CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Electrical installation and maintenance are a crucial aspect of modern life as it involves the design,

installation, and upkeep of electrical systems in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.

Electrical installation involves the planning and implementation of electrical systems to ensure

that they meet safety regulations and standards. This includes the installation of electrical wiring,

circuit breakers, transformers, and other electrical components. The goal is to ensure that electrical

systems are safe and reliable for use [1].

Maintenance is the ongoing process of inspecting, repairing, and upgrading electrical

systems to keep them functioning effectively and efficiently. This includes regular checks on

wiring and components, replacement of damaged or worn parts, and updates to meet changing

safety regulations. Regular maintenance can help prevent electrical failures and ensure that

systems are always operating at their best. One of the key aspects of electrical maintenance is

safety. Electrical systems can pose a significant hazard if not properly maintained, and it is

important that only trained and qualified professionals carry out maintenance tasks. This helps to

minimize the risk of electrical fires, shocks, and other dangers. In conclusion, electrical installation

and maintenance play an essential role in maintaining the safety and functionality of electrical

systems in various settings. Regular maintenance and upgrades are crucial to ensuring that

electrical systems are always working efficiently and safely [1].

Numerous industrial facilities in Nigeria have legacy electrical systems installed that have been in

operation for decades. Over time, these systems have been modified and upgraded to ensure

operation and production continues with minimal interruption. From site wide distribution of

medium voltage to localized low voltage systems, modifications have left many systems virtually
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unrecognizable from the initial installation. With emerging technologies and legacy systems

intertwined, adequate electrical preventive maintenance (EPM) programs have never been more

important than now. EPM programs outline the electrical installation on site and provide a roadmap

for proper inspection, testing, maintenance, and replacement of electrical equipment. These

programs allow sites to transition from a reactionary approach, where electrical equipment is

maintained and replaced on a corrective basis, to a preventive maintenance approach, where

electrical equipment is serviced and/or replaced on a time in service and use basis When these

programs are undeveloped or inadequate, electrical equipment and component failures are more

likely to occur and can impact the overall system, thus compromising the safety of personnel. In

addition, this results in suboptimal performance and shorter equipment life span.

1.1 AIM OF STUDY

Energy generation, transmission, conversion, distribution, and storage are further goals of the

electrical system.

Electrical systems must be installed correctly during installation in order to protect anyone working

with or around the equipment and to avoid any destructive electrical fires. Equally crucial is

maintenance, which keeps machinery operating effectively and safely.

1.2 Scope of study

unloading, handling, and storage at site; complete installation, including cement concrete

foundation and supporting steel structure wherever necessary; final inspection, painting,

performance testing, and commissioning of pumping machinery and related electrical equipments;

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instrumentation system; and other required accessories to be supplied under these specifications

on a turnkey basis.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Electrical wiring overview

Electrical wiring is an electrical system of cabling and linked devices like switches, distribution

boards, plugs, and light equipment in a building. Wiring is subject to protection standards to

strategy with installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are specified according to the

circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restrictions on the

environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to

sunlight and chemicals. Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a

building's wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. Wiring

protection codes vary via locality [2,3], state or region. The International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC) is "struggling to harmonise wiring standards between member countries, while

significant differences in design and installation necessities still exist. An electrical cable is a rally

of one or more wires running side by side or bundled, which is applied to transfer electric current

A cable rally is the composition of one or additional electrical cables and their corresponding

connectors. [2] A cable rally is not necessarily suitable for connecting two devices but can be a

partial product (e.g. to be soldered onto a printed circuit board with a connector mounted to the

building). Cable assemblies can besides take the system of a cable tree or cable harness", applied

to connect numerous terminals together [4-6].

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2.2 Types of Electrical Wires:

There are essentially 5 types of electrical wires [7]:

Triplex Electrical Wires: Triplex electrical wires are commonly applied in single-phase service

drop conductors, among the power pole besides weather heads. They are composed of two

insulated aluminum wires wrapped with a third bare wire that is applied as a public neutral. The

neutral is commonly of a smaller gauge besides grounded at each the electric meter plus the

transformer

Main Feeder Electrical Wires: Central power feeder wires act the wires that associate the service

weather head to the house. They’re made through stranded or solid THHN wire besides the cable

installed act 30% further than the load essential [8].

