G`k Koejgrb, O`wirg Nirteh,

Gba`rio Q`znih y Q`jjeh NkKrity

Ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh

Kûn` k`hbktir 
k`h ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh
[e bstb jear` jb oi ehtbrbsig` y gbsbi qub jb nihtbhcin`s ehd`rnig` gb
hubstris puajekike`hbs, bskrîaih`s ehgekéhg`h`s quå tbnis s`h gb su ehtbrås
(Istr`j`cîi, Iut`iyugi, Kebhkeis @kujtis, Irtbs Nirkeijbs, Hituresn`,
Bsperetuijegig, Wrigekeûh...)
Wrigekeûh...) y cust`sinbhtb jb k`npjikbrbn`s.

]ubgb k`hsujtir hubstr` kitéj`c` bh www.bgeke`hbs`abjesk`.k`n

K`jbkkeûh Bsperetuijegig y Tegi ehtbre`r 

J I EHWBJECBHKEI GBJ K@QIVÛH
G`k Koejgrb, O`wirg Nirteh, Gba`rio Q`znih y Q`jjeh NkKrity

9.ª bgekeûh bh vbrseûh gecetij6 gekebnarb gb 1=93

Wîtuj` `recehij6 Obirt Ehtbjjecbhkb

Wrigukkeûh6  Ijbx Irrbsb

Niqubtikeûh6 Hitíjei Kinpejj`
K`rrbkkeûh6 N.ª Fbsös Q`grîcubz 
Gesbù` gb kuaebrti6 Bhrequb Ea`rri

© 1=94, G`k Koejgrb, O`wirg Nirteh, Gba`rio Q`znih y Q`jjeh NkKrity

@recehij bh jbhcui ehcjbsi puajekig` p`r Sitbrdr`ht ]uajesoehc
ObirtoNito, Yuekl K`obrbhkb, bnSivb y Obirt Ehtbjjecbhkb
s`h nirkis rbcestrigis gb Yuihtun Ehtbko, Ehk.
Ehhbr Aijihkb bs uhi nirki gb Yuihtun Ehtbko, Ehk.
Obirt J`kl-Eh, Drbbzb Drinb y Drbbzb-Drinbr s`h nirkis rbcestrigis gb
Ehstetutb `d ObirtNito.
WbstBgcb bs nirki rbcestrigi gb Obirt-Nitko JJK.
Epo`hb, Ep`g W`uko y Epig s`h nirkis rbcestrigis gb Ippjb Ehk.

(Qbsbrvig`s t`g`s j`s gbrbko`s)

© 1=93, Bgeke`hbs @abjesk`, [.J.
(Qbsbrvig`s j`s gbrbko`s piri ji prbsbhtb bgekeûh)

Bgeti6 Bgeke`hbs @abjesk` [.J.

K`jjeti, 1;-12. ]`j. Ehg. N`jî gb ji Aistegi
=?959 Quaî - Airkbj`hi - Bspiùi
Wbj. 5; ;=5 ?2 12 - Dix 5; ;=5 ?2 1;
B-niej6 ehd`Mbgeke`hbs`abjesk`.k`n
 E[AH B]RA6 53?-?7-5999-;=1-3
Niqubtikeûh ba``l6 Nihgiji Bstuge`

Qbsbrvig`s t`g`s j`s gbrbko`s. Hehcuhi pirtb gb bsti puajekikeûh, ehkjueg` bj

gesbù` gb ji kuaebrti, pubgb sbr rbpr`gukegi, ijnikbhigi, trisnetegi `
utejezigi bh nihbri ijcuhi p`r hehcöh nbge`, yi sbi bjbktrûhek`, quînek`,
nbkéhek`, ûptek`, gb criaikeûh ` bjbktr`crédek`, seh bj prbve` k`hsbhtenebht`
p`r bskret` gbj bget`r.
Gerîfisb i KBGQ@ (Kbhtr` Bspiù`j gb Gbrbko`s Qbpr`crédek`s,
www.kbgr`.`rc)) se hbkbseti d`t`k`peir ` bskihbir ijcöh dricnbht` gb bsti
www.kbgr`.`rc
`ari.
 hgekb

]@QWIGI
JI EHWBJECBHKEI GBJ K@QIVÛH
Kråget`s
Îhgekb
GBGEKIW@QEI
KI]ÎWRJ@ 9
KI]ÎWRJ@ 1
KI]ÎWRJ@ ;
KI]ÎWRJ@ 7
KI]ÎWRJ@ 2
KI]ÎWRJ@ 4
EHWQ@GRKKEÛH
KI]ÎWRJ@ 3
KI]ÎWRJ@ ?
KI]ÎWRJ@
KI]ÎWRJ @5
KI]ÎWRJ@
KI]ÎWRJ @ 9=
KI]ÎWRJ@
KI]ÎWRJ @ 99
99
QBKRQ[@[
QBKRQ[ @[ IGEKE@HIJB[
IGEKE@HIJB[
 IKBQKI GB
 IKBQKI  GB J@[ IRW@QB[
J@[ IRW@QB[
 Gbgekit`rei

Gbgekin`s bstb jear` i bsi kigi vbz niy`r kihtegig gb pbrs`his

qub gbsbih k`hbktir nés pr`duhginbhtb k`h bj k`rizûh. Bh
ObirtNito k`hsegbrin`s qub hubstri neseûh k`hsestb bh iyugir i
jis pbrs`his i seht`hezir, gb d`rni k`obrbhtb, sus sestbnis dîsek`,
nbhtij y bn`ke`hij k`h bj sestbni gb `rebhtikeûh ehtbjecbhtb qub
ip`rti bj k`rizûh. Gbsgb oikb nejbs gb iù`s, j`s bskret`s y jis
bhsbùihzis oikbh rbdbrbhkei i bsi v`z ` i bsi dubrzi gbj k`rizûh
qub h`s ehgeki bj kineh` i sbcuer, ji kuij, se k`hsbcuen`s
gbskedrirji, h`s iyugiré i nihtbhbr bj runa` bh bst`s tebnp`s tih
kinaeihtbs, ij tebnp` qub k`hsbrvin`s bj bquejeare`, ji k`obrbhkei y
ji k`hbxeûh bn`ke`hij k`h j`s gbnés. Ji nesni v`z pubgb sbrver 
piri qub ji bhbrcîi gb sbpirikeûh gb ji ounihegig sb trihsd`rnb
bh bhbrcîi gb k``pbrikeûh y, isî, `atbhcin`s nbf`rbs s`juke`hbs
piri j`s pr`ajbnis i j`s qub o`y t`g`s h`s bhdrbhtin`s i hevbj
cj`aij. Bstin`s k`hvbhkeg`s gb qub ij j`crir qub ji nbhtb y bj
k`rizûh sb k`npbhbtrbh, igbnés gb gbsirr`jjir hubstri iniaejegig,
k`npiseûh y kipikegig gb inir, p`grbn`s bstiajbkbr uhis hubvis
aisbs piri krbir uh nuhg` tij y k`n` qubrbn`s qub sbi. Bj
pr`pûset` gb hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs y obrrinebhtis k`hsestb bh
senpjedekir geko` pr`kbs` gb k``pbrikeûh k`h `tris pbrs`his gb
sbnbfihtbs tbhgbhkeis bn`ke`hijbs qub k`hstetuyih pebzis
enp`rtihtbs bh bj r`npbkiabzis gb hubstri vegi.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 9
B[ BJ N@NBHW@ GBJ K@QIVÛH
p`r O`wirg Nirteh

Ji niy`rîi gb h`s`tr`s tbhbn`s, gbsgb oikb tebnp`, ji sbhsikeûh

gb qub hubstri vegi sb ikbjbri kigi vbz nés. ]br` io`ri vi nés
répeg` qub huhki ‛nés k`sis qub oikbr bh nbh`s tebnp`, y kigi
vbz oiy nés k`sis qub terih gb h`s`tr`s bh gestehtis gerbkke`hbs‛.
K`h drbkubhkei h`s sbhten`s ehbx`riajbnbhtb a`nairgbig`s p`r jis
k`nuhekike`hbs gb «ijti vbj`kegig¼, isî k`n` p`r uh bxkbs` gb
ehd`rnikeûh. Bs k`n` se t`gis bstis hubvis tbkh`j`cîis qub sb oih
gesbùig` piri qub t`g` duhke`hb nés répeg` tinaeåh h`s ikbjbririh
p`r gbhtr` y, i nbhug`, h`s kubsti sbcuerjbs bj retn`. Oiy uhi
pijiari qub gbskreab kûn` h`s sbhten`s nuko`s6 «iarunig`s¼.
[eh bnairc`, oiy `tri tbhgbhkei qub bsté t`nihg` dubrzi y bs qub
s`h nukois jis pbrs`his qub, k`h sus gesteht`s `rîcbhbs, kujturis y
pr`dbse`hbs, sb sebhtbh enpujsigis i rbijezir kinae`s p`setev`s tiht`
bh sî nesnis k`n` bh bj nuhg`. [b sebhtbh bstenujigis, ` kise
ehstecigis, p`r su ehtuekeûh piri gbskuarer hubvis p`seaejegigbs.
[ebhtbh gbsb`s gb krbkbr ehtbre`rnbhtb. Crikeis i jis k`hdbrbhkeis
qub g`y p`r t`g` bj nuhg`, k`h`zk` i pbrs`his qub yi bstéh gihg`
uhi rbspubsti i gekois ehquebtugbs y k`hsecuebhg` kinae`s gb
bxtrbni bjbcihkei y abjjbzi p`rqub iktöih secuebhg` sus pr`peis
rbvbjike`hbs ehtbrhis, rbijezih kinae`s bh sus krbbhkeis y vij`rbs,
supbrih vebfis bstrukturis, ikbptih y ik`cbh j`s kinae`s, y sb
bsdubrzih isenesn` p`r nbf`rir jis k`sis i hevbj cj`aij.
Hubstri pbrkbpkeûh gb qub ji vegi sb k`npjeki kigi vbz nés bs uh
rbdjbf` gb ji vbj`kegig i ji qub bsté kinaeihg`. Ji vegi, ji kuij h`s
ehkjuyb i t`g`s, huhki oi gbfig` gb bv`juke`hir, j` qub `kurrb bs
qub io`ri j` oikb nuy gbpresi y bh uh n`nbht` gb ji oest`rei öhek`
y gb crih enp`rtihkei. Nebhtris qub kibh j`s vebf`s sestbnis, `tr`s
hubv`s ehtbhtih bnbrcbr, y s`h nukois jis s`kebgigbs y j`s
c`aebrh`s qub bstéh bxpbrenbhtihg` uhi trihsd`rnikeûh vbrteceh`si
y, i nbhug`, kiûteki. Gi ji sbhsikeûh gb qub, piri bv`juke`hir bh
bsti åp`ki, bs enpbritev` qub j`s kinae`s y bj krbkenebht` sb
sukbgih k`h uhi ripegbz kigi vbz niy`r. Rh` gb j`s ispbkt`s nés
enp`rtihtbs gb geko`s kinae`s iktuijbs bs ji bnbrcbhkei gb uhi
k`hkebhkei nés kbhtrigi bh bj k`rizûh, gb uhi «ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh¼. K`hsbcuer ikkbgbr i gekoi ehtbjecbhkei k`hstetuyb ji kjivb
piri nihtbhbr bj k`htr`j gb ji vbj`kegig i ji qub sb rbijezih geko`s
kinae`s tiht` i hevbj pbrs`hij k`n` pjihbtire`, ij tebnp` qub
k`hsbcuen`s tbhbr uhi vegi kigi vbz nés pjbhi.
Bh bstb jear` h`s gbgekirbn`s i bxpj`rir bsi ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh6 bh quå k`hsestb, quå ehvbstecike`hbs kebhtîdekis sb oih
rbijezig` ij rbspbkt`, kûn` p`gbn`s gbsirr`jjirji y quå pubgb
sukbgbr i nbgegi qub iunbhtb ji kihtegig gb pbrs`his bh jis qub
sb gbspebrtb bsti p`gbr`si dubhtb gb rbkurs`s qub t`g`s tbhbn`s
gbhtr`.
Bh j`s tijjbrbs qub enpirt`, ji cbhtb subjb k`nbhtir j` gedîkej qub jbs
rbsujti isenejir tiht`s kinae`s bh tih p`k` tebnp`. Isenesn`,
subjbh k`npirter uhi pr`duhgi sbhsikeûh gb qub k`hstetuybh bj
prbjuge` gb uh nuhg` hubv` y nuy gesteht`, k`hskebhtbs gb qub bs
ijc` qub tbhbn`s qub j`crir bhtrb t`g`s. Nb subjbh prbcuhtir k`sis
k`n`6 °kûn` p`gbn`s krbkbr tiht` i hevbj ehgeveguij k`n` k`jbktev`
y k`hsbcuer uh nuhg` nbf`r0, °kûn` p`gbn`s isenejir tiht`s
kinae`s seh gbsbquejearirh`s i hevbj pbrs`hij0, °kûn` p`gbn`s
ipr`vbkoirh`s gb bstb enpujs` gbj kinae` piri tbhbr uhi vegi nés
pjbhi0, °kûn` bhk`htrir s`jukeûh i pr`ajbnis qub h` pirbkbh
tbhbrji0, °quå pubg` oikbr y` ` quå p`gbn`s oikbr bhtrb t`g`s0
Gbspuås gb jjbvir nés gb kuirbhti iù`s gbgekig` i ne pr`pe`
gbsirr`jj` pbrs`hij, nb g`y kubhti gb qub jis rbspubstis qub
pr`p`hc` i bstb tep` gb prbcuhtis pr`vebhbh gbj d`hg` gb ne k`rizûh
y gb qub h` s`h bspbkujike`hbs nbhtijbs.
Nb k`hsegbr` id`rtuhig`. Gb f`vbh, nb ge kubhti gb qub bj
krbkenebht` k`htehu` bri ji bsbhkei gb ji vegi y sbhtî qub tbhîi qub
gbgekir ji nîi i sbrver i j`s gbnés gb ijcuhi u `tri nihbri. ]br`,
iuhqub p`r uh jig` dub nirivejj`s` tbhbr bstb tep` gb rbvbjikeûh,
tinaeåh nb rbsujtû ijc` gbsk`hkbrtihtb. U` bri bxtrbniginbhtb
inaeke`s`, bhcrbîg` y pr`pbhs` i ko`kir k`h j`s bsk`jj`s qub i ji
niy`rîi h`s surcbh i nbgegi qub nigurin`s. Nb prbcuhtå quå
p`grîi oikbr piri nihtbhbrnb debj i ne gbsb` gb krbkbr 
ehtbre`rnbhtb, kûn` kinaeir t`g` j` qub siaîi qub tbhîi qub kinaeir 
seh g`rnernb bh j`s jiurbjbs. Nb pjihtbå kûn` vbhkbr nes
rbsestbhkeis, supbrir ne vihegig y bc`kbhtresn`, igbnés gb kûn`
supbrir jis prubais gb krbkenebht` qub ji vegi pubgb pjihtbirh`s ij
ehtbhtir bhk`htrir nihbris préktekis y sechedekitevis gb iyugir i j`s
gbnés.
 I nbgegi qub rbk`rrîi bj kineh` k`h inestigbs y secuebhg` j`s
gektig`s gb ji vegi, k`nbhkå i girnb kubhti gb qub, piri ivihzir,
gbaîi gbsirr`jjir v`juhtireinbhtb kebrtis kuijegigbs qub surcîih gb
j` qub y` k`hsegbriai «bj k`rizûh¼, tijbs k`n` bj kireù` y ji
k`npiseûh, isî k`n` sustetuer nes prbfueke`s p`r uhi niy`r 
iniaejegig. J`s enpujs`s gb ne k`rizûh gebr`h hikenebht` i uh
gbsb` cbhueh` gb bnp`gbrirnb y gbskuarer nihbris gb vever qub nb
ip`rtirih nés bquejeare`, in`r y pjbhetug. K`h bj tebnp`, geko`s
enpujs`s nb jjbvir`h i triaifir k`h G`k Koejgrb y k`h `tris pbrs`his
piri gbsirr`jjir bj sestbni ObirtNito qub G`k bstiai krbihg`.
ObirtNito oi ijkihzig` uh hevbj gb gbsirr`jj` y krbkenebht` qub
supbri s`arbnihbri t`g` j` qub y` nb ouaebri p`geg` enicehir 
kuihg` k`nbhzin`s k`h bstb pr`ybkt`. Ehkjus` bj nbr` obko` gb
girnb kubhti gb bst` bs ijc` qub sebnprb icrigbkbrå p`rqub bs
uhi k`hdernikeûh gb qub ji vegi pubgb supbrir kuijquebr bxpbktitevi
se bskuko` y sec` j`s gektig`s gb ne k`rizûh. Ji prékteki gb
gbsirr`jjir ehtbjecbhkei gb ne k`rizûh bs j` qub secub n`tevéhg`nb
piri nihtbhbrnb debj i nes k`npr`nes`s y j` qub nb oi jjbvig` i
uhi p`sekeûh gbsgb ji qub pubg` iyugir i qub j`s gbnés tinaeåh j`
k`hsecih.
Aésekinbhtb, ObirtNito
ObirtNito bs uh sestbni piri gbspbrtir y gbsirr`jjir 
ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh qub ehkjuyb uhi sbreb gb obrrinebhtis
bhd`kigis bh geko` kbhtr` qub bnp`gbrih i jis pbrs`his, jis
k`hbktih k`h ji dikujtig `rebhtitevi gb ji ehtuekeûh gb su k`rizûh y
gbstipih bj p`tbhkeij gb j` qub rbijnbhtb s`h. ]iri p`hbr bj sestbni
gb ObirtNito ij ijkihkb gb j`s gbnés utejezin`s jear`s, tbkh`j`cîis
y tijjbrbs gb d`rnikeûh qub pr`p`rke`hin`s i j`s nejbs gb ehgevegu`s
ehtbrbsig`s bh bj gbsirr`jj` pbrs`hij, bh kuegir gb su sijug ` bh
nbf`rir su hevbj gb rbhgenebht`. ObirtNito triaifi k`h bnprbsis gbj
D`rtuhb 2==, k`h j`s sestbnis gb sbcuregig s`keij y gb sbrveke`s
s`keijbs, tijbs k`n` ehstetuke`hbs gbj sbkt`r bgukitev`, isî k`n` k`h
jis dubrzis irnigis y dubrzis gb sbcuregig gb j`s Bstig`s. Ui s`h
nejj`hbs gb pbrs`his jis qub sb oih vest` abhbdekeigis gb bstb
pr`kbs`, gb jis kuijbs obn`s iprbhgeg` nuko`, pbr` h` sûj` gb
bjjis seh` tinaeåh gb h`s`tr`s nesn`s. ]irtb gb geko`s
k`h`kenebht`s bs j` qub vin`s i k`npirter bh bstis pécehis.
K`n` vbrbn`s bh j`s secuebhtbs kipîtuj`s, bh ObirtNito ji kebhkei
gbsbnpbùi gbsgb bj prehkepe` uh pipbj pren`rgeij. Ihtbs gb duhgir 
`dekeijnbhtb gekoi bhtegig, G`k yi sb oiaîi gig` kubhti gb qub, se
qubrîin`s `drbkbr uh sestbni qub sb jjiniri «ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh¼, hbkbsetéain`s bstiajbkbr pubhtbs bhtrb ji pbrspbktevi
dej`sûdeki y bsperetuij gbj k`rizûh, y sus ipjekike`hbs préktekis bh ji
vegi geirei, p`r j` qub `ptû p`r ji kebhkei k`n` uh` gb j`s pejirbs
s`arb j`s qub k`hstruer geko`s pubhtbs.
Kuihg` ji kebhkei h`s iyugi i k`nprbhgbr ijcuhi k`si nbf`r, h`s
ji krbbn`s y ji utejezin`s k`h nés ehtbrås. Iuhqub nukois
pbrs`his quebrbh krbbr y deirsb gbj k`rizûh, p`r j` cbhbrij, jbs
kubsti gestehcuer bhtrb j` qub åstb jbs gekb y sus pr`pe`s
k`hgeke`hinebht`s nbhtijbs ` bn`ke`hijbs. [e ji kebhkei pugebri
ip`rtir hubv`s k`h`kenebht`s s`arb bj k`rizûh, jis bn`ke`hbs y ji
nbhtb, i nukoi cbhtb jb rbsujtirîi nés dékej ikbptir y jjbvir i ji
prékteki j` qub, gb d`rni ehtuetevi, yi siabh y sebhtbh.
 Gbsgb qub sb ehiucurû i prehkepe`s gb j`s iù`s h`vbhti, bj Kbhtr`
gb Ehvbstecike`hbs ObirtNito oi iyugig` i qub nukois pbrs`his
k`nprbhgih qub bj k`rizûh gbsbnpbùi uh pipbj nés inpje` qub bj
gb senpjbnbhtb a`nabir sihcrb p`r bj kubrp`. Bh j`s secuebhtbs
kipîtuj`s gbskuarerbn`s qub bj k`rizûh tinaeåh k`hstetuyb uh
enp`rtihtb kbhtr` gb pr`kbsinebht` gb ehd`rnikeûh, ji kuij åj
gestreauyb p`r t`g` bj kubrp`, y qub pubgb bfbrkbr isenesn` uhi crih
ehdjubhkei bh bj kbrbar`. Bh bj jia`rit`re`, kuihg` hubstr`s
ehvbstecig`rbs k`nbhzir`h i `asbrvir jis k`hbxe`hbs bhtrb bj
bstig` bn`ke`hij, bj k`rizûh y bj kbrbar`, gbskuarebr`h qub uh
pirénbtr` jjinig` «vireiaejegig gb ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki¼ (TDK) h`
sûj` rbdjbfiai bj bstig` bn`ke`hij gb j`s ehgevegu`s seh` qub, ij
ihijezirj`, sb iarîi uhi pubrti gb ehk`npiriajb vij`r piri
k`nprbhgbr kûn` sb ehtbrk`hbktiaih bj k`rizûh, bj kbrbar` y jis
bn`ke`hbs.9 K`h bj pis` gb j`s iù`s, bj jia`rit`re` gb ObirtNito sb
oi k`hvbrteg` bh uh` gb j`s rbdbrbhtbs gb ji ehvbstecikeûh bh bstb
kinp`.
Jis ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji TDK h`s pbrnetebr`h rbdehir jis
tåkhekis piri nbf`rir ji k`nuhekikeûh bhtrb bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh,
isî k`n` piri iut`cbhbrir uh bstig` dîsek` y bn`ke`hij
bxtrbniginbhtb abhbdeke`s` jjinig` «k`obrbhkei dese`jûceki¼ `, nés
senpjbnbhtb, «k`obrbhkei gbj k`rizûh¼. Gbskuaren`s qub geko`
bstig` sb ikteviai nbgeihtb sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s gb in`r, ehtbrås
p`r j`s gbnés, kireù` y `tris bn`ke`hbs p`setevis trigeke`hijnbhtb
is`keigis k`h bj «k`rizûh¼. Bstb enp`rtihtb oijjizc` s`arb bj
vîhkuj` bhtrb jis bn`ke`hbs y bj retn` kirgîik` sb puajekû bh bj
 Inbrekih F`urhij `d Kirge`j`cy  bh
 bh 9552 isî k`n`, nés igbjihtb, bh
`tris rbvestis kebhtîdekis gb bsi nesni bspbkeijegig.1 [uasecuebhtbs
bstuge`s s`arb kûn` iktevir ji k`obrbhkei gbj k`rizûh bh jis
pbrs`his h`s jjbvir`h i gbsirr`jjir hubstri tbkh`j`cîi gb TDK
(bnpbzihg` k`h bj Drbbzb-Drinbr®, sbcueg` gbj bnSivb® y bj
Ehhbr Aijihkb℡ Wriehbr), ipirit`s qub yi sb utejezih bh nés gb kebh
piîsbs piri qub bj ehgevegu` gbsirr`jjb p`r sî nesn` sus gbstrbzis
gb iut`rrbcujikeûh bn`ke`hij y iut`bnp`gbrinebht`.
iut`bnp`gbrinebht`.
Jis kebhkeis s`keijbs tinaeåh gbsbnpbùir`h uh pipbj enp`rtihtb
bh hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs. Bstiajbken`s uh`s pr`t`k`j`s gb prb y
p`stbvijuikeûh k`h bj deh gb bstiajbkbr bj crig` gb bdbktevegig gb
hubstr`s pr`crinis bh bhtegigbs y kbhtr`s sihetire`s y bgukitev`s.
Kuihg` bj pbrs`hij gb gekois bnprbsis priktekiai j`s nåt`g`s gb
ObirtNito, sb `asbrvû qub, bhtrb `tr`s pirénbtr`s gb rbhgenebht`,
gbstikiaih j`s rbsujtig`s qub sb `atbhîih bh ji rbgukkeûh gbj hevbj
gb bstrås, ji nbf`ri gb ji sijug, ji rbgukkeûh gb j`s cist`s någek`s,
j`s nbf`rbs rbsujtig`s bh j`s bxénbhbs, isî k`n` uhi niy`r 
kipikegig gb nihtbhbrsb bh uh bstig` gb p`setevegig bn`ke`hij.
Bj ehkrbnbht` gb ji k`obrbhkei gbj k`rizûh tinaeåh sb trigukb bh
uhi niy`r k`hbxeûh bhtrb jis pbrs`his. J`s ehvbstecig`rbs
rbcestrir`h uhi sbreb gb kis`s bh j`s qub kuihg` uhi nigrb sbhtîi
in`r p`r su abaå sus `hgis kbrbarijbs sb sehkr`heziaih k`h bj retn`
kirgîik` gb åstb, ij ecuij qub tinaeåh sb sehkr`heziaih j`s retn`s
kirgîik`s gb pirbfis dbjekbs ij g`rner fuht`s.;
 Isenesn` gbskuarebr`h qub kuihg` sb pr`gukb uh iunbht` gb
k`obrbhkei gbj k`rizûh i hevbj dese`jûcek` bhtrb j`s nebnar`s gb uh
bquep` sb ehkrbnbhti ji sehkr`hezikeûh y bj rbhgenebht` ‛uhi bspbkeb
gb k`obrbhkei crupij.
Kuijquebri qub oiyi vest` i uh bquep` bh uhi k`npbtekeûh
gbp`rtevi ` oiyi isesteg` i uh k`hkebrt` bxkbpke`hij siab qub bh bsb
crup` gb pbrs`his sukbgb ijc` bspbkeij qub trihskebhgb j`s hevbjbs
h`rnijbs gb rbhgenebht`. Bs k`n` se j`s fucig`rbs bstuvebrih
sehkr`hezig`s y k`hsecuebrih k`nuhekirsb i uh hevbj ehveseajb gb
bhbrcîi. Nuko`s bquep`s gbp`rtev`s, bhtrb j`s qub sb bhkubhtrih j`s
`jînpek`s y j`s pr`dbse`hijbs, siabh nuy aebh ji enp`rtihkei qub
tebhb gekoi k`obrbhkei piri bj crup`. Wiht` se j` jjinih «bspîretu gb
bquep`¼ k`n` «uheûh¼, t`g`s siabh ehstehtevinbhtb qub bxestb uhi
«bhbrcîi gb crup`¼ pijpiajb qub rbpbrkutb p`setevinbhtb bh su
rbhgenebht`. Bh j`s bquep`s gb åjetb sb vij`ri ijtinbhtb ji k`obseûh
gbj bquep`, oisti bj puht` gb qub bj bhtrbhig`r ` kipetéh sebnprb sb
ehv`jukri pbrs`hijnbhtb piri rbs`jvbr kuijquebr k`hdjekt` ` gb-
sivbhbhkei bhtrb j`s k`np`hbhtbs gbj crup`, k`h bj deh gb bvetir qub
gekoi bhbrcîi gb bquep` sb vbi idbktigi hbcitevinbhtb. [`h aebh
k`hskebhtbs gb qub uh gbsikubrg` ` uh k`hdjekt` bh bj sbh` gbj
crup` pubgb idbktir hbcitevinbhtb ij bquep` bh su k`hfuht`, gb ji
nesni d`rni qub siabh qub, piri qub surfi gekoi k`obrbhkei crupij,
j`s k`np`hbhtbs tebhbh qub k`hbktir k`h jij i bhbrcîi gbj k`rizûh.
Kurt Kr`heh, bxk`nihgihtb KGQ ([BIJ) gbj sbxt` bquep` gb j`s
Hivy [bijs, fuht` k`h su s`ke` Gr. Fiy Dbrrir`, ]o.G, ina`s
prbpirig`rbs tetujig`s gbj nåt`g` ObirtNito, prbpirih i fucig`rbs
y bquep`s gb ji jeci hike`hij gb döta`j inbrekih` nbgeihtb jis
tåkhekis gb ObirtNito k`h ji tbkh`j`cîi bnSivb OQT piri
bhsbùirjbs i k`hbktir k`h ji bhbrcîi gbj k`rizûh y n`het`rezirjbs jis
pujsike`hbs k`h bj deh gb gbsirr`jjir ji k`obrbhkei crupij. I
k`htehuikeûh ehkjuen`s uh kis` qub ejustri i ji pbrdbkkeûh j` qub
pubgb sukbgbr kuihg` sb ijkihzi uh ijt` hevbj gb k`obrbhkei crupij.
Bs uh bxtrikt` gbj jear` [bk`hg Sehg6 Wob Nbn`ers `d ih
@pehe`hitbg Nih bskret` p`r Aejj Qussbjj, uhi jbybhgi gbj aij`hkbst`
inbrekih`6

