camera.

a) (-60cm, -90cm, 1240 cm)

b) (6cm, 12cm, -1196cm)
c) (6cm, 9cm, 1204cm)
d) (-6cm, -9cm, 120.4cm)
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

λ =0.04m, x2 = 0.4mm, x1 = 0.2mm, B = 6.0cm. Displacement is along x-axis, so by using standard

expression for depth in stereo geometry,
λB
Z = λ − (𝑥 , substituting the above values we get Z = -1196cm
2 −𝑥1 )

For X and Y with respect to left camera, we use the following relations

𝑥0 𝑦0
𝑋= (𝜆 − 𝑍) and 𝑌 = (𝜆 − 𝑍),
𝜆 𝜆

Substituting Z = -1196cm we get X = 6cm and Y = 12cm.

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QUESTION 6:

Which of the following deals with the conversion of three-dimensional world co-ordinate to two
dimensional image?

a) Perspective Transfomation
b) Rotation
c) Linear Transformation
d) Non-linear mapping
Correct Answer: a
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Detailed Solution:

Perspective Transfomation deals with the conversion of three dimensional world co-ordinate to two
dimensional image.
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QUESTION 7:
For stereo image pair, how does disparity of 3D point vary with object depth?

a) Disparity increases as object depth increases

b) Disparity is independent of object depth.
c) Disparity decreases as object depth increases
d) None of these
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Objects closer to camera moves faster (larger disparity) than the objects which are farther, therefore
disparity decreases as object depth increases.
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QUESTION 8:
For a camera with focal length of 0.05, find out the locus of the points which will be imaged at location
(0.5, 0.5) on the Image plane. Assume the camera coordinate system and world coordinate system to be
perfectly aligned.

a) X = 0.1 - 4Z, Y = -0.2 + 6Z

b) X = 0.3 -6Z, Y = -0.3 + 6Z
c) X = 0.5 - 10Z, Y = 0.5 + 10Z
d) X = 0.5 - 10Z, Y = 0.5 - 10Z
Correct Answer: d.
Detailed Solution:

By using pin-hole camera geometry equations,

𝑥0 𝑦0
𝑋= (𝜆 − 𝑍) and 𝑌 = (𝜆 − 𝑍), where (𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍)are world coordinates,
𝜆 𝜆

𝜆is focal length and (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) is image coordinates. Using these two equations we get,

X = 0.5 - 10Z, Y = 0.5 - 10Z

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 9:
The figure 2 is first translated by vector [1, -1] and then scaled up by a factor of 2. What is the
transformed figure?

Figure 2

a)

b)

c)

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: c.
Detailed Solution:
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2 0 0 1 0 1 
0 2 0 0 1 − 1
   
0 0 1  0 0 1 
Scaling transformation matrix = and translation matrix = . Using these, if we
 −1
1
 −1  
1 1
transform   then first convert it to homogenous coordinate system   .
 h1  2 0 0 1 0 1   1 
 2    
h  = 0 2 0 0 1 − 1 − 1
 h 3  0 0 1 0 0 1   1 
Now apply the transformation,  , on simplification we get the
h1 h2
x' = = 0 y' = =0
transformed point,
h3 ,
h3 . In this way we can find out other points.

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 10:
The figure 1 is first scaled up by a factor 2 and then translated by vector [1, -1]. What is the transformed
figure?

Figure 1

a)

b)

c)

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:
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2 0 0 1 0 1 
  0 1 − 1
Scaling transformation matrix = 0 2 0 and translation matrix =
    . Using these,
0 0 1  0 0 1 
 −1
 −1  
if we transform   then first convert it to homogenous coordinate system 1 .
 
1  1 

 h1  1 0 1  2 0 0  1 
 
Now apply the transformation, h 2  = 0 1 − 1 0 2 0 − 1 , on simplification we get
   
 h 3  0 0 1  0 0 1  1 
 
h1 h2
the transformed point, x' = = −1 , y ' = = 1 . In this way we can find out other points, hence
h3 h3
option b is correct.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 4
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

An image of size 9 × 9 is given below. What will be the intensity at location (3.3, 3.6) using a
modified linear interpolation?

Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X
0 20 22 15 18 25 32 16 18 20
1 22 25 28 25 35 32 20 17 15
2 45 35 16 23 44 11 18 24 18
3 35 32 26 46 24 13 25 24 25
4 32 45 23 34 45 43 42 24 16
5 34 45 42 36 27 34 25 27 19
6 43 46 47 34 13 13 24 17 20
7 43 54 34 22 21 35 27 43 29
8 32 43 26 25 27 36 23 56 34

a) 32.42
b) 37.60
c) 35.14
d) None of the above
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Since we are doing interpolation in 2 dimensions, we can convert this to one dimension by first
interpolation along the columns and then along a row.
As we are using linear interpolation, so the region of support would be two pixels (left-right or
top-bottom).
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Here we first interpolate along columns to find the values of A and B. Using linear interpolation
equation,
𝑡, 0≤𝑡<1
𝐵0,2 (𝑡) = {2 − 𝑡, 1 ≤ 𝑡 < 2, now for A we shift the peak at 3.3
0, otherwise
𝑡 − 2.3, 2.3 ≤ 𝑡 < 3.3
𝐵2.3,2 (𝑡) = {2 − (𝑡 − 2.3), 3.3 ≤ 𝑡 < 4.3
0, otherwise
Substituting the values at t=3 and t= 4 (values are known at these locations) in proper
intervals, we get the coefficient (contribution) that has to be multiplied with intensity
values at location
t = 3 and t=4.
0.7, 2.3 ≤ 𝑡 < 3.3
𝐵2.3,2 (𝑡) = {0.3, 3.3 ≤ 𝑡 < 4.3
0, otherwise
Now 𝑓(3.3,3) = 𝐴 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝐵𝑖−2.3,2 (𝑡) = 0.7 ∗ 46 + 0.3 ∗ 34 = 42.4