Panel Feed Electrical Wires: Panel feed cables are normally black insulated THHN wire. These

are applied to power the core junction container and the circuit breaker panels. Just like core power

feeder electrical wires, the cables must be rated to 50% more than the actual load.

Non-Metallic Sheathed Electrical Wires: Nonmetallic sheath electrical-wire, or Romex, is

applied in most building besides has (2 to 3) conductors, every with plastic insulation, besides a

bare crushed wire. The separated wires are protected through another coating of non-metallic

sheathing. Since it’s moderately cheaper and available in ratings to (10 to 20 amps), this type is

favorite in-house wiring.

Single Strand Electrical Wires: Single strand wire besides applications THHN wire, though there

are other variants. Every wire is separate with numerous wires can be drawn together through a

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pipe certainly. Single strand electrical-wires are the most common choice for layouts [10-14]

which use pipes to involve wires.

Fig 1: Coding of Wires Via Colors

Resources for wiring interior electrical systems in constructions vary depending on:

• Intended application besides amount of power demand on the circuit

• Class of occupancy besides size of the construction

• National besides local rules

• Environment in which the electrical-wiring need activate.

In a light profitable environment, more regular wiring variations can be estimated, large tools

may be fixed and special conditions of temperature or moisture may apply. Heavy industries

have more demanding wiring requirements, like very large currents besides higher voltages,

frequent changes of equipment layout, corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres. In facilities

that handle flammable gases or liquids, special rules may govern the installation besides wiring

of electrical equipment in hazardous areas. Wires with cables are rated via the circuit voltage,

heat rating and environmental conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can

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be applied [9]. A wire or cable has a voltage (to neutral) rating and a maximum conductor

surface temperature rating. The amount of current a cable or wire can safely carry depends on

the installation conditions [10].

2.3 Modern Wiring Materials

Modern non-metallic involve two to four wires covered with thermoplastic insulation, plus a

bare wire for grounding (bonding), bounded via a flexible plastic jacket. Certain versions wrap

the individual conductors in paper before the plastic jacket is applied. Special versions of non-

metallic sheathed cables, such as US Type UF, are designed to direct underground burial (often

with separate mechanical shield) or exterior use where exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV)

is a possibility. These cables differ in having a moisture-resistant construction, lacking paper

or other absorbent fillers, and being formulated for UV resistance [11]. Rubber-like synthetic

polymer insulation is used in industrial cables and power cables installed underground because

of its superior moisture resistance. Insulated cables are rated via their allowable operating

voltage and their maximum operating temperature at the conductor surface. A cable may carry

multiple usage ratings for applications, for example, one rating for dry installations and another

when exposed to moisture or oil. Normally, single conductor building wire in small sizes is

solid wire, since the wiring is not requisite to be very flexible. Building wire conductors larger

than 10 AWG (or about 6 mm²) are stranded for flexibility through installation, while are not

sufficiently pliable to use as appliance cord. Cables for industrial, commercial and apartment

buildings may "involve numerous insulated conductors in an overall jacket, with helical tape

steel or aluminum armour, or steel wire armour, and perhaps as well an overall PVC or lead

jacket for protection from moisture and physical damage. Cables intended for very flexible

service or in marine applications may be sheltered via woven bronze wires. Power or

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communications cables (like computer networking) that are routed in or via air-handling spaces

(plenums) of office buildings are requisite under the model building code to be either encased

in metal conduit, or rated for low flame and smoke production. Electrical cables are used to

connect two or more devices, enabling the transfer of electrical signals or power from one

device to the other. Cables are used for a wide range of purposes, and each must be tailored for

that purpose. Cables are used extensively in electronic devices for power and signal circuits.

Long-distance communication takes place over undersea cables. Power cables are used for

bulk transmission of alternating and direct current power, especially using high-voltage cable.

Electrical cables are extensively used in building wiring for lighting, power and control circuits

permanently installed in buildings. Since all the circuit conductors required can be installed in

a cable at one time, installation labor is saved compared to certain other wiring methods.

Physically, an electrical cable is an assembly consisting of one or more conductors with their

own insulations and optional screens, individual covering(s), assembly protection and

protective covering(s). Electrical cables may be prepared more flexible via stranding the wires.