Gb vbz bh kuihg`, sukbgîi qub uh pirteg` sb kijgbiai oisti tij puht` qub
ikiaiai k`hverteåhg`sb bh ijc` nés qub uh fubc` nbrinbhtb dîsek` `
ehkjus` nbhtij. Bri ijc` nécek`. Bs uhi sbhsikeûh gedîkej gb gbskreaer y gb
ji qub, gbsgb jubc`, huhki oiajå kuihg` bri fucig`r pbr` qub, kuihg` sb
pr`gukîi, sbhtîi kjirinbhtb qub y` fuciai gbsgb uh hevbj gbj t`g` gesteht`.
H` bs qub sukbgebri i nbhug` y p`gîi gurir gbsgb kehk` nehut`s oisti
t`g` uh kuirt` gbj pirteg`, ` ehkjus` nés. [b hbkbsetiaih nés gb trbs `
kuitr` fucigis piri qub sb pr`gufbri, y bri ijc` qub h` sûj` nb pisiai i
nî y i nes k`npiùbr`s gb j`s Kbjteks, seh` qub iairkiai tinaeåh i j`s
 fucig`rbs gbj bquep` k`htrire` b ehkjus` i j`s éraetr`s.
Bh bsb hevbj tih bspbkeij pisiaih k`sis rirîsenis. ]`r bfbnpj`, iuhqub
pirbkebri qub bj pirteg` bh uh n`nbht` gig` bkoiri koespis, p`r ijcuhi
rizûh y` h` sbhtîi ji tbhseûh gb ji k`npbtekeûh, j` kuij yi bs t`g` uh
nejicr` p`r sî nesn`. Iuhqub bstuvebri bsd`rzéhg`nb ij néxen`, géhg`j`
t`g` y k`h itiqubs gb t`s ij k`rrbr, h` sbhtîi n`jbstei ijcuhi. Bj fubc` sb
gbsirr`jjiai tih répeginbhtb qub t`g`s j`s k`rtbs, dehtis y pisbs sijîih
s`rprbhgbhtbnbhtb pbrdbkt`s iuhqub, ij nesn` tebnp`, higi gb t`g` bs`
nb pirbkebri s`rprbhgbhtb. Bs k`n` se fucérin`s i kéniri jbhti. Bh bsi
bspbkeb gb bnabjbsinebht` kise ehtuîi kuéj eai i sbr ji secuebhtb fucigi y
gbsgb gûhgb sb eai i oikbr bj secuebhtb jihzinebht`. Ehkjus` ihtbs gb qub
bj `tr` bquep` sb ikbrkiri a`tihg` ji pbj`ti, y` j` sbhtîi k`h tij kjiregig
qub nb bhtriaih cihis gb cretirjbs i nes k`npiùbr`s6 «¡Yub vih i itikir 
p`r ioî!¼, sûj` qub y` siaîi qub, se sb j` gbkîi, t`g` kinaeirîi. ]br` h` nb
dijjiaih huhki bsis prbn`heke`hbs y bh bs`s n`nbht`s sebnprb sbhtîi
 qub h` sûj` k`h`kîi i j`s Kbjteks k`n` ji pijni gb ji nih`, seh` tinaeåh
ij bquep` k`htrire`, y qub isenesn` t`g`s bjj`s nb k`h`kîih i nî. Iuhqub
bh ne vegi gb aij`hkbstesti ob tbheg` nuko`s n`nbht`s gb bn`keûh ` gb
ijbcrîi, sûj` dub bh bstis riris `kise`hbs kuihg` nb bhtriaih rbpbjuzh`s.
Jis kehk` ` gebz vbkbs qub ijkihzin`s bsb hevbj tih bspbkeij ij tbrnehir 
bj pirteg`, nb giai jetbrijnbhtb ecuij queåh ouaebri cihig`. [e oiaîin`s
pbrgeg`, sbcuîi sehteåhg`nb tih irreai y tih jearb k`n` uh écueji.

 I ji niy`rîi h`s oi pisig` ijcuhi vbz qub obn`s bhtrig` bh uhi

oiaetikeûh y h`s obn`s sbhteg` gb ehnbgeit` bxujtihtbs i kiusi gb
jis vearike`hbs p`setevis gb jis pbrs`his qub bstiaih prbsbhtbs, gb
ji nesni nihbri qub, bh `tris `kise`hbs, obn`s bhtrig` bh uh sete`
y obn`s h`tig` qub ijc` sb niskiai bh bj inaebhtb i pbsir gb
qub, ipirbhtbnbhtb, t`g`s j`s prbsbhtbs sb n`striaih k`rgeijbs.
J` qub sbhten`s bh bs`s n`nbht`s bs uhi bspbkeb gb
ae`k`nuhekikeûh gb k`rizûh i k`rizûh, ` gb trihsdbrbhkei gb
bhbrcîi y, piri ehvbstecirj`, ObirtNito sb pjihtbû gbtbktir gekoi
ae`k`nuhekikeûh gb k`rizûh i k`rizûh bhtrb uhi pbrs`hi y su
nisk`ti.7 ]iri bjj` sb n`het`rezû i F`so, uh heù` gb g`kb iù`s, y i
Niabj, su pbrr`, ehstijéhg`jbs i kigi uh` uhi criaig`ri p`rtétej gb
TDK. Rhi vbz sehkr`hezig`s ina`s gesp`setev`s, k`j`kin`s i Niabj
bh uh` gb hubstr`s jia`rit`re`s. Bht`hkbs, F`so bhtrû bh ji siji, sb
sbhtû i p`ki gestihkei gb su pbrr` y bnpbzû i errigeirjb
v`juhtireinbhtb in`r. Bh bj crédek` secuebhtb p`gbn`s `asbrvir 
kûn` sb sehkr`hezir`h j`s retn`s kirgîik`s gb ina`s kuihg` F`so
bnpbzû i bhveirjb in`r i su pbrr` gb d`rni v`juhtirei. [b pr`guf`
uhi trihsneseûh gb bhbrcîi i trivås gb ji k`hbxeûh bn`ke`hij y bj
crédek` rbdjbfi debjnbhtb ji k`hbxeûh y bj in`r qub sb nihedbstir`h
bhtrb sî bh bsb n`nbht`.
 Ij rbijezir uh bxpbrenbht` sbnbfihtb k`h uhi nufbr jjinigi Bjjbh y
su kiaijj` W`h`pio, bj jia`rit`re` `asbrvû bj nesn` ehkrbnbht` gb
k`obrbhkei bhtrb ina`s nebhtris Bjjbh priktekiai ji tåkheki gb
ObirtNito gbh`nehigi Obirt J`kl-Eh® y bhveiai in`r i W`h`pio
(våisb  crédek` irreai) gbsgb gbhtr` gbj pekigbr`. Winaeåh bh bstb
kis` Bjjbh y su kiaijj` oiaîih bstiajbkeg` uhi k`hbxeûh gb d`rni
ehveseajb.
Kuihg` bhsbù` bstis geip`setevis bh nes prbsbhtike`hbs, oiy
pbrs`his i jis qub sb jbs sijtih uh p`k` jis jécrenis p`rqub jbs t`ki
ijcuhi deari pr`duhgi bh bj k`rizûh. J` så p`rqub i nî nb pisû ji
prenbri vbz qub ve geko`s crédek`s. Crikeis i bsti ehvbstecikeûh
p`gbn`s `asbrvir qub, kuihg` ji cbhtb prikteki ji k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki, sb cbhbri uh kinp` bhbrcåtek` qub dikejeti qub j`s gbnés
sb k`hbktbh tinaeåh k`h bj k`rizûh y sb krbb uhi k`obrbhkei s`keij.
 Bh ji iktuijegig crih pirtb gb hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs sb
k`hkbhtrih bh ji kebhkei gb ji ehtbrk`hbktevegig, k`h bj pr`pûset` gb
dikejetir uhi niy`r ehtbrk`hbxeûh bh bj nuhg` i hevbj gb k`rizûh isî
k`n` gb bxpj`rir bj p`tbhkeij gb ji k`obrbhkei cj`aij. Gig` qub bs
uh obko` aebh g`kunbhtig` qub tiht` i j`s ihenijbs k`n` i j`s
sbrbs ounih`s h`s idbktih j`s kinae`s bh bj kinp` nichåtek`
(bhbrcåtek`) tbrrbstrb, hubstr` bquep` gb ehvbstecikeûh bsté
rbijezihg` prubais s`arb ji oepûtbses gb qub ji ounihegig
ehtbriktöi, iktevinbhtb, k`h geko` kinp` nichåtek`.
Gb n`nbht`, hubstr`s bstuge`s oih gbskuaebrt` qub ji vireiaejegig
gb ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki ` j`s retn`s kirgîik`s gb j`s oiaetihtbs
oiaetih tbs gb
gestehtis z`his gbj pjihbti sb sehkr`hezih bdbktevinbhtb i j` jirc` gb
pbrî`g`s gb trbehti gîis, j` kuij bs ehgekitev` gb qub ji ounihegig
bsté sehkr`hezigi k`h kebrt`s retn`s gbj kinp` nichåtek`. (Bh
kipîtuj`s p`stbre`rbs h`s `kupirbn`s gb j`s ehtbrbsihtbs bstuge`s
s`arb ji k`obrbhkei cj`aij y s`keij).

Ji bnbrcbhkei gb ji k`hkebhkei gbj k`rizûh

Ji bnbrcbhkei gb uhi hubvi k`hkebhkei gbj k`rizûh vi nuko` nés
ijjé gb j` qub ji kebhkei bh cbhbrij ` ji gb ObirtNito bh pirtekujir 
pubgi oiabr gbskuaebrt` oisti bj n`nbht`. Bs ijc` qub sb pijpi bh
bj inaebhtb. Kigi vbz ipirbkbh nés k`hdbrbhkeihtbs, irtîkuj`s,
jear`s y pr`crinis qub oiajih gbj k`rizûh. Bh bj nuhg` bnprbsireij
sb oiaji kigi vbz nés gb ji enp`rtihkei gbj k`rizûh tiht` piri j`s
kirc`s bfbkutev`s k`n` piri ji itbhkeûh ij kjebhtb. Kuihg` ji cbhtb
gekb qub oiaji gbsgb bj k`rizûh, qub jb oikb kis` ij k`rizûh, qub
k`hbkti k`h bj k`rizûh ` qub secub j`s gektig`s gb su k`rizûh, t`g`
bs` bs kjirinbhtb ehgekitev` gb qub bsté bh iunbht` ji k`hkebhkei
bhbrcåteki gb ji enp`rtihkei gbj k`rizûh bh jis gbkese`hbs qub
t`nin`s bh hubstri vegi.
Kigi vbz nb bhkubhtr` k`h nés rbdbrbhkeis ij k`rizûh y i jis
kuijegigbs is`keigis i åj bh kinp`s bh j`s qub finés nb j` oiarîi
enicehig`, k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, bh ji puajekegig y bh bj nuhg` gb ji
bnprbsi. Ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb se bs p`rqub j` qub jbs n`tevi bs
ehkrbnbhtir sus vbhtis, j`s ihuhkeihtbs utejezih nés iaebrtinbhtb
drisbs b enécbhbs rbjike`higis k`h bj k`rizûh y k`h nbhsifbs
s`arb bj in`r, ji itbhkeûh p`r j`s gbnés y ji k`npiseûh.
N`venebht`s k`n` bj ]urp`sb Grevbh Nirlbtehc (nirlbtehc  `rebhtig`
 `rebhtig`
i uh pr`pûset`) y K`hske`us Kipetijesn (kipetijesn` k`hskebhtb) s`h
bfbnpj`s gb k`rrebhtbs aisigis bh bj k`rizûh qub bstéh kinaeihg`
jis tåkhekis k`nbrkeijbs.
Rhi hubvi ehtbrprbtikeûh gbj «k`rizûh¼, qub vi nés ijjé gb su
kiriktbrezikeûh nbrinbhtb dej`sûdeki y k`h drbkubhkei nbj`si, bsté
kigi vbz nés kbrki gb k`nprbhgbr qub bj k`rizûh bs uhi
ehtbjecbhkei gehéneki, k`hbktevi y krbitevi. Ij ehtbrk`hbktir y ijehbir 
gb d`rni k`obrbhtb j`s ispbkt`s dîsek`, bn`ke`hij, ehtuetev` y
bsperetuij gbj k`rizûh, sb pubgb gbsirr`jjir uhi hubvi d`rni gb
pbrkeaer, pbhsir, iktuir y rbjike`hirsb ‛j` qub h`s`tr`s jjinin`s
«vever kbhtrig`s bh bj k`rizûh¼.
Bstb jear` tebhb k`n` pr`pûset` iyugir i k`nprbhgbr quå bs ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh y kûn` ji p`gbn`s utejezir bh ji prékteki
piri bjbvir hubstr` hevbj vearike`hij, j` kuij h`s pbrnetb cbste`hir ji
bhbrcîi, gbsirr`jjir hubstr` p`tbhkeij supbre`r y jjbvir uhi vegi bh ji
qub h`s sehtin`s rbijezig`s. Tin`s i k`npirter préktekis y
k`hkbpt`s kjivb, ijcuh`s gb j`s kuijbs pubgbh rbsujtirtb
ehh`vig`rbs nebhtris qub `tr`s pubgb qub yi j`s oiyis ipjekig` bh
tu pr`pe` pr`kbs` pbrs`hij. Tin`s i pr`duhgezir s`arb j`s abhbdeke`s
gb iprbhgbr i rbkurrer i jis kipikegigbs gb geskbrhenebht` y
`rebhtikeûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh k`h bj deh gb ivihzir, bh bst`s
tebnp`s gb tihti trihsd`rnikeûh, k`h uhi niy`r kjiregig, o`jcuri y
irn`hîi.
@aveinbhtb, j`s pirigecnis h` sb pubgbh kinaeir gb uh gîi piri
`tr`, pbr`, i nbgegi qub ehkrbnbhtin`s ji bhbrcîi pjihbtirei gbj
k`rizûh isî k`n` hubstri k`nprbhseûh gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh, p`grbn`s rbdehir y pr`crbsir bh geko` pr`kbs` gb d`rni
k`jbktevi. Bh nes veifbs p`r Bstig`s Rheg`s, Bur`pi y Isei vb` qub
kigi vbz oiy nés pbrs`his, gb kinp`s pr`dbse`hijbs nuy gesteht`s,
bh jis qub sb pbrkeabh jis kuijegigbs gb uhi vegi aisigi bh bj
k`rizûh. Iuhqub rbsujtb gedîkej gb kuihtedekir, pbrkea` qub, bh nbge`
gb t`g`s j`s k`hdjekt`s y jukois qub bstéh pr`gukeåhg`sb, sb bsté
nihedbstihg` uhi hubvi k`hkebhkei y bspbrihzi qub sb gbfi
bhtrbvbr bh n`nbht`s kisuijbs b ehbspbrig`s. K`h drbkubhkei
`asbrv` uh kinae` kuijetitev` bh ji d`rni bh qub ji cbhtb sb
k`nuheki, j` kuij qubgi rbdjbfig` bh su inpjetug gb neris, su
rbspbt` i hevbj cbhbrij y su bspîretu gb k`jia`rikeûh. @asbrv` qub
bxestb uhi hubvi sehkr`hîi k`h vij`rbs bsbhkeijbs qub ji cbhtb
utejezi piri t`nir gbkese`hbs y bhd`kir sus ikke`hbs, t`g` j` kuij
rbsujti bspbkeijnbhtb bvegbhtb bh kûn` ji cbhtb rbikke`hi, ` h`
rbikke`hi, ihtb j`s rbt`s. Oiy vbkbs bh jis qub yi h` pirbkb qub j`s
n`gbj`s bn`ke`hijbs h`rnijbs y prbgbkeajbs secih prbvijbkebhg`.
Bj tbxt` secuebhtb rbk`cb ijcuhis gb jis `pehe`hbs gb G`k s`arb bj
kinae` pjihbtire` qub bstin`s bxpbrenbhtihg` y qub nb oih
iyugig` i k`nprbhgbr j` qub vbhc` `asbrvihg`.

 Ij nesn` tebnp` qub bj nuhg` k`hbkti kigi vbz nés k`h bj k`rizûh, bs
bvegbhtb qub iunbhti tinaeåh ji tbhseûh i hevbj cj`aij. ]`r t`g` bj pjihbti
kerkujih `hgis gb turaujbhkeis bn`ke`hijbs drut` gb hubstris rbspubstis
k`jbktevis ij tbrr`resn`, jis cubrris, ji sukbseûh gb jis sbquîis,
ehuhgike`hbs, t`rhig`s y gbnés kinae`s gb ji Webrri, isî k`n` i ji
ehbstiaejegig cbhbrijezigi bh bj nuhg`. Gekois `jbigis gb tbhseûh sb vbh
ehtbhsinbhtb p`tbhkeigis y inpjedekigis p`r j`s nbge`s gb k`nuhekikeûh,
j`s kuijbs nihtebhbh vev` uh gbsis`sebc` k`jbktev` kipiz gb bhturaeir 
hubstri d`rni gb pbhsir, sbhter y rbikke`hir i jis ehtbrikke`hbs gb ji vegi ‛
s`arb t`g` i hevbj bn`ke`hij.
]`r `tr` jig`, tiht` j`s nbge`s gb k`nuhekikeûh k`n` Ehtbrhbt h`s
ip`rtih uhi veseûh gbj nuhg` qub bsté cbhbrihg` nés in`r, gbgekikeûh y
k`npiseûh p`r j`s rbt`s qub idr`hti ji ounihegig i uh`s hevbjbs qub
huhki ihtbs sb oiaîih veveg` bh bstb pjihbti bh uh nesn` n`nbht`. Gekoi
ehdjubhkei sb rbdjbfi bh j`s nejbs gb kiusis s`keijbs qub surcbh seh kbsir 
crikeis i ji k`hbktevegig qub h`s dikejeti Ehtbrhbt bh ji iktuijegig. Oiy kigi
vbz nés cbhtb qub sb ehtbrbsi iktevinbhtb p`r j`s pr`ajbnis i hevbj cj`aij
k`n` pubgbh sbr ji gbsecuijgigbs s`keijbs y bk`hûnekis, jis rbd`rnis
sihetireis y p`jîtekis, ji bk`j`cîi, btk. Ji v`z gbj pubaj`, ji v`z gb su
k`rizûh, sb bsté ijzihg` y sb oikb bskukoir kigi vbz nés.
Ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb sus krbbhkeis rbjece`sis ` bsperetuijbs, bh cbhtbs
gb t`gis pirtbs gbj nuhg` bsté kigi vbz nés gbspebrti ji k`hkebhkei gbj
k`rizûh.
  Ij sbr kigi vbz niy`r bj hönbr` gb j`s qub k`hbktih k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei
gbj k`rizûh, sb bsté cbhbrihg` uhi bhbrcîi gb k`hbxeûh qub dikejeti qub
nés pbrs`his tinaeåh j` k`hsecih. Kuihg` uh` isunb su rbsp`hsiaejegig
y gbfi gb prbfuzcir y k`npirtenbhtir, jb gi dubrzi i bsb enpujs` gb
bhbrcîi qub k`hstetuyb ji k`hkebhkei gbj k`rizûh, j` kuij, i su vbz, rbgukb
bsi kipi gb bhbrcîi gbhsi qub sbpiri hubstr` bspîretu gb hubstri pr`pei
ounihegig y qub enpegb qub sb nihedebstb hubstr` p`tbhkeij supbre`r. ]iri
bst` sb rbquebrb iut`bnp`gbrinebht` y io`ri, nés qub huhki,
gesp`hbn`s gb nés dikejegigbs y p`seaejegigbs gb k`hsbcuerj`. K`h bj pis`
gbj tebnp`, ji t`hijegig cbhbrij gb ji k`hkebhkei k`jbktevi pisiré,
criguijnbhtb, gb ji supbrvevbhkei i ji pr`spbregig i nbgegi qub ji
ounihegig gbsirr`jjb nés jis kuijegigbs gb iniaejegig, k`npiseûh y
k``pbrikeûh bh t`gi bsti ivbhturi bv`jutevi.
Bs ji ivbhturi gbj gbskuarenebht` gbj p`gbr gbj k`rizûh.
9. NkKrity, Q., Itlehs`h, N., W`niseh`, G., & Arigjby, Q. W. «Wob k`obrbht
obirt6 Obirt-arieh ehtbrikte`hs, psyko`poyse`j`cekij k`obrbhkb, ihg tob
bnbrcbhkb `d systbn-wegb `rgbr¼. Ehtbcrij Qbvebw , 1==5, 2(1)62 (1)6 9=-992.
1. NkKrity, Q., bt ij., Wob bddbkts `d bn`te`hs `h so`rt-tbrn p`wbr spbktrun
ihijyses `d obirt ritb vireiaejety.
vireiaejety. In F Kirge`j , 9552, 34(97)6 9=?5-9=5;.
;. NkKrity, Q., «Wob Bhbrcbtek Obirt6 Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek K`nnuhekite`h
Setoeh ihg Abtwbbh ]b`pjb¼, bh Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek Nbgekehb, ]. F. Q`sko y
N. [. Nirl`v, bgs. 1==7, Nirkbj Gbllbr6 Hubvi U`rl, pp. 279-241.
7. NkKrity, Q., «Wob Bhbrcbtek Obirt6 Ae`nichbtek K`nnuhekite`h Setoeh ihg
Abtwbbh ]b`pjb¼, bh Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek ihg [uatjb Bhbrcy Nbgekehb,
1.ª bg., ]. F. Q`sko, bg., 1=92.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 1