Similarly, we calculate 𝑓(3.3,4) = 𝐵 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝐵𝑖−2.3,2 (𝑡) = 0.7 ∗ 24 + 0.3 ∗ 45 = 30.3

Now we interpolate along row to get the value of X using A and B. By following similar
procedure of one dimensional linear interpolation,
𝑓(3.3,4.6) = 𝑋 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝐵𝑖−2.6,2 (𝑡) = 0.4 ∗ 42.4 + 0.6 ∗ 30.3 = 35.14

____________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 2:
A one-dimensional function f(t) is given below. What will be the value at location t = 6.3 using
modified cubic interpolation?

t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f(t) 1.5 2.5 3 2.5 3 2.4 3 2.5 1 2.4

a) 2.65
b) 2.34
c) 2.95
d) 2.58

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

Using cubic B-spline function

 t3
 ; 0  t 1
 6
 3 2
 − 3t + 12t − 12t + 4 ; 1 t  2
 6
B0, 4 (t ) =  3 2
3t − 2t + 60t − 44
 ; 2t 3
 6
  4 − t 3
 
; 3t  4
 6
0; otherwise

Since we have to interpolate f(6.3), we can shift this function by 4.3 so that peak of cubic
function lie on 6.3. By doing this we get the contribution of known pixels for location t = 6.3.
The modified function can be written as,
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 (t − 4.3)3
 ; 4.3  t  5.3
 6

 − 3(t − 4.3) + 12(t − 4.3) − 12(t − 4.3) + 4 ;
3 2
5.3  t  6.3
 6
B4.3, 4 (t ) =  (
3 t − 4.3) − 2(t − 4.3)2 + 60(t − 4.3) − 44
3
 ; 6.3  t  7.3
 6
  4 − (t − 4.3)3
 
; 7.3  t  8.3
 6
 0; otherwise

Substituting the values at t=5,6,7 and 8 (values are known at these locations) in proper intervals,
we get the coefficient (contribution) that has to be multiplied with intensity values at location,
t= 5,6,7,8.

 (5 − 4.3)3
 ; 4.3  t  5.3
 6

 − 3(6 − 4.3) + 12(6 − 4.3) − 12(6 − 4.3) + 4 ; 5.3  t  6.3
3 2
 6
B4.3, 4 (t ) =  (
3 7 − 4.3) − 2(7 − 4.3)2 + 60(7 − 4.3) − 44
3
 ; 6.3  t  7.3
 6
  4 − (8 − 4.3)3
 
; 7.3  t  8.3
 6
 0; otherwise

On solving this, we get

 0.0572; 4.3  t  5.3


 0.592 ; 5.3  t  6.3

B4.3, 4 (t ) =  0.3482; 6.3  t  7.3

 0.0045 ; 7.3  t  8.3

 0; otherwise

f (6.3) =  pi Bi−4.3, 4 (t ) = 0.05728* 3 + 0.592 * 2.4 + 0.3482* 3 + 0.0045* 2.5 = 2.65

Now
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 3:

In what type of Interpolation, the intensity for an unknown location is found by assigning the
intensity of the nearest pixel?
a) Bicubic interpolation
b) Constant interpolation
c) Cubic interpolation
d) Bilinear interpolation
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Region of support for constant interpolation is one. So because of this it will look for a single
location which is nearest to it.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4:
Which of the following B-spline function has maximum region of support?
a) Quadratic
b) Linear
c) Constant
d) Cubic

Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
A one-dimensional function f(x) is given below. What will be the value at location x = 6.3 using
modified constant interpolation.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f(x) 1.5 2.5 3 2.5 3 2.4 3 2.5 1 2.4

a) 2.43
b) 2.34
c) 3.00
d) 2.40
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Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

For constant interpolation, we substitute the unknown pixel value by nearest known pixel value.
For x=6.3, nearest known location is x=6.
Therefore f(6.3) = 2.40.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 6:
Which of the following B-spline is not symmetric?
a) Constant
b) Quadratic
c) Cubic
d) Linear
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Region of support for quadratic b-spline is 3 and it is asymmetric.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: an interpolation function must have Finite Region of Support.
Statement 2: an interpolation function should have Smooth Interpolation.

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Interpolation function must have finite region of support.

Interpolation function should smooth profile.
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 8:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: an interpolation function must be Shift Invariant
Statement 2: an interpolation function must be Shift Variant

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

Interpolation function must be shift invariant.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 9:
What kind of sampling is required for zooming of an image?
a) Under sampling
b) Critical sampling
c) Over sampling
d) Nyquist sampling
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

Zooming of an image is basically estimating the sub-pixels and therefore can be viewed as
oversampling.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
In what type of Interpolation, the intensity of the four neighboring pixels is used to obtain
intensity a new location?
a) Constant interpolation
b) Bicubic interpolation
c) Nearest neighbour interpolation
d) Bilinear interpolation
Correct Answer: d
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Detailed Solution:

In Bilinear interpolation four neighboring pixels are used to estimate the value of unknown
location.
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 5
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: FIR filtering is an application of convolution
Statement 2: Median filtering is an application of convolution

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

In median filtering, we compute median of a neighborhood, which does not require any
convolution operation.
____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:
Determine the linear convolution of two sequences x(n) = {3, 2, 1} and h(n) = {3, 2, 1}
a) y(n) = {9,12,10,4,1}
b) y(n) = {9,12,4,4,1}
c) y(n) = {9,10,12, 4,1}
d) y(n) = {3,8,8,1,9,4,4}

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

There are many ways for calculating convolution, one of the ways is like this
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3 2 1
x 3 2 1
3 2 1
6 4 2
9 6 3
9 12 10 4 1

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3:
Which of the pair does form an Orthogonal Pair?
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝜋𝑓𝑡)
b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) , 𝑐os(√3𝜋𝑓𝑡)
c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) , 𝑐os(√2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

Only 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝜋𝑓𝑡)satisfy the orthogonality property of ∫𝑇 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑓2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4:
For a given 2 × 2 image 𝑈 and 2 × 2 transformation matrix 𝐴, What will be the transformed
image 𝑉?