In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires

that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric

stranding adds the most flexibility. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated

with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other

material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may

lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tinning is also used to provide lubrication

between strands. Tinning was used to help removal of rubber insulation. Tight lays during

stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA – as in telephone handset cords). Cables can be

securely fastened and organized, such as by using trunking, cable trays, cable ties or cable

8
lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers

can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties. At high frequencies, current tends to

run along" the surface of the conductor [12]. This is known as the skin effect.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Electrical equipment

Electrical equipment includes any machine powered by electricity. It usually consists of

an enclosure, a variety of electrical components, and often a power switch. Examples of these

include:

1. Lighting

2. Major appliance

3. Small appliances

4. IT equipment (computers, printers etc.)

5. Motors, pumps and HVAC Systems

6. Electric switchboards

7. Distribution boards

8. Circuit breakers and disconnects

9. Transformers

10. Electricity meter

11. Knockout boxes

12. Wall brackets

13. Pop led light

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 Fig 2: A collation of electrical appliances

3.1 Installation of different electrical devices

3.1.1 Wall bracket

Wall-mounted light fixtures, commonly known as sconces, offer a great way to add character to

general room lighting. Replacing an old sconce with a newer, more stylish fixture is a great way to

update the look of a room.

Equipment / Tools and Materials

Non-contact circuit tester

Screwdriver

New wall sconce light fixture

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Wire connectors (wire nuts)

Instructions and Installation Steps

• Turn off the Power

Before any repair is performed on an electrical circuit, you need to make sure the power is off.

Turn off power to the circuit feeding the switch and light fixture by switching off the corresponding

circuit breaker at the main service panel.

• Remove the Old Light Fixture

Remove any shade or globe on the sconce, then remove the light bulb. Loosen the mounting screws

or knob that holds the base of the light fixture to the electrical box, then gently pull the fixture

away from the box.

• Remove the Mounting Bracket

Compare the existing mounting bracket to the new one included with the new light fixture. These

brackets usually come in two varieties. One type is a round plate, as shown here. With these

brackets, the circuit wires extend through the center of the plate, and the fixture attaches to screw

holes in the sides. The other type is a mounting strap that spans the electrical box.

• Install New Mounting Bracket

Attach the new mounting bracket included with the fixture (if necessary) to the electrical box,

threading the screws into the openings on the box. Make sure the bracket is secure and can't move

around.

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 • Attach the Ground Wire

Your new fixture will have a bare copper or green insulated wire that serves to ground the fixture.

Attach this ground lead to the green ground screw on the mounting bracket by wrapping the wire

clockwise around the shaft of the screw, then tightening it down.

• Connect Hot and Neutral Wires

Use wire connectors to join the white fixture lead to the white circuit wire (the neutral), and the

black fixture lead to the black circuit wire (the hot wire). Tug on the wire connectors to make sure

the connections are secure. If the wires are the same color (and there is no black and white wire),

distinguish between the two by looking at the wires themselves: The neutral wire will usually have

ridges along the side of the wire, while the hot wire will not.

Tuck in the Wires

Carefully fold the wiring into the electrical box behind the strap or disc so as not to pinch the wires

as you attach the fixture to the mounting bracket. Try to naturally coil the wires, rather than

bending them sharply. Often, fixtures won't have a black wire and both wires will be the same

color. To differentiate between neutral and hot wires, the neutral wire will usually have ridges

along the side of the wire, while the hot wire will not.

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Fig 3: Wall bracket before assembling and installation

Fig 3.1: Installed Wall bracket

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3.1.2 Distribution Box

The distribution box serves as the load centre and distributor of electrical power. A distribution

box ensures that electrical supply is distributed in the building, also known as a distribution board,

panel board, breaker panel, or electric panel. It is the central electrical supply system of any

building or property.

Installation steps

1. Distribution cabinet shall be placed on the foundation section steel one by one according to the

layout of construction drawing. The verticality adjustment of the cabinet surface and side of the

individual cabinet panel can be solved by adding pad iron, but it cannot exceed three pieces, and

it can be welded firmly. After each set of the cabinet (panel) is in place, the levelness and deviation

of the panel surface shall be adjusted to meet the requirements of the construction specification.

2. The wall mounted distribution box can be fixed on the wall with expansion bolts, but the dovetail

bolts shall be embedded in the hollow brick or block wall or fixed with the pull bolts.

3. The distribution box shall be embedded in the installation, and the panel after installation shall

be flat with the wall.