 IWQEARW@[
 IWQEARW@[ GB JI EHWBJECBHKEI GBJ K@QIVÛH
p`r Gba`rio Q`znih

Tesuijezi ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh k`n` bsb djuf` gb k`hkebhkei,

k`nprbhseûh y `rebhtikeûh ehtuetevi qub bxpbrenbhtin`s kuihg` ji nbhtb
y jis bn`ke`hbs sb sehkr`hezih gb d`rni k`obrbhtb k`h bj k`rizûh.
Crikeis i bstb tep` gb ehtbjecbhkei, bj p`gbr gbj in`r uhevbrsij sb
nihedebsti bh jis ehtbrikke`hbs gb hubstri vegi ig`ptihg` uhis d`rnis
préktekis y isbqueajbs qub h`s ehgekih qub bxestb uh kineh` nés gerbkt`
oikei hubstri pjbhetug.
G@K KOEJGQB

[`h nuko`s j`s ispbkt`s gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh qub vin`s

i ia`rgir bh bstb jear` gbsgb gesteht`s éhcuj`s. Ji niy`rîi gb ji
cbhtb, ij oiajir gbj k`rizûh, sb rbdebrbh i ijc` nés qub nbrinbhtb
bj ûrcih` dîsek`. Rhi vbz, nebhtris bhsbùiai nbgetikeûh bh uhi
kjisb gb heù`s gb sebtb iù`s bh uhi bskubji pöajeki, jbs prbcuhtå6
«[bùijig k`h bj gbg` vubstr` vbrgigbr` y`¼, y t`g`s ipuhtir`h ij
k`rizûh p`rqub t`g`s sbhtîih qub bs` bs quebh rbijnbhtb s`h.
Ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb ji rizi, ji rbjeceûh ` bj crup` åthek` ij qub
sb pbrtbhbzki, gbsgb sebnprb t`g`s j`s pubaj`s k`ehkegbh bh qub
 bh bj k`rizûh bs g`hgb sb `recehi su bxestbhkei, su ehtuekeûh y su
siaegurîi. Bh ji niy`rîi gb jis jbhcuis bxestbh nbtéd`ris s`arb bj
k`rizûh gbj tep`6 «[ecub i tu k`rizûh¼, «]rbcöhtijb i tu k`rizûh¼ `
«Bhtråcitb i bjj` gb k`rizûh¼. ]iri nukois kujturis gb ji
 Ihtecúbgig k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, jis gb Nbs`p`tinei, Bcept`,
Aiaej`hei y Crbkei, bj k`rizûh bri bj nihihteij gb g`hgb nihiai ji
ehtbjecbhkei, y s`stbhîih qub bri bj prehkepij ûrcih` kipiz gb
ehdjubhkeir y gbtbrnehir hubstr`s sbhtenebht`s, hubstri n`rij isî
k`n` hubstri kipikegig gb t`nir gbkese`hbs, p`r t`g` j` kuij jb
k`hkbgîih uhi crih enp`rtihkei bn`ke`hij y n`rij i su
k`np`rtinebht`. I j` jirc` gb nejbs gb iù`s, jis gestehtis kujturis
gb t`g` bj pjihbti, seh siabr higi jis uhis gb jis `tris, k`ehkegbh
bh qub bj k`rizûh bs ji sbgb gb ji ehtbjecbhkei y bs quebh h`s cuîi
bh ji vegi.
 Ij prehkepe` gb j`s iù`s sbtbhti, kuihg` giai kjisbs gb psek`j`cîi
Cbstijt i igujt`s, nb ge kubhti gb qub ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh brih
g`s sestbnis gb ehtbjecbhkei k`npjbtinbhtb gesteht`s. [eh bnairc`,
bh iqubjji åp`ki h` k`hsbcuî bhk`htrir higi bh t`gi ji aeaje`cridîi
s`arb psek`j`cîi qub nb gebri uhi bxpjekikeûh i j` qub y` pbrkeaîi
bh ji cbhtb. Kuihg` ijcuh` gb nes ijunh`s tbhîi ijcöh k`hdjekt`
k`h uhi rbjikeûh ` ijcöh pr`ajbni jia`rij, jb k`j`kiai g`s k`fehbs
bh bj subj` y jb gbkîi qub sb enicehiri qub uh` gb j`s k`fehbs bri ji
nbhtb y, bj `tr`, bj k`rizûh. Bht`hkbs jb gbkîi qub sb sbhtiri bh bj
k`fîh qub rbprbsbhtiai ji nbhtb y qub, gbsgb ioî, jb oiajiri i su
k`rizûh. Rhi vbz oiaîi vbraijezig` sus pbhsinebht`s y
prb`kupike`hbs, jb gbkîi qub sb kinaeiri ij k`fîh gbj k`rizûh y qub
åstb jb bxpjekiri i ji nbhtb kuéj bri su puht` gb vesti gbj pr`ajbni
y j` qub sbhtîi. K`h drbkubhkei, `asbrviai qub bri k`n` se sb
tritiri gb g`s pbrs`his gestehtis oiajihg` gbsgb g`s hevbjbs gb
k`hkebhkei k`npjbtinbhtb gesteht`s. Bht`hkbs, jb gbkîi qub v`jvebri
i sbhtirsb bh bj k`fîh gb ji nbhtb y qub jb rbsp`hgebri ij k`rizûh
gbsgb ioî. Gbspuås gb ijtbrhir trbs ` kuitr` vbkbs gb uh k`fîh ij
`tr`, jb gbkîi ij ijunh` qub sb k`hbktiri k`h su k`rizûh y qub
gbfiri qub jb djuybri ji siaegurîi gbsgb ioî. [ebnprb sb h`tiai uh
kinae` bvegbhtb bh j` qub gbkîi. [b bxprbsiai k`h uhi bhbrcîi
nés pr`duhgi y gestehti, qub h` sûj` bj ijunh` bh kubsteûh seh` t`g`
bj rbst` gbj crup` pbrkeaîi tinaeåh. Bsis rbvbjike`hbs ehtuetevis qub
surcîih ij k`hbktir ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh ip`rtiaih uhi s`jukeûh ij
k`hdjekt` ` bxprbsiaih kuéj bri bj secuebhtb pis` qub bsi pbrs`hi
gbaîi t`nir. Ij `asbrvir bst` tihtîsenis vbkbs, qubgå k`hvbhkegi
gb qub bj k`rizûh tbhîi ji kipikegig gb ikkbgbr i uhi gbtbrnehigi
dubhtb gb ehtbjecbhkei.
 Ij k`h`kbr i G`k Koejgrb i nbgeig`s gb j`s iù`s `kobhti y `îrjb
oiajir gb «ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh¼, supb gb ehnbgeit` i quå sb
rbdbrîi iuhqub bsi tbrneh`j`cîi dubri hubvi piri nî. Kuihg` nb
ehvetû, fuht` i `tris pbrs`his, i k`htreauer k`h ji duhgikeûh gb uh
kbhtr` gb ehvbstecikeûh gb ji kebhkei gbj k`rizûh, ikbptå
bhtuseisnigi, p`rqub bsi pr`pubsti k`hk`rgiai k`h nes bstuge`s y
bxpbrebhkeis ihtbre`rbs s`arb bj tbni gbj k`rizûh.
 Ij eheke` gb hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs, h`s pjihtbin`s6 «°[b pubgb
nbger gb ijcuhi nihbri bsi k`hbxeûh bhtrb bj k`rizûh dîsek` y bj
bsperetuij0 °[`h j` qub ji cbhtb jjini ‚sbhtenebht`s gbj k`rizûh„ uh
ispbkt` nés gbj kbrbar` ` gbsbnpbùi tinaeåh ijcuhi duhkeûh bj
k`rizûh dîsek`0 °Bsté rbjike`hig` k`h ji ehtuekeûh0¼. Åstis s`h
ijcuhis gb jis kubste`hbs qub h`s pjihtbin`s ij duhgir bj kbhtr` gb
ehvbstecikeûh ObirtNito i prehkepe`s gb j`s iù`s h`vbhti, p`rqub
h`s pirbkîi enp`rtihtb p`gbr k`nprbhgbr kûn` sb k`nuhekih bj
k`rizûh y bj kbrbar` isî k`n` ehvbstecir quå pipbj gbsbnpbùi bj
k`rizûh bh ji bxpbrebhkei bn`ke`hij, bh ji ehtuekeûh y bh bj
iut`k`htr`j. ]iri bjj` sb k`hstetuyû uhi fuhti k`hsujtevi k`npubsti
p`r kebhtîdek`s gb rbh`narb bh kinp`s k`n` ji ehvbstecikeûh
kbrbarij, ji kirge`j`cîi, ji psequeitrîi, ji psek`j`cîi, ji dîseki b ji
ehcbhebrîi, t`g`s j`s kuijbs, i su vbz, n`strir`h su ehtbrås p`r 
ehvbstecir bh ijcuhi p`seajb k`hbxeûh bhtrb bj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh y
bj k`rizûh bsperetuij.
K`nbhzin`s hubstri ehvbstecikeûh g`kunbhtéhg`h`s s`arb j`s
öjten`s oijjizc`s bh j`s kinp`s gb hbur`j`cîi, hbur`kirge`j`cîi,
psek`j`cîi, dese`j`cîi, ae`quîneki
ae`quîneki y ae`dîseki. Ij oikbr uhi sîhtbses gb
jis ehvbstecike`hbs gb gekois geskepjehis, h`s s`rprbhgeû gbskuarer 
qub bj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh bhvîi ehd`rnikeûh ij kbrbar` y ij kubrp` i
trivås gb kuitr` k`hgukt`s6 bj sestbni gb k`nuhekikeûh hbur`jûcek`
(nbgeihtb jis vîis iskbhgbhtbs gbj sestbni hbrve`s` iutûh`n`)< ji
k`nuhekikeûh ae`dîseki (ji `hgi gbj pujs`)< ji ae`quîneki (bj k`rizûh
sbcrbci uhi sbreb gb o`rn`his)< y bj kinp` bjbktr`nichåtek` qub
cbhbri bj k`rizûh.2
Winaeåh gbskuaren`s qub hubstris sbhsike`hbs idbktih tiht` i ji
iktevegig dîseki gbj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh k`n` sb vbh idbktigis p`r 
bjji, isî k`n` qub j` qub sbhten`s k`hstetuyb ji kjivb piri iktevir 
«ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh¼.

Yuå bs ji ehtbjecbhkei
Bj tårneh` «ehtbjecbhkei¼ pr`vebhb gbj jitîh ehtbjjecbrb, qub sechedeki
‟bsk`cbr― ` ‟geskbrher―,
‟geskbrher ―, y gurihtb secj`s oi seg` is`keig` i k`hkbpt`s
nbtidîsek`s bhtrb j`s qub sb ehkjuybh jis tb`rîis gb ji ehn`rtijegig
gbj ijni.4 [eh bnairc`, oisti prehkepe`s gbj secj` __, jis
ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji «ehtbjecbhkei¼ s`h rbjitevinbhtb bskisis,
n`nbht` gbsgb bj kuij sb oih utejezig` nukois gbskrepke`hbs
k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, ji gb ji dikujtig gb tbhbr pbhsinebht` iastrikt`,
ji gb k`nprbhgbr, sbr k`hskebhtb gb uh` nesn`, k`nuhekirsb,
riz`hir, iprbhgbr, tbhbr k`h`kenebht` bn`ke`hij, kipikegig gb
nbn`rezir, pjihedekir, rbs`jvbr pr`ajbnis, y nukois nés. Qbsujti
ehtbrbsihtb `asbrvir qub hubstri k`nprbhseûh gb ji ehtbjecbhkei oi
eg` bv`juke`hihg` ij nesn` retn` qub bj gb ji k`hkebhkei gbj sbr 
ounih`.
Bh ji iktuijegig, s`h nukois jis gbdeheke`hbs gb ji ehtbjecbhkei
pr`pubstis p`r j`s bxpbrt`s, iuhqub h` bxestb rbijnbhtb uh
k`hsbhs` ij rbspbkt`. Bh nuko`s kîrkuj`s, ji ehtbjecbhkei qubgi
rbgukegi ij rbsujtig` gb uh tbst gb ehtbjecbhkei (KE), pbr` s`h
nukois ji v`kbs qub kretekih bj obko` gb rbstrehcer ji ehtbjecbhkei gb
uhi pbrs`hi i j` qub pubgi nbger uh tbst gb KE. Iuhqub h` hebcih
bj obko` gb qub geko`s tbst pubgbh prbgbker, aistihtb
k`rrbktinbhtb, kebrt`s tep`s gb gbstrbzis, s`stebhbh qub ij aisir 
t`g` hubstr` k`hkbpt` gb ji ehtbjecbhkei ounihi öhekinbhtb bh j`s
rbsujtig`s gb uh KE sb pisih p`r ijt` nuko`s `tr`s enp`rtihtbs
ispbkt`s gb hubstris kipikegigbs.3
 Bh 95?;, bh su jear` Drinbs `d Nehg , O`wirg Cirghbr sucebrb qub
bj sbr ounih` gesp`hb gb nöjtepjbs ehtbjecbhkeis6 ji jûceki, ji
jehcúîsteki, ji bspikeij, ji nusekij, ji kehbståseki, ji ehtripbrs`hij
(k`h`kbrsb i uh` nesn`), ji hiturijesti y ji ehtbrpbrs`hij (k`h`kbr i
j`s gbnés)? ‛j` kuij bxpihgeû jis pbrspbktevis gb j`s bgukig`rbs
k`h rbspbkt` i ji ehtbjecbhkei y ijcuhis bskubjis ehkjuybr`h geko`s
gesteht`s tep`s gb ehtbjecbhkei bh sus bhsbùihzis. I pirter gb t`g`
bjj` sb bv`juke`hû oikei uhi sbreb gb `pehe`hbs nés inpjeis k`h
rbspbkt` i ji ehtbjecbhkei.
Bh 9552, bh su ehh`vig`r jear` tetujig` Bn`te`hij Ehtbjjecbhkb ,
Gihebj C`jbnih bskreaeû j` qub ge` hikenebht` i uh hubv`
n`venebht` k`h bj qub sb sikiaih i ji juz hubstris bn`ke`hbs piri
p`hbrjis ihtb j`s `f`s gb hubstri k`hkebhkei. Bj bxoiustev` bstuge`
gb C`jbnih s`arb jis ehvbstecike`hbs gb ji hiturijbzi gb jis
bn`ke`hbs y gb ji ehtbjecbhkei rbvbjû qub bj åxet` qub `atbhcin`s
bh ji vegi gbpbhgb tiht`, ` ehkjus` nés, gb hubstri kipikegig gb
cbste`hir hubstris bn`ke`hbs, k`n` gb hubstri kipikegig ihijîteki
` ehtbjbktuij. Bj iut`r gbskuareû qub hubstri kipikegig gb
iut`cbste`hir y cbste`hir hubstris bn`ke`hbs rbsujti enprbskehgeajb
piri treuhdir tiht` bh uhi crih virebgig gb triaif`s k`n` bh
kubste`hbs k`n` bhtiajir y nihtbhbr rbjike`hbs gb inestig.5
Bstb triaif` gb C`jbnih pr`v`kû bj hikenebht` gb uh hubv`
kinp` gb ehgicikeûh kebhtîdeki gbh`nehig` «psek`j`cîi p`setevi¼,
aisig` bh ehvbstecike`hbs qub gbnubstrih qub j`s bstig`s gb
p`setevegig bn`ke`hij iunbhtih hubstri kipikegig gb pbhsir.
[bcöh ji tb`rîi Ar`igbh ihg auejg   (bxpihgb y k`hstruyb)
gbsirr`jjigi p`r Airairi Drbgrekls`h, jis bn`ke`hbs hbcitevis h`
pubgbh jjbvirh`s i bstig`s qub h`s pbrnetih ikbptir nöjtepjbs
puht`s gb vesti, qub h`s kipiketbh piri ji rbs`jukeûh gb pr`ajbnis
` qub ehkrbnbhtbh hubstri krbitevegig, seh` qub bs` sûj` sb
k`hsecub crikeis i bstig`s bn`ke`hijbs p`setev`s k`n` bj in`r ` ji
critetug.9= Iktuijnbhtb j`s ehvbstecig`rbs oiajih yi bh tårneh`s gb
«ehtbjecbhkei k`jbktevi¼ p`setevi i nbgegi qub gesteht`s crup`s
s`keijbs bv`juke`hih oikei bstig`s gb niy`r `rgbh, k`npjbfegig y
irn`hîi.
 Ij k`nebhz` gb hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj
 k`rizûh, bhsbùéain`s i j`s sufbt`s i priktekir tåkhekis gb
rbsperikeûh bhd`kéhg`sb bh bj k`rizûh i ji vbz qub cbhbriaih
sbhtenebht`s gb kireù`, in`r, ehtbrås p`r bj aebhbstir gb j`s gbnés
` k`npiseûh. Geko`s sufbt`s h`s ehd`rniaih i nbhug` gb qub
oiaîih bxpbrenbhtig` uh iunbht` gb ji ehtuekeûh y gb jis
rbvbjike`hbs ehtbrhis, j` kuij jbs oiaîi sbrveg` piri t`nir nbf`rbs
gbkese`hbs bh ji vegi geirei. Bst` h`s ge` ijis piri s`spbkoir qub
jis préktekis qub sb bhd`kih bh bj k`rizûh bstenujih hubstri
ehtbjecbhkei nés ijjé gb j`s nércbhbs h`rnijbs gb ji pbrkbpkeûh.
 Isenesn`, k`nprbhgen`s p`r quå nuko`s siae`ss iae`s y dejûs`d`s oiajih
gbsgb oikb tebnp` gb uhi ehtbjecbhkei ehtuetevi qub pr`p`rke`hi uhi
pbrkbpkeûh gerbkti, kjiri b ehgbpbhgebhtb gb j`s pr`kbs`s rike`hijbs
gb ji nbhtb. Gig` qub j` qub qubrîin`s bri gbskuarer jis vîis
dese`jûcekis, hubstr` secuebhtb pis` k`hsesteû bh `asbrvir kûn` sb
ehtbrk`nuhekih bj k`rizûh y bj kbrbar`.

Ehvbstecikeûh kirge`kbrbarij
H` dub oisti ji sbcuhgi netig gbj secj` __  kuihg` sb k`nbhzû i
ehvbstecir bh pr`duhgegig s`arb j`s ispbkt`s dese`jûcek`s gb ji
k`nuhekikeûh kirge`kbrbarij. Ui bh j`s iù`s sbsbhti y sbtbhti,
nbgeihtb su ehvbstecikeûh pe`hbri bh bstb kinp`, j`s deseûj`c`s
F`oh y Abitrekb Jikby gbn`strir`h qub jis d`rnis bh qub bj
k`rizûh sb k`nuheki k`h bj kbrbar` ehdjuybh bdbktevinbhtb tiht` bh
hubstri pbrkbpkeûh gbj nuhg` qub h`s r`gbi k`n` bh ji nihbri bh
qub ehtbriktuin`s k`h åj.99,91
Bh 9559, iù` bh qub sb ehiucurû bj ObirtNito Ehstetutb, bj Gr. F.
 Ihgrbw Irn`ur,
Irn`ur, pe`hbr` gb ji hbur`kirge`j`cîi,
hbur`kirge`j`cîi, ehtr`guf` bj
k`hkbpt` gb obirt arieh  (kbrbar` gbj k`rizûh)9; ij gbskuarer qub bj
ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh p`sbb su pr`pe`, k`npjbf` b ehtrîhsbk` sestbni
hbrve`s` qub oikb jis vbkbs gb uh kbrbar` y qub duhke`hi
ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gbj kbrbar` qub tbhbn`s bh ji kiabzi. [b oi
`asbrvig` qub geko` «kbrbar` gbj k`rizûh¼ bs kipiz gb sbhter,
pr`kbsir y k`gedekir ehd`rnikeûh p`r sî nesn`. Oiy prubais qub
gbnubstrih qub bs kipiz gb iprbhgbr isî k`n` gb nbn`rezir i
k`rt` y jirc` pjiz`, y qub gesp`hb gb hbur`pjistekegig. Isenesn`,
jis sbùijbs hbrve`sis iskbhgbhtbs qub bj k`rizûh jb bhvîi
k`hstihtbnbhtb ij kbrbar` ehtbriktöih
ehtbr iktöih y n`gedekih j`s kbhtr`s
k`chetev` y bn`ke`hij supbre`rbs,97 gb tij d`rni qub bj ehput 
kirgîik` bfbrkb uhi ehdjubhkei kjivb y sestbnéteki bh j`s pr`kbs`s
suayikbhtbs i hubstri pbrkbpkeûh, k`chekeûh y bn`ke`hbs. I hevbj
dîsek`, bj k`rizûh h` sûj` tebhb su pr`pei d`rni ehhiti gb ehtbjecbhkei
seh` qub, gbaeg` i su bxtbhsi k`nuhekikeûh k`h bj kbrbar` y bj
rbst` gbj kubrp`, gbtbrnehi iktevinbhtb hubstri nihbri gb pbhsir,
sbhter y rbikke`hir i hubstr` bht`rh`.99
 I gîi gb o`y, o`y, j`s kebhtîdek`s gesp`hbh gb nuko`s nés
k`h`kenebht`s s`arb jis duhke`hbs qub bj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh
gbsbnpbùi gb d`rni ehgbpbhgebhtb b ehtbjecbhtb, iuhqub h` d`rnbh
pirtb iöh gbj siabr gb ji p`ajikeûh cbhbrij he tinp`k` gbj pbrs`hij
sihetire` y gb `tr`s ehvbstecig`rbs.
Åst`s s`h ijcuh`s gb geko`s gbskuarenebht`s6

• Ihtbs gb qub sb d`rnb bj kbrbar` bh uh bnareûh, bj k`rizûh

k`nebhzi yi i jiter.
• Bxestb uhi k`nuhekikeûh aegerbkke`hij ehehtbrrunpegi bhtrb bj
kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh.
• Bs niy`r ji kihtegig gb ehd`rnikeûh qub bj k`rizûh jb bhvîi ij
kbrbar` qub ji qub bj kbrbar` jb bhvîi ij k`rizûh.
• Bj k`rizûh jb bhvîi ij kbrbar` uhis sbùijbs qub jb ehd`rnih gb
jis gbkese`hbs qub t`nin`s.
• Bj k`rizûh iyugi i sehkr`hezir nuko`s sestbnis gbj kubrp` piri
qub t`g`s bjj`s pubgih duhke`hir bh sehkr`hîi.
• Jis sbùijbs bhveigis p`r bj k`rizûh ehkegbh s`arb j`s kbhtr`s
kbrbarijbs rbjike`hig`s k`h bj pbhsinebht` bstritåcek`, j`s
rbdjbf`s y ji iut`rrbcujikeûh.
iut`rrbcujikeûh.