1 1 1 2 2
𝐴= [ ] 𝑈=[ ]
√2 1 −1 8 4
8 −2
a) [ ]
4 2
8 2
b) [ ]
−4 −2
10 0
c) [ ]
6 0
d) None of the above

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:
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A two dimensional transformed is given as

1 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 2
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑈𝐴𝑇 = [ ][ ][ ]=[ ]
2 1 −1 8 4 1 −1 −4 −2
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: DTFT is applied to continuous infinite signals
Statement 2: DTFT is applied to infinite discrete sequences

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

As per definition, DTFT is applied on regularly sampled signals.

𝑋(𝜔) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑛

𝑛=−∞

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 6:
How does image transformation represent a given image?
a) a series summation of a set of Symmetric Matrices.
b) a series summation of a set of Unitary Matrices
c) a series summation of a set of Skew-Symmetric Matrices.
d) None of the above.
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:
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Any image can be expressed as a scaled summation of basis images which are unitary matrices.
(Just like a 1-D signal can be expressed in terms of basis vectors).
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
What will be the Kronecker product 𝐴 ⊗ 𝐵of the matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵?

1 2 3 1 1
𝐴=[ ], 𝐵 = [ ]
4 5 6 1 −1

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
a) [ ]
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −2 −3 −4 −5 −6

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 −1 2 −2 3 −3
b) [ ]
4 4 5 5 6 6
4 −4 5 −5 6 −6

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
c) [ ]
4 4 5 −5 −6 −6
4 4 5 −5 −6 −6

d) None of the above.

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Apply the Kronecker delta product formula where matrix B replaces individual elements of A
scaled by a value determined by matrix A.
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 8:
What will be the basis image A00 for a given 2 × 2 transformation matrix 𝐴?

1 1 1
𝐴= [ ]
√2 1 −1

a) 0.5 0.5
[ ]
0.5 0.5

b) 0.5 −0.5
[ ]
−0.5 0.5
c) 0.25 0.25
[ ]
0.25 0.25
d) None of the
above

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

1 1 1
Basis images are calculated using the columns of𝐴∗𝑇 = [ ],
√2 1 −1
Where 𝐴 is the transformation matrix,

1 1 1 1 1
𝐴00 = 𝑎0 𝑎0𝑇 = 2 [ ] [1 1] = 2 [ ]
1 1 1
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QUESTION 9:
Which of the following can be used as a transformation matrix?

 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 −1 −1 
1
a) A = 
2 2 2 0 0 
 
 0 0 − 2 − 2 

 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 −1 −1 
1
b) A = 
2 2 − 2 0 0 
 
 0 0 − 2 2 

 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 −1 −1 
1
c) A = 
4 2 2 0 0 
 
 0 0 − 2 − 2 

d) None of these

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

For unitary matrix, all the columns must be orthonormal or orthogonal. Matrix in option b satisfies
this property.
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 10:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 is true for an orthogonal matrix
Statement 2: 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 is true for an orthogonal matrix

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

A matrix is orthogonal if 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 .

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 6
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

What is the time complexity of Fast Fourier Transform for an N -point Discrete Fourier Transform?

a) 𝑂(𝑁 2 )
b) 𝑂(𝑁 log10 𝑁)
c) 𝑂(𝑁 log 2 𝑁)
d) None of the above
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

There is a total of 𝑀 = log 2 𝑁 stages of computation, each requiring 3/2𝑁 complex operations.
Hence, the total computational complexity is 𝑂(𝑁 log 2 𝑁).
____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: Only DFT is periodic functions and not Inverse DFT
Statement 2: Only Inverse DFT is periodic functions and not DFT

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

𝑁−1 𝑁−1
−
2𝜋
𝑢𝑥 1 2𝜋
𝐹(𝑢) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑁 and 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝐹(𝑢)𝑒 𝑁 𝑢𝑥
𝑁
𝑥=0 𝑢=0
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𝑁−1 𝑁−1 𝑁−1

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
− (𝑢+𝑁)𝑥 − (𝑢)𝑥 − (𝑁)𝑥
𝐹(𝑢 + 𝑁) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑁 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑁 .𝑒 𝑁 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 − 𝑁 𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑢)
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

𝑁−1 𝑁−1 𝑁−1

1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
(𝑢)𝑥
2𝜋
(𝑁)𝑢 1 2𝜋
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑁) = ∑ 𝐹(𝑢)𝑒 𝑁 𝑢(𝑥+𝑁) = ∑ 𝐹(𝑢)𝑒 𝑁 .𝑒 𝑁 = ∑ 𝐹(𝑢)𝑒 𝑁 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑢=0 𝑢=0 𝑢=0

DFT and its inverse is periodic with period N, where N is th number of samples in discrete
sequence.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3:
Which of the two-dimensional transform kernels are separable?
a) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
b) Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
c) Discrete Walsh Transformation (DWT)
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

For DFT, it can be shown that

𝑁−1 𝑁−1
1 2𝜋
(𝑢𝑥+𝑣𝑦)
𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣) = ∑ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 − 𝑁
𝑁
𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑁−1 𝑁−1
1 2𝜋
(𝑣𝑦) 1 2𝜋
(𝑢𝑥)
= ∑ 𝑒− 𝑁 𝑁. ∑. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 − 𝑁
𝑁 𝑁
𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑁−1
1 2𝜋
(𝑣𝑦)
= ∑ 𝑁. 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑦)𝑒 − 𝑁 = 𝑁. 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑁
𝑦=0

Similarly, we can prove that DCT and DWT holds separability property.
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 4:
Which of the following is (are) the property(ies) of two-dimension Discrete Fourier transform?
a) Separability
b) Symmetry
c) Periodicity
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution:

Above mentioned properties are satisfied by 2-D DFT.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: Forward and Inverse transforms are identical
Statement 2: Fourier kernels are separable and symmetric

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

Fourier kernels are separable and symmetric.

