CHEMISTRY Edexcel (9-1)

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SC1a States of matter  Activity and Assessment Pack
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Book SC1a.1 States of matter 
6th
  1 The particles are randomly arranged in a 1 Solid : particles are close together; particles are

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regularly arranged; particles can only vibrate
liquid; but regularly arranged in a solid in
about fixed positions; diagram chosen matches
fixed positions
the written descriptions
6th   2 The particles move around each other in   Liquid : particles are close together; particles
a liquid; but move quickly in all directions are randomly arranged; particles can move
in a gas around each other; diagram chosen matches
the written descriptions
2nd   3 Sublimation: changing directly from a
  Gas: particles are far apart; particles are
solid to a gas (without becoming a liquid);
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randomly arranged; particles can move quickly
Deposition: changing directly from a gas
in all directions; diagram chosen matches the
to a solid (without becoming a liquid)
written descriptions
5th   4 The temperature does not change 2 Student compares the arrangements in each
during a state change; so the line on the

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state – regularly arranged in solids; randomly
heating curve is horizontal arranged in gases and liquids. Answer
compares the movement in each state –
7th   5 Energy is transferred from the
can only vibrate in solids; can move around
surroundings to the particles;
each other in liquids; can move quickly in all
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some attractive forces between the directions in gases
particles are overcome;
these particles can then move around
each other in a random arrangement; SC1a.3 Changing states – Strengthen
(but are still close together) 1 Suitable particle diagrams drawn in three

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boxes. Gas: particles separate; (at least
6th   6 Solid at 25 °C; liquid at 100 °C; gas at 10 diameters apart if possible); random
2205 °C arrangement. Liquid : particles touching;
S1 Similar to SC1a diagram C; with a written random arrangement. Solid : particles touching;
description against each state change regular arrangement
describing what happens to the arrangement, 2 Descriptions of arrangement and movements
the closeness and the movement of particles. of particles in each state, written next to
Melting: particles stay close together; but relevant particle diagrams. Gas arrangement :
randomly arranged; and moving around random; far apart. Gas movement : rapid in all
each other. Evaporation and boiling: particles directions. Liquid arrangement : random; close
become further apart; moving quickly in all together. Liquid movement : can move around
directions. Condensing: particles become close each other. Solid arrangement : regular; close
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together; and can only move around each other. together. Solid movement : can only vibrate
Freezing: particles become arranged regularly; about fixed positions
and can only vibrate about fixed positions.
3 Correct state change names written in
E1 Energy must be transferred from the three boxes; with descriptions of changes
surroundings to the particles to overcome to arrangement and movement of particles
attractive forces, for a substance to melt included.
or boil; this increases the energy stored in   Energy at top: high; energy at bottom: low
the particles. Energy is transferred to the
surroundings from the particles, as attractive 4 Should include the idea that the temperature
forces form between the particles when will rise above 0 °C (melting point of water) in
a substance condenses or freezes; this the spring or summer; so the ice hotel will melt.
decreases the energy stored by the particles.
SC1a.4 Changing states – Extend
Exam-style question
1 A Energy is transferred from the
 An explanation that makes reference to the surroundings; to the particles
following points:
B Energy is transferred to the surroundings;
• the particles are more closely packed/ from the particles
closer together in a liquid (1)
• so more camping fuel can be stored as a
liquid (1)

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2 A Melting : become able to move 4 a Horizontal part of curve labelled

around each other; regular to random b 55 °C labelled
arrangement. Freezing : can no longer
c Curve from 0–7 minutes labelled
move around each other; random to
regular arrangement d Curve at 0 minutes labelled
B Boiling : still randomly arranged; but 5 Solid at –150 °C; gas at 25 °C
become far apart; and free to move in
6 Its melting point must be below 25 °C; its
all directions. Condensing : still randomly
boiling point must be above 25 °C.
arranged; but become close together; and
can only move around each other 
SC1a.6 Particle theory and states of
3 A Particles become close together; and
regularly arranged (rather than randomly
matter – Homework 2
arranged); can no longer move in all 1 a Solid; liquid; gas
directions; but vibrate in fixed positions b Melting : solid  liquid; sublimation: solid
→

B Particles become far apart; and randomly →  gas; boiling /evaporation: liquid  gas;
→

arranged; rather than regularly arranged; condensing : gas  liquid; deposition: gas
→

can move in all directions; rather than just →  solid; freezing /solidifying : liquid  solid
→

vibrate in fixed positions c Solid

4 A The attractive forces must be weak; if they
2 a Close together; randomly arranged; can
are easily overcome / formed
move around each other 
B It is cold and solid; it is dry because it
b Close together; regularly arranged; can
does not melt to form a liquid
only vibrate about fixed positions
c Far apart; randomly arranged; can move
SC1a.5 Particle theory and states of quickly in all directions
matter – Homework 1
3 a During boiling, attractive forces between
1 a Liquid particles are overcome; energy must be
b Solid transferred to the particles to do this
c Gas b During freezing, attractive forces are
2 Particles are still randomly arranged; but become formed between particles; energy must be
far apart and free to move in all directions transferred from them as this happens