 Iut`rrbcujikeûh bn`ke`hij
 I prehkepe`s gb j`s iù`s h`vbhti, bh hubstr` kbhtr` gb ehvbstecikeûh
gbskuaren`s qub jis bn`ke`hbs hbcitevis ` bj bstrås
gbsehkr`heziaih p`r k`npjbt` bj sestbni hbrve`s` y qub, kuihg`
bst` sukbgîi, sb ijtbriai tinaeåh ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki y ji crédeki
qub j` rbprbsbhtiai bh bj n`het`r bri nuy errbcujir,92 j` kuij
ehkrbnbhtiai iöh nés bj hevbj gb bstrås s`arb bj `rcihesn` bh
cbhbrij y idbktiai tinaeåh i jis duhke`hbs nbhtijbs.
Bh kinae`, `asbrvin`s qub jis bn`ke`hbs p`setevis k`n` bj
kireù`, bj in`r, bj ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés y ji k`npiseûh
ehkrbnbhtiaih bj `rgbh y bj bquejeare` bh bj sestbni hbrve`s`, j` kuij
sb trigukîi bh retn`s kirgîik`s suivbs y irnûhek`s, y bh `hgis
nés sehus`egijbs (k`obrbhtbs). ]br` geko`s retn`s h` sûj` rbgukîih
bj hevbj gb bstrås seh` qub, gb obko`, p`tbhkeiaih bh j`s sufbt`s ji
kipikegig gb pbhsir k`h kjiregig y gb iut`rrbcujirsb su rbspubsti
bn`ke`hij.99
Gbskuaren`s qub, ij iprbhgbr i gbskedrir j`s nbhsifbs qub
rbkeaen`s gbj k`rizûh, hubstri pbrkbpkeûh ijkihzi bj hevbj gb
prbkeseûh hbkbsire` piri cbste`hir jis bn`ke`hbs gb d`rni bdekiz
kuihg` sb h`s pjihtbih pr`ajbnis bh ji vegi. Kuiht` nés
iprbhgbn`s i bskukoir y i oikbrjb kis` i hubstri ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh, nés bquejearigis y k`obrbhtbs sb vubjvbh hubstris
bn`ke`hbs. Rh sufbt` p`sbb tihti nés ehtbjecbhkei bn`ke`hij
kuiht` nés oiyi iprbhgeg` gb ji siaegurîi b ehtbjecbhkei gb su
k`rizûh. Ji iusbhkei gbj bdbkt` rbcujig`r gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh pr`v`ki qub ji nbhtb kieci dékejnbhtb prbsi gb bn`ke`hbs
rbiktevis k`n` ji ehsbcuregig, ji riaei y bj rbpr`kob, igbnés gb
`tris rbikke`hbs y k`hguktis qub h`s ic`tih ji bhbrcîi. Qbsujti
bvegbhtb qub ji iut`rrbcujikeûh bn`ke`hij h`s dikejeti bj ikkbs` i ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh. Isenesn`, sb pr`gukb uh ehkrbnbht` gb ji
kjiregig nbhtij y gb ji ehtuekeûh kuihg` jis pbrs`his iprbhgbh i
kinaeir i uh retn` kirgîik` nés k`obrbhtb, j` kuij jbs p`tbhkei ji
kipikegig gb bskukoir y k`hbktir nés pr`duhginbhtb k`h jis
ehgekike`hbs ehtuetevis gb su k`rizûh.94
Ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh y ji psek`j`cîi
Kuihg` bstugeiai psek`j`cîi bh ji Rhevbrsegig gb Koekic`, h`s
bxpjekir`h ji tbripei k`chetev`-k`hguktuij (WKK), uhi rini gb ji
psek`tbripei qub pbrnetb qub jis pbrs`his kinaebh su pbrkbpkeûh y
sus pbhsinebht`s k`h rbspbkt` i uhi setuikeûh ` uh ik`htbkenebht`
gbtbrnehig`s, j` kuij, bh tb`rîi, gbabrîi sbrverjbs tinaeåh piri
kinaeir su bstig` bn`ke`hij. Iuhqub ji WKK sb nihtebhb k`n` bj
tep` gb tbripei nés utejezigi o`y bh gîi y, piri nuko`s, bs ji nés
bdbktevi pubst` qub oi seg` gb crih iyugi piri nejj`hbs gb
pbrs`his, ij ecuij qub ji niy`rîi gb j`s nåt`g`s, h` rbsujti ecuij gb
bdekiz piri t`g` bj nuhg`. Jis krbbhkeis bn`ke`hijbs qub tbhbn`s
pr`duhginbhtb irriecigis k`hsecubh s`kivir hubstr` pbhsinebht`
rike`hij y k`hkbptuij. K`h drbkubhkei, uh prenbr pis` krukeij piri
vbhkbr jis rbsestbhkeis bn`ke`hijbs k`hsestb bh k`hkbhtrirh`s bh
hubstri pr`pei k`hkebhkei bn`ke`hij y ikbptir j` qub sbhten`s seh
prbfuzcirj`, j` kuij h`s iarb bj k`rizûh piri qub ji ehtbjecbhkei
ehtuetevi gbj k`rizûh pbrneti qub sb h`s iari ehtbre`rnbhtb uhi
veseûh nés inpjei y h`s sihb tiht` i hevbj nbhtij k`n` bn`ke`hij.
]iri qub seci ivihzihg` ji k`hkebhkei ounihi, tiht` i hevbj
ehgeveguij k`n` k`jbktev`, bs krukeij qub gbsirr`jjbn`s ji kipikegig
gb cbste`hir jis bn`ke`hbs, h` rbpreneåhg`jis seh` pbrneteåhg`jbs
qub sb trihsd`rnbh bh sbhtenebht`s y pbrkbpke`hbs gb niy`r 
kijegig. Aisti k`h defirh`s bh ji oest`rei piri `asbrvir qub uhi niji
cbsteûh gb jis bn`ke`hbs sb trigukb sebnprb bh rbpr`kobs, `ge` y
rbprbsijeis, j` kuij cbhbri ehtbrnehiajbs kîrkuj`s veke`s`s gb
sudrenebht` bh hubstr` pjihbti. Ij iprbhgbr i bskukoir nés
itbhtinbhtb i hubstri ehtuekeûh y ji siaegurîi gb hubstr` k`rizûh,
sb gbsirr`jji bj p`gbr gb trihsd`rnir j`s pbhsinebht`s y jis
bn`ke`hbs bh pbrkbpke`hbs hubvis, j` kuij h`s kipiketi iöh nés
piri bsk`cbr quå tep` gb rbikkeûh bn`ke`hij qubrbn`s bh jucir gb
qub h`s sijtb bj n`g` rbiktev` gb d`rni iut`néteki. ]`gbn`s
iprbhgbr i rbk`h`kbr quå bn`ke`hbs y iktetugbs h`s ic`tih, y
rbbnpjizirjis p`r `tris qub sbih rbcbhbritevis y h`s ip`rtbh
 pbrspbktevis nés ejustrigis. Gekoi oiaejegig bs uh` gb j`s
prehkepijbs abhbdeke`s gb jis préktekis qub h`s pbrnetbh ikkbgbr i ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh.
[br kipiz gb geskbrher bhtrb jis piutis qub h`s `drbkb bj k`rizûh
y jis krbbhkeis nbhtijbs y bn`ke`hijbs qub subjbh k`hgeke`hir 
hubstr`s pbhsinebht`s pubgb k`hstetuer t`g` uh rbt`. Bs uh ijeve`
siabr qub kuiht` nés h`s bfbrketbn`s bh geskbrher bhtrb j`s
k`hsbf`s gbj k`rizûh y ji pbrsuiseûh gb ji nbhtb, nés dékej h`s
rbsujtiré k`hsbcuerj`. Iuhqub ij prehkepe` h`s pirbzki k`npjekig`, b
ehkjus` i vbkbs gbsijbhtig`r, k`h ji prékteki p`gbn`s iprbhgbr i
pbrkeaer qub bj t`h` ` ji kuijegig gb ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh s`h
gesteht`s gb ji gb j`s pbhsinebht`s k`hkbptuijbs ` gb j`s gbsb`s y
jis krbbhkeis bn`ke`hijbs.
]ubgb qub tb oiyis gig` kubhti, k`n` i nî nb pisû oikb iù`s,
qub ij oikbrjb kis` i j` qub krbîis qub bri ji v`z gb tu k`rizûh ois
ikiaig` p`r nbtbrtb bh uh pr`ajbni. ]`r bfbnpj`, pubgb qub
oiyis sbhteg` uh k`squejjb` bh bj bstûnic` y sb tb oiyi ikbjbrig`
bj k`rizûh ij pbhsir bh uhi keti qub tbhîis k`h ijcuebh gbtbrnehig`
pbr` qub, ij dehij, ji k`si sijebri nij. Bs dékej k`hduhger ji ehtuekeûh
gbj k`rizûh k`h uhi sbhsikeûh bn`ke`hij y gbfirh`s kiutevir p`r 
bjji. I aisb gb pr`air y bquev`kirnb, iprbhgî qub bsi itrikkeûh h`
sebnprb pr`vbhîi gb ne iutåhtek` k`rizûh.
Bj k`rizûh subjb susurrirh`s k`h uh sbhteg` k`nöh s`sbcig`.
 Ik`stunari i sbr bj k`rizûh bj qub h`s gekb6 «H` så se ikbptir bsb
triaif` i pbsir gbj sijire` tih ijt` qub nb `drbkbh¼. ]br` bht`hkbs
ji nbhtb gbkegb ikbptirj` p`rqub, p`r rbcji cbhbrij, h`s teri nés bj
gehbr` qub bj k`rizûh oisti qub k`hsbcuen`s gbsirr`jjir p`r 
k`npjbt` hubstri kipikegig gb geskbrhenebht`. Ji nbhtb tebhgb i
rike`hijezir hubstr`s gbsb`s y rbikke`hbs. K`n` gekb ne ineci
 Iny6

Kuihg` k`hsec` k`htr`jir jis `pehe`hbs y rbikke`hbs gb ji nbhtb, nb

sebht` fustedekigi ij sbhternb bhdigigi. ]br` ne k`rizûh bs k`npjbtinbhtb
gesteht` ‛nés tebrh` y nés sbhkejj`‛. ]br` piri oikbrjb kis` ij k`rizûh
oiy qub sbr vijebhtb. ]ubgb qub bj k`rizûh tb geci6 «H` jb gbs
 enp`rtihkei i bs`¼ ` «Gåfij`¼, pbr`, p`r `tr` jig`, tb bhtri nebg` gb qub
ijcuebh sb sijci k`h ji suyi ` qub ijcuebh bh k`hkrbt` tb nikoiqub vev`.
]br` kuihg` uh` bs j` sudekebhtbnbhtb vijebhtb k`n` piri oikbr j` qub jb
gekb bj k`rizûh, sb sebhtb nbf`r y bs k`n` se jis k`sis sijebrih nbf`r 
tinaeåh.

Tin`s i p`hbr ijcuh`s bfbnpj`s gb kûn` gestehcuer se bs ji kiabzi

` bj k`rizûh bj qub h`s oiaji6

Bh bj k`kob i uhi o`ri puhti. Ji kiabzi6 ¡Yuå o`rr`r gb trédek`!

]br` °bs qub bs bsb ege`ti bj qub h`s bsté drbhihg` i t`g`s0
°Oisti kuéhg` vih i bspbrir piri bhsihkoir bsti kirrbtbri0
¡Yuå n`rr`, bsti qub nb oi k`rtig` bj pis`! Bj k`rizûh6 J`s
k`kobs sb n`vbréh kuihg`
k uihg` pubgih. H` cihis higi p`heåhg`tb gb
nij oun`r y nijcistihg` ji bhbrcîi. ]`h ji rige` y bskukoi uh
p`k` gb nöseki.

Bh bj triaif`. Ji kiabzi6 ]br` °queåh sb oi krbîg` qub bs åsti0

¡]br` quå ehfustekei, qub jb gbh i bjji t`g`s j`s pr`ybkt`s aubh`s y
i nî nb gbfbh j`s rbst`s! ¡Yuå riaei nb gi! Bj k`rizûh6 [å qub j`
bsté pisihg` nij y qub quebrb oikbrsb h`tir, pbr` y` tbhc` qub
nihtbhbrnb bh kijni, h` gbfirnb itripir p`r ijc` qub h` vi
k`hnec` y h` nbtbr nés keziùi. Yuezés s`y y` quebh tebhb qub
kinaeir gb iktetug. Krb` qub ji v`y i ehvetir i k`nbr.

Kuihg` tb ik`stunarbs i defirtb bh ji gedbrbhkei gb rbcestr` bhtrb

bsis g`s v`kbs, pubgb qub ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh tb pirbzkih g`s
bnes`ris gb rige` k`npjbtinbhtb gestehtis. Kuihg` seht`hezis k`h
ji gbj k`rizûh, kinaeis gb iktetug y j` qub auskis s`h rbspubstis
qub sb igiptbh nbf`r i ji setuikeûh bh su t`tijegig. K`h bst` ji
nbhtb sijb cihihg` p`rqub sb vubjvb nés riz`hiajb. Ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh jb ip`rti uhi veseûh nés cj`aij qub jb
pbrnetb gbkeger quå bs j` nbf`r piri h`s`tr`s pbr` bh irn`hîi k`h
ji k`jbktevegig.
Winaeåh ob iprbhgeg` qub ji nbf`r nihbri gb nihtbhbrnb
bquejearigi bn`ke`hijnbhtb y gbsoikbrnb gb isuht`s seh rbs`jvbr 
bs ikkbgebhg` i ne k`rizûh y priktekihg` ji k`npiseûh p`r nî
nesni, p`r j`s gbnés, isî k`n` bj kireù` y ji iniaejegig. Gekois
préktekis, ij rbijezirjis gbsgb bj k`rizûh, nb oih iyugig` i
gestehcuer, piujitehinbhtb, jis ehtueke`hbs gbj k`rizûh gb nes
prbdbrbhkeis ` prb`kupike`hbs nbhtijbs y bn`ke`hijbs. Bh
hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs obn`s `asbrvig` qub sb `atebhbh
rbvbjike`hbs ehtuetevis tiht` nés drbkubhtbnbhtb kuiht` nés bh
seht`hîi bstå bj ehgevegu` k`h j`s vij`rbs aések`s gbj k`rizûh. [ubjb
bxpbrenbhtirsb bh d`rni gb uhi vbj`z `jbigi gb ehtuekeûh qub sb
iktevi kuihg` uh` sebhtb kireù`, k`npiseûh ` iniaejegig cbhuehis.
]`r bfbnpj`, nukois pbrs`his gekbh qub bs nuy aubh` bskreaer uh
geire` gb critetug. Gbskuaren`s qub ji critetug ` bj kireù`, s`h ikt`s
ehtbjecbhtbs  nés bdbktev`s qub dikejetih `atbhbr jis rbspubstis i
hevbj ehtbre`r (h` s`h nbrinbhtb ijc` kireù`s` ` dej`sûdek`).
Winaeåh nukois pbrs`his sb servbh gb ijcöh tep` gb `rikeûh ` gb
nbgetikeûh piri egbhtedekir j`s nbhsifbs gb ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh.
Öjteninbhtb sb oi obko` nuy din`si ji prékteki gbj nehgdujhbss,
k`h ji qub uh` iprbhgb i `asbrvir j`s pbhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s
seh fuzcirj`s he egbhtedekirsb k`h bjj`s. ]riktekir ji «iniaejegig k`h
kireù`¼ dikejeti iöh nés bs`s rbsujtig`s y k`hstetuyb, isenesn`, uh
enp`rtihtb ispbkt` gbj nehgdujhbss.
F`oh Liait-Vehh, iut`r gb nuko`s jear`s s`arb nehgdujhbss,
bskreab6

Ji k`hkebhkei, qub p`grîin`s k`npirir k`h uh kinp` gb ehtbjecbhkei

k`npisevi qub sb j`kijezi bh bj k`rizûh, j` iseneji t`g` y k`hstetuyb uhi
dubhtb gb piz bh nbge` gb ji k`hduseûh, gb ji nesni d`rni qub uhi nigrb
rbprbsbhti uhi dubhtb gb piz, k`npiseûh y pbrspbktevi kuihg` su oef` sb
bhdigi, p`rqub siab qub bs` sb jb pisiré i su oef`, kuijquebri qub sbi ji
kiusi gb su bhdig` y, p`r bjj`, jb ip`rti aebhbstir, sbcuregig y piz gbsgb
su pr`pei bxestbhkei. I nbgegi qub ipjekin`s bj nehgdujhbss  bh hubstr`
pr`pe` k`rizûh, p`gbn`s bhd`kir uh sbhtenebht` sbnbfihtb gb k`npiseûh
 bh h`s`tr`s nesn`s.93

Jjbciré uh n`nbht` bh qub ji ounihegig sb pbrkitb gb qub bj

k`rizûh k`htebhb uh piqubtb gb s`dtwirb  gb uhi ehtbjecbhkei
supbre`r qub oi seg` gesbùig` piri ip`rtirh`s jis piutis ehtuetevis
qub hbkbsetin`s k`h `afbt` gb s`rtbir j`s bsk`jj`s gb ji vegi y
sbcuer ivihzihg`. Kigi vbz s`h nés j`s qub sb kbhtrih bh bj
k`rizûh piri oijjir nés s`jiz y djuer nés bh ji vegi. Ji ehtbjecbhkei
bn`ke`hij d`rni pirtb gb bs` pbr`, ehstehtevinbhtb, ji cbhtb siab
qub bj k`rizûh bs nuy ehtbjecbhtb p`rqub, gb j` k`htrire`, h` sb
gerîih k`sis k`n`6 «Kuihg` yi h` sbpis gûhgb auskir nés
rbspubstis, prbcöhtijb i tu k`rizûh¼. ¡J` kure`s` bs p`r quå h`
bnpbzin`s gerbktinbhtb p`r ioî bh vbz gb auskir prenbr` p`r 
t`gis pirtbs!
Bh j`s prûxen`s kipîtuj`s ip`rtin`s nés ehd`rnikeûh s`arb
hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji ehtbjecbhkei ehhiti gbj k`rizûh, jis
kuijbs h`s oih pbrneteg` k`nprbhgbr kûn` gekoi ehtbjecbhkei
sehtbtezi `tris d`rnis gb ehtbjecbhkei piri p`gbr k`hvbrterh`s bh j`
qub rbijnbhtb s`n`s.
2. NkKrity, Q., Itlehs`h, N., W`niseh`, G., y Arigjby, Q. W. «Wob k`obrbht
obirt6 Obirt-arieh ehtbrikte`hs, psyko`poyse`j`cekij k`obrbhkb, ihg tob
bnbrcbhkb `d systbn-wegb `rgbr¼. Ehtbcrij Qbvebw , 1==5, 2(1)6 9=-992.
4. ]revitbbr, ]. N., Ehvbhtehc ehtbjjecbhkb6 I s`keij oest`ry `d snirt , F`oh Sejby
& [`hs, 1==?.
3. Sbehabrc, Q. I., «Ehtbjjecbhkb ihg EY6 Jihgnirl essubs ihg crbit gbaitbs¼.
 Inbrekih ]syko`j`cest , 95?5, 77(1)6 5?.
?. Cirghbr, O., Drinbs `d Nehg , Hubvi U`rl, Aisek A``ls, 95?2.
5. C`jbnih, G., Bn`te`hij Ehtbjjecbhkb  Hubvi U`rl, Aihtin A``ls, 9552.
9=. Drbgrekls`h, A. J., «Wob r`jb `d p`setevb bn`te`hs eh p`setevb psyko`j`cy.
Wob ar`igbh-ihg-auejg tob`ry `d p`setevb bn`te`hs¼.  Inbrekih ]syko`j`cest ,
1==9. 24(;)6 19?-114.
99 . Jikby, A. K. y F.E. Jikby, «[tugebs `d obirt ritb ihg `tobr a`gejy pr`kbssbs
eh sbhs`ren`t`r aboive`r¼ bh Kirge`viskujir ]syko`poyse`j`cy6 Kurrbht 
Essubs eh Qbsp`hsb Nbkoihesns, Ae`dbbgaikl, ihg Nbto`g`j`cy , ]. I.
@arest, bt ij., bgs., 9537, Ijgehb, Koekic`, pp 2;?-247.
91 . Jikby, F. E. y A.K. Jikby, «Ww`-wiy k`nnuhekite`h abtwbbh tob obirt ihg
tob arieh6 [echedekihkb `d tenb wetoeh tob kirgeik kykjb¼.  Inbrekih
]syko`j`cest , 953?, 55-99;.
9; . Irn`ur, F. I., «Ihit`ny ihg duhkte`h `d tob ehtrito`rikek hbur`hs
rbcujitehc tob ninnijeih obirt¼, bh Qbdjbx K`htr`j `d tob Kerkujite`h , E. O.
Vuklbr y F. ]. Cejn`rb, bgs., 9559, KQK ]rbss, A`ki Qit`h, pp 9-;3.
97. NkKrity, Q. y D. [oiddbr, «Obirt Qitb Tireiaejety6 Hbw ]brspbktevbs `h
]oyse`j`cekij
]oyse`j`cekij Nbkoihesns, Issbssnbht `d [bjd-Qbcujit`ry Kipikety, ihg
Obijto Qesl¼. Cj`a Igv Obijto Nbg , 1=92, 7(9)6 74-49.
9299. NkKrity, Q., bt ij., «Wob bddbkts `d bn`te`hs `h so`rt-tbrn p`wbr 
spbktrun ihijyses `d obirt ritb vireiaejety¼.  In F Kirge`j , 9552, 34(97)6
9=?5-9=5;.
94. NkKrity, Q., N. Itlehs`h, y Q. W. Arigjby, «Bjbktr`poyse`j`cekij bvegbhkb
`d ehtuete`h6 ]irt 1. I systbn-wegb pr`kbss0¼ F. Ijtbrh K`npjbnbht Nbg ,
1==7, 9=(1)6 ;12-;;4.
93. Liait-Vehh, F. y W. H. Oiho, Dujj kitistr`pob jevehc6 Rsehc tob wesg`n `d 
y`ur a`gy ihg nehg t` dikb strbss, pieh, ihg ejjhbss , Gbjti, 1==5.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ ;
BJ K@QIVÛH EHWREWET@
p`r Q`jjeh NkKrity

Kise t`g`s h`s obn`s bhk`htrig` bh setuike`hbs bh jis qub, i pbsir 

gb sbhter qub bj k`rizûh h`s ehgekiai kuéj bri ji nbf`r `pkeûh, h`s
obn`s gbfig` jjbvir p`r j`s nebg`s ` gbsb`s gb ji nbhtb y, nés
igbjihtb, obn`s tbheg` qub rbk`hsegbrirj` t`g` y rbs`jvbr j`s
pr`ajbnis i j`s qub h`s oiaîi jjbvig` gekoi gbkeseûh. Bh bj kipîtuj`
ihtbre`r sb gbdehb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh k`n` «bj djuf` gb
k`hkebhkei, k`nprbhseûh y `rebhtikeûh ehtuetevi qub sb bxpbrenbhti
kuihg` ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs sb sehkr`hezih gb d`rni k`obrbhtb
k`h bj k`rizûh¼. Wiht` p`r bxpbrebhkei pr`pei k`n` ij `asbrvir i j`s
gbnés, nb ob gig` kubhti gb qub ji dijti gb seht`hîi bhtrb j` qub
h`s gekb ji nbhtb y j` qub ehtbhti trihsneterh`s sejbhke`sinbhtb bj
k`rizûh ehtuetev` pubgb k`hstetuer uhi gb jis niy`rbs kiusis gb
bstrås qub, seh bnairc`, h` sb rbk`h`kb k`n` tij. Bs k`n` se teririh
gb h`s`tr`s bh sbhteg`s `pubst`s. J`s crebc`s k`hsegbriaih qub
bst`s ispbkt`s k`htrigekt`re`s puchih gb d`rni pbrnihbhtb p`r bj
k`htr`j gb hubstri bxpbrebhkei ehtbre`r.
ehtbre`r. ]brs`hijnbhtb ob gbskuaebrt`
qub ji ehtuekeûh h` tebhb p`r quå sbr ijc` ijbit`re` ` duciz, he bstir 
bh k`hstihtb bhdrbhtinebht` k`h ji nbhtb. Ji prékteki h`s pbrnetb
ikkbgbr i hubstri ehtuekeûh k`n` pirtb ehtbcrij gb ji t`ni gb
gbkese`hbs bh hubstri vegi geirei.
 Iuhqub bh bstb kipîtuj` vin`s i k`nbhtir arbvbnbhtb
arbvbnbhtb ijcuhis gb
jis ehtbrbsihtbs ehvbstecike`hbs kebhtîdekis s`arb ji ehtuekeûh
rbijezigis tiht` p`r ObirtNito k`n` p`r `tris pbrs`his, ihtbs
k`hvebhb k`nbhtir jis gbdeheke`hbs nés k`nuhbs qub sb gih gbj
tårneh` «ehtuekeûh¼. ]r`vebhb gbj jitîh eh-tuer , qub sb pubgb triguker 
k`n` «nerir, k`hsegbrir ` k`h`kbr gbsgb gbhtr`¼. Ji niy`rîi gb j`s
gekke`hire`s ji gbdehbh k`n` «ji oiaejegig gb k`nprbhgbr ` siabr 
ijc` seh uh riz`hinebht` k`hskebhtb¼. Ji k`nuhegig kebhtîdeki subjb
gbdeherji k`n` «uh k`npjbf` k`hfuht` gb pr`kbs`s k`chetev`s y
k`rp`rijbs ehtbrrbjike`hig`s gbj qub, ij pirbkbr, h` d`rni pirtb bj
pbhsinebht` rike`hij y v`juhtire`¼.9?

Wep`s gb ehtuekeûh
 I j` jirc` gb ji oest`rei, ji
j i niy`r pirtb gb jis ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb
ji ehtuekeûh sb oih bhd`kig` bh ispbkt`s purinbhtb k`chetev`s `
nbhtijbs gb ji pbrkbpkeûh bh j`s qub ji ehtuekeûh sb k`rrbsp`hgb k`h
pr`kbs`s enpjîket`s y k`h ji nbn`rei enpjîketi. [eh bnairc`, geko`
tep` gb ehtuekeûh bs uhi duhkeûh gbj ehk`hskebhtb qub ikkbgb i kebrti
ehd`rnikeûh yi bxestbhtb y ijnikbhigi bh bj kbrbar` pbr` qub h`
rbk`rgin`s ` h` s`n`s k`hskebhtbs gb oiabrji iprbhgeg`.
]`r rbcji cbhbrij, bh j`s kîrkuj`s kebhtîdek`s sb gi p`r véjeg` qub bj
kbrbar` utejezi g`s sestbnis gesteht`s gb pr`kbsinebht` ‛j` qub sb
k`h`kb k`n` ji tb`rîi gbj pr`kbs` guij‛. Bj prenbr` gb bjj`s bs
ehk`hskebhtb, iut`nétek` b ehtuetev`< pr`kbsi ji ehd`rnikeûh nuy
répeginbhtb auskihg` senejetugbs bhtrb j` qub bstin`s `ybhg` `
vebhg` piri, ikt` sbcueg`, ehtbhtir is`keirj` i rbkubrg`s
ehk`hskebhtbs gbj pisig`. ]`r j` tiht`, rbquebrb gb uhi rbjitevinbhtb
pbqubùi kihtegig gb rbkurs`s nbhtijbs.9
Qbkubrg` qub, gb heù`, pisiai tbnp`rigis k`h ne iaubj`, bj
nbkéhek` gbj pubaj`, y qub nb is`nariai bj obko` gb qub dubri
kipiz gb siabr ehnbgeitinbhtb j` qub jb pisiai i uh k`kob ` i uh
kineûh «senpjbnbhtb bskukoéhg`jb bj rueg` gbj n`t`r¼ bh puht`
nubrt`. Kuihg` ijcuebh tebhb nukoi bxpbrebhkei bh ijcöh kinp`
gbtbrnehig`, sb pubgbh pr`guker gekois ehtueke`hbs enpjîketis p`rqub
bj kbrbar` bs kipiz gb rbk`h`kbr, k`h ripegbz y gb d`rni
ehk`hskebhtb, j`s ehgeke`s rbjbvihtbs y is`keirj`s k`h `tr`s qub jb
rbsujtih dinejeirbs. Bh kinae`, bj sbcuhg` sestbni gb pr`kbsinebht`
qub utejezi bj kbrbar` bs rbjitevinbhtb jbht` y ihijîtek`. Bs bj sestbni
k`h bj qub t`nin`s k`hkebhkei gb hubstr`s pbhsinebht`s s`arb uhi
setuikeûh ` pr`ajbni gbtbrnehig`s.
J`s pr`kbs`s enpjîket`s tinaeåh pubgbh ip`rtir, bh pirtb, uhi
bxpjekikeûh gb j` qub bh kîrkuj`s kebhtîdek`s sb subjb gbh`nehir eh-
secot   «rbvbjikeûh¼ «pr`duhgi k`nprbhseûh¼. Kuihg` h`s
bhdrbhtin`s i uh pr`ajbni ij qub h` k`hsbcuen`s bhk`htrirjb
s`jukeûh gb ehnbgeit`, pubgb qub `ptbn`s p`r «ipirkirj`¼ gb
n`nbht`, pbr` bj kbrbar` secub triaifihg` s`arb åj gbsgb bj
suak`hskebhtb. ]`r bfbnpj`, kuihg` bstin`s bh ji gukoi,
k`hgukebhg` ` oikebhg` ijc` qub h` tebhb higi qub vbr k`h geko`
pr`ajbni, gb rbpbhtb sb h`s nihedebsti ji s`jukeûh bh ji nbhtb
k`hskebhtb ‛bs` bs uh « ehsecot ¼ (rbvbjikeûh) ehtuetev`, uh «¡Bs` bs!¼,
uh «¡Burbli!¼. Iuhqub j`s pr`kbs`s enpjîket`s k`hstetuybh uh tep` gb
ehtuekeûh enp`rtihtb y drbkubhtb, ijcuh`s kebhtîdek`s k`hsegbrih qub
s`h bj öhek` ispbkt` gb ji ehtuekeûh. [eh bnairc`, j`s oijjizc`s nés
rbkebhtbs sucebrbh qub h` bs isî.
 Igbnés gbj ispbkt` gb ji ehtuekeûh qub k`hstetuyb ji nbn`rei
enpjîketi, bxestbh `tr`s g`s tep`s gb sbhseaejegigbs qub subjbh
icrupirsb aif` bj tårneh` gb ehtuekeûh y qub pubgbh jjbvir i
k`hduseûh, s`arb t`g` se oiajin`s gb uhi ehtuekeûh
e htuekeûh nés pr`duhgi qub
h`s k`hbkti k`h ji siaegurîi y k`hsbf`s pr`vbhebhtbs gb uhi
genbhseûh supbre`r gb h`s`tr`s nesn`s. Bh ji Decuri 9 (pécehi
secuebhtb) sb rbprbsbhtih j`s trbs tep`s gb ehtuekeûh6 ji nbn`rei
enpjîketi qub ikia` gb nbhke`hir fuht` k`h uh sbcuhg` ispbkt`
jjinig` «sbhseaejegig bhbrcåteki¼, isî k`n` uh tbrkbr` gbh`nehig`
«ehtuekeûh h` j`kij¼.95
 Decuri9. J`s trbs tep`s gb sbhseaejegigbs qub sb utejezih

piri gbskreaer bj tårneh` «ehtuekeûh¼.