Fourier transforms have different kernel for forward and inverse transforms
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 6:
What is the circular convolution of the sequences of 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2, where 𝑥1(𝑛) = 𝑥2(𝑛) =
{1,2,3}?

a) {17,20,12}
b) {20,17,12}
c) {20,20,17}
d) {12,12,17}
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

By uisng the defintion of circular convolution,

1 4 2 1 17
𝑥1 (𝑛) ⊗ 𝑥2 (𝑛) = [2 1 4] [2] = [20]
4 2 1 4 12
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
Which of the following corresponds to 4x4 Hadamard matrix?

1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1
a) [ ]
1 1 −1 −1
1 −1 −1 1

1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1
b) [ ]
1 1 −1 −1
1 −1 −1 −1

1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1
c) [ ]
1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1

d) All of the above.

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:
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1 1 𝐻 𝐻𝑁
𝐻2 = [ ]and 𝐻2𝑁 = [ 𝑁 ].
1 −1 𝐻𝑁 −𝐻𝑁
1 1 1 1
Therefore, 𝐻4 = [1 −1 1 −1].
1 1 −1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 8:
Which of the following correspondes to one dimensional Hadamard transform kernel?
1 𝑖=𝑁−1
a) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑢) = 𝑁 (−1)∑𝑖=0 𝑏𝑖(𝑥)𝑏𝑖(𝑢)

1 𝑖=𝑁−1
b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑢) = 𝑁 (1)∑𝑖=0 𝑏𝑖(𝑥)𝑏𝑖(𝑢)

c) Both a and b
d) None are correct
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution:

1 𝑖=𝑁−1
By the definition of Hadmard transform kernel 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑢) = 𝑁 (−1)∑𝑖=0 𝑏𝑖(𝑥)𝑏𝑖(𝑢)
.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 9:
This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
Statement 1: Discrete Cosine Transform satisfies separability and symmetry
Statement 2: Discrete Cosine Transform has maximum energy compaction in the
transformed domain

a) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is True and Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False and Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:

The DCT forward transform kernels is given by

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 ( 2x+1) uπ   ( 2y+1) vπ 
g ( x,y,u,v ) = α(u).α(v)cos   .cos  
 2N   2N 
This can be rewritten as

g(x, y, u, v) = g1 (x, u).g 2 (y, v) , where g1 (x, u) and g 2 (y, v) is given by

 (2x + 1)uπ   (2y + 1)vπ 

g1 (x, u) =  (u)cos  and g 2 (y, v) =  (v)cos
 2N   2N 
This shows that DCT holds separability and symmetry property.

Discrete Cosine Transform has maximum energy compaction because most of its information is
contained in few transformed coefficients.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
Which of the following recursive relation is used to obtain higher order Hadamared transform
kernels?

H N H N 
a) H 2 N =  
H N H N 
H N H N 
b) H 2 N =  
H N − H N 
 HN − HN 
c) H 2 N =  
− H N H N 
d) None of the above mentioned.
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution:

H HN 
H2N =  N is used to obtain higher order Hadamard transform kernels.
H N − H N 

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 7
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

Which of the following can result in forming low contrast image?

a) Poor illumination of the scene to be photographed.
b) Lack of dynamic range of imaging sensor used for image aquisition.
c) Wrong setting of lens aperture during image acquisition.
d) All of the above

Correct Answer: d.
Detailed Explanation: All above mentioned factors leads to forming of low contrast image.
Hence option d is correct.
____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:
If X is input vector, µ x is vector mean of X and V is the transformed vector, which of the following
is TRUE, for K-L Transform?

a) V = AX - µ x

b) V = A(X − µ x )

c) V = A(X + µ x )

d) All of the above

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Explanation: If A is the transformation matrix, then K-L transform, X vector
with mean vector µ x can be transformed to V as V = A(X - µ x ).

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 3:

Which of the following are true about Image Negative in image enhancement operation?
i. Image Negative operation produces image equivalent to a photographic
negative.
ii. Transformation operator T can be defined as S = T(r) = L-r -1.

a) i. only

b) ii. Only

c) Both i and ii.

d) Neither i nor ii.

Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:

Both i and ii are true regarding image negative.

Hence option c is correct.

______________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 4:

Which of the following is the histogram of the given image

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a)

b)

c)

d)
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Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: The given image has two segments, one object (coin), and background.
So the histogram will have two segment also separated by a distinct valley. Option a only
satisfy the condition.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
For decoding a K L Transformed image at the receiver side, we require
a) Transformed image
b) Transformation matrix
c) Original Image
d) Both Transformed image and transformation matrix.
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Explanation: For decoding KL transformed image, we need both the transformed
image and transformation matrix at the decoder side.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 6:
Process used to correct the power-law response is called ____________________.
a) Alpha Correction
b) Luminance Correction
c) Gamma correction
d) None of the above
Correct Answer: c

Detailed Explanation: Gamma correction is used correct the power-law response.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
Which of the following statement is (are) TRUE for KL Transform?
i. KL Transform kernel is fixed like in other transforms.
ii. Covariance matrix of the vector population is not real and symmetric.
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iii. KL Transform is optimum in the sense that it minimizes mean square error between 𝒙
̂, where 𝒙 is the original vector and 𝒙
and 𝒙 ̂ is the reconstructed vector.
iv. KL Transform kernel is based on statistical properties of vector representation of
image.

a) i. Only

b) iii. and iv.

c) i., ii. and iv.

d) i., iii. and iv.