3 No new substances are formed 4 a

Temperature (°C) ethanol ammonia fluorine mercury

215 gas gas gas liquid
liquid gas gas liquid
−215 solid solid liquid solid

b Ethanol thermometer; because the ethanol particles; energy is transferred from the
will still be liquid; but the mercury will particles to the surroundings; particles
freeze at −39 °C; so it will not be a liquid become regularly arranged; close
at the temperatures in the freezer  together; and can only vibrate about fixed
positions.
5 a Vertical axis is temperature (°C); with
a scale in the range about 50–100 °C. b During sublimation all attractive forces
Horizontal axis is time (min); but no scale between the particles are overcome;
needed. Sensible shape for the curve; energy is transferred to the particles;
starting at 85 °C; a horizontal part at 70 °C; from the surroundings; particles become
ending at 55 °C randomly arranged; far apart; and can
move quickly in all directions.
b Curve appropriately labelled at 85 °C
(start); 70 °C (melting point); 55 °C (end) c During sublimation energy must be
transferred to the particles; from the
c Part of curve below 70 °C labelled
surroundings; so that attractive forces
6 a When first cooled, the water in the food is can be overcome; this is done by
frozen; attractive forces form between the heating.

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SC2a Mixtures Activity and Assessment Pack

Student Book SC2a.2 The purity of gold
5th   1 Silver atoms 1 a 75%
b Less gold; pure gold (24 carat) contains
5th   2 Impure substances contain two or more only gold; 18 carat gold contains other
elements; or compounds elements; like silver and copper 
5th   3 a  Carbon is solid at room c It does not have a range of melting
temperature; hydrogen and oxygen temperatures
are colourless gases 2 a Ryan is right; it is a mixture because it has
4th   b Use a filter; with holes smaller than a melting temperature range
marbles; but larger than sand grains b It is a mixture; the different elements melt
at different temperatures
5th   4  Air is a mixture; mixtures have
c 1.9 g (2 sig. figs); rounding up might be
components that are not chemically
costly in some contexts!
bonded together; the components in
air can be separated by the physical
process of cooling SC2a.3 Mixtures – Strengthen
1 a i same; ii cannot; iii silver; iv physical;
5th   5 −218 °C
v compounds; vi sharp/single
5th   6 a  Argon and carbon monoxide are b Students’ own answers with correct
pure; lead–tin alloy is a mixture. definitions.
7th   b  Argon and carbon monoxide cooling 2 a composition
curves have a horizontal section;
b compounds
indicating where the substance
melts; these substances have fixed c physical
melting points. The alloy melts d range
over a temperature range; there is
3  A pure substance; the heating curve shows
no horizontal section in its cooling
a sharp melting point; the composition of
curve.
the substance is the same throughout; so its
S1 Pure substances have fixed compositions physical properties are the same throughout.
and sharp melting temperatures. Mixtures
do not have fixed compositions and melt SC2a.4 Mixtures – Extend
over temperature ranges. Mixtures may be
separated by physical means whereas pure 1 a  A scale of purity for gold
substances components may be chemically b It is very nearly pure; it is close to 1000
bound. c It is not pure; there are other elements or
E1  A fineness of 750 means that only 750 parts compounds in the gold; it is 75% gold
in 1000 are made from gold. This implies 2 a The pure substances are oxygen, gold,
the jewellery is a mixture (or alloy) of gold lead and tin; the mixtures are orange
with other substances. Mixtures melt over  juice and solder. The pure substances
a temperature range. The jewellery would, have a sharp, single melting temperature;
therefore, be expected to melt over a range of the mixtures have a melting temperature
temperatures, not have a sharp melting point. range.
b The curve should show a horizontal
Exam-style question
section where the substance is melting.
 An explanation that makes reference to the c The curve should show a sloping section
following points: where it is melting over a range of
• different components in mixtures melt temperatures.
at different temperatures giving a
temperature range (1)
• pure substances are chemically uniform /
in a pure substance the whole substance
melts at the same time (1)

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SC2a.5 Mixtures and melting is made up of are different; so it melts over a

range of temperatures
Homework 1
4 The graph for a pure substance would have
1 air; orange juice
a flat, horizontal section where it was melting;
2 Mixtures contain two or more substances; the graph for a mixture would have a sloped
that are not chemically joined together; and section instead of the flat, horizontal section.
can be separated using a physical process.
5 In the material with the higher melting point,
The composition is not fixed; and can even be
the forces of attraction within the material
different throughout the mixture. The melting
are stronger than in the lower melting range
temperature is a range; rather than a sharp,
material. Therefore, more energy is required to
single temperature.
break up the ordered structure of the solid in
3 composition; physical; temperature; range the “hard solder” to produce a liquid. Note: the
4 a Pure substance words “hard” and “soft” are used in a slightly
descriptive sense here. The mechanical
b The heating curve shows a sharp melting
properties of the solder will of course depend
point; the composition of the substance is
on composition and temperature.
the same throughout; and so its physical
properties are the same throughout;
melting is a physical property. Some SC2b Filtration and crystallisation
students may include a description of
energy being used to overcome weak Student Book
forces of attraction during melting (to 4th   1 a  Any mixture where one component
explain the lack of temperature increase).
has a different size, or solubility (e.g.
 Award extra credit for this.
is ‘insoluble’) e.g. sand and water.