[bhseaejegig bhbrcåteki
Bj k`hkbpt` gb sbhseaejegig bhbrcåteki sb rbdebrb i ji kipikegig gbj
kubrp` y gbj sestbni hbrve`s` gb gbtbktir sbùijbs bjbktr`nichåtekis
y gb `tr`s tep`s gb bhbrcîi bh hubstr` bht`rh`.1= Bsti jîhbi gb
ehvbstecikeûh sb ehekeû bh hubstr` jia`rit`re` i prehkepe`s gb j`s iù`s
h`vbhti. I riîz gb uh bstuge` s`arb bj icui, gbskuaren`s qub bstb
jîqueg` pr`gukb uh «bdbkt` gb inpjeikeûh¼ gb jis sbùijbs nichåtekis
gåaejbs, pbr` qub gekoi kipikegig vireiai sbcöh bj nihihteij gb
g`hgb pr`kbgebri bj icui. [iabg`rbs gb qub bj k`rizûh cbhbri uh
 kinp` nichåtek` gbtbktiajb k`h nichbtûnbtr`s gb prbkeseûh i
vire`s nbtr`s gb gestihkei gbj kubrp`, i Nelb Itlehs`h, hubstr` fbdb
gb jia`rit`re`, y i nî sb h`s `kurreû ehvbstecir se sb p`gîi gbtbktir ji
drbkubhkei kirgîiki gb uhi pbrs`hi bh uh vis` gb icui. ]iri bjj`,
k`j`kin`s uh bjbktr`g` bh uh vis` gb icui, bj kuij, i su vbz,
k`j`kin`s gbjihtb gbj pbko` gbj sufbt` pbr` seh qub jjbciri i
t`kirjb. ¡U bj bxpbrenbht` duhke`hû! K`hskebhtbs gb qub bj ?= % gbj
kubrp` ounih` sb k`np`hb gb icui, hubstr` secuebhtb pis`
rbsujtiai bvegbhtb6 qubrîin`s vbr se sb p`gîi gbtbktir ji drbkubhkei
kirgîiki gb uh sufbt` bh bj kubrp` y kbrbar` gb `tr` y,
bdbktevinbhtb, isî dub, j` kuij, i su vbz, k`hguf` i t`gi uhi sbreb gb
bxpbrenbht`s
bxpbrenbht`s qub k`hdernir`h qub ji sbùij bjbktr`nichåteki qub
errigei bj k`rizûh oikei bj bxtbre`r pubgb sbr gbtbktigi p`r `tris
pbrs`his y ihenijbs qub bståh kbrki. Ijcuh`s bfbnpj`s kure`s`s yi
oih seg` bxpjekig` bh bj kipîtuj` 9 (F`so y su pbrr` Niabj< Bjjbh y su
kiaijj` W`h`pio).
Bh ji secuebhtb disb gb hubstr` bstuge` k`hsbcuen`s gbn`strir qub
bh bj kinp` nichåtek` gbj k`rizûh bsté k`gedekig` hubstr` bstig`
bn`ke`hij, j` kuij, bsbhkeijnbhtb, sechedeki qub bxestb uh sutej pbr`
ehdjuybhtb sestbni gb k`nuhekikeûh bjbktr`nichåtek` ` «bhbrcåtek`¼
 fust` p`r gbaif` gb hubstr` hevbj gb pbrkbpkeûh k`hskebhtb, y qub
h`s k`hbkti k`h j`s gbnés i hevbj gb bhbrcîi, j` kuij bxpjeki hubstri
kipikegig gb sbhter ` prbsbhter ji prbsbhkei gb `tri pbrs`hi ` gb su
bstig` bn`ke`hij ihtbs gb rbkeaer hehcuhi sbùij gb su jbhcuifb
k`rp`rij he gb su t`h` gb v`z.;
 Isenesn`, `tr` bfbnpj` gb bstb tep` gb ehtuekeûh s`h jis pbrs`his
sbhseajbs i j`s kinae`s qub sb pr`gukbh bh bj kinp` nichåtek` gb
ji Webrri, nukois gb jis kuijbs bxpbrenbhtih niy`r ihsebgig, diteci
` k`hduseûh nbhtij gurihtb jis t`rnbhtis s`jirbs ` nichåtekis. Gb
obko`, j`s git`s `atbheg`s bh hubstri ehvbstecikeûh sucebrbh qub j`s
kinae`s gb retn` bh bj kinp` nichåtek` gb ji Webrri h`s idbktih i
t`g`s, iuhqub i ijcuh`s nés qub i `tr`s.19
Ehtuekeûh h` j`kij
Rh` gb j`s k`nbhtire`s nés drbkubhtbs gbsgb oikb iù`s bhtrb jis
pbrs`his qub jjbvih tebnp` priktekihg` jis tåkhekis gb ObirtNito bs
qub jbs oi iunbhtig` h`tiajbnbhtb ji ehtuekeûh y qub bxpbrenbhtih
kigi vbz nés sehkr`hekegigbs. J`s hunbr`s`s kis`s qub ob
bskukoig` s`h kjir`s bfbnpj`s gb uh tep` gb ehtuekeûh qub h` sb
aisi bh k`h`kenebht`s prbve`s u `jvegig`s (pr`kbs`s enpjîket`s) he
bh uhi sbhseaejegig ij ehput  nbge`inaebhtij
 nbge`inaebhtij (sbhseaejegig bhbrcåteki).
 I bstb tep` gb ehtuekeûh j` gbh`nehin`s «ehtuekeûh h` j`kij¼ p`rqub
trihskebhgb j`s jînetbs h`rnijbs gbj tebnp` y bj bspike`. Rh bfbnpj`
tîpek` gb ehtuekeûh h` j`kij qub nb kubhti ji cbhtb bs qub uhi
pbrs`hi sebhtb ijc` y, gb d`rni bsp`htéhbi, sb ikubrgi ` pebhsi bh
ijcöh inec` ` ineci gbj pisig` k`h ji qub h` oi k`htiktig` he bh ji
qub oi pbhsig` gbsgb oikb nuko` tebnp`. I j`s p`k`s gîis, subhi
bj tbjåd`h` y, ¡queåh se h`!, bs fustinbhtb bsi pbrs`hi ji qub bsté ij
ipirit`.
@tr`s bfbnpj`s drbkubhtbs gb ehtuekeûh h` j`kij sb pr`gukbh kuihg`
ijcuebh tebhb uhi kjiri sbhsikeûh gb qub ijc` vi i sukbgbr, `
kuihg` uhi nigrb sebhtb qub i su oef` ` oefi jb oi pisig` ijc` ` oi
tbheg` uh ikkegbhtb, iuhqub sb bhkubhtrb bh ji `tri puhti gbj nuhg`
` gb ji keugig. Gbsgb oikb p`k`s iù`s tbhc` bj prevejbce` gb triaifir 
k`h vireis icbhkeis gb sbcuregig y, kuihg` jbs prbsbht` hubstris
ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji ehtuekeûh h` j`kij, kise sebnprb ijcöh icbhtb
k`nbhti qub bsb tep` gb ehtuekeûh jb oi sijvig` ji vegi i ijcuebh.
Oikb p`k`s iù`s hubstr` jia`rit`re` gb ehvbstecikeûh rbkeaeû ji
veseti gb Gbih Qigeh, ]o.G y rbsp`hsiajb gbj Ehstetutb `d H`btek
[kebhkbs, bj kuij h`s n`strû j`s rbsujtig`s gb uh bstuge` qub
ikiaiai gb gerecer y bh bj qub sb `asbrviai qub bj sestbni hbrve`s`
iutûh`n` gb j`s sufbt`s ihijezig`s rbikke`hiai ihtbs gb n`strirjbs
uhis d`t`s sbjbkke`higis ijbit`reinbhtb y qub susketiaih
rbspubstis bn`ke`hijbs ` aebh bn`tevis ` aebh trihquejezihtbs.11
Gb ehnbgeit` k`nprbhgen`s qub geko` pr`t`k`j` h`s ip`rtiai uhi
obrrinebhti gb crih rec`r piri ehvbstecir ij nbh`s ijcuh`s ispbkt`s
gb ji ehtuekeûh h` j`kij p`r j` qub, bh j`s nbsbs secuebhtbs,
inpjein`s geko` bxpbrenbht` iùigeåhg`jb ijcuh`s pirénbtr`s piri
gbtbrnehir kuéhg` y gûhgb rbcestriai bj kubrp` ji ehd`rnikeûh
ehtuetevi s`arb ijcöh ik`htbkenebht` dutur` y kûn` sb gestreauîi p`r 
t`g` bj kubrp`, bj kbrbar` y bj sestbni hbrve`s`. ]iri nbger ji
iktevegig gbj sestbni hbrve`s` iutûh`n`, bj Gr. Qigeh sb oiaîi
kbhtrig` bh j`s hevbjbs gb k`hguktihkei kutéhbi, j`s kuijbs virîih
sbcöh j`s kinae`s qub sb pr`guzkih bh bj sestbni hbrve`s`
senpétek`. [eh bnairc`, bh hubstr` prenbr bstuge`, igbnés gb
geko`s hevbjbs gb k`hguktihkei kutéhbi (HKK), ehkjuen`s piri kigi
sufbt` nbgeke`hbs gb sus `hgis kbrbarijbs (BBC), gb ji iktevegig
bjåktreki gb su k`rizûh (BKC) y gb ji vireiaejegig gb su retn`
kirgîik` (TDK).1;,17
Bh bj prenbr` gb uhi aitbrîi gb bstuge`s, 14 igujt`s k`h crih
bxpbrebhkei bh nihtbhbrsb bh bstig`s gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki
nbgeihtb jis tåkhekis gb ObirtNito, k`npjbtir`h t`g`s j`s pr`kbs`s
gbj bstuge` bh g`s `kise`hbs, k`h uhis g`s sbnihis gb sbpirikeûh
bhtrb sî. Ji netig gb j`s sufbt`s k`npjbtir`h j`s pr`kbs`s gbspuås
gb oiabr pbrnihbkeg` 9= nehut`s bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki nbgeihtb ji tåkheki gbh`nehigi Obirt J`kl-Eh® gb
ObirtNito, nebhtris qub ji `tri netig gbj crup` k`npjbtû bj
bxpbrenbht` seh oikbr bj Obirt J`kl-Eh. ]iri ji sbcuhgi r`hgi gb
nbgeke`hbs ehvbrten`s

bj `rgbh gb j`s crup`s k`h bj deh gb k`npr`air se bj obko` gb bstir 

bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei sb rbjike`hiai k`h ijcuhi gedbrbhkei bh
j`s rbsujtig`s, ijc` qub s`spbkoéain`s qub dubri p`seajb yi qub,
bh `tr`s bstuge`s ihtbre`rbs, oiaîin`s oijjig` qub ij bstir bh
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki ihtbs gb ehekeir uhi tirbi gbtbrnehigi nbf`riai
bj rbhgenebht` isî k`n` ji k`hkbhtrikeûh gb j`s sufbt`s.12
J`s sufbt`s krbîih qub pirtekepiaih bh uh bstuge` gb rbikke`hbs gb
bstrås ihtb gesteht`s tep`s gb d`t`cridîis y h` siaîih higi gbj
iutåhtek` pr`pûset` gbj bxpbrenbht`. [b sbhtû i kigi uh` gb j`s
sufbt`s gbjihtb gb uh `rgbhig`r y sb jbs ehgekû qub pujsirih bj ritûh
kuihg` bstuvebrih prbpirig`s piri k`nbhzir kigi uhi gb jis
prubais. Ij pujsir bj a`tûh gbj ritûh, ji pihtijji gbj `rgbhig`r 
pbrnihbkîi bh ajihk` gurihtb sbes sbcuhg`s, n`nbht` bh bj kuij,
gbspuås gb oiabrjbs rbcestrig` j`s git`s dese`jûcek`s, uh pr`crini
bspbkeij sbjbkke`hiai ij izir bj tep` gb d`t`cridîi qub sb jbs
n`striai, yi dubri uh` qub pr`gufbri uhi dubrtb rbikkeûh bn`ke`hij
` uh bstig` gb trihquejegig. Ji d`t` bh kubsteûh pbrnihbkîi trbs
sbcuhg`s bh ji pihtijji (våisb  Decuri 1), gbspuås gb j` kuij ji
pihtijji v`jvîi i qubgir bh ajihk` gurihtb `tr`s 9= sbcuhg`s. Ikt`
sbcueg`, ipirbkîi uh nbhsifb bh bj n`het`r qub ehgekiai ij sufbt`
qub, kuihg` bstuvebri prbpirig`, pujsiri gb hubv` bj ritûh piri
k`nbhzir ji secuebhtb prubai.
 Bh kigi uhi gb jis g`s sbse`hbs gbj bxpbrenbht`, i j`s sufbt`s sb
jbs n`strir`h 72 enécbhbs, ;= gb jis kuijbs yi oiaîih gbn`strig`
tbhbr uh bdbkt` rbjifihtb bh bxpbrenbht`s ihtbre`rbs, nebhtris qub
jis `tris 92 brih jis qub tbhîih qub pr`guker uhi ehtbhsi rbikkeûh
bn`ke`hij.

Decuri 1. N`htifb piri bj bxpbrenbht` s`arb pbrkbpkeûh ehtuetevi h` j`kij. [b k`j`kû i j`s
sufbt`s ihtb uh n`het`r gb `rgbhig`r y sb jbs ehgekû qub iprbtirih uh a`tûh kuihg`
bstuvebrih prbpirig`s piri k`nbhzir kigi uhi gb jis prubais. Ij pujsirj`, ji pihtijji
pbrnihbkîi bh ajihk` gurihtb 4 sbcuhg`s. Ikt` sbcueg`, ipirbkîi uhi enicbh
sbjbkke`higi ij izir gb uh` gb j`s g`s crup`s gb enécbhbs (trihquejezihtbs ` bn`tevis) y
pbrnihbkîi ; sbcuhg`s bh pihtijji, gbspuås gb j` kuij sbcuîih `tr`s 9= sbcuhg`s seh
enicbh bh ji pihtijji. Wris bsti piusi gb rbkupbrikeûh, ipirbkîi uh nbhsifb bh bj n`het`r 
qub ehgekiai i j`s pirtekepihtbs qub k`nbhzirih ji sbcuhgi prubai kuihg` bstuvebrih
prbpirig`s. Bh bstb bstuge` sb negebr`h jis rbikke`hbs ehtuetevis (prbveis ij bstînuj`)
gurihtb bj trin` gb 4 sbcuhg`s gb pihtijji bh ajihk` ihtbs gb qub bj pirtekepihtb pugebri
vbr ji enicbh bn`tevi ` trihquejezihtb sbjbkke`higi ij izir.

 Ijcuh`s gb j`s rbsujtig`s gb bstb bxpbrenbht` rbsujtir`h

ehtrecihtbs y dubr`h puajekig`s bh g`s g`kunbht`s sbpirig`s
p`rqub oiaîi gbniseig`s git`s piri rbuherj`s bh uh öhek`
g`kunbht`. Åst`s s`h j`s puht`s prehkepijbs. Bh bj bstuge` sb
`asbrvi qub tiht` bj k`rizûh k`n` bj kbrbar` pirbkbh rbkeaer y
rbikke`hir i ji ehd`rnikeûh s`arb ji kuijegig bn`ke`hij gb ji enicbh
ihtbs gb qub bj `rgbhig`r ji ouaebri sbjbkke`hig` ij izir. ]`r 
gbkerj` gb `tr` n`g`, bj k`rizûh y bj kbrbar` rbikke`hih ihtb uh
ik`htbkenebht` dutur` ihtbs gb qub sb pr`guzki ‛nés
k`hkrbtinbhtb, 7,? sbcuhg`s ihtbs gb qub bj `rgbhig`r 
sbjbkke`hiri ji enicbh ij izir.4,3
izir.4,3
Qbk`rgbn`s qub j`s git`s dese`jûcek`s sb rbk`cîih ihtbs gb qub bj
`rgbhig`r sbjbkke`hiri ij izir ji enicbh qub ipirbkîi bh bj n`het`r.
n`het`r.