Correct Answer: b.

Detailed Solution:

K-L transform kernel depends upon statistical properties of an image and therefore it is not fixed.
Covariance matrix is real and symmetric. Also KL Transform kernel minimizes mean square error
between 𝒙 and 𝒙 ̂, where 𝒙 is the original vector is and 𝒙
̂ is the reconstructed vector. Only iii and
iv is true for K L transform
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 8:
Log transformation is given by which formula,

a) 𝑠 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔(|𝑟|), where c is the scaling constant and r is the input intensity.

b) 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + |𝑟|), where r is the input intensity.
c) 𝑠 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔(|𝑟|), where c is the scaling constant and r is the input intensity.
d) 𝑠 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + |𝑟|), where c is the scaling constant and r is the input intensity.

Correct Answer: d.

Detailed Explanation: 𝒔 = 𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + |𝒓|) represents log transformation. Where c is the

scaling constant and r is the input intensity.

_______________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 9:
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Which of the following is TRUE, for power law transformation?

𝑇(𝑟) = 𝑐𝑟 𝛾
Where, 𝑐 and 𝛾 are positive constants and r is the input intensity
a) 𝛾 < 1 =>Narrow range of dark input values is mapped into wider range of values
and wide range of high intensity values is mapped into narrow range of values

b) 𝛾 > 1 =>Narrow range of dark input values is mapped into wider range of values
and wide range of high intensity values is mapped into narrow range of values

c) 𝛾 < 1 =>Narrow range of dark input values is mapped into narrow range of values
and wide range of high intensity values is mapped into wider range of values

d) None of the above.

Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

Using the gamma curve, we can say that 𝛾 < 1 =>Narrow range of dark input values is mapped
into wider range of values and wide range of high intensity values is mapped into narrow range
of values

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
Which of the following function cannot be a histogram equalization function.

a) f(x) = a𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 1

b) f(x) = a−𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 1
c) f(x) = 2x + 3
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = exp(𝑥)

Correct Answer: b

Detailed Solution:

The function f () should be a monotonic increasing function.

______________________________________________________________________________
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************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 8
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

The images shown below (a & b) are quite different, but their histograms are the same. Suppose
that each image is blurred with a 3x3 averaging mask. Which of the following is (are) true?

a. Histogram of the blurred images will remain same.

b. Histograms of the blurred images will be different from each other.

c. Histograms of the blurred images will change but they will be identical.

d. None of the above.

Correct Answer: b.
Detailed Solution: Figure (b) has more edge pixels than figure (a). So after blurring, there
are more pixels in figure (b) whose intensity values will change in comparison to that of
figure (a). Therefore, histograms of the blurred images will be different from each other.

____________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 2:
Which of the following is a first-order derivative operator?
a. Laplacian of Gaussian

b. Laplacian

c. Sobel

d. None of the above

Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:

Sobel operator is first order difference.

Hence option c is correct.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3:
Which of the filter can be used to obtain horizontal edges in an image?

1 2 1

a.  0 0 0 
− 1 − 2 − 1

1 0 − 1 
b. 2 0 − 2
1 0 − 1 

c. Both a and b

d. None of the above

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Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

1 2 1
0 0 0  is vertical Sobel operator which does a averaging in horizontal direction and

− 1 − 2 − 1
difference operator in vertical direction. Therefore it can be used to detect horizontal edge in an
image.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4:
An image has the gray level Probability Distribution Function (PDF - or gray level histogram
normalised by number of pixels) of Pr(r) shown below.

Find the pixel transformation y = g(r) such that after transformation the image has a flat PDF, i.e.
which accomplishes histogram equalisation. Assume continuous variables r,y.
a. 2 − 𝑟
b. 2 − 2𝑟
c. 2𝑟 − 𝑟 2
d. −𝑟 2
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution:
We know the required transfer function is the cumulative probability distribution of Pr(r).
Here, Pr(𝑟) = 2 − 2𝑟
𝑟 1
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑟) = ∫0 𝑝𝜏 (𝜏). 𝑑𝜏/ ∫0 𝑝𝜏 (𝜏). 𝑑𝜏
So, y(𝑟) = 2𝑟 − 𝑟 2

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 5:
Do histogram equalisation on the following image which has 8 discrete pixel levels (0 - 7),
transforming it into a histogram equalised image also with 8 discrete grey levels in the range (0-
7).

a.

b.
c. The histogram of the image is already equalized, no equalization required.
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d.

Correct Answer: a
Detailed Explanation:
Pixel Number Probability Cumulative Round to
Value of Pixels Probability nearest 1/7
0 12 0.187 0.187 0.142 = 1/7
1 16 0.250 0.437 0.426=3/7
2 13 0.203 0.641 0.571=4/7
3 10 0.156 0.796 0.856=6/7
4 6 0.097 0.891 0.856=6/7
5 4 0.0625 0.953 1.00=7/7
6 2 0.03125 0.984 1.00=7/7
7 1 0.0156 1.000 1.00=7/7

Hence the transformation function becomes

Input Output
Pixel Pixel
Value Value
0 1
1 3
2 4
3 6
4 6
5 7
6 7
7 7
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______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 6:
___________________ filter is used to emphasize high frequency components representing the
image details without eliminating low frequency components representing the basic form of the
signal.

a. Low Pass Filter

b. High-Pass Filter

c. High-Boost Filter

d. Median Filter

Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:

High-Boost filter emphasizes high frequency components representing the image details without
eliminating low frequency components representing the basic form of the signal because we are
adding weighted high frequency to the given image.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
Sobel and Prewitt operators are used for which of the following operations?

a. Contrast Adjustment
b. Edge detection
c. Image Averaging
d. None of the above

Correct Answer: b

Detailed Explanation: Sobel and Prewitt are high pass filter, mostly used to detect edges or
different discontinuity present in the image.
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______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 8:
Which of the following is a non-linear technique?
a. Linear smoothing filter
b. Median Filter
c. Box filter
d. None of the mentioned.
Correct Answer: b

Detailed Explanation: Median filter is non –linear technique. Here we are not doing the linear
sum of product operation.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 9:
Histogram Equalization is also called as ___________________.
a. Intensity Smoothing
b. Color Slicing
c. Histogram Linearization
d. All of the Above
Correct Answer: c

Detailed Explanation: Options are self-explanatory.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
In _______ image we notice that the components of histogram are concentrated on the higher
side on intensity scale:
a. Bright
b. Dark
c. Colorful
d. All of the mentioned.
Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: In a bright image all the pixels has a high intensity value, so they are
concentrated on the higher side in the intensity scale in the histogram.
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______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
 Digital Image Processing
Assignment- Week 9
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

Which of the following is/are principal ways to estimate the degradation function?
a. By observation
b. By experimentation
c. By mathematical modelling
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

Detailed Explanation: All of the above can be used to estimate the degradation function.

____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:
Which of the following true regarding Butterworth Low Pass Filter.

Statement 1: If we increase the rank than it behaves more like an ideal low filter.

Statement 2: If we increase the rank than output exhibits ringing artifacts.

a. Statement 1
b. Statement 2
c. Both statement 1 and 2
d. None of the Statement is true.

Correct Answer: c

Detailed Explanation: Both the statement are true regarding Butterworth low pass filter.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3:
The following equation corresponds to which of the following filter
1
H(u, v) = D 2n
1+ [ o ]
D(u,v)

Where, n is a positive integer, Do is cut-off frequency

a. Gaussian High Pass Filter
b. Butterworth Low Pass Filter
c. Gaussian Low Pass Filter
d. Butterworth High Pass Filter
Correct Answer: d

Detailed Explanation: All the options are self-explanatory.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4:
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
Statement 1: f(x, y) cannot be reconstructed by using f(x, y) = H −1 (g(x, y) − η(x, y)) in
degradation model because it requires a solution to a large number of simultaneous linear
equations.

Statement 2: Mathematical modeling for degradation cannot take into account environmental
conditions that cause degradation.
a. Statement 1
b. Statement 2
c. Both statement 1 and 2
d. None of the Statement is true.

Correct Answer: c

Detailed Explanation: Both the statement is true.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
Which of the following is (are) true regarding Gaussian Low Pass Filter?
Statement 1: Gaussian Low Pass Filter does not produce ringing effect.
Statement 2: Gaussian Low Pass Filter completely stopped all the frequency above the cut
off frequency.
a. Statement 1
b. Statement 2
c. Statement 1 and 2
d. None of the Statement
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Explanation: Only statement 1 is true. Gaussian LPF attenuate the frequency above
the cut off frequency but do not completely stop.

______________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 6:
In case of inverse filtering, if the cut off frequency is significantly high then which of the following
is true?
a) Restored image becomes blurry

b) Restored image close to original image

c) Noise in restored image dominates

d) None of these
Correct Answer: c.
Detailed Solution: The reconstructed image in inverse filtering is given as
N (u, v)
Fˆ (u, v)  F (u, v)  , where F (u, v) is original image, N (u, v) is noise and H (u, v) is the
H (u, v)
degradation function.
It is assumed the image is low frequency signal and noise is high frequency signal, now if cut off
N (u , v)
frequency is significantly high then becomes higher and Noise in restored image
H (u , v)
dominates
_____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
Which of the following corresponds to Gaussian high pass filter?

1 if D(u,v)  D0
a) H (u, v)  
0 if D(u,v)  D0

 D 2(u ,v ) / 2 Do2
b) H (u, v)  e

 D 2( u ,v ) / 2 Do2
c) H (u, v)  1  e

d) None of these

Correct Answer: c.
 D 2(u ,v ) / 2 Do2
Detailed Explanation: Gaussian low pass filter is given as H (u, v)  e . Using the
 D 2( u ,v ) / 2 Do2
relationship 𝐇𝐡𝐩𝐟 (𝐮, 𝐯) = 𝟏 − 𝐇𝐥𝐩𝐟 (𝐮, 𝐯), Gaussian high pass filter is given as H (u, v)  1  e .
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______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 8:
What is the characteristic of the spatial domain filter given in following figure?

e. Low Pass Filter

f. High Pass Filter

g. Band Pass Filter

h. None of the above

Correct Answer: b.
Detailed Solution:

Since there is weighted summation and differencing of neighborhood pixels, it represents a

high pass filter.
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 9:

What is the relationship between High Pass Filter and Low Pass Filter in 2-D Frequency Domain?

a) Hhpf (u, v) = 1 − Hlpf (u, v)

b) Hhpf (u, v) = 1 + Hlpf (u, v)

c) Hhpf (u, v) = 1 − Hlpf 2 (u, v)

d) Both b and c.

Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

If we subtract the low frequency from the total frequency response then we obtain the high
frequency response. Therefore, 𝐇𝐡𝐩𝐟 (𝐮, 𝐯) = 𝟏 − 𝐇𝐥𝐩𝐟 (𝐮, 𝐯).

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
Which of the following function satisfy linearity property?

a. 𝑥 = 4𝑡 + 5
𝑑𝑡(𝑧)
b. 𝑥(𝑧) =
𝑑𝑧
3
c. 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 3
d. None of the above

Correct Answer: b

Detailed Explanation: Differentiator function satisfy both additivity and homogeneity

property.

______________________________________________________________________________

************END***********
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 10
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

Which of the following filter can be used for remove noise from image given below? (Noisy
image given in the left side and original noise free image is given in the right side.)

a) Low pass filter

b) Band pass filter
c) High pass filter
d) Band reject filter

Correct Answer: d.
Detailed Solution:

The given image is corrupted via periodic noise. In case of periodic noise, we have
significantly higher response at frequencies equal to the frequency of the periodic noise and
these can be eliminated with the help of a band reject filter.

___________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:
In which of the following restoration techniques, noise parameters estimation is required?
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a) Constrained least square filtering

b) Weiner filtering

c) Inverse filtering

d) All of these

Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

Noise parameter estimation is required for image restoration using constrained least square
filtering.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3:
Assume the degradation model for atmospheric turbulence is defined in frequency domain
2 2
as 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑒 −𝐾(𝑢 +𝑣 )2/3. If the value of K is decreased, then atmospheric turbulence
__________.

a) Decreases

b) Remains constant

c) Increases

d) None of these

Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

If the value of K is decreased, then atmospheric turbulence also decreases.

If K= 0 H  u,v  = 1 , that means input and output is same and no degradation

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 4:

The homogeneity and additivity properties together are called the __________________.

a) Sharpening Property
b) Superposition Property
c) Spike noise Property
d) Restoration Property

Correct Answer: b

Detailed Explanation: Options are self-explanatory. For more detail refer to week 10 lectures.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
In the minimum error function given by the expression

Where, 𝑆𝑓 (𝑢, 𝑣) is Power Spectrum of Original Image,

𝑆𝑛 (𝑢, 𝑣) is Noise Power Spectrum,

𝐻(𝑢, 𝑣) is degradation function
The Wiener Filter is equal to the Inverse filter when

a) 𝑆𝑛 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 1
b) 𝑆𝑛 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 0
c) 𝑆𝑛 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (except 0, 1)
d) None of the above

Correct Answer: b

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 6:
In which of the following application(s), image registration is used.
a) Template Matching
b) Mosaicking
c) Image Fusion
d) All of these
Correct Answer: d

Detailed Explanation: Options are self-explanatory.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
In Minimum Mean Square Error Filtering,
Statement 1: Both the degradation function and statistical characteristics of noise are considered
for restoration
Statement 2: Both the image and noise are considered as deterministic processes and objective is
to find an estimate

a) Statement 1 is True; Statement 2 is False

b) Statement 1 is True; Statement 2 is True
c) Statement 1 is False; Statement 2 is True
d) Statement 1 is False; Statement 2 is False
Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: Both the image and noise are considered as random processes, so
statement 2 is false.

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 8:
A non-linear position invariant system holds which of the following properties?

a) Superposition

b) Additivity

c) Shift-invariance

d) All of the above

Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:

A non-linear system does not satisfy superposition and additivity, but as the system is position
invariant therefore it satisfies shift invariance.
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 9:

__________________ is the process of aligning two or more images of the same scene.

a) Image restoration

b) Image Segmentation

c) Image registration

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: c.
Detailed Solution:

By image registration, we align two or more images of the same scene.

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______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:

Which of the following degradation model estimation method corresponds to blind convolution?

a) By observation
b) By experimentation
c) Mathematical modelling
d) All of these

Correct Answer: d

Detailed Explanation: Options are self-explanatory.

______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 11
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

Where do we find the spectrum colors in chromaticity diagram?

a. On boundaries
b. Inside
c. Outside
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: Options are self-explanatory. For more details refer to Lecture 51.

____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2:
If Red, Green, and Blue have values 157, 119 and 97 respectively then its corresponding values
in normalized CMY are

a. C=0.9279, M= 0.1254 and Y= 0.2154

b. C=-157, M= -119 and Y= -97
c. C=157, M= 119 and Y= 97
d. C=0.3828, M= 0.531 and Y= 0.6171
Correct Answer: d

Detailed Explanation: normalized C = (255-R) / 256.

Normalized M = (255-G) / 256.

Normalized Y = (255-B) / 256.

______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTION 3:
What is the range of Hue parameter of HSI model?

a. 0 - 2π
b. 0-1
c. 0 - 255
d. -127 - +128
Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: The range of Hue is 0-2π, Saturation 0-1, and intensity is 0-255

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4:
Which of the following is used to highlight a specific range of colors in an image to separate
objects from surroundings

a. Colour equalization
b. Cutting
c. Colour slicing
d. Colour enhancement
Correct Answer: c

Detailed Explanation: Options are self-explanatory.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5:
In Chromaticity Diagram which statement(s) is (are) false?

Statement-1: Points on the boundary are fully saturated

Statement-2: As the point moves towards point of equal energy, more white light is added to the
colour and becomes less saturated
Statement-3: Saturation at point of equal energy is one

a. Statement-1
b. Statement-2
c. Statement-3
d. All of the above.
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Correct Answer: c

Detailed Explanation: Saturation at point of equal energy is zero.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 6:
Which of the following color models is most suitable for image display like monitors?

a. RGB
b. HSI
c. CMY
d. CMYk
Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: Red Green and Blue are primary colour of light. So it is most
suitable for image display

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 7:
Which of the following color models is suitable from perception point of view?

a. RGB
b. HSI
c. CMY
d. CMYk
Correct Answer: b

Detailed Explanation: Hue, Saturation and Intensity color model is best suitable for
human visual system percerption.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 8:
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In the RGB space given below, which of following point indicates black color?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: Black point is origin of the plane (0, 0, 0).