SC2a.6 Mixtures and melting 5th   b Filtration acts to stop the sand but
lets the water through because
Homework 2 of the differences in size of the
1 a  A description of how a material behaves; components compared to the size
and responds to forces and energy; of the holes in the filter paper. A
hardness is a physical property filter may also separate soluble and
b Two or more substances jumbled insoluble e.g. sand and salt in water.
together; but not joined to each other;  A solvent must be added to the two
the substances in mixtures can often be substances. One of the substances
separated from each other  must dissolve in it and the other must
not. The substance that dissolves in
c  A single substance; with a fixed
the solvent will go through the filter,
composition; that does not have anything
the insoluble substance will not.
else mixed with it
4th   c Two answers are described above,
d  A substance that is not pure
if size is chosen, the other type of
e  A graph showing temperature against time mixture should highlight solubility.
for a substance If solubility is chosen, sizes of the
f  A specific temperature; at which a solid components should be highlighted.
turns into a liquid
4th   2  Any suitable mixture. Answers may
2  A pure substance has one sharp, single include any dissolved salt solution or an
melting temperature; a mixture has a range of organic material in organic solvent.
melting temperatures
5th   3 a water
3 Explanations should include reference to:
Pure substances: having a fixed composition; 5th   b brine/salt solution/salt water
physical properties the same throughout the
substance; because it is made up of only one 5th   c salt (sodium chloride, mostly)
kind of atom or molecule; melting temperature
5th
  4  A solution is saturated when no further
is a physical property
solute may be dissolved in the solvent
  Mixtures: not having a fixed composition; at a fixed temperature and volume of
because they are made up of two or more solvent.
elements and/or compounds; that are not
chemically combined; physical properties are 5th   5 The substance forms in particular ordered
not the same throughout the substance; the patterns and layers, depending upon the
melting points of the substances the mixture period of time over which they form.

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  Pour the mixture through filter paper in a filter

6th   6 The longer a crystal takes to form, funnel, and collect the filtrate under the funnel in
the more time there is for particles to a beaker. The sand is now separated and is in
form an ordered pattern and so make the filter paper. The holes in the filter paper will
a bigger crystal. The formation of the allow the water and dissolved salt through, but
crystals has been so slow in these the particles of sand are too big to fit through
crystals that they have become gigantic. the tiny holes in the paper.
5th   7 a salt water   A diagram of this would be useful.
Pour the filtrate into an evaporating basin and
5th
  b rock pieces (larger and insoluble
heat gently. Salt crystals form. The salt can
material)
now be collected. The water evaporates but
4th   8 a Unless the chemicals being filtered the salt is left behind. There is a hazard from
are particularly hazardous the main spitting crystals, which could cause burns. To
hazards come from crystallisation. reduce the risk, gentle heating can be applied
There is a hazard from spitting by heating the filtrate using steam and/or using
crystals during crystallisation, which a medium Bunsen burner flame and removing
could cause burns. There is a it before the filtrate is dry. Eye protection
hazard from the flammable gas and should also be worn.
hot Bunsen burner and equipment.  A diagram of this would be useful.
5th   b To reduce the risk, gentle heating
E1 Students should include the following steps.
can be used by heating the filtrate
using steam and/or using a medium 1.  Grind up the plants.
Bunsen burner flame and removing 2.  Add methanol to ground up plant material.
it before the filtrate is dry. Eye This dissolves plant compounds.
protection as well as laboratory
3.  Remove any surplus plant material, some
aprons should also be worn. Long
filtration may be needed.
hair should be tied back during
heating, otherwise free ties should 4.  Indirect heating using a steam bath may
be tucked into shirts or kept away be needed. This should be indirect as
from the Bunsen flame in some methanol is flammable and should be
other way. Care should be taken carried out under a vacuum hood since
when dismantling hot equipment methanol vapour is toxic.
including evaporating basins and 5.  Cool the solution to allow the product to
tripods. Tripods are best allowed to crystallise.
cool and then moved from their base
into a sink running with cold water. 6.  The rate of cooling will influence the size
of crystals; to get large crystals cooling
S1 This is a suitable sequence of steps for should be done over a longer time period.
separating sand and salt from a mixture of the
two. Additional credit should be awarded for 7.  To get just crystals further filtration may
pointing out appropriate hazards and ways of need to be used.
reducing the risk from them. 8.  The crystals may then be dried.
Mix the sand and salt mixture with water. The
salt will dissolve, the sand will not. Spilled Exam-style question
water may cause a slip hazard and so should  An explanation that makes reference to the
be mopped up straight away. following points:
•  A risk is the chance of a hazard causing
harm (1)
•  A hazard is the source of potential
damage or adverse impact on health (1)

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Activity and Assessment Pack

SC2b.2 Filtration and crystallisation
Strengthen
1 The order is A, E, B, D, F, C.