Decuri ;. Qbikkeûh gbj k`rizûh prbvei ij bstînuj`. Bj crédek` nubstri jis nbgeis crupijbs gb
vireiaejegig gb ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki y gb jis rbspubstis gb hevbjbs gb k`hguktihkei
kutéhbi. Bj «=¼ bh bj bfb tbnp`rij k`rrbsp`hgb ij n`nbht` bh bj qub sb nubstrih jis d`t`s
p`r prenbri vbz, kuihg` j`s sufbt`s vbh uhi enicbh trihquejezihtb ` bn`tevi. Jis
rbspubstis prbbstenujikeûh qub rbprbsbhtih ji ehtuekeûh h` j`kij sb gih bh bj pbrî`g` bhtrb
 ‛4 y = sbcuhg`s. [b vb kjirinbhtb qub ji nuy sechedekitevi gedbrbhkei bhtrb jis rbspubstis
TDK bh bj pbrî`g` prbbstenujikeûh ihtbs gb ji ipirekeûh gb jis d`t`s trihquejezihtbs `
bn`tevis k`nebhzi i gevbrcer uh`s 7,? sbcuhg`s ihtbs gb qub j`s sufbt`s vbih j is d`t`s. Bh
kinae`, rbsujti s`rprbhgbhtb qub h` sb pr`gufbri uhi gedbrbhkei sechedekitevi bh jis
nbgeke`hbs gb k`hguktihkei kutéhbi gurihtb bj pbrî`g` gb prbbstenujikeûh.
 Nés enpiktihtbs iöh dubr`h j`s git`s qub gbn`striaih qub bj
k`rizûh rbkeaîi ji ehd`rnikeûh ihtbs qub bj kbrbar`. Gig` qub
oiaîin`s rbcestrig` tiht` jis `hgis kbrbarijbs k`n` bj
bjbktr`kirge`crini, pugen`s rbijezir uh ihéjeses nés pr`duhg`
gbh`nehig` «bstuge` gb p`tbhkeijbs kirgîik`s bv`kig`s¼, bj kuij j`
qub pbrnetb bs rbcestrir bj djuf` ` jis vîis p`r jis qub veifih jis
sbùijbs hbur`hijbs gbsgb bj k`rizûh i jis gestehtis z`his gbj
kbrbar`. J` enp`rtihtb gb bst` bs qub sb gbskuareû qub,
gbpbhgebhg` gb ji kirci bn`ke`hij gb ji enicbh qub eai i
pr`ybktirsb, bj k`rizûh bhveiai uh k`hfuht` gedbrbhtb gb sbùijbs
hbur`jûcekis ij kbrbar` ihtbs gb qub bh bstb öjten` sb pr`gufbri
ijcuhi rbikkeûh prbbstînuj` bh kuijquebri gb sus z`his. Bh kinae`,
ij p`k` gb jjbcir ij kûrtbx dr`htij jis sbùijbs pr`kbgbhtbs gbj
k`rizûh bs kuihg` surcb bh bj kbrbar` uh k`hfuht` kjir` gb sbùijbs
prbbstenujikeûh.
Bj ihéjeses tinaeåh ge` k`n` rbsujtig` qub, se j`s sufbt`s bstiaih
yi bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki ihtbs gb ehekeirsb bj
bxpbrenbht`, jis sbùijbs bhveigis p`r bj k`rizûh pr`gukîih uh`s
kinae`s nuko` nés ehtbhs`s bh jis z`his dr`htijbs gbj kbrbar`, j`
kuij bs ehgekitev` gb qub, kuihg` bj sufbt` sb bhkubhtri bh uh
bstig` gb niy`r k`obrbhkei ihtbs gbj bxpbrenbht`, seht`hezi nés
k`h ji ehd`rnikeûh ehtuetevi gbj k`rizûh. W`g`s bst`s rbsujtig`s
rbsujti g`s su-
cebrbh kjirinbhtb qub bj k`rizûh y bj kbrbar` bstéh k`hbktig`s
k`hbkti g`s k`h
uhi dubhtb gb ehd`rnikeûh qub h` `pbri sbcöh bj aeh`ne` kjések`
kjé sek` gb
tebnp` y bspike`, j` kuij, bh dîseki, sb gbh`nehi «prehkepe` gb ji h`
j`kijegig¼. Bst`s bxpbrenbht`s tinaeåh sucebrbh qub, kuiht` nés sb
prikteki bj pbrnihbkbr bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, nés
prbkesi bs hubstri seht`hîi k`h bsi dubhtb gb ehd`rnikeûh.
ehd`rnikeûh.
 Isenesn` sb `atuvebr`h rbsujtig`s ehtbrbsihtbs bh Eréh, bh uh
bxpbrenbht` p`stbre`r s`arb ehtuekeûh h` j`kij bh bj qub j`s sufbt`s
pirtekepihtbs bh bj bstuge` brih rbk`h`keg`s bnprbhgbg`rbs. Bh bstb
kis` sb ipjekir`h j`s nesn`s pr`kbgenebht`s qub bh hubstr` bstuge`
(enécbhbs trihquejezihtbs y bn`tevis) pbr` iùigeåhg`jb uh bjbnbht`
enp`rtihtb. Bh prenbr jucir rbijezir`h bj bxpbrenbht` k`h 92 sufbt`s,
j` kuij k`hdernû j`s rbsujtig`s gb hubstr` pr`pe` bstuge`.
 [bcueginbhtb, oekebr`h uh sbcuhg` bxpbrenbht` k`h ;= sufbt`s,
pbr` bsti vbz bh  pirbfis  y rbijezihg` jis nesnis tirbis ij nesn`
tebnp` k`h bj deh gb gbtbrnehir se bj bdbkt` gb ehtuekeûh h` j`kij
p`grîi «inpjedekirsb¼ nbgeihtb uhi k`hbxeûh s`keij. @asbrvir`h qub
bh jis pirbfis sb pr`gukîi uh bdbkt` prbbstenujikeûh
k`hsegbriajbnbhtb nés p`tbhtb qub bh j`s sufbt`s iesjig`s, p`r j`
qub j`s iut`rbs bskreaebr`h6 «… bspbkeijnbhtb j`s kinae`s bh ji
drbkubhkei kirgîiki pubgbh rbprbsbhtir uh prbk`h`kenebht` ehtuetev`,
obko` h`tiajb p`rqub k`hstetuyb uhi k`rr`a`rikeûh trihskujturij.
 Isenesn`, j`s rbsujtig`s gb jis pirbfis gb k`pirtekepihtbs `drbkbh
hubvis prubais gb ji inpjedekikeûh gb ji sbùij gb ehtuekeûh h`
j`kij¼.14
Bst`s bstuge`s, fuht` k`h `tr`s nés, ip`rtih prubais k`hvehkbhtbs
gb qub nöjtepjbs ehvbstecig`rbs oih k`hsbcueg` gbn`strir bj obko`
gb ji ehtuekeûh h` j`kij bh recur`sis k`hgeke`hbs gb
bxpbrenbhtikeûh.13,1? Igbnés, oih gbn`strig` rbpbteginbhtb qub
ji iktevegig kirgîiki pirbkb sbr bj nbf`r ehgekig`r dese`jûcek` gb
ehd`rnikeûh h` j`kij.15
Bh kebrt` n`g`, gesp`hbn`s gb uhi ehd`rnikeûh qub bskipi i
hubstr`s bsqubnis h`rnijbs gb pbhsinebht` bh tårneh`s gb
bspike`-tebnp`. Iuhqub sb oih gbsirr`jjig` vireis tb`rîis kebhtîdekis
bh uh ehtbht` gb k`nprbhgbr nbf`r kûn` sb pubgb ikkbgbr i gekoi
ehd`rnikeûh, j` kebrt` bs qub iöh higeb siab rbijnbhtb bh quå
k`hsestbh rbijnbhtb j`s nbkihesn`s bspbkîdek`s piri k`hbktir k`h
ji ehd`rnikeûh h` j`kij.
K`n` obn`s nbhke`hig` ihtbre`rnbhtb, s`h nukois jis
pbrspbktevis y bhsbùihzis qub, i j` jirc` gb j`s secj`s y
pr`kbgbhtbs gb gestehtis kujturis, sb rbdebrbh ij k`rizûh k`n` bj
puht` gb ikkbs` i hubstri ijni ` hubstri dubhtb supbre`r gb
siaegurîi. Iuhqub h` p`gbn`s idernir qub jis ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb
ji ehtuekeûh h` j`kij qub ikiain`s gb gbskreaer gbnubstrbh ji
bxestbhkei gbj ijni ` qub bxestb uhi dubhtb uhevbrsij gb ehtbjecbhkei,
sî qub s`h ehgekitevis gb qub, seh gugi ijcuhi, bj k`rizûh bsté
k`hbktig` i uhi dubhtb gb ehtbjecbhkei qub s`arbpisi j`s jînetbs gbj
tebnp` y bj bspike`. Yuezés bs qub ji kebhkei bstå i puht` gb
k`hdernir qub gbsgb sebnprb oih bstig` bh j` kebrt` ji niy`rîi gb
j`s ek`h`s oestûrek`s gb jis trigeke`hbs bsperetuijbs gb ji Webrri.
Webrri.
Hubstri tb`rîi bs qub bxestb uhi k`hbxeûh bhtrb bj ûrcih` gbj
k`rizûh y bj k`rizûh bhbrcåtek` ` bsperetuij qub k`hstetuyb uh puht`
gb ikkbs` i uhi `rebhtikeûh ehtuetevi qub bs nuko` nés bxpihsevi b
ehkjusevi qub j`s pr`kbs`s enpjîket`s. Bh hubstr` jia`rit`re`,
utejezin`s bj tårneh` gb «sestbnis bhbrcåtek`s¼ piri rbdbrerh`s i
bsis duhke`hbs qub s`n`s ehkipikbs gb nbger, t`kir ` vbr 
gerbktinbhtb tijbs k`n` hubstr`s sbhtenebht`s, pbhsinebht`s b
ehtueke`hbs. I pbsir gb qub gekois duhke`hbs sb k`rrbsp`hgbh
kjirinbhtb k`h gbtbrnehig`s n`gbj`s gb iktevegig ae`jûceki,
pbrnihbkbh seh bnairc` ehisbqueajbs piri hubstr`s sestbnis
gerbkt`s gb nbgekeûh y `asbrvikeûh. Ijcuh`s gbstikig`s kebhtîdek`s
pr`p`hbh qub gekois duhke`hbs sb gbsirr`jjih prehkepijnbhtb bh bj
kinp` gb jis drbkubhkeis (ehtbrikke`hbs gb bhbrcîi), bj kuij, p`r 
gbdehekeûh, bsté nés ijjé gbj aeh`ne` bspike`-tebnp`.91,;=,;9,;1
bspike`-tebnp`.91,;=,;9,;1
Bh rbsunbh, tiht` hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs k`n` hubstri
bxpbrebhkei pbrs`hij ip`yih ji oepûtbses gb qub bj k`rizûh
bhbrcåtek` gesp`hb gb uh`s kihijbs qub j` k`nuhekih k`h bj ûrcih`
gbj k`rizûh, bj kuij, i su vbz, trisjigi gekoi ehd`rnikeûh ehtuetevi i
j`s kbhtr`s kbrbarijbs gb jis bn`ke`hbs y ij kûrtbx dr`htij gbj
kbrbar`. Bh bj secuebhtb kipîtuj` tritirbn`s s`arb ji nihbri bh qub
jis sbùijbs pr`kbgbhtbs gbj k`rizûh pubgbh n`gujir hubstri
pbrkbpkeûh y hubstris bn`ke`hbs.
 Iprbhgbr i gbsirr`jjir hubstri k`hbxeûh ehtuetevi k`h hubstris
dikujtigbs supbre`rbs bs uh pr`kbs` trihsd`rnike`hij qub h`s
pbrnetb ikkbgbr i uhi dubhtb supbre`r gb ehd`rnikeûh qub djuyb oisti
bj kbrbar` y ji nbhtb i trivås gbj k`rizûh bhbrcåtek` piri ip`rtirjbs
uhi ehd`rnikeûh pbrnihbhtbnbhtb iktuijezigi gb hubstris
pbrkbpke`hbs. H`s pr`p`rke`hi j` qub jjinin`s «ehtuekeûh prékteki¼,
crikeis i ji kuij gesp`hbn`s gb niy`r k`hkebhkei b ehtuekeûh kuihg`
gbabn`s t`nir gbkese`hbs y, p`r j` tiht`, k`hsbcuen`s bsk`cbr j`
qub qubrbn`s oikbr ` kûn` qubrbn`s rbikke`hir, bh jucir gb
oikbrj` gbpbhgebhg` gb hubstr`s ihtecu`s y bstrbsihtbs n`gbj`s gb
k`hgukti. Gbsgb hubstr` puht` gb vesti, åsti bs ji duhkeûh nés
enp`rtihtb gb ji ehtuekeûh.
Ehtuekeûh prékteki
 Ij iprbhgbr i cbhbrir bstig`s gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki piri ikkbgbr 
i hubstri ehtbjecbhkei ehtuetevi sb pubgbh bvetir nuko`s pih`rinis
bstrbsihtbs isî k`n` trihsetir k`h niy`r djuegbz p`r bhtrb j`s rbt`s
qub ji vegi h`s pjihtbi i geire`. Ji prékteki gb ji k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki gurihtb uh`s p`k`s nehut`s vireis vbkbs ij gîi pbrnetb qub
hubstri hiturijbzi nbhtij y bn`ke`hij rbsp`hgih gb ji d`rni nés
riz`hiajb y bdbktevi p`seajb ihtb t`gis jis setuike`hbs qub sb h`s
prbsbhtih bh ji vegi ‛yi sbih crihgbs rbt`s ` setuike`hbs h`rnijbs
` krbitevis‛. Ji ehtuekeûh bs ji v`z gb «quebh gb vbrgig s`n`s¼.

 I k`htehuikeûh bhunbrirbn`s ijcuhis setuike`hbs préktekis bh jis

h`s pubgb sbr nuy ötej siabr priktekir ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki piri
tbhbr ikkbs` i hubstri ehtuekeûh6

• W`nir nbf`rbs gbkese`hbs piri `atbhbr nbf`rbs rbsujtig`s.

• Niy`r kipikegig gb geskbrher kuéj bs ji nbf`r `pkeûh bh
setuike`hbs gbjekigis.
• Gbkeger kuéhg` gbker j` qub pbhsin`s ` kuéhg` nihtbhbrh`s
kijjig`s.
• Gbtbrnehir quå iktetug gbabn`s ig`ptir bh uhi setuikeûh
gbtbrnehigi.
• Girh`s kubhti gb qub ji vegi h`s bsté gekebhg` qub gbabn`s
kinaeir gb iktetug, tbhbr `tri gesp`sekeûh, btk.
• Iyugirh`s i kuegir gb hubstri ijenbhtikeûh y i `ptir p`r 
k`stunarbs sijugiajbs.

 Ikkbgbr i hubstri ehtuekeûh h` bs k`n` tbhbr uhi vireti néceki,

iuhqub bs j` qub nuko`s krbbh y, p`r bs`, sb sebhtbh
gbkbpke`hig`s. ]iri qub sb h`s gbsirr`jjb ji ehtuekeûh tbhbn`s qub
priktekir bj iarerh`s y k`hbktir k`h bj k`rizûh. I k`htehuikeûh
bxpjekirbn`s bh quå k`hsestb ji tåkheki Obirt J`kl-Eh®, qub bs ji
qub ipjekin`s bh j`s bxpbrenbht`s s`arb ji ehtuekeûh piri ijkihzir 
uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, y qub p`gbn`s priktekir piri
gbsirr`jjir hubstri k`hbxeûh k`h ji ehtuekeûh. Ij iarer bj k`rizûh,
k`hbktirh`s nés k`h ji cbhtb i trivås gbj k`rizûh y bskukoir gbsgb
bj k`rizûh, sb h`s gbsirr`jji ji ehtuekeûh. [bhter pbrgûh y k`npiseûh
p`r uh` nesn`, isî k`n` pbrgûh y in`r p`r j`s gbnés tinaeåh
gbspebrti ji ehtuekeûh. Ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh t`ni bh k`hsegbrikeûh
ji t`tijegig gb ji setuikeûh.

Wåkheki Obirt J`kl-Eh®

]is` 9. K`hkåhtritb bh ji z`hi gbj k`rizûh. Enicehi qub ji
rbsperikeûh tb bhtri y sijb p`r bsi z`hi gbj pbko`, y rbsperi uh p`k`
nés jbht` y pr`duhg` gb j` h`rnij.
]is` 1. Iktevi y nihtåh ijcöh sbhtenebht` rbcbhbritev`, k`n` pubgb
sbr kireù`, k`npiseûh ` itbhkeûh p`r j`s gbnés.
]is` ;. Errigei bsi sbhsikeûh gb rbh`vikeûh oikei t`g` tu pr`pe` sbr 
y oikei j`s gbnés.

]brs`hijnbhtb, j` qub sebht` bs qub, piri ikkbgbr i ne ehtuekeûh,

tbhc` qub iprbhgbr i cbste`hir ne bhbrcîi bn`ke`hij y i prbstir 
nés itbhkeûh i jis sutejbs ehgekike`hbs gb ne k`rizûh p`rqub, gb j`
k`htrire`, ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs tebhgbh i ihujirjis. I nbgegi
qub iprbhgbn`s i k`hbktir k`h j` qub sebhtb hubstr` k`rizûh, krbkb
y sb gbsirr`jji ji k`hbxeûh hiturij k`h hubstri ehtuekeûh. Rh` gb j`s
niy`rbs abhbdeke`s gb sbcuer jis ehgekike`hbs gbj k`rizûh qub ob
iprbhgeg` oisti io`ri bs k`hsbcuer sehkr`hezir nes dikujtigbs
nbhtijbs y bn`ke`hijbs k`h ne iutåhtek` sbr.
9?. O`gclehs`h, C.]., F. Jihcih-D`x, y B. [igjbr-[neto, «Ehtuete`h6 I
duhginbhtij aregcehc k`hstrukt eh tob aboive`urij skebhkbs¼. Areteso F`urhij 
`d ]syko`j`cy , 1==?, 55(9)6 9-13.
95. NkKrity, Q. y N. Viyis, Ehtuetevb «Ehtbjjecbhkb, [bjd-rbcujite`h, ihg Jedtehc
K`hske`ushbss¼, Cj`a Igv Obijto Nbg , 1=97, ;(1)6 24-42.
1=. NkKrity,
NkKrity, Q., «Wob Bhbrcbtek Obirt6 Ae`nichbtek K`nnuhekite`h Setoeh ihg
Abtwbbh ]b`pjb¼, bh Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek ihg [uatjb Bhbrcy Nbgekehb, 1.ª
bg.
 ]. F. Q`sko, bg., 1=92.
19. NkKrity, Q. y I. Gbyojb, Wob Cj`aij K`obrbhkb Eheteitevb6 Ehvbstecitehc tob
Gyhinek Qbjite`hsoep abtwbbh ]b`pjb ihg Birto―s Bhbrcbtek [ystbns eh
Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek ihg [uatjb Bhbrcy Nbgekehb, 1.ª bg., ]. F. Q`sko, bg.,
1=92.
11. Qigeh, G. E., «Rhk`hske`us pbrkbpte`h `d duturb bn`te`hs6 Ih bxpbrenbht eh
prbsbhtenbht¼. F`urhij `d [kebhtedek Bxpj`rite`h, 9553, 99(1)6 94;-9?=.
1;. NkKrity,
NkKrity, Q., N. Itlehs`h, y Q. W.W. Arigjby, «Bjbktr`poyse`j`cekij bvegbhkb `d 
ehtuete`h6 ]irt 1. I systbnwegb pr`kbss0¼. F Ijtbrh K`npjbnbht Nbg , 1==7,
9=(1)6 ;12-;;4.
17. NkKrity,
NkKrity, Q., N. Itlehs`h, y Q. W.W. Arigjby, «Bjbktr`poyse`j`cekij bvegbhkb `d 
ehtuete`h6 ]irt 9. Wob surpresehc r`jb `d tob obirt¼. F Ijtbrh K`npjbnbht Nbg ,
1==7, 9=(9)6 9;;-97;.
12. NkKrity, Q., Itlehs`h, N., W`niseh`, G., y Arigjby, Q. W, «Wob k`obrbht
obirt6 Obirt-arieh ehtbrikte`hs, psyko`poyse`j`cekij k`obrbhkb, ihg tob
bnbrcbhkb `d systbn-wegb `rgbr¼. Ehtbcrij Qbvebw , 1==5, 2(1)6 9=-992.
9=-992.
14 . Qbzibe, [., N. Nerzibe, y N. Qbzi Vije, «H`hj`kij Ehtuete`h6 Qbpjekite`h ihg
]ierbg-suafbkts Bhoihkbnbht Bddbkts¼. Cj`aij Igvihkbs eh Obijto ihg 
Nbgekehb, 1=97, ;(1)6 2-92.
13. Abn, G. F., «Dbbjehc tob duturb6 Bxpbrenbhtij bvegbhkb d`r ih`nij`us
rbtr`iktevb ehdjubhkbs `h k`chete`h ihg iddbkt¼.  F ]brs [`k ]syko`j,  1=99.
1?. N`ssaregcb, F., ]. Wrbss`jge, B, y F. «Rtts ]rbgektevb ]oyse`j`cekij
 Ihtekepite`h ]rbkbgehc [bbnehcjy Rhprbgektiajb [tenuje6 I Nbti-Ihijyses¼.
]syko`j`cy, 1=91, ;6;5=.
Dr`htebrs eh ]syko`j`cy,
15. Jiszj`, B., Yuihtun [oedt eh tob Cj`aij Arieh6 O`w tob Hbw [kebhtedek 
Qbijety kih Koihcb us ihg `ur S`rjg , Q`kobstbr, TW, Ehhbr Wrigete`hs, 1==?.
;=. Netkobjj, B., Yuihtun o`j`cripoy6 i aises d`r tob ehtbrdikb abtwbbh nehg 
ihg nittbr, eh Ae`bjbktr`-nichbtek Nbgekehb, ]. C. Q`sko y N. [. Nirl`v,
bgs. 1==7, Gbllbr
Gb llbr,, Hubvi U`rl, pp. 92;-92?.
;9. ]rearin, L. O., Arieh ihg ]brkbpte`h6 O`j`h`ny ihg [trukturb eh Decurij 
]r`kbssehc . Oejjsgijb, HF, Jiwrbhkb Brjaiun Iss`keitbs, ]uajesobrs, 9559.
;1. Wejjbr, S. I., F. S. B. Geaajb, y N. F. L`oihb, K`hske`us Ikts `d Krbite`h6
Wob Bnbrcbhkb `d i Hbw ]oyseks   Sijhut Krbbl, KI, ]ive`r ]uajesoehc.
1==9, pp. 1=9-1=1.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 7
K@OBQBHKEI GBJ K@QIVÛH6
KÛN@ IKKBGBQ I [R EHWBJECBHKEI
p`r Q`jjeh NkKrity

Nukoi cbhtb siab kûn` sb sebhtb uh` ij bstir bh uh bstig` gb

irn`hîi bh bj qub bj k`rizûh y ji nbhtb triaifih bh seht`hîi y gbsgb
bj qub uh` sb sebhtb k`hbktig` k`h j`s gbnés. Iuhqub h` bs gb
bxtriùir qub h`s bhkihtb sbhterh`s k`h bsi irn`hîi ehtbre`r, geko`
bstig` subjb ipirbkbr p`r kisuijegig nés qub n`tevig` p`r 
h`s`tr`s ` k`n` rbsujtig` gb hubstri ehtbhkeûh. °H` sbrîi
nirivejj`s` k`hsbcuer ikkbgbr i bsb bstig` gb irn`hîi i v`juhtig,
seh ehtbrrunper hubstris rbjike`hbs k`h j`s gbnés, hubstr`s
pr`ybkt`s y nebhtris h`s `kupin`s gb jis k`npjekike`hbs gb ji vegi
geirei0
Bht`hkbs, °quå bs j` qub h`s oikb sbhter bh bquejeare` y irn`hîi
ehtbre`rnbhtb, bh hubstris rbjike`hbs, bh bj triaif` y bh hubstri
nihbri gb idr`htir j`s rbt`s gb ji vegi0 Crikeis i j`s vbehtb iù`s gb
ehvbstecike`hbs ipjekigis qub jjbvin`s bh bj ObirtNito Ehstetutb,
obn`s egbhtedekig` uh bjbnbht` duhginbhtij, uh bstig` dese`jûcek`
qub gbh`nehin`s «k`obrbhkei kirgîiki¼ qub div`rbkb qub sb
k``rgehbh b ehtbrikke`hbh, gb d`rni bquejearigi, bj k`rizûh, ji
nbhtb, jis bn`ke`hbs y ji dese`j`cîi. Hunbr`s`s bstuge`s
gbnubstrih qub ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki div`rbkb ji sijug, d`nbhti bj
aebhbstir y nbf`ri jis rbjike`hbs y bj rbhgenebht` bh uhi crih
virebgig gb k`htbxt`s. ]iri gbsnetedekir bj tårneh` «k`obrbhkei¼,
vin`s i utejezir uhi sbhkejji ihij`cîi. Enicehbn`s qub bstin`s
oikebhg` nbgetikeûh ` rbzihg` pbr` qub h` gbfih gb ehtbrrunperh`s
hubstr`s pbhsinebht`s, sbhtenebht`s, prb`kupike`hbs, aukjbs gb
pbhsinebht`s ` ehkjus` aubhis egbis, t`g` j` kuij h`s ijtbri y
gbskbhtri, y jb rbsti bdbktevegig i hubstri prékteki. J` qub bst` h`s
pr`gukb bs uhi bspbkeb gb «ehk`obrbhkei¼ ehtbrhi, gb «rueg`¼
ehtbre`r. ]`r `tr` jig`, ij iunbhtir ji k`obrbhkei ehtbrhi gurihtb ji
`rikeûh ` ji nbgetikeûh p`gbn`s nihtbhbrh`s k`hkbhtrig`s k`h
dikejegig y k`n`gegig, j` kuij sb trigukb bh uhis piutis ehtuetevis
nés kjiris y bh uhi niy`r bdbktevegig. Ij bstiajbkbrh`s bh bsb
bstig` gb k`obrbhkei, j`s pbhsinebht`s y jis bn`ke`hbs sb
seht`hezih y k``rgehih k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh, crikeis i j`
kuij hubstri nbhtb h` rbkeab sbùijbs he nbhsifbs k`hdus`s `
k`htrigekt`re`s. Ji ehk`obrbhkei bs k`n` jis ehtbrdbrbhkeis qub
p`gbn`s `îr bh uhi bnes`ri gb rige`, nebhtris qub ji k`obrbhkei
ehtbrhi h`s pbrnetb «seht`hezirh`s¼ nbf`r k`h bjji y rbkeaer uhi sbùij
nuko` nés kjiri.
J`s gekke`hire`s subjbh gbdeher bj tårneh` «k`obrbhkei¼ k`n`6 «Ji
kuijegig gb ehtbcrirsb, sbr k`hsbkubhtb b ehtbjeceajb gb d`rni
jûceki¼, rbdebreåhg`sb, p`r bfbnpj`, i uhi drisb k`obrbhtb. @tri
gbdehekeûh p`seajb bs6 «Jis rbjike`hbs `rgbhigis y irnûhekis bhtrb
jis gestehtis pirtbs gb ijc`, yi sb tritb gb uh bhtb vev` k`n` bj sbr 
ounih` ` gbj k`sn`s¼. Bj tårneh` «k`obrbhkei¼ sebnprb jjbvi
enpjîket`s k`hkbpt`s k`n` k`hbktevegig, k`rrbjikeûh, bstiaejegig y
utejezikeûh bdekiz gb ji bhbrcîi.
K`h rbspbkt` i hubstri dese`j`cîi, sb pr`gukb uh tep` gb k`obrbhkei
kuihg` g`s ` nés sestbnis rîtnek`s gbj kubrp`, tijbs k`n` bj gb ji
rbsperikeûh y bj gbj k`rizûh, sb sehkr`hezih bh ji nesni drbkubhkei,
j` kuij sb gbh`nehi «k`obrbhkei dese`jûceki¼, tårneh` qub hubstr`
kbhtr` gb ehvbstecike`hbs utejezi tinaeåh piri gbskreaer bj crig` gb
`rgbh, irn`hîi y bstiaejegig gb jis gestehtis iktevegigbs rîtnekis qub
sb gbsirr`jjih bh hubstr` kubrp` gurihtb uh gbtbrnehig` pbrî`g` gb
tebnp`. [e tb secub pirbkebhg` gedîkej k`nprbhgbr bj k`hkbpt` gb
k`obrbhkei, pebhsi qub sb pirbkb i rbs`hihkei, i bstir sehkr`hezig`
` ijehbig`.
Bh `rcihesn`s k`npjbf`s k`n` bj gbj sbr ounih` sb pr`gukb uhi
k`hsegbriajb kihtegig gb iktevegigbs dese`jûcekis qub gbabh
duhke`hir bh irn`hîi, k``rgehikeûh y sehkr`hezikeûh. Nuko`s
sestbnis ehtbrh`s k`n` bj IGH, jis bhzenis, jis kåjujis, j`s ûrcih`s
y jis cjéhgujis pirbkbh duhke`hir gb d`rni ehgbpbhgebhtb p`rqub
oikbh k`sis gestehtis bh n`nbht`s gesteht`s. [eh bnairc`, t`g`s
k`npirtbh uhi gihzi k``rgehigi y sehkr`hezigi. Gb h` sbr isî, sb
bstiajbkbrîi uhi aitijji kinpij bhtrb j`s gesteht`s ûrcih`s bh jucir 
gb uhi irn`he`si y k``rgehigi dbgbrikeûh gb gestehtis duhke`hbs
k`rp`rijbs. Gb obko`, sb k`hsegbri qub bstb tep` gb «k`obrbhkei¼ bs
ji kuijegig qub oikb p`seajb ji vegi.;;
Tire`s hbur`kebhtîdek`s sucebrbh qub ji kijegig y bstiaejegig gb j`s
sbhtenebht`s y jis bn`ke`hbs qub bxpbrenbhtin`s gbpbhgbh gbj
crig` gb irn`hîi, rbs`hihkei y k`obrbhkei qub prbg`nehb bh j`s
pr`kbs`s ehtbrh`s gbj kubrp`. J`s sbhtenebht`s qub k`hsegbrin`s
«p`setev`s¼ s`h uh rbdjbf` gb uh sestbni k`obrbhtb, ji bdekikei gb
kuy` duhke`hinebht` bs gerbktinbhtb pr`p`rke`hij i ji djuegbz y
dikejegig k`h qub sb gbsirr`jjih sus pr`kbs`s. Bh kinae`, uh`s
n`gbj`s gb iktevegig kbrbarij y hbrve`si errbcujirbs y gesk`rgihtbs
gbh`tih uh `rcihesn` ehk`obrbhtb kuy`s pr`kbs`s vetijbs sb
kiriktbrezih p`r ji tbhseûh. ]`r rbcji cbhbrij, gekoi iktevegig
ehk`obrbhtb subjb trigukersb bh sbhsike`hbs gb ehquebtug y bh
pr`ajbnis tijbs k`n` ehbstiaejegig, drustrikeûh, ihsebgig, ic`ae`,
enpikebhkei, btkåtbri.;7
]br` bj k`hkbpt` gb k`obrbhkei h` s`j` sb utejezi piri gbskreaer bj
hevbj gb irn`hîi bh bj duhke`hinebht` gbj kubrp`, gb djuegbz y
aebhbstir nbhtij y bn`ke`hij, isî k`n` gb bdekikei bh hubstris
pijiaris y ikke`hbs, seh` tinaeåh bh bj énaet` s`keij. Ji k`obrbhkei
s`keij sb trigukb bh rbjike`hbs bstiajbs y irn`he`sis bh uh crup`
(dinejei, bquep`, rbg s`keij, `rcihezikeûh, btkåtbri) qub pbrnetbh qub
ji bhbrcîi y ji k`nuhekikeûh djuyih y sbih bdbktevis, t`g` j` kuij bs
gb crih hbkbsegig piri qub prbg`nehb ji k`obseûh bh bj crup` y
åstb iktöb gb d`rni sehkr`hezigi.
Kuihg` t`g` sb sehkr`hezi, recb ji k`obrbhkei bhtrb jis gestehtis
pirtbs y tbhbn`s nés p`seaejegigbs gb j`crir j`s rbsujtig`s
gbsbig`s. Kuihg` jis rbjike`hbs bhtrb j`s k`np`hbhtbs gb uh crup`
s`h gesk`rgihtbs y su `rcihezikeûh s`keij bs ehk`obrbhtb, h` sûj` bs
enp`seajb `atbhbr uh rbhgenebht` ûpten` seh` qub j` nés p`seajb bs
qub prbg`nehbh ji ehbstiaejegig y jis gesduhke`hbs. Bh ObirtNito
obn`s ihijezig` nuy gbtijjiginbhtb ji k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij y
s`keij, igbnés gb ji d`rni bh qub ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki dikejeti bj
gbsirr`jj` gb nbkihesn`s gb k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij y s`keij i hevbj
dese`jûcek`, uh arbvb rbsunbh gb t`g` j` kuij `drbkbn`s i
k`htehuikeûh.