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 9:
If Red, Green, and Blue have values 0, 150 and 150 respectively then its corresponding values in
HSI are

a. H = π , S = 0 and I = 100

b. H = 0 , S = 1 and I = 100

c. H = π , S = 1 and I = 100

d. H = π , S = 0.5 and I = 100

Correct Answer: c.

Detailed Solution:

Using the transformation formula of RGB to HSI model.

 if B  G  ( R  G )  ( R  B) 
H  , where   cos1  ,
    
  2 ( R  G)  ( R  B)(G  B) 
360 if B G 2
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 (0  150)  (0  150) 
  cos 1    ; H  
 2 (0  150) 2  (0  150)(150  150) 
 

S  1
3
min( R, G, B)  1  0  1
RG B 300

R  G  B 0  150  150
I   100
3 3
Hence option c is correct.

______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 10:
What are primary colours?

a. Magenta, Cyan and Yellow

b. Red, Green and Blue

c. None of the above

d. Both (a) and (b)

Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution: Red, Green, Blue are primary colour.
______________________________________________________________________________

************END*******
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Digital Image Processing

Assignment- Week 12
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ

Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10

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QUESTION 1:

The left hand graph shows a 1-D image, 200 pixels long, and the right hand of the
image is the response of which of the following filter applied to the left hand image.
a. Laplacian Filter
b. Sobel Filter
c. Gaussian Filter
d. Prewitt Filter

Correct Answer: a

Detailed Explanation: Laplacian filter is second order derivative filter. Second derivative
filter gives such a response in the around the edge.

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QUESTION 2:
Which of the following statement is true?

I. Second order derivative of an image is positive in the brighter side of the edge.
II. Second order derivative of an image is positive in the darker side of the edge.
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III. Second order derivative of an image is negative in the darker side of the edge.
IV. Second order derivative of an image is negative in the brighter side of the edge.
a. Statement I only.
b. Statement II only.
c. Both Statement I and III.
d. Both Statement II and IV.

Correct Answer: d

Detailed Explanation:

Second order derivative of an image is positive in the darker side of the edge, and negative in
the brighter side.

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QUESTION 3:
A point (1,2) in the Cartesian system is represented in slope-intercept space  m, c  as

a. 𝑚 = −𝑐 + 2

b. 𝑚 = −2𝑐 + 2

c. 𝑐 = −2𝑚 + 2

d. None of the above

Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

Equation of line slope-intercept form is written as y  mx  c . Here  m, c  is Hough space,

Then the point (1,2) will be a line in hough space represented as 2 = 1𝑚 + 𝑐 or 𝑚 = −𝑐 + 2.

Hence option a is correct.
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QUESTION 4:
A point in cartsian space is represented in Hough space (slope intercept space) as ___________

a. Point
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b. Straight line

c. Parabola

d. None of these

Correct Answer: b.

Detailed Solution:

Equation of line slope-intercept form in Cartesian space is written as y  mx  c .

Let  m, c  is Hough space and x0 , y0  is a point in Cartesian space, then in Hough space
y0  mx0  c .

1 y
On simplification we write it as m   c  0 , which represents a line in  m, c  space.
x0 x0

Hence option b is correct.

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QUESTION 5:
In a given image strip (S), assuming necessary zero padding find second order derivative

𝑆=2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

a) −2 0 0 0 0 − 2 2 0 0 0

b) 2 0 0 0 0 2 − 2 0 0 0

c) −2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0

d) 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
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Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

Using the relation, f " ( x)  f ( x  1)  f ( x 1)  2 f ( x) . For example for f  0  ,

f  0  f 1  f  1  2 f  0 here f  1  0 , therefore𝑓(0) = 2 + 0 − 2 ∗ 2 = −2.

Similarly, 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(0) − 2𝑓(1) = 2 + 2 − 2 ∗ 2 = 0.

In this way we can compute the second order derivative for this sequence.
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QUESTION 6:
Which of the following is (are) Sobel operator?

A −1 0 1
[−2 0 2]
−1 0 1

B 1 1 1
[0 0 0]
−1 −1 −1

C −1 0 1
[−1 0 1]
−1 0 1

D 1 2 1
[0 0 0]
−1 −2 −1

a. Only A

b. Only C

c. Both A and B

d. Both A and D
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Correct Answer: d.
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QUESTION 7:
Which of the following second order operator is least robust to noise in edge filtering?

a. Sobel operator
b. Laplacian operator
c. Laplacian of Gaussian operator
d. Prewitt operator
Correct Answer: b

Detailed Explanation: Being a second order filter Laplacian is least robust of noise in edge
filtering.

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QUESTION 8:
Which of the following is an example of similarity based approach in image segmentation?

a. Edge based segmentation

b. Region based segmentation
c. Boundary based segmentation
d. Both A and B
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Explanation: The options are self-explanatory. For more details, please go through Week
12 lectures.
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QUESTION 9:
Which of the following segmentation technique is supervised or semi-supervised?

a. Region growing

b. Splitting and merging

c. Thresholding

d. None of the above

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Correct Answer: a.

Detailed Solution:

In case of region growing, we have to provide a seed point to start the segmentation. Therefore it’s
a supervised or semi-supervised segmentation technique.
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QUESTION 10:
1 0  1
Which of the following is (are) are true for horizontal Sobel operator, Gx  2 0  2 ?
1 0  1

a. Perform averaging in vertical direction and differentiation in horizontal direction

b. Perform averaging in horizontal direction and differentiation in vertical direction

c. It can be used for detection vertical edges

d. Both a and c

Correct Answer: d.

Detailed Solution:

1
Gx can be decomposed into two one dimensional operators as Gx  2 * 1 0  1 .
1

This shows that it performs averaging in vertical direction and differentiation in horizontal
direction.
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