A1 B3 C6
b Bunsen burner, tripod & gauze, b Beaker, stirrer  b Evaporating dish, beaker, filtrate,
evaporating basin, filter funnel, c Dissolving soluble content; Bunsen burner, tripod & gauze
filter paper, conical flask, mortar enables filtration to separate the c Crystallising; the solvent
& pestle, beaker, water soluble and insoluble solutes evaporates when heated; once
c Collecting equipment for filtration it is heated to dryness the
and crystallisation insoluble salt is left behind as
crystals
D4 E2 F5
b Filter paper, filter funnel, filtrate b Mortar & pestle b Evaporating dish, beaker, filtrate
solution, residue c Grinding the sample; helps in c Concentrating the solution; the
c Filtration; the soluble solute dissolving the solute solvent evaporates and the
passes through the filter because solution gets more concentrated
it is dissolved in the solvent
and has particles small enough
to pass through. The insoluble
solute had particles that were too
large to pass through the filter.

2 Wear eye protection in case small pieces of   Chemical hazard – methanol is flammable
solute ‘jump out’ during grinding. In B, D, F and toxic. Keep methanol away from a
wear eye protection and mop up any spills. source of ignition, heat indirectly using
In C wear eye protection; do not over heat/ a steam bath or electric heating mantle.
heat too quickly to avoid spitting of crystals on  Avoid inhalation or transdermal contact
heating; remove the Bunsen burner before the with methanol. Experiment may be
product is completely dry; mop up any spills; completed under a fume hood, in the case
tie hair back; do not touch hot equipment. of extended exposure a respirator may
be advised. Experimenter should use
SC2b.3 Filtration and crystallisation appropriate gloves. Stock source should
be closed and removed. Waste should not
Extend be flushed, but placed in solvent waste.
1 a Flowcharts might usefully show the Solvent waste must be securely stored
following steps: and isolated from sources of ignition and
A Grind up the plants. explosive materials.
B  Add methanol to the ground-up plant   Thermal hazard – hot materials should
material. be allowed to cool before they are moved
unless appropriate precautions have been
C Remove any surplus plant material,
taken to avoid burns.
some filtration may be needed.
D Evaporate the solvent – indirect heating 2 a Correctly labelled diagrams could show
using a steam bath may be needed. the stages outlined above A–G.
E Cool the solution. b Captions should include an explanation
of why a stage is carried out and what
F Further filtration may needed to
happens.
collect just wet crystals
A Grind up the plants; allows the solvent
G The crystals are dried
to act
b Hazards and risks associated with the
B  Add methanol to the ground-up plant
above:
material; dissolves plant compounds
Mechanical hazard associated with
C Remove any surplus plant material,
grinding equipment slipping – ensure
some filtration may be needed;
appropriate pressure is used and slippery
ensures the crystals are as pure as
surfaces are avoided.
possible

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D Evaporate the solvent – indirect Filtration hazards Crystallisation hazards