K`obrbhkei kirgîiki
Bh dese`j`cîi, sb bhtebhgb p`r k`obrbhkei uh bstig` gbtbrnehig` qub
rbdjbfi uh crig` bjbvig` gb irn`hîi y bstiaejegig bh j`s sestbnis
supbre`rbs gb k`htr`j kbrbarij< uhi niy`r sehkr`hezikeûh bhtrb bj
k`rizûh y bj kbrbar`, isî k`n` bh ji iktevegig gb jis g`s rinis gbj
sestbni hbrve`s` iutûh`n` ([HI)< y uhi tbhgbhkei cbhbrijezigi gbj
bquejeare` iutûh`n` oikei uhi niy`r iktevegig pirisenpéteki
(tinaeåh gbh`nehig` «t`h`¼ ` «iktevegig vicij¼). Bstb bstig`
dese`jûcek`, tinaeåh k`h`keg` k`n` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, gig`
qub su prehkepij kiusihtb bs bj k`rizûh, sb k`rrbsp`hgb k`h uh
niy`r bquejeare` y bstiaejegig bn`ke`hij, nés ehtuekeûh y nbf`rbs
duhke`hbs nbhtijbs (kipikegig gb k`hkbhtrikeûh, nbn`rei, rbdjbf`s,
k``rgehikeûh, btkåtbri).
K`n` yi sb oi nbhke`hig` bh bj kipîtuj` 1, jis ehvbstecike`hbs
oih rbvbjig` isenesn` qub bj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh p`sbb su pr`pe`
sestbni hbrve`s`, qub bh hbur`kirge`j`cîi sb gbh`nehi «ehbrvikeûh
gbj k`rizûh¼ y rbkeab bj ip`g` gb «bj kbrbar` gbj k`rizûh¼.;2
Jis ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji bstrukturi y jis duhke`hbs gb geko`
kbrbar` gbj k`rizûh oih dikejetig` bh crih nbgegi jis gb ObirtNito
p`rqub ip`rtih j`s gbtijjbs ihitûnek`s gb kûn` sb k`nuhekih
k`hstihtbnbhtb bhtrb sî bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh, y igbnés pbrnetbh
bxpjekir j`s rbsujtig`s gb j`s bstuge`s qub oih gbn`strig` qub ji
iktevegig gbj k`rizûh ehdjuyb bh j`s kbhtr`s kbrbarijbs rbjike`hig`s
k`h ji pbrkbpkeûh, ji kipikegig k`chetevi y ji bxpbrebhkei
bn`ke`hij.;4,;3,;?,;5 Bj gbh`nehig` ihéjeses gb ji vireiaejegig gb
ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki bs uhi enp`rtihtb obrrinebhti qub, tiht` piri
h`s`tr`s k`n` piri j`s gbnés ehvbstecig`rbs, k`hstetuyb uhi
nihbri gb k`nprbhgbr ji k`nuhekikeûh bhtrb bj kbrbar` y bj
k`rizûh, y ji iktevegig gbj [HI.

Tireiaejegig gb ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki

Ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki pubgb nbgersb ihijezihg` ji vireiaejegig gb
ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki. Tin`s i vbr bh quå k`hsestb. W`g`s siabn`s
qub ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki bs ji kihtegig gb vbkbs qub bj k`rizûh
jitb gurihtb uh nehut`, j` kuij sb negb bh pujsike`hbs p`r nehut`
(]]N). Ji vireiaejegig gb ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki (TDK) sb rbdebrb i
jis vireike`hbs gb tebnp` qub sb pr`gukbh gb d`rni hiturij bhtrb
kigi uh` gb j`s pirbs gb pujsike`hbs ( våisb Decuri 9).
Gekoi vireikeûh bhtrb pujsike`hbs bs ji qub krbi j`s retn`s gbj
k`rizûh y,
y, ij ihijezirji nés gbtijjiginbhtb, vbn`s qub åst`s secubh
uhi sbreb gb n`gbj`s qub sb rbpetbh. Crih pirtb gb bsti vireiaejegig
sb pr`gukb gb d`rni hiturij y sb gbab i qub bj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh y
bj kbrbar` bstéh k`hbktig`s i trivås gbj [HI. Bsti vireiaejegig sb
pr`gukb k`hstihtbnbhtb, ehkjus` kuihg` g`rnen`s ` gbskihsin`s.
 Iuhqub bh bj pisig` sb krbîi qub uhi drbkubhkei kirgîiki
nihtbhegi, bh ji qub h` vireiai bj tebnp` bhtrb kigi pujsikeûh, bri
ehgekitevi gb uh aubh bstig` gb sijug, o`y bh gîi sb siab qub j`
aubh` bs fustinbhtb j` k`htrire`6 ¡Rhi crih vireiaejegig bs uh
nirkig`r gb aubhi sijug! Gb obko`, nuko`s bstuge`s oih
gbn`strig` qub uh hevbj ûpten` gb vireiaejegig sb rbjike`hi k`h uhi
iktetug gb djbxeaejegig y igiptiaejegig i j`s kinae`s qub sb pr`gukbh
bh hubstris setuike`hbs s`keijbs y i j`s rbt`s gb ji vegi, tiht` j`s
crihgbs k`n` j`s pbqubù`s.3,7=,79,71
pbqubù`s.3,7=,79,71 [b k`hsegbri qub ji kihtegig
gb TDK qub tbhcin`s bs uhi nbgegi gb hubstri sijug, hubstri
rbsejebhkei y hubstr` aebhbstir cbhbrij.
Ji kihtegig gb TDK qub tbhcin`s gurihtb uh pbrî`g` gb 17 o`ris
virîi k`h ji bgig. Ji cbhtb nés f`vbh tebhb hevbjbs gb vireiaejegig
nés ijt`s qub ji cbhtb niy`r.7; Bh sufbt`s bhtrb 1= y ;= iù`s gb
bgig, ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki subjb vireir uhis 1= pujsike`hbs p`r 
nehut` (]]N), nebhtris qub bh uhi pbrs`hi gb 3= ` nés iù`s ji
vireiaejegig subjb sbr ehdbre`r i 9= ]]N. Bh bj crédek` ehdbre`r gb ji
Decuri 1 p`gbn`s vbr qub ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki virîi bhtrb 4= y
uhis ?= ]]N, nebhtris qub bj vij`r nbge` gb drbkubhkei kirgîiki bs
gb uhis 3= ]]N. Wbhbr uh`s rihc`s ` uhis kedris gb TDK ehdbre`rbs
i j` h`rnij piri ji bgig qub sb tbhci bs ehgekitev` gb dutur`s
pr`ajbnis gb sijug y sb k`rrbsp`hgb k`h crih kihtegig gb
pit`j`cîis.
Decuri 9. Bstb crédek` h`s `drbkb uh bfbnpj` gb j`s kinae`s bhtrb puj sike`hbs qub sb oih
pr`gukeg` bh uh jips` gb 17 sbcuhg`s. Ji jîhbi ehdbre`r k`rrbsp`hgb ij BKC, nebhtris qub
j`s puht`s gb ji jîhbi supbre`r ehgekih ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki bh uh ehstihtb gbtbrnehig`. Ji
jîhbi qub k`hbkti j`s puht`s bhtrb sî k`hstetuyb bj n`gbj` gb drbkubhkei kirgîiki. Kuihg`
uh sbcnbht` gb gekoi jîhbi bs iskbhgbhtb quebrb gbker qub sb pr`gukb uh iunbht` gb
pujsike`hbs, bst` bs, qub bj k`rizûh jitb nés répeg` (nbh`s tebnp` bhtrb jis pujsike`hbs),
nebhtris qub se bs gbskbhgbhtb rbprbsbhti uhi gesnehukeûh gb jis pujsike`hbs (nés tebnp`
bhtrb jis pujsike`hbs).

Gb t`g`s bs siaeg` qub hubstris pbrkbpke`hbs y bn`ke`hbs pubgbh

ijtbrir ji iktevegig gb hubstr` sestbni hbrve`s`, j` kuij idbkti ij
k`rizûh, k`n` kuihg` ijcuebh h`s gi uh sust` y h`tin`s qub sb
h`s ikbjbri bj pujs`. ]br` j` qub h` t`g` bj nuhg` siab bs qub jis
sbùijbs qub bj k`rizûh jb bhvîi ij kbrbar` jjbcih oisti jis z`his
supbre`rbs gb åstb y pubgbh ehdjuer ehtbhsinbhtb bh hubstris
duhke`hbs nbhtijbs supbre`rbs. ]`r bfbnpj`, jis sbùijbs gbj k`rizûh
ehdjuybh bh ji iktevegig gbj kûrtbx, bsi pirtb gbj kbrbar` qub recb
hubstri kipikegig gb pbhsir y riz`hir. [b pubgb k`npirir ji TDK
k`h uhi bspbkeb gb k`npjbf` kûgec` N`rsb nbgeihtb bj kuij bj
k`rizûh sb k`nuheki k`h bj kbrbar` y bj rbst` gbj kubrp`.
Decuri 1. J`s g`s rbcestr`s gb retn`s kirgîik`s gb bst`s crédek`s pbrtbhbkbh i ji nesni
pbrs`hi y dubr`h t`nig`s k`h uh`s ehstihtbs gb sbpirikeûh. [bhtenebht`s k`n` ji
drustrikeûh, ji enpikebhkei ` ji ihsebgig sb trigukbh bh uhi jîhbi ehk`obrbhtb gb drbkubhkei
kirgîiki (crédeki gb irreai). Bh ji crédeki gb iaif`, sb `asbrvi qub sb pr`guf` répeginbhtb
uhi drbkubhkei kirgîiki k`obrbhtb kuihg` bj sufbt` utejezû ji tåkheki Yuekl K`obrbhkb gb
ObirtNito y iktevû uh sbhtenebht` gb kireù`.
]`r rbcji cbhbrij, sbhtenebht`s rbcbhbrig`rbs k`n` ji critetug, bj
ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés, ji k`npiseûh ` ji iniaejegig subjbh pr`guker 
retn`s kirgîik`s k`obrbhtbs.
 I prehkepe`s gb j`s iù`s h`vbhti, rbijezin`s bh hubstr` jia`rit`re`
uh`s bstuge`s s`arb ji k`rrbsp`hgbhkei bhtrb n`gbj`s gb iktevegig
k`rp`rij y gesteht`s bstig`s bn`ke`hijbs. Nbgen`s j`s hevbjbs
o`rn`hijbs, j`s nirkig`rbs gbj sestbni ehnuhb, jis `hgis
kbrbarijbs, ji k`hguktihkei kutéhbi, ji iktevegig nuskujir y,
`aveinbhtb, oeken`s bjbktr`kirge`crinis (BKC).77,72,74,73 Bh
iqubjji åp`ki bxestîih nuy p`kis puajekike`hbs s`arb jis bn`ke`hbs
p`setevis. H`s`tr`s k`hsbcuen`s `asbrvir qub jis bn`ke`hbs, yi
dubrih p`setevis ` hbcitevis, sb rbdjbfiaih bh j`s tep`s gb drbkubhkeis
kirgîikis i aisb gb nuko` triaif` gb prubai y brr`r, y crikeis i
ijcuh`s sufbt`s gespubst`s i k`jia`rir isî k`n` i jis ehgekike`hbs
gb G`k gb qub jis pbrs`his sb k`hkbhtririh bh bj k`rizûh y
bv`kirih sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s y gb idbkt` k`n` bj kireù` y ji
k`npiseûh. [bcöh ji ehd`rnikeûh qub p`sbbn`s, kuihg`
k`hsbcuen`s puajekir hubstr`s bstuge`s bh bj  Inbrekih F`urhij `d 
Kirge`j`cy , bri ji prenbri vbz qub sb rbjike`hiaih j`s bstig`s
bn`ke`hijbs k`h n`gbj`s gb TDK.7?
@tr` enp`rtihtb oijjizc` dub qub j`s kinae`s bh j`s n`gbj`s
rîtnek`s gbj k`rizûh h` sb k`rrbsp`hgîih k`h ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki
(ji kihtegig gb pujsike`hbs qub tbhbn`s p`r nehut`). Gb obko`, sb
pubgbh bhk`htrir n`gbj`s gb TDK k`obrbhtbs ` ehk`obrbhtbs i
drbkubhkeis kirgîikis tiht` ijtis k`n` aifis. Geko` gb `tr` n`g`, j`
qub rbdjbfi hubstr` bstig` bn`ke`hij y bj crig` gb sehkr`hîi gb j`s
gesteht`s sestbnis gb hubstr` `rcihesn`, ehkjueg` bj kbrbar`, bs bj
pitrûh gb kinae` ` bj retn` ij qub kinaei hubstri drbkubhkei
kirgîiki pujsikeûh i pujsikeûh, nés qub ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki bh sî.
Bst` sechedeki qub, gbsgb uh puht` gb vesti dese`jûcek`, uh bstig` gb
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki bs duhginbhtijnbhtb gesteht` gb uh bstig` gb
rbjifikeûh, bj kuij rbquebrb gb uhi drbkubhkei kirgîiki aifi y h`
hbkbsireinbhtb gb uh retn` k`obrbhtb. Kuihg` tbhbn`s ji TDK bh
k`obrbhkei bs p`rqub oiy uhi niy`r sehkr`hezikeûh y k`obrbhkei bh
j`s kbhtr`s kbrbarijbs supbre`rbs isî k`n` bh ji iktevegig gb jis g`s
rinis gbj sestbni hbrve`s` iutûh`n`.
Kuihg` sb `asbrvi uh pitrûh gb TDK gbs`rgbhig` y bh d`rni gb
pek`s gb sebrri, k`n` bh bj kis` gb ji crédeki gb ji Decuri 1, sb
gbh`nehi «`hgis ehk`obrbhtbs¼. Gbskuaren`s qub, kuihg` jis
pbrs`his sebhtbh bn`ke`hbs sehkbris y rbcbhbritevis, k`n` pubgbh
sbr bj in`r, bj kireù` ` ji k`npiseûh, su retn` kirgîik` nubstri
iut`nétekinbhtb nés k`obrbhkei. Bh kinae`, kuihg` bxpbrenbhtih
ijcuhi sbhsikeûh bstrbsihtb k`n` pubgb sbr ihsebgig, nebg` `
prb`kupike`hbs, sb cbhbrih n`gbj`s gb retn` kirgîik`
ehk`obrbhtbs.94
[eh bnairc`, j`s n`gbj`s gb TDK nés tep` sehus`egb, k`n` bs bj
kis` gb ji crédeki ehdbre`r gb ji Decuri 1, sb gbh`nehih «`hgis
k`obrbhtbs¼. Bh uh jbhcuifb nés tåkhek`, ji k`obrbhkei dese`jûceki
(tinaeåh jjinigi k`obrbhkei ` rbs`hihkei kirgîiki) sb pr`gukb
kuihg` bj pitrûh gb TDK ig`pti ji d`rni gb uhi `hgi sehus`egb y
`skeji i uhi drbkubhkei gb uh`s =,9 Oz (i uh retn` gb 9= sbcuhg`s),
ji kuij bs ji drbkubhkei hiturij gb rbs`hihkei bh bj sestbni gb
k`nuhekikeûh bhtrb bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh.

Abhbdeke`s gb ji k`obrbhkei
Crikeis i hubstris k`hstihtbs ehvbstecike`hbs, gbskuaren`s qub bh
bj kubrp` sb pr`gukbh nukois k`sis abhbdeke`sis kuihg` sb bsté bh
uh bstig` gb niy`r k`obrbhkei. Aésekinbhtb, gig` qub bj k`rizûh
bs bj `skejig`r ae`jûcek` nés p`tbhtb gb t`g` bj kubrp`, sb
ehkrbnbhti ji inpjetug ` kihtegig gb TDK kuihg` j`s retn`s gbj
k`rizûh «seht`hezih¼ k`h ji drbkubhkei hiturij gb rbs`hihkei gbj
sestbni gb k`nuhekikeûh bhtrb bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh (p`r bfbnpj`,
bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei), n`nbht` bh bj qub bj retn` kirgîik`
pubgb terir gb `tr`s sestbnis `skejit`re`s piri qub sb sehkr`hekbh
k`h åj ‛ehkjueg`s bj retn` gb ji rbsperikeûh y j`s retn`s gb ji tbhseûh
irtbreij (qub tinaeåh virîih k`h kigi pujsikeûh)‛. Ij nesn` tebnp`,
jis `hgis kbrbarijbs, tijbs k`n` jis ijdi, sb sehkr`hezih nés k`h bj
k`rizûh, t`g` j` kuij sb trigukb bh uhi niy`r sehkr`hezikeûh y
rbs`hihkei gb t`g` bj kubrp`.94 [b oi `asbrvig` qub aisti k`h
pbrnihbkbr uh pir gb nehut`s bh bstb bstig` gb k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki piri qub ji tbhseûh irtbreij gesnehuyi uhi nbgei gb 9=
puht`s bh pbrs`his oepbrtbhsis.75
oepbrtbhsis.75 I hevbj psek`jûcek`, ij bstir bh uh
bstig` gb k`obrbhkei sb bxpbrenbhti uhi kjiri gesnehukeûh gbj
«rueg`¼ ehtbre`r qub cbhbri bj djuer h`rnij gb ji iktevegig
gbs`rgbhigi i hevbj nbhtij y bn`ke`hij< y sb tebhb uhi niy`r 
sbhsikeûh gb irn`hîi y sehkr`hîi, isî k`n` uhi niy`r k`hbxeûh k`h
ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh ` v`z ehtbre`r. °Ois h`tig` qub, kuihg` bstés
gb nij oun`r, bs nés dékej qub oicis ` gecis ijc` gb j` qub, nés
tirgb, tb irrbpebhtbs0 ]ubs bs` bs p`rqub sbhsike`hbs k`n` ji
ihsebgig, jis prb`kupike`hbs ` bj nebg` krbih uh tep` gb
ehk`obrbhkei bh bj kbrbar` y bh bj sestbni hbrve`s` qub sb trigukbh
bh j` qub sb gbh`nehi «ehoeaekeûh i hevbj k`rtekij¼, p`r bj kuij
pbrgbn`s ijc` gb kipikegig gb pbrkeaer jis k`hsbkubhkeis qub
hubstris rbikke`hbs ` pijiaris pubgih tbhbr bh bj dutur` k`n`, p`r 
bfbnpj`, krbirh`s bstrås, ic`tirh`s ji bhbrcîi y nijcistir bj tebnp`.
¡Bh `tris pijiaris, pbrgbn`s ji dikujtig gb prbvbr p`r qub sb h`s
gbsk`hbktih jis duhke`hbs nbhtijbs supbre`rbs!4,3

Kigi vbz s`h nés j`s bstuge`s kebhtîdek`s qub gbnubstrih qub
tbhbn`s ji kipikegig gb «oikbrh`s kirc`¼ gb kûn` rbikke`hin`s i
kigi n`nbht`. Gesp`hbn`s gb ji kipikegig gb iprbhgbr i
cbste`hir nbf`r hubstr`s pbhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s, j` kuij bveti y
rbgukb ji kihtegig gb rbikke`hbs bstrbsihtbs. Bst` sb k`hsecub
iprbhgebhg` i bstiajbkbrh`s, i v`juhtig, bh uh bstig` gb
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki fust` kuihg` h`s bhtrb ji icetikeûh.9=,2=,29 Gb
bsti d`rni, ij sehkr`hezirsb bj kbrbar` k`h bj k`rizûh, sb pr`gukb
uhi «dikejetikeûh bh bj kûrtbx¼ qub ehkrbnbhti hubstris kipikegigbs
supbre`rbs k`n` ji kjiregig nbhtij y bj geskbrhenebht` ehtuetev` ‛ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh. Ij k`hsbcuer uhi niy`r k`obrbhkei bh bj
retn` kirgîik` tinaeåh iunbhtih ji djbxeaejegig bn`ke`hij, ji
igiptiaejegig, ji nbn`rei y hubstri kipikegig gb k`hkbhtrikeûh.4,21
 Ij iprbhgbr i iut`cbste`hir hubstr` k`hsun` gb bhbrcîi nbhtij y
bn`ke`hij, y hubstris rbikke`hbs, `atbhbn`s uhi niy`r rbsejebhkei,
y hubstri sijug y aebhbstir cbhbrij pubgbh nbf`rir k`h rbjitevi
ripegbz. Rhi tåkheki gb iut`cbsteûh qub p`gbn`s utejezir piri
gesdrutir gb uh`s retn`s kirgîik`s k`h niy`r k`obrbhkei sb
gbh`nehi Wåkheki Yuekl K`obrbhkb®. [bcöh bj tbsten`he` gb
nukois pbrs`his, bsti tåkheki qub k`hsestb bh bhd`kirsb, gurihtb
uh nehut`, bh ji z`hi gbj k`rizûh ij rbsperir y bh trihsd`rnir jis
bn`ke`hbs, jbs oi iyugig` i rbkupbrirsb répegi y bdekiznbhtb gb
setuike`hbs k`npjekigis bh ji vegi. K`npruåaij` p`r te nesn` y så
tu pr`pe` ehvbstecig`r kebhtîdek`.
Wåkheki Yuekl K`obrbhkb®
]is` 96 bhd`ki tu itbhkeûh bh ji z`hi gbj k`rizûh. Enicehi qub, ij
rbsperir, bj ierb tb bhtri y tb sijb gbj k`rizûh ` gbj pbko`. Qbsperi uh
p`k` nés gbspike` y nés o`hg` gb j` h`rnij.
[ucbrbhkei6 ehsperir 2 sbcuhg`s, bsperir 2 sbcuhg`s (` ij retn` qub
tb rbsujtb kûn`g`). Ij bhd`kir hubstri itbhkeûh bh ji z`hi gbj 
k`rizûh rbsujti nés dékej kbhtrirh`s y bhtrir bh k`obrbhkei.

]is` 16 ehtbhti, k`h t`gi sehkbregig, cbhbrir uh sbhtenebht`

rbcbhbritev` k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, kireù` ` gbgekikeûh p`r ijcuebh `
p`r ijc` gb tu vegi.
[ucbrbhkei6 ehtbhti rbpr`guker j` qub sebhtis p`r ijcuebh i quebh
quebris, ` p`r tu nisk`ti, p`r ijcöh jucir bh bspbkeij, p`r ijc` qub
oiyis k`hsbcueg`, btkåtbri, ` k`hkåhtritb bh uh sbhtenebht` gb
trihquejegig ` gb aebhbstir.

Bstiajbkbr uh hubv` puht` gb rbdbrbhkei

Bj ûrcih` gbj k`rizûh sb k`hbkti, i trivås gb uhi vîi hbur`hij
gerbkti, k`h bj kubrp` inecgijeh`, uhi z`hi gbj kbrbar` kjivb piri bj
pr`kbsinebht` gb jis bn`ke`hbs. Wiht` bs isî qub jis kåjujis gbj
hökjb` gb ji inîcgiji sb sehkr`hezih k`h bj pujs`. Geko` gb `tri
d`rni, bj pitrûh gbj retn` kirgîik` jb ip`rti i ji inîcgiji uhi
ehd`rnikeûh gb crih enp`rtihkei piri egbhtedekir hubstr` bstig`
bn`ke`hij. Geko` kubrp` inecgijeh` pubgb gbtbrnehir qub uh retn`
kirgîik` ehk`obrbhtb sb k`rrbsp`hgb k`h uh sbhtenebht` gb riaei, gb
ihsebgig ` gb kuijquebr `tri sbhsikeûh gb bstrås, nebhtris qub i j`s
retn`s k`obrbhtbs j`s ehtbrprbti k`n` sbùij gb qub t`g` bsté aebh.
[eh bnairc`, piri qub bstb pr`kbs` duhke`hb k`rrbktinbhtb, ji
inîcgiji hbkbseti uh puht` gb rbdbrbhkei ` uhi jîhbi gb aisb k`h ji
qub k`npirir jis sbùijbs qub jb bhvîb bj k`rizûh. ]`r bfbnpj`, se
sbhten`s ihsebgig k`h drbkubhkei, gekoi sbhsikeûh sb h`s pubgb
k`hvbrter bh uh pitrûh dinejeir (puht` gb rbdbrbhkei) y
k`hsegbrirbn`s h`rnij sbhterh`s isî.
Gb bstb n`g` bs kûn` h`s oiaetuin`s ij bstrås pbr`, k`h ji
prékteki gb bstiajbkbrh`s bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki,
p`gbn`s rbpr`crinir t`g`s bs`s n`gbj`s bn`ke`hijbs qub h`s
rbsujtih tih dinejeirbs pbr` qub h` s`h higi pr`guktev`s k`n`, p`r 
bfbnpj`, bhdigirh`s, rbikke`hir k`h arusqubgig, ji ihsebgig, ji
krîteki, btkåtbri. Isenesn`, bstb bstig` div`rbkb uhi niy`r 
isenejikeûh kbjujir gb j`s n`gbj`s hubv`s y abhbdeke`s`s d`nbhtig`s
p`r hubstri ehtbhkeûh k`hskebhtb crikeis i ji sehkr`hezikeûh irnûheki
bhtrb bj k`rizûh, ji nbhtb, j`s sbhtenebht`s y bj kubrp` qub ip`rti ji
k`obrbhkei.
[b pubgb iprbhgbr i nihtbhbr ji k`obrbhkei gurihtb pbrî`g`s
pr`j`hcig`s k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, ji nbgetikeûh, piri k`hsbcuer 
bstiajbkbr bh ji inîcgiji uh`s hubv`s n`gbj`s nés sih`s k`h nés
ripegbz. [e h` sb bstiajbkb uh hubv` puht` gb rbdbrbhkei, rbsujti
kise enp`seajb nihtbhbr bj kinae` psek`jûcek` ` k`hguktuij qub sb
gbsbb. Ij iunbhtir ji seht`hîi y k`obrbhkei bhtrb bj k`rizûh, ji
nbhtb y j`s sbhtenebht`s, rbd`rzin`s hubstri kipikegig gb kinaeir 
gekois k`hguktis y oéaet`s ehbdbktev`s qub gbsgb oikb tebnp` h`s
enpegbh ikkbgbr i hubstr` p`tbhkeij supbre`r y k`hvbrterh`s bh quebh
rbijnbhtb s`n`s.