4. After the cabinet (panel) adjustment is finished, the cabinet body and foundation section steel

shall be fastened with bolts.

5. Cabinet (panel) grounding: each cabinet panel is connected with foundation steel separately.

Copper wire can be used to reliably connect PE row in cabinet with grounding bolt, and spring

washer must be added to prevent looseness. Each cabinet door shall be reliably connected with PE

row with copper braided wire.

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Fig 4: fully installed electrical distribution box

3.1.3 Knockout boxes Installation

A "knock out" or "KO" is a partially stamped opening in electrical enclosures that allows quick

entry of a wire, cable or pipe via connector or fitting to the interior. With the right information and

technique, you should be able to remove a "KO" from electrical panels and other electrical

enclosures without any problems.

Installation steps

• Ensure that the wire/wires you're going to be dealing with are not powered: Switch

off all suspect breakers and use a suitable meter or tester to ensure that power is off -

reducing the chance of shock or burns.

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• Locate the knock out stamping (KO) sized to fit the desired connector (or

fitting): There will likely be several KOs of different sizes on more than one surface from

which to choose. Pick the one that will be easiest to connect the cable or pipe.

• Find the point of attachment for this KO. The single size KOs and smallest of multiple

KOs are generally secured in a single location. Press the edge of a screwdriver against the

inner-most KO's stamped edge, away from this point of attachment, and press (or rap

sharply if needed) to push the KO away from the wall of the box

• Twist the KO back and forth with fingers or pliers to fully remove. The smallest KO is

usually a 3/8" or 1/2" trade size opening. Most modern connectors require a minimum 1/2"

trade size opening. If this is the size of the KO removed and the connector to be installed,

skip head to step 10; otherwise continue to increase to the next step KO size.

• Locate the next KO ring point of attachment. The second ring of KO is much smaller and

may be attached to yet a third (or more) KO ring. These KO rings are also often secured

by two (or more) points of attachment. They will require slightly more effort and patience

to remove without damaging any additional KO rings that are larger than needed. An over-

sized opening will not support the connector without additional expense.

• Insert the blade of the screwdriver into the opening as shown so that the tip just extends

beyond the opening. The tip should be as far away as possible from the point of attachment.

The blade should not extend beyond the the outer edge of the inner ring. Gently pry the

screwdriver's tip into the box. Only the inner ring of the KO should bend inward.

• Tighten fully by placing the blade of the screwdriver in a "valley" of the locknut, and rap

sharply with pliers or hammers.

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Fig 5: Electrical Knockout boxes

3.1.4 Electrical wiring

Electrical wiring is the process of installing electrical circuits, which are made up of electrical

wires and other components, to distribute electricity throughout a building. This is an essential

component of modern construction and is critical for powering lights, appliances, and various other

electrical devices. The first step in electrical wiring is to plan the electrical circuit, which involves

determining the power needs of the building, determining the location of electrical outlets and light

switches, and deciding on the routing of the electrical wires. Once the plan has been established,

the next step is to install the electrical panels and distribution boards, which are responsible for

controlling and distributing the electrical power. These panels contain fuses or circuit breakers,

which protect the electrical circuit from overloading or short circuits. The electrical wires are then

run through the building, either hidden in the walls, under the floor, or above the ceiling. The wires

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are usually color-coded to indicate the voltage level, and they are connected to electrical outlets,

light switches, and other electrical devices using various types of electrical fittings and connectors.

The final step in electrical wiring is to test the electrical circuit, which involves measuring the

voltage and current levels to ensure that they are within safe limits and that the circuit is

functioning properly. Any necessary corrections or adjustments can then be made.

Electrical wiring is a complex but important process that is critical for powering modern

buildings. The proper installation of electrical wiring requires a combination of technical

knowledge, skill, and experience, and it is important to always follow safety guidelines and

regulations to ensure the safety of the building's occupants

3.1.5 Electrical conduit (Piping)

An electrical conduit is a metal or plastic pipe through which electrical wires are run. Available in

either rigid or flexible forms, a conduit protects the wires and is used in exposed locations (such

as along the exterior surface of a wall) as well as in unfinished areas (like basements, crawlspaces,

and attics), and in surface-mounted installations outdoors.

3.1.5.1 Types of Conduit

Conduit used for residential wiring includes several types of metal and plastic materials designed

for different applications. Here are the most common types:

Electrical Metallic Conduit (EMT): Electrical metallic conduit is a rigid, thin-walled metal

conduit typically made of galvanized steel. EMT is technically tubing, not conduit, hence the

abbreviation uses the letter "T" instead of "C." Because the tubing is thin and lightweight, it is easy

to bend with a special tool called a conduit bender. EMT is best used indoors for residential and

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light commercial construction—if it's installed outdoors, it needs to be assembled along with

watertight fittings. Outdoors, EMT will typically last a few years—indoors, it'll last indefinitely.

Flexible Metal Conduit (FMT) and Liquid-tight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC): Flexible

metal conduit has a spiral construction which allows the conduit to bend easily, simplifying

installation in walls or other structures. FMT tubing is commonly used for short runs in exposed

locations, such as wiring for garbage disposers and water heaters. Its close cousin, liquid-tight

flexible metal conduit, is a flexible metal conduit covered with plastic sheathing to make it

watertight. It is used for outdoor wiring serving air conditioning units and other outdoor

equipment.

Non-Metallic Liquid-tight Flexible Conduit: Non-metallic liquid-tight conduit is often used in

place of liquid-tight flexible metal conduit (LFMC). It has unique connectors and is used when

less protection is needed for the conduit, as in indoor settlings.

Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) and Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC): Rigid metal conduit and

intermediate metal conduit are heavy-duty conduits made of galvanized steel. They are used for

the structural piping that houses the wiring for the home's connection to the utility service lines for

many overhead services. IMT has largely replaced RMC in new construction, and both RMC and

IMC are joined with threaded connections.

Electrical Non-Metallic Tubing (ENT): Electrical nonmetallic tubing is flexible plastic tubing

designed for use inside residential walls or concrete block structures. Although the tubing is

moisture-resistant and flame-retardant, it's not suitable to exposed locations and should not be

installed outdoors or anywhere that may be exposed to the elements. This tubing is often called

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Smurf tubing for its blue color, though it also comes in gray and orange, depending on the

manufacturer and/or use.

PVC: Rigid PVC is a plastic pipe similar in size to rigid metal conduit (RMC). It can be heated

and bent and is joined with glued or threaded connections. PVC is typically available in Schedule

40 and Schedule 80 options: Schedule 40 is used most often, but Schedule 80 is used when there's

risk of damage to the pipes because it has thicker walls.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

4.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, electrical systems need regular maintenance to ensure optimum performance, such

maintenance will prevent system and equipment failures and ensure maximum safety and

efficiency in the utilization of the facilities. At each installation, establish a program for proper

maintenance and effectively follow it. Include in this program the scope of work, intervals of

performance, and methods of application including safety requirements, practices and procedures,

and operations and maintenance (O&M) of electrical power and distribution systems. The

information provided applies to the plans and procedures to operate and maintain installation

electrical distribution systems. Specific installation conditions may dictate the need for procedures

that exceed these minimum requirements. These systems include substations, overhead and

underground electrical distribution systems, exterior lighting systems, and electrical apparatus and

components. The importance of discussed topic comes from the fact that electricity companies

must handle a large number of electrical equipment (circuit breakers, transformers, cables etc.).

Apart from safety, maintenance is needed to keep plant in an acceptable condition. Maintenance

of this kind must be reviewed on an economic and energy efficiency basis. While it is appreciated

that breakdown of plant may result in costly interruption of normal building operation, it must also

be borne in mind that stopping plant for maintenance can also cause a loss in production.

Hence, it is important to properly operate, maintain and manage electrical equipment in

order for there to be sustainable development.

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4.1 Recommendations

System components, such as circuit breakers, transformers, cables, etc. are an integral part of the

electrical system and must operate within their design parameters before the system can meet its

designed performance levels. Instead of evaluating a transformer or circuit breaker as part of the

total system, most CDM analysts limit the use to simple diagnostics of the condition of that

individual component. As a result, no effort is made to determine the influence of system variables,

like load, speed, voltage, product, or instability on the individual component. These variations are

generally affect of process equipment variables and hence are often the root-cause of the observed

problem in these components. Unless process variables are considered, it would not be possible to

determine the true root cause of problem. Instead, the recommendations would be made to correct

the symptom (e.g., damaged bearing, misalignment), rather than the real problem.

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