heating using a steam bath may be
needed; must be indirect because Solvent, solution Solvent, solution and
methanol is flammable; should carried and filtrate getting filtrate getting into eyes;
out under a vacuum hood because into eyes; wear eye wear eye protection
methanol vapour is toxic protection ‘Spitting’ of crystals
E Cool the solution; allows the product Slips hazard from as they are heated to
to crystallise spillages; mop up dryness; use a water
spills immediately bath, remove evaporating
F Further filtration may needed to
Cuts from broken dish from heating before
collect just wet crystals
glassware; tell the dryness, wear eye
G The crystals are dried
teacher immediately if protection
c The rate of cooling in step E will influence breakage occurs Bunsen burner; tie back
the size of crystals; to get larger crystals long hair 
cooling should be done over a longer time
period. Hot equipment during
and following heating; do
not touch hot equipment,
SC2b.4 Filtration and crystallisation leave to cool
Homework 1
1 SC2b.5 Filtration and crystallisation
solute substance that dissolves in a liquid Homework 2
to make a solution
1 Each step should be accompanied by a
solution formed when a substance has correctly and clearly labelled diagram.
dissolved in a liquid
A Sweep up the mixed material
residue material remaining in the filter after B Stir in the solvent (water); salt is soluble
mixture has passed through it so will dissolve, the sand and dirt won’t;
insoluble describes a substance that cannot eye protection should be worn (to prevent
be dissolved in a certain liquid solvent or solution getting into eyes) and
filtrate solution passing through a filter  spillages mopped up (to avoid slip hazard)
solvent the liquid in which a solute dissolves C Filter; the soluble salt dissolved in the
to make a solution solvent will pass through the filter as the
filtrate. The insoluble sand and dirt will be
2 1 crushing; 2 dissolving; 3 filtration; 4 heating; stopped by the filter paper as a residue
5 crystallisation because the particles are too large to pass
through; eye protection should be worn
3
(to prevent solvent, solution and filtrate
Filtration Crystallisation getting into eyes) and spillages mopped
a large-particle 3
up (to avoid slip hazard)
insoluble solids D Evaporate the filtrate; the solvent will
from a liquid evaporate leaving the soluble salt behind;
do any indirect heating using a steam bath;
b soluble salts from 3
remove heat before complete dryness to
a solution
avoid spitting of crystals; wear eye protection
c insoluble 3 (to prevent solvent, filtrate or spitting
impurities from a crystals getting into eyes); do not touch hot
salt solution equipment (to avoid burning yourself)
4 Filtration and crystallisation shown correctly 2 Rapid heating produces small, powdery
on a labelled diagram as in the Student Book crystals; gentle warming and/or slow
SC2b Filtration and crystallisation. evaporation will cause larger crystals to form.
Students may suggest using a water bath to
5  Any two of the following hazards accompanied
warm the filtrate gently if larger crystals are
by an appropriate method of reducing the
needed.
risk. Students do not need to state whether
the hazards are associated with filtration or 3 Measure the melting point of the crystals; a
crystallisation. sharp melting point indicates a pure substance;
a melting point range indicates an impure
sample; compare his melting point with other
substances

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• compared with the solvent (front) (or

SC2c Paper chromatography
similar explanation pointing out that the Rf  
Student Book value is a ratio of the distance moved by
the sample compared with the distance
5th   1 a  4 moved by the solvent) (1)
• this does not mean they are the same dye /
6th   b The green dye travels faster/is more
soluble than the red dye. they could be the same dye but this is not
certain (1)
5th   2 a The ink might dissolve in the
solvent; confuse the results of the Activity and Assessment Pack
chromatogram.
5th   b If the spots were lower, the SC2c.1 Chromatography of ink
substances would just dissolve in  Answers to questions 1 to 6 will depend on the
the solvent in the beaker instead of results of the student experiments.
travelling up the paper.
7 Pencil marks do not dissolve in the water.
6th   3 The red dye; an Rf  value of 0.1 means 8 To identify each food colouring; and the mixture.
it has only moved one-tenth of the
distance that the solvent has moved; the 9 Water rises up the paper; and dissolves the
red dye is the one that has moved the dyes; (but the dyes will not be washed out into
shortest distance. the beaker of water).
10 To stop the dyes washing out of the paper.
6th   4 Rf  = 9/10 = 0.9
11  Answers will depend on how clear the top level
5th   5 a orange, blue and pink of each dye is on students' chromatograms; if it
is difficult to accurately identify the top of each
5th   b E104, E110 dye, then the accuracy and reliability of the
6
th
  c yellow calculated Rf  values will be reduced.

S1  A good answer will contain the following points: Chromatography investigations

Samples of the lipsticks and a sample from Rf  values will need to be calculated for the sample
the mark at the crime scene are put onto from the letter and for the inks tested; because a
chromatography paper so they can be direct comparison cannot be made by putting all of
compared. The paper is supported dangling them on the same piece of chromatography paper 
in a solvent that will dissolve the dyes. The Rf  values can only be compared to identify inks
most soluble dyes travel fastest/furthest; and if the chromatography was carried out under the
different combinations of dyes will produce same conditions
different patterns of spots. If the pattern of
spots from one of the suspects’ lipsticks Poison pen letter 
matches the pattern from the mark at the crime
It does not prove that the suspect from whom the
scene; that lipstick could have left the mark at
pen was obtained wrote the letter; only that a pen
the crime scene.
similar to their pen could have been used to write
E1  An Rf  value is the ratio of the distance a coloured the letter; other people will own the same type of
substance has moved along a chromatogram to pen; there may be other types of pen not tested
the distance the solvent has moved. The R f  value that use the same mixture of dyes in their ink; or
of an unknown substance can be compared someone else may have left the pen in the home
with known Rf  values for a range of substances;
determined by chromatography done under SC2c.2 Chromatography procedure
the same conditions; the R f  value will allow
 A – 8; B – 6; C – 1; D – 6; E – 3, 6; F – 4; G – 7;
the unknown substance to be identified. The
H – 2; I – 8, 9; J – 7; K – 9; L – 5; M – 2
laboratory has to also publish details of the exact
procedure used to obtain its Rf  values in order for
them to be useful. SC2c.3 Paper chromatography
Strengthen
Exam-style question
1 four; lipstick; five; paper; compared; solvent;
 An explanation that makes reference to the solvent; dyes; dissolve; soluble; separate;
following points: dyes; pattern
• both samples moved the same distance 2 a stationary phase
(on the chromatogram) (1)
b Rf  value
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c mobile phase SC2c.5 Paper chromatography