 Ip`y` tbkh`jûcek`
tbkh`jûcek` piri cbhbrir k`obrbhkei
k`obrbhkei
Winaeåh gbskuaren`s qub, ij d`rnir i jis pbrs`his piri qub vebrih
j`s n`gbj`s gb TDK bh tebnp` rbij, sb `atbhîi uhi kjiri
gbn`strikeûh gb kûn` sbhtenebht`s (ji drustrikeûh, ji enpikebhkei…)
idbktih i ji iktevegig gb hubstr` sestbni hbrve`s`, y j` dékej qub
rbsujti kinaeir répeginbhtb i uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kuihg`
obn`s iprbhgeg` i oikbrj`. J`s k`np`hbhtbs gbj bquep` gb
ObirtNito, qub yi rbijeziaih tijjbrbs gb d`rnikeûh bh o`spetijbs,
bskubjis y bnprbsis, h` tirgir`h nuko` bh pr`p`hbrsb ehkjuer uhi
«gbn`  bh gerbkt`¼ gb sus pr`crinis. Iuhqub gekois
gbn`strike`hbs bh gerbkt` dubr`h t`g` uh åxet`, bj ipiritifb
rbsujtiai bhc`rr`s`, i j`s sufbt`s oiaîi qub bhcihkoirjbs j`s
bjbktr`g`s bh bj pbko` y hubstr`s d`rnig`rbs tbhîih qub trihsp`rtir 
t`g` bstb kir` bquep` gb jia`rit`re` bh uhi nijbti k`h
ik`jkoinebht` bspbkeij.
Qbsujtû bvegbhtb qub bj obko` gb qub uh` nesn` pugebri vbr kûn`
jb kinaeiaih j`s n`gbj`s gb retn` kirgîik` ihtbs y gbspuås gb usir 
ji tåkheki gb ObirtNito piri bstiajbkbrsb bh uh bstig` gb
k`obrbhkei k`hstetuîi t`g` uh oet` piri ji niy`rîi gb j`s sufbt`s y
jbs sbrvîi, bh crih nbgegi, piri iprbhgbr i priktekir jis tåkhekis gb
k`obrbhkei. ]`r bjj`, gbkegen`s ehtbhtir krbir uh ipirit` gb dbbgaikl 
gb k`obrbhkei gb TDK qub h` dubri nuy k`st`s` y qub kuijquebri
pugebri usir bh su vegi geirei, piri j` kuij tinaeåh tbhîin`s qub
gesbùir uhi d`rni gb kuihtedekir ` nbger j`s bstig`s gb k`obrbhkei b
ehk`obrbhkei. H`s k`stû kebrt` tebnp`, nukois prubais y iprbhgbr 
gb hubstr`s brr`rbs pbr`, dehijnbhtb, k`hsbcuen`s bvijuir gesteht`s
hevbjbs gb k`obrbhkei, j` kuij k`hstetuyû uh enp`rtihtb pis` igbjihtb
bh hubstr` ehtbht` gb krbir uh ipirit` piri gbsirr`jjir k`obrbhkei gb
dékej us` piri kuijquebr pbrs`hi. Crikeis i ji k`jia`rikeûh gb t`g`
uh bquep` gb bspbkeijestis bh s`dtwirb y oirgwirb, bh 9555
k`hsbcuen`s krbir bj prenbr ipirit` gb dbbgaikl   gb TDK gb dékej
utejezikeûh, ij kuij jb pusen`s bj h`narb gb Drbbzb-Drinbr (p`r ji
tåkheki Drbbzb Drinb® qub bhsbùin`s bh hubstr`s tijjbrbs gb
d`rnikeûh). G`k sb bhkircû gb gerecer bj gesbù` gb uh`s fubc`s
ehtbriktev`s k`rt`s y sbhkejj`s qub s`h k`htr`jig`s p`r bj bstig`
bn`ke`hij ` hevbj gb k`obrbhkei gbj sufbt` k`h bj deh gb qub j`s
tijjbrbs gb k`obrbhkei rbsujtirih tih gevbrteg`s piri ig`jbskbhtbs
k`n` piri igujt`s. Bh iqubjji åp`ki h` tbhîin`s he egbi gb qub
bstéain`s ehekeihg` j` qub, nés igbjihtb, sb k`hvbrterîi bh t`gi uhi
ehgustrei. Ij prehkepe` h` siaîin`s se i ijcuebh jb ehtbrbsirîi k`nprir 
bsb s`dtwirb y bs`s sbhs`rbs pbr`, id`rtuhiginbhtb, bh p`k`
tebnp`, bj Drbbzb-Drinbr sb k`hverteû bh t`g` uh åxet` tiht` bh bj
sbkt`r gbj ae`dbbgaikl  k`n`
 k`n` bhtrb nuko`s pr`dbse`hijbs gb ji sijug,
bfbkutev`s, fucig`rbs gb c`jd b ehkjus` pr`dbs`rbs qub j` usiaih bh
jis iujis. I j`s p`k`s iù`s jb kinaein`s bj h`narb, y pisû i
jjinirsb bnSivb. Winaeåh gbsirr`jjin`s uhi vbrseûh p`rtétej. Nés
rbkebhtbnbhtb obn`s gesbùig` uhi vbrseûh gbh`nehigi Ehhbr 
Aijihkb Wriehbr piri e@[ (e]o`hb, e]`g y e]ig).
 Iktuijnbhtb sb kubhtih bh kebht`s gb nejbs jis pbrs`his qub
utejezih bsti tbkh`j`cîi ij priktekir tiht` jis tåkhekis gb ObirtNito
k`n` gb `tr` tep` piri ehkrbnbhtir sus hevbjbs gb k`obrbhkei gb
retn` kirgîik`. Bj dbbgaikl  i
 i tebnp` rbij oi gbn`strig` sbr gb crih
utejegig piri qub jis pbrs`his iprbhgih i nihtbhbr bstig`s gb
k`obrbhkei gb d`rni pr`j`hcigi y, isî, gesdrutir gb j`s bdbkt`s gb
gekoi sehkr`hezikeûh gurihtb sus iktevegigbs k`tegeihis. Ij nihtbhbr 
ji k`obrbhkei, rbsujti nés dékej bstiajbkbr hubv`s puht`s gb
rbdbrbhkei i aisb gb rbsbtbir  pr`crbsevinbhtb
  pr`crbsevinbhtb j`s retn`s kirgîik`s
piri nihtbhbrj`s bh bstig`s gb k`obrbhkei y rbs`hihkei. Nukois
gb jis pbrs`his qub utejezih bsti tbkh`j`cîi nebhtris oikbh
nbgetikeûh nb oih k`nbhtig` qub, ij usir bj dbbgaikl   gb sus
hevbjbs gb k`obrbhkei, jbs rbsujti nés dékej bhtrir bh bstig`s gb
nbgetikeûh, igbnés gb ehgekirjbs kuéhg` sb oih gbsk`hkbhtrig`,
piri isî p`gbr v`jvbrsb i kbhtrir bh geko` bstig` gb k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki. ]brs`hijnbhtb, ob `asbrvig` qub bsti tåkheki gb
dbbgaikl  gb
 gb k`obrbhkei bs bspbkeijnbhtb ötej piri qub jis pbrs`his
k`hsecih ineh`rir ji vearikeûh i hevbj nbhtij/bn`ke`hij k`h bj deh gb
qub t`g`s j`s k`np`hbhtbs gbj `rcihesn` duhke`hbh k`h niy`r 
sehkr`hîi, y qub tinaeåh gesdrutbh gb uhi nbf`r k`hbxeûh k`h su
pr`pei kipikegig ehtuetevi.

Bj p`gbr gb uh k`rizûh bh k`obrbhkei

 Iuhqub sûj` sb rbijekb gurihtb
gurihtb uh`s p`k`s nehut`s ij ij gîi, ji prékteki
gb ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki ip`rti nuko`s abhbdeke`s. K`n` yi
obn`s nbhke`hig`, j`s bdbkt`s gbj bstig` gb k`obrbhkei sb
trisjigih tinaeåh ij rbst` gb hubstri vegi,4 j` kuij sechedeki qub, se jb
gbgekin`s uh`s p`k`s nehut`s i bstiajbkbrh`s bh bstig`s gb
k`obrbhkei ihtbs gb idr`htir setuike`hbs gb bstrås (ihtbs gb uhi
rbuheûh enp`rtihtb ` gb uhi k`hvbrsikeûh k`npjekigi k`h ijcöh
kjebhtb ` k`npiùbr` gb triaif`), tbhgrbn`s nés p`seaejegigbs gb
nihtbhbrh`s bquejearig`s y sbrbh`s ehtbre`rnbhtb.
]ubgb qub i vbkbs, kuihg` bstin`s sbhtig`s trihquejinbhtb k`h
bj k`rizûh bh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei, h`s gå ji sbhsikeûh gb qub h`
sukbgb higi. [eh bnairc`, i hevbj dese`jûcek` sî qub bstéh pisihg`
nukois k`sis. Kuihg` bstin`s bh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei, hubstr`
sestbni hbrve`s` bsté nés sehkr`hezig`, sb rbbquejearih j`s sestbnis
o`rn`hij b ehnuhb, y ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs k`hbktih nbf`r k`h
hubstr` bspîretu, t`g` j` kuij ehkrbnbhti ji rbsejebhkei gb hubstr`
`rcihesn`.
 Isenesn`, i nbgegi qub hubstr` puht` gb rbdbrbhkei suab gb hevbj,
tinaeåh sb vbh abhbdekeig`s hubstr`s k`npiùbr`s gb triaif`,
hubstri dinejei, hubstris inestigbs y nukois nés pbrs`his. Crikeis
i hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs siabn`s io`ri qub ji k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki h` bs uh bstig` gb ehbrkei seh` qub iairki, ehdjuyb y
div`rbkb i j`s gbnés gb nukois nihbris igbnés gb trigukersb
tinaeåh bh k`obrbhkei s`keij. Ij krbir uh puht` gb rbdbrbhkei sih`
nbgeihtb ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, tiht` i hevbj ehgeveguij k`n`
k`jbktev`, p`gbn`s k`hbktir nbf`r i hevbj ehtuetev`, j` kuij h`s ip`rti
niy`r djuegbz bh ji vegi, h`s iyugi i rbijezir j`s kinae`s
k`hguktuijbs qub gbsbbn`s y h`s pbrnetb bhk`htrir hubvis
s`juke`hbs i j`s rbt`s qub sb h`s pjihtbbh tiht` i hevbj ehgeveguij
k`n` s`keij.

;;. O`, N. S., Wob Qieha`w ihg tob S`rn6 Wob ]oyseks `d @rcihesns ,
[ehcip`rb, S`rjg [kebhtedek ]uajesoehc K`, 1==2.
;7. Ginise`, I., J``lehc d`r [peh`zi6 F`y, [`rr`w, ihg tob Dbbjehc Arieh ,
@rjihg`, Oirk`urt, 1==;.
;2. Irn`ur, F. I., «]`tbhteij kjehekij rbjbvihkb `d tob ‟jettjb arieh― `h tob
ninnijeih obirt¼. Bxp ]oyse`j , 1==?, 5;(1)6 942-934.
;4. Tbjgbh, N. y N. Fures, «]brkbptuij pbrd`rnihkb is i duhkte`h `d ehtri-kykjb
kirgeik iktevety¼. ]sy-ko`poyse`j`cy , 9532, 91(4)6 4?2-451.
;3. Jikby, F. E. y A. K. Jikby, «Ww`-wiy k`nnuhekite`h abtwbbh tob obirt ihg
tob arieh6 [echedekihkb `d tenb wetoeh tob kirgeik kykjb¼.  Inbrekih
 ]syko`j`cest , 953? (dbarbr`)6 55-99;.
55-99;.
;?. NkKrity, Q., Itlehs`h, N., W`niseh`, G., y Arigjby, Q. W, Wob k`obrbht
obirt6 Obirtarieh ehtbrikte`hs, psyko`poyse`j`cekij k`obrbhkb, ihg tob
bnbrcbhkb `d systbn-wegb `rgbr. Ehtbcrij Qbvebw , 1==5, 2(1)6 9=-992.
9=-992.
;5. NkKrity, Q. D. [oiddbr, Obirt Qitb Tirei-aejety6 «Hbw ]brspbktevbs `h
]oyse`j`cekij Nbkoihesns, Issbssnbht `d [bjd-Qbcujit`ry Kipikety, ihg
Obijto Qesl¼. Cj`a Igv Obijto Nbg , 1=92, 7(9)6 74-49.
7= . Kinbr`h, =. C., Teskbrij [bhs`ry Hbur`skebhkb6 Ehtbrkbpte`h, Hubvi U`rl,
@xd`rg Rhevbrsety ]rbss, 1==1.
79 . [bcbrstr`n, [. K. y J. [. Hbs, «Obirt ritb vireiaejety rbdjbkts sbjd-rbcujit`ry
strbhcto, bdd`rt, ihg ditecub¼. ]syko`! [ke , 1==3, 9?(;)6 132-1?9.
71. NkKrity, Q. y N. Viyis, «Kirgeik k`obrbhkb, sbjd-rbcujite`h, iut`h`nek
stiaejety, ihg psyko`s`keij wbjj-abehc¼. Dr`htebrs eh ]syko`j`cy, 1=97,
2(sbptebnarb), pp. 9-9 ;.
7;. Rnbtihe, L., bt ij., «Wwbhty-d`ur o`ur tenb g`nieh obirt ritb vireiaejety ihg
obirt ritb6 rbjite`hs t` icb ihg cbhgbr `vbr hehb gbkigbs¼. F In K`jj 
Kirge`j , 955?, ;9(;)6 25;-4=9.
77. NkKrity, Q., bt ij., «Nusek bhoihkbs tob bddbkt `d p`setevb bn`te`hij stitbs
`h sijeviry EcI¼. [trbss Nbgekehb, 9554, 91(;)6 943-932.
72. NkKrity, Q., N. Itlehs`h, y S. I. Wejjbr, «Hbw bjbktr`poyse`j`cekij
k`rrbjitbs iss`keitbg weto ehtbhte`hij obirt d`kus¼. [uatjb Bhbrcebs, 9552,
7(;)6 12 9-14?.
74. NkKrity, Q., bt ij.,  «Wob enpikt `d i hbw bn`te`hij sbjd-nihicbnbht
pr`crin `h strbss, bn`te`hs, obirt ritb vireiaejety, GOBI ihg k`rtes`j¼. jhtbcr 
]oyse`j Aboiv [ke , 955?. ;;(1)6 929-93=.
73. Wejjbr, S. I., Q. NkKrity, y N. Itlehs`h, «Kirgeik k`obrbhkb6 i hbw,
h`hehvisevb nbisurb `d iut`h`nek hbrv`us systbn `rgbr¼.  Ijtbrh Wobr 
Obijto Nbg, 9554, 1(9)6 21-42.
7?. NkKrity, Q, bt ij., «Wob bddbkts `d bn`te`hs `h so`rt-tbrn p`wbr spbktrun
ihijyses `d obirt ritb vireiaejety¼.  In F Kirge`j , 9552, 34(97)6 p. 9=?5-9=5;.
75. Ijiagujcigbr, I., K`obrbhkb6 «I H`vbj H`h-poirnik`j`cekij N`gijety d`r 
J`wbrehc Aj``g ]rbssurb eh Oypbrtbhsevb ]itebhts¼. Cj`aij Igvihkbs eh
Obijto ihg Nbgekehb, 1=91, E (1)6 27-41.
2=. NkKrity, Q. y N. Itlehs`h, «Qbsejbhkb Wriehehc ]r`crin Qbgukbs
]oyse`j`cekij
]oyse`j`cekij ihg ]syko`j`cekij [trbss eh ]`jekb @ddekbrs. Cj`aij Igvihkbs eh
Obijto ihg Nbgekehb, 1=91, 9(2)6 77-44.
29. Cehsabrc, F.]., Abrry, N. B., ]`wbjj, G. I., «Kirgeik K`obrbhkb ihg ]W[G
eh K`nait Tbtbrihs¼.  Ijtbrhitevb Wobripebs eh Obijto ihg Nbgekehb,  1=9=,
94(7)6 21-4=.
21. Jj`yg, I., Arbtt, G., Sbshbs, L., «K`obrbhkb Wriehehc Enpr`vbs K`chetevb
Duhkte`hs ihg Aboive`r eh Koejgrbh weto IGOG¼,  Ijtbrhitevb Wobripebs eh
Obijto ihg Nbgekehb, 1=9=, 94(7)6 ;7-71.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 2
K@OBQBHKEI [@KEIJ
p`r O`wirg Nirteh

Qbkubrg` qub gb f`vbh, bh j`s iù`s sbtbhti, nb due bh k`kob gbsgb

Tercehei gbj H`rtb oisti Sisoehct`h G. K., y p`r t`gis pirtbs oiaîi
bgedeke`s ijt`s gb vevebhgis qub sb bxtbhgîih i j` jirc` gb nuko`s
lejûnbtr`s. Ij pbhsir bh ji cbhtb qub j`s oiaetiai, nb prbcuhtå, ij
ecuij qub nukois `tris pbrs`his6 «°Kûn` p`grîi sbnbfihtb
kihtegig gb igujt`s y heù`s gbsirr`jjir uhi hubvi k`hkebhkei `
hubvi d`rni gb pbhsir piri bhk`htrir uhi s`jukeûh i ji kihtegig
kigi vbz niy`r gb pr`ajbnis pbrs`hijbs y s`keijbs0¼. Iuhqub y`
yi siaîi qub nukois pbrs`his kinaeih piri nbf`r ij nigurir y,
k`h drbkubhkei, i aisb gb pr`air y bquev`kirsb bh «ji guri bskubji
gb ji vegi¼, geko` pr`kbs` gb krbkenebht` bs gbniseig` jbht` k`n`
piri p`gbr idr`htir j`s rbt`s kigi vbz niy`rbs qub sb jb pjihtbih i
hubstr` nuhg`. Nebhtris itrivbsiai bsb nir gb bgedeke`s, nb
prbcuhtå tinaeåh6 «°Yuå pisirîi se j`s kinae`s p`setev`s qub kigi
uh` oikb piri sî nesn` servebrih piri krbir uh kinp` cbhbrijezig`
gb k`hkebhkei gbj qub t`g`s h`s pugeårin`s sbrver piri k`krbir 
hubstri rbijegig0 °Bxesteré ijcuhi d`rni gb ip`rtir ijc` i bsb
kinp` piri qub i j`s gbnés jbs rbsujtb nés dékej rbijezir bs`s
kinae`s0¼. Bh iqubjj`s tebnp`s y` kirbkîi gb j`s k`h`kenebht`s
kebhtîdek`s hbkbsire`s piri gbtbrnehir se ne sbhsikeûh bri k`rrbkti
pbr`, iktuijnbhtb, gesp`hc` yi gb uhi bh`rnb aisb gb git`s.

Bj kinp` bhbrcåtek`
Gin`s uh sijt` bh bj tebnp` oisti vbehtb iù`s nés tirgb. ]iri nî
dub t`gi uhi k`hdernikeûh kuihg` j`s kebhtîdek`s gb ObirtNito
gbskuarebr`h, bh 9554, qub, kuihg` uh ehgevegu` bsté bh uh bstig`
gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, su k`rizûh pr`ybkti bh su bht`rh` uhi
sbùij bjbktr`nichåteki k`obrbhtb qub pubgb sbr gbtbktigi p`r bj
sestbni hbrve`s` gb jis gbnés pbrs`his b ehkjus` gb ihenijbs. H`
nb s`rprbhgeû jbbr qub bj k`rizûh bs bj ûrcih` qub cbhbri bj kinp`
bjbktr`nichåtek` nés p`tbhtb, ipr`xeniginbhtb 9== vbkbs nés
dubrtb qub bj gbj kbrbar`, y qub sb pubgb gbtbktir i vire`s nbtr`s gb
gestihkei k`h uh`s nichbtûnbtr`s gb ijti sbhseaejegig. Geko` kinp`
k`hstetuyb bj nbkihesn` k`hvehkbhtb piri ip`rtir uhi bxpjekikeûh gb
kûn` k`hsbcuen`s «sbhter¼ ji prbsbhkei y bj bstig` bn`ke`hij gb
`tri pbrs`hi k`h ehgbpbhgbhkei gb su jbhcuifb k`rp`rij y gb `tr`s
dikt`rbs.2;
]br` j` qub nb k`hvbhkeû iöh nés dub uh bstuge` p`stbre`r bh bj
qub sb ihijeziai se j`s sufbt`s k`h bxpbrebhkei bh k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki brih kipikbs gb trihsneter bsi bhbrcîi i `tris pbrs`his
qub bstuvebrih kbrki pbr` seh jjbcir i t`kirsb dîsekinbhtb. Bj
bxpbrenbht` gbn`strû qub, bdbktevinbhtb, ehgevegu`s seh bxpbrebhkei
bhtriaih k`obrbhkei kirgîiki crikeis i ji ehdjubhkei gb `tr`s qub yi
tbhîih bxpbrebhkei. Isenesn`, sb gbn`strû tinaeåh qub sb pr`gukîi
k`obrbhkei s`keij, bs gbker, sehkr`hezikeûh gbj retn` kirgîik` bhtrb
ehgevegu`s.27 I k`htehuikeûh rbsunen`s arbvbnbhtb j`s rbsujtig`s
gb geko` bxpbrenbht`6
[b sbhtû i j`s kuirbhti sufbt`s bh t`rh` i gebz nbsis gb fubc`, i
rizûh gb kuitr` p`r kigi nbsi, trbs gb j`s kuijbs siaîih priktekir 
jis tåkhekis gb k`obrbhkei gb ObirtNito y bj kuirt` h`. W`g`s j`s
pirtekepihtbs bstiaih k`hbktig`s i bquep`s gb nbgekeûh gbj retn`
kirgîik`. I j`s trbs sufbt`s gb kigi nbsi k`h bxpbrebhkei bh jis
tåkhekis gb ObirtNito sb jbs gef` qub priktekirih ji tåkheki Obirt
J`kl-Eh piri iunbhtir ji k`obrbhkei b errigeir/trihsneter, bh sejbhke`,
sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s ij sufbt` seh bxpbrebhkei, bj kuij tih sûj` tbhîi
qub pbrnihbkbr trihquejinbhtb sbhtig`. [b `asbrvû qub, kuihg`
j`s trbs sufbt`s bxpbrenbhtig`s nihtbhîih uh ijt` hevbj gb
k`obrbhkei, bh bj kuirt` sb rbpr`gukîi bsb nesn` bstig`. Bri k`n`
se bj sufbt` seh bxpbrebhkei ouaebri seg` trihsp`rtig` i uh bstig` gb
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki. Igbnés, sb `asbrvû uhi rbjikeûh bstigîsteki
bhtrb gekoi sehkr`hezikeûh y uhi sbhsikeûh gb k`hbxeûh bn`ke`hij
bhtrb j`s kuitr` sufbt`s. J`s iut`rbs gbj bstuge` k`hkjuybr`h qub6
«[b gbtbktû uhi bvegbhtb sehkr`hezikeûh k`rizûh i k`rizûh bhtrb j`s
sufbt`s, j` kuij ip`rti krbgeaejegig i ji p`seaejegig gb qub sb bhtiajbh
ae`k`nuhekike`hbs gb k`rizûh i k`rizûh¼.

Rhi s`kebgig nés k`obrbhtb

Bh tbrneh`j`cîi gb jis kebhkeis s`keijbs, ji k`obrbhkei s`keij sb
nihedebsti bh d`rni gb rbjike`hbs bstiajbs, irn`he`sis y bh
seht`hîi, qub dikejetih qub ji bhbrcîi y ji k`nuhekikeûh djuyih gb
d`rni bdekiz. Ji k`obrbhkei s`keij sb pubgb bxtbhgbr i ji dinejei,
crup`s ` bhtegigbs bh jis qub bxestb uhi rbg gb rbjike`hbs bhtrb j`s
ehgevegu`s. ]iri bjj` sb hbkbseti qub sus k`np`hbhtbs bståh bh
seht`hîi y bh sehkr`hîi bn`ke`hij, isî k`n` qub ji cbsteûh gb ji
bhbrcîi gbj crup` sb aisb bh bj kuegig` nutu` y h` bh jis