CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Module 05: Drill and Blast tunnels
TOPICS
• Introduction
• Drilling
• Blasting and Ventilation
• Scaling, Mucking and hauling
• Rock Support (limited, as this will be discussed in another module)
• Costs and capacities. Prognosis models.
Reference materials for this module:
• Rock Engineering, vol no 9 in the series Hydropower Development, 1993 Norwegian Institute of
Technology: chapter 8
• Project report 2B-95 Prognosis for Drill and Blast, Norwegian Inst of Technology
• Various articles and materials at internet
• https://miningandblasting.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/rock-excavation-handbook-tunneling.pdf
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 1
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Module 05: Drill and Blast tunnels
Drilling Charging/loading
Alignment Blasting
Rockbolting Ventilation
Scaling Mucking/hauling
Sequence of tunnelling
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 2
Cycle times of a full round – some examples
Activity Time Specifics Tunnel 3 x 3 m D shape
(min)
Drilling 140* 42 holes per round, jack hammers on pusher legs
Charge/Load 30 Approx 2 kg/m3, softer than medium, gneiss/phyllite
Blasting 5
Ventilation 30 Single fan
Scaling 30 manual
Mucking 60 Mechanical
Rockbolting 60 Jack hammers
Shotcreting 60 Wet shotcrete w steelfibres
Time one round 415 Approx 7 hours per round, pull appr 1.4 -1.45 m
Weekly 2 shifts x 8 hrs/day 12 shifts x 1.4 17 m/week
progress: 12 shifts per week m/shift
* Drill time was 3-4 min for 1.5 m length. Drilling time varies a lot, depending on rock mass
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 3
Cycle times of a full round – some examples
Activity Time Specifics Tunnel 6.5 x 6.5 m D shape
(min) Mechanized operation
Drilling 60 100 holes per round, 2 boom drillrig, 3 m long holes
Charge/Load 30 Approx 3.5 kg/m3, hard rock
Blasting 10
Ventilation 30 Single fan
Scaling 30 Semi manual
Mucking 60 Mechanical
Rockbolting 60 boomer
Shotcreting 60 Wet shotcrete w steelfibres
Misc rigging etc 60
Time one round 400 Approx 7 hours per round, pull appr 2.7 – 2.8 m
Weekly 2 shifts x 7 hrs/day 12 shifts x 2.7 32 m/week
progress: 12 shifts per week m/shift
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 4
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Parallell cut, burn cut
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 5
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Some typical examples (may vary a lot!):
• Tunnels > 25-30 m2: 2 or 3-boom drillrigs
• Tunnel 40 m2: 70 drillholes
• Tunnel 25 m2: 50 drillholes
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 6
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 7
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 8
Various cuts in tunnels
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 9
V cut or Wedge cut
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Issues: Hydraulic loss in water-tunnels, overbreak
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Explosives and blasting
See: www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6lkrBX3Dgg
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Explosives and blasting
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 13
Explosives and blasting
Perimeter holes: Less
charge, detonating cord
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Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 15
Perimeter blasting
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Perimeter blasting
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Presplitting and Smooth Blasting
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 18
Blasting
Explosives:
• Gel type cartridged: nitroglycerine mix-types
• ANFO: mix of ammonium nitrate (94%) and fuel oil (6%)
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 19
Presplitting and Smooth Blasting
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 20
Smooth blasting
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Smooth blasting
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Smooth blasting
Smooth blasting
is often used in
underground
caverns.
Specially to the
roof of the
cavern.
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 23
Drill pattern and spacing between holes
? How can this information be given without mention of the rock
mass classification, size of tunnel??
Such parameters must be given!!
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CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 25
Shaft excavation – an example of drill pattern and charging
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 26
Shaft excavation – an example of drill pattern and charging
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 27
Shaft excavation – an example of drill pattern and charging
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 28
Presplitting
Pre-Splitting. A method of
controlled blasting in
which the line holes are
fired prior to the main
charge to create a crack to
prevent disturbance
beyond ...
Normally only used in
open cast blasting
(quarries etc in the open)
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 29
Presplitting
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 30
Drill Rate Index (DRI)
and Bit Wear Index
(BWI)
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 31
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 32
CIEG 408 Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Bit Wear Index (BWI)
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 33
Scaling
Module 05 Drill and Blast Tunnels 34