d chromatogram questions – Homework 1
3 B 1 a To stop the colours from washing out of
the paper.
SC2c.4 Paper chromatography b To identify which colours are in the
Extend unknown paint.
1 The distance the solvent has moved (from c Red and blue; the unknown paint
the line); the distance each spot of dye/each separates into two spots that reach the

  
substance has moved (from the line). same level as the red and the blue spots.
distance moved by the dye
 _________________________  2 a X 0.76; Y 0.46; Z 0.26
2  
distance moved by the solvent
b mauve; carmine; red
3 a The solvent will have moved further up the
3 a 2
paper on Bill's chromatogram; the spots of
the different dyes will also have moved up b 4
further; the order of the spots will still be c 1
the same. d 5
b The Rf  value is of a dye is always the e 3
same for a particular substance; so long
as the chromatography is carried out in
exactly the same way.
SC2c.6 Who forged the cheque?
c He must use the same procedure; (same
Homework 2
paper, same solvent etc.). 1 Draw a pencil line on the piece of
chromatography paper; put spots of the ink
4 a Chromatography was carried out in different
from the cheque; and the suspects’ pens; on
ways in the two laboratories; you would
the line; and label them. Support the paper in
expect to see differences in the Rf  values.
a beaker of solvent or water or ethanol; wait
b The procedure used. for the solvent to move up the paper. Remove
5  An Rf  value; is the distance a coloured dye the paper from the beaker; mark the height
has moved up a chromatogram divided by the moved by the solvent; and allow the paper to
distance the solvent has moved; the Rf  value of dry.
an unknown substance can be compared with
2 three
the Rf  values of a range of known substances;
if the chromatography has been done under 3 a B
the same conditions; an Rf  value will allow b the dyes in B moved different distances
the unknown substance to be identified; the up the paper; from the dyes in the ink from
laboratory must publish details of the exact the cheque; so they were different dyes.
procedure used to obtain its Rf  values.
4 0.167; 0.417; 0.833
6  Any three (coloured) mixtures.
5 a  All of the dyes will reach the top of the
7 a  A pure substance will produce just one paper.
spot; a mixture will produce more than one
b The colours from the pen will spread out
spot; diagram to illustrate this.
on the paper.
b Two mixtures that contain the same
c The spots will wash out of the paper into
substances; will produce the same pattern
the solvent.
of spots; if tested on the same piece of
d The Rf  values will not be accurate as the
paper; using the same solvent; (or will
spots will not have moved as far as they
have the same Rf  values if done in the
appear to have moved.
same way on different chromatograms);
diagram to illustrate this. e Permanent inks are not soluble in water;
so they will not move up the paper.
8 The chromatogram would have four spots;
f The Rf  values will be different.
from the top, these would be R792, R176,
X8649 and Y1438; this is the order of their 6 Chromatogram drawn with a line to show
solubilities; the more soluble the substance, initial level of the solvent; and a line to show
the faster it moves. a solvent front. If the student has shown the
solvent moved 10 cm, then the spots will be:
mauve 7.6 cm, blue 5.5 cm, carmine 4.6 cm,
red 2.6 cm, yellow 2.4 cm and brown 1.0 cm.

