APPROACHES,

METHODS,&
TECHNIQUES

HELENGRACE A. LAO
COURSE INSTRUCTOR

Garcia, M (1989) FOCUS ON TEACHING. Rex Bookstore.

ISBN 971-23-0397-7
THE “HOW”
DIMENSIONS
OF TEACHING
Based on the diagram, it
clearly shows that a
TECHNIQUE is a part of a
method and likewise a
METHOD is a component
of an APPROACH.
 Basic Difference of Approach, Method, and Technique

APPROACH METHOD TECHNIQUE

It is axiomatic. It is procedural. It is Implementational.

( Having the quality of a generally ( Consist of a series of actions ( Having an immediate applicability
accepted principle or rule used as a arranged logically for the smooth in the classroom owning to its
basis for the whole process of operation of a particular teaching specificity, feasibility, and
teaching) task.) convenience of the teacher in using
it.
 A set of correlative assumptions dealing with the
process of teaching.

It states a point of view, a philosophy, an article of

faith- which one believes
TEACHING An example of an acceptable viewpoint or approach

APPROACH in teaching is to help students to discover

knowledge by themselves.( Discovery Approach)

Discovery Approach

• Plan and structure well the instruction,

• Do not answer for the students, give clues and hints instead
• Give students enough time and assistance to discover something
Teaching Method
Teaching Technique

IT IS WHAT ACTUALLY TAKES IT IS USUALLY CONSISTENT A TEACHER WHO DECIDES TO MAKE

STUDENTS BECOME “DISCOVERERS” IN
PLACE IN A CLASSROOM. IT IS A WITH THE METHOD AND IN THEIR OWN RIGHT, CAN ARRANGE SEVERAL
PARTICULAR TRICK, STRATEGY, HARMONY WITH AN KINDS OF ACTIVITIES LIKE EXPERIMENTING,
OR CONTRIVANCE USED TO OBSERVATIONAL STUDY, FIELD
APPROACH AS WELL. EXPLORATION, AND OTHER RESEARCH –
ACCOMPLISH AN IMMEDIATE
ORIENTED ACTIVITIES
OBJECTIVE.
CATEGORIES OF
TEACHING METHODS
CATEGORIES OF TEACHING
METHODS
 CATEGORIES OF
TEACHING METHODS
 CATEGORIES OF
TEACHING METHODS
CATEGORIES OF TEACHING
METHODS
CATEGORIES OF TEACHING
METHODS
CATEGORIES OF TEACHING
METHODS
CATEGORIES OF TEACHING
METHODS
CATEGORIES OF TEACHING
METHODS
Guidelines Involved in the Use of Teaching Methods
1. Teaching methods are means to an end; they are not the end of teaching.

2. There is no such thing as the “best teaching method”.

3. Teachers should not overuse any single teaching style

4. A change of teaching method should be done with great caution

5. The teacher’s repertoire of teaching methods should provide for all three types of learning
experiences – Actual, Contrived, Vicarious.
• Actual is real and direct experience
• Contrived is an imitation
• Vicarious is unreal and indirect experience
Guidelines Involved in the Use of Teaching Methods
6. There is parallelism between the teaching strategy and learning strategy.

7. The use of any teaching method produces variety of results.

8. Every teaching method should not lead to only one fundamental kind of learning
outcomes.

9. Flexibility should be one of the main considerations in the use of any teaching method.

10. The teacher should adopt an “ experimental attitude” in his methodology of

teaching.
STEPS OF SOME COMMON
METHODS/TECHNIQUES
USED IN ARALING
PANLIPUNAN TEACHING
MORRISON TECHNIQUE
(Reporting method)
MORRISON TECHNIQUE
(Reporting method)
 Steps: Purposing- ( The teacher tells the activity which involves
the process of
demonstration.

Planning ( This phase is consisting of the object of the

demonstration, the person to conduct it, the materials to
be needed, etc.

DEMONSTRATION Demonstration proper ( Before the demonstration is

done, all preliminaries should have been prepared –
material- wise, procedure, and the physical arrangement
METHOD of the classroom

Executing ( Students are expected to carry out or repeat

the same performance shown during the activity. The
teacher should keep close watch of the students’
performance.

Evaluation ( This is done to assess how successful the

students are following certain instructions. The teacher
may spot the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the
students.
 Steps: Purposing ( Mind set to a definite end. The teacher
must inform them what the
activity is and must make them aware of the
significance of the project. )

Planning ( Thinking through the specific steps. The

teacher allows the students to
plan their activity/project. This include the
PROJECT aim, procedure,
activities, and evaluation instrument)

TECHNIQUE Executing ( This is the heart of the technique in which

the student implement
and carry out the plan they made.

Judging/Evaluation ( Was it a success? Could I do

better?...In doing this phase, the class should be made
to recall the specific aims formed before the beginning
of the activity and these aims should be made as the
basis for determining the degree of its success.)
 Steps: Preparation: ( This initial phase involves an
introduction of the major purpose of which is to
prepare the mental set-up of each learner)

Presentation: (This second step forms the first part

of the lesson proper which may involve gathering of
data, performance of an experiment or research-
oriented activities.

INDUCTIVE Comparison and Abstraction ( This step forms the

second part of the lesson which may call students’
analysis of organized data. In this part, students should

METHOD be able to discern relationships, spot a general trend,

determine differences, ascribe cause-and –effect links,
and the like.

Generalization- (After the data have been properly

gathered, organized, and analyzed, it will not be
difficult for students to be able to state the expected
answer to the general question and form the
conclusion.
Application – This step assure further strengthening
or reinforcement of the generalization
Sample lesson using Inductive Method
 Steps: Introduction ( The teacher prepares the mental
set-up of each students)

Statement of Generality (After the introduction,

the teacher states the general idea usually in the
form of generalization, rule, formula, law, theory,
principle, and the like.
Deductive Explanation of the General Idea ( The teacher
then explains the meaning of such statement,
rule, formula, law, theory or the like.)
Method Illustration ( The teacher explains the idea by
giving examples, specific cases, etc.

Evaluation ( The is done to assess how much the

students had learned from the lesson.
Sample lesson using Deductive Method
Activity…