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Answers

SC2d Distillation 9th   7 The liquid with the lower boiling point turns
Student Book into a gas more readily. So the vapour
contains more of the liquid with the lower
3rd   1 a The water evaporates/boils; (and boiling point. As the hot vapour rises, the
turns to steam). lower boiling point liquid will condense
6th   b Tap water contains dissolved further up the column than the liquid with
minerals; the minerals will be left in the higher boiling point. This process
the iron when the water evaporates happens again and again and so the liquid
and turns into a gas; this would block with the lower boiling point reaches the top
up the holes; you may get (solid) of the fractionating column first.
minerals deposited on the clothes. S1  A description of distillation – e.g. the process
4th   2 it could cause burns/scalds if you put of separating a pure liquid from a solution by
your hand too close to the tube evaporating the liquid and then condensing the
vapour; a correctly labelled diagram similar to
5th   3 suggestions could include: put the test diagram B or C.
tube into a beaker of cold water/ice; wrap
the delivery tube in a cloth that had been S2 Wear eye protection in case the liquid
soaked in cold water; put some cotton boils over; do not touch the equipment to
wool/mineral wool in the mouth of the tube avoid burning or scalding; mop up spillages
immediately; use anti-bumping granules to
6
th
  4 When the impure water is heated; only make the liquid boil more smoothly, reducing
water evaporates; any (solid/dissolved) the risk of the liquid boiling over; tie hair back.
impurities are left behind. The steam/
vapour passes through the condenser; E1 Water boils at 100 ºC; in a mixture of ethanol
where it turns back into a liquid. Because and water, ethanol evaporates more easily;
the impurities are left in the original flask, because it has the lower boiling point; so the
this liquid (the distillate) is pure. first fraction that condenses off will be mostly
ethanol/contains more than 50% ethanol.
6th   5 a The flow of water around the
condenser keeps it cool; this means E2 The boiling point of the original mixture will
that all/almost all the vapour turns be somewhere between 78.5 ºC and 100 ºC;
back to a liquid; so little or none (might predict about 90 ºC for a 50:50 mixture);
will escape into the air; reducing/ the ethanol boils off first so the remaining
eliminating the risk of burns/scalds. mixture will contain a higher percentage of
water; so you would expect the mixture boiling
6th   b  Anti-bumping granules help the point to rise towards 100 ºC; once all the
liquid boil more smoothly; this
ethanol has boiled away there would be pure
reduces the risk of the liquid boiling
water; which would boil at 100 ºC.
over; which would be a safety
hazard because any escaping
Exam-style question
hot/boiling water might cause
burns/scalds. There would also Explanation that makes reference to the following
be a small risk of over-vigorous points:
boiling; causing a ‘blow-out’ of the • liquid B (1)
thermometer and bung. • because it has the lower boiling point so
will evaporate (and condense) first (1)
8th   6  Answer should include at least one
similarity and one difference.
they both involve evaporation and SC2d Core practical –
condensation of a liquid
  they both rely on one component of
Investigating inks
a mixture being easier to turn into a 1 To cool the vapour/test tube (1) so the vapour
vapour than the other(s) condenses. (1)
  fractional distillation can separate 2 a It becomes darker (1) because it becomes
mixtures of (miscible) liquids more concentrated / solvent leaves the ink
  fractional distillation involves a liquid being but the coloured substances do not. (1)
evaporated and condensed many times. b The solvent was not pure / it was a mixture
(Note that fractional distillation does of liquids. (1)
not necessarily involve the use of a
fractionating column.)

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Answers

3 Solvent has a lower boiling point than the more easily move out of the way; along
solute / solvent is liquid, but solute is solid at with make sure that the tripod is stable;
room temperature (1) solvent boils and leaves and that the flask is steady; use a clamp
the solution (1) solvent vapour is cooled and and stand to secure the flask in place.
condensed away from the solution. (1)
5  Any suitable hazard; together with one way
4 Heat the liquid until it boils (1) measure its of reducing the risk – e.g. hazard from liquid
boiling point (1) pure water boils at 100 °C. (1) boiling over; reducing the risk could include the
use of anti-bumping granules.
5 a Mobile phase: propanone (1) stationary
phase: paper (1) 6 a air hole closed (yellow flame); makes the
b  Avoid flames because propanone is flame more visible (luminous); so reducing
flammable. (1) the risk of someone touching the flame
accidentally
c The ink would dissolve into the propanone /
wash out of the paper. (1) b air hole slightly/half open; gas tap turned
about half on; makes sure heating is
6 The solvent/liquid/mobile phase moves through gentle; helping to reduce the risk of the
the paper/stationary phase (1) taking the soluble liquid boiling over; but avoids depositing
substances with it (1) at different rates. (1) soot onto the gauze/flask
7 a Ink X is a mixture of inks B and C (1) and 7  Answers will vary but should refer to their
does not contain ink A. (1) actual results; and how well this compared to
b Evidence of correct working (distances the success criteria set out in Q1.
measured from diagram or using the
8  Answers should include:
scale) (1) Rf  = 0.75 (1)
  ink/liquid is heated until it boils
8 a Dye 3 because it has the highest Rf  value
(1) so it travelled fastest with the solvent. (1)   liquid/water evaporates and turns into steam;
b The dyes are pure substances (1) because also known as water vapour 
they each produce a single spot. (1)   steam is pure water vapour; so the temperature
c The Rf  values of dyes 1 and 4 are very reading on the thermometer is 100 ºC
similar (1) so a mixture of the two may not
  the steam/vapour passes into the condenser;
separate during chromatography (1) (and
where it cools down
yellow and blue dyes make green).
  when it cools it turns from a vapour/gas back
Activity and Assessment Pack into a liquid
  the pure water collects as the distillate
SC2d.1 Distillation
1 The most obvious answer will be the visual SC2d.2 Fractional distillation
appearance – the colour of the ink will not
appear in the distillate and the water will be 1 100 ºC
clear. Some students may make reference to 2  Accept any answer in the range 80–95 ºC; the
the temperature of the vapour. key point is that you would expect the boiling
2  Answers will vary, but could include 100 ºC; point to be intermediate; between the values
because this is the boiling point of water; a for the pure liquids.
figure below 100 ºC, linked to the idea that the 3 a ethanol
steam may have ‘cooled off’ by the time it rises
b It has the lower boiling point; the flask will
up to the thermometer; a figure above 100 ºC,
get to 78.5 ºC before it reaches 100 ºC.
perhaps linked to ideas about convection
currents and hot vapours rising, or possibly 4 probably fraction 1; (but link to evidence
(albeit wrongly) linked to impurities in the water. required) – e.g. lowest boiling range/most
flammable/lowest density
3 to keep the test tube cool; (and condense the
vapour back into a liquid) 5 higher/greater; water; ethanol; boiling points;
fractional distillation
4 a Glass smashing and therefore risk of cuts;
boiling water spilling and risk of this going 6 If pure ethanol is 0.8 g/cm3 and pure water is
onto clothes and skin; slips due to spilt 1.0 g/cm3; each incremental change of 0.01 g
water on the floor. corresponds to a 5% change in composition;
(i.e. 20 possible incremental steps between
b Hazard control measures include stand up;
0.80 and 1.00). For example if m = 0.88 g, this
while doing practical work; so that you can
would be a 60/40 ethanol/water mixture.

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Answers

7 The answer is likely to be in the region of 5 water with some plant oil
50–60%; but will depend on the actual data
6 a  Any suitable hazard, e.g. burns from gas
collected.
or electric hob; boiling water spilling; oil or
8 Proof spirit contains the minimum quantity (acidic) juice from a citrus fruit going in the
of ethanol needed to cause gunpowder to eye; contact with steam causing scalding.
light; if the liquid is poured on to it. The value b  Any suitable risk-reduction strategy; so
is actually 57% ethanol by volume. If the long as it is associated with the hazard
drink (typically a sailor’s rum ration) causes stated in part a.
the gunpowder to light, it was ‘proof’ that the
alcohol was strong enough. The strength 7 Heat the mixture until it boils; water boils at
of alcoholic drinks used to be expressed as 100 ºC and alcohol boils at about 80 ºC. The
‘degrees proof’; this has now largely been liquid with the lower boiling point (alcohol) will
superseded by the simpler method of quoting boil off first; so you can condense the vapour
the percentage alcohol by volume (ABV). by cooling it and collecting the liquid that
forms; which would be alcohol; the remaining
mixture would contain water and oil.
SC2d.3 Distillation – Strengthen
1 a E; b A; c I; d B; e G; f  C; g H; h F; i D SC2d.6 Extracting perfumed oils
2 heat; liquid; evaporates; stays; vapour; Homework 2
condenser; condenses; distillate
1 oils have higher boiling points
3  Answers will vary but could include: hot
2 they decompose
equipment – do not touch until cool; bubbling
over of liquid when boiling – wear eye 3 The process keeps the temperature lower;
protection, use anti-bumping granules; boiling below the temperature at which oils might start
water – clear working area; Bunsen burner – to decompose.
tie hair and loose clothing back. 4 You might expect that a mixture of water
(b.p. 100 ºC) and oil (b.p. > 100 ºC); might
SC2d.4 Distillation – Extend boil above 100 ºC. (It is because they are
immiscible, meaning that they don’t interact
1 b; d; e; a; f; c; g
and contribute separately to the vapour
2 two correctly named hazards; and a method of pressure, but this level of detail would not be
reducing the risk expected from GCSE students.)
3 The higher the boiling point, the less alcohol in 5 They might shrivel/char/go brown or black/
the mixture; (or the lower the boiling point, the disintegrate.
higher the percentage of alcohol).
6 Possible answers include: the distillate is not
4 100% alcohol; (or arguably 90% and 95% alcohol) a pure substance; you are not purifying the
5 a higher  water; another substance apart from water also
evaporates when you heat it.
b  Alcohol boils at a lower temperature; this
means that it is easier for molecules/ 7 a The oil and water don’t mix/are immiscible;
particles of alcohol to escape from the so the oil will float on top of the water; and
liquid; (forces between alcohol molecules can be separated easily (e.g. extraction
are weaker than forces between water with a pipette or using a separating funnel).
molecules). So for any given mixture, a b  Award credit for the following points:
higher proportion of alcohol molecules will
  When a dilute solution of ethanol boils, the
be in the vapour than in the liquid.
vapour will contain a higher proportion of
c Boiling point is likely to be about 88–90 ºC alcohol; because this boils more easily/
d  Answer in the range 62–65% has a lower boiling point.
  In a fractionating column, the vapour
SC2d.5 Extracting perfumed oils condenses and then re-boils several
Homework 1 times; each time producing a mixture that
is more concentrated in the substance
1 clockwise from bottom left: a; e; c; f; d; b with the lower boiling point.
2 steam distillation   The substance with the lowest boiling
point will reach the top of the column first;
3 both methods involve boiling water 
and the vapour will then pass into the
4 in this experiment you don’t make pure water  condenser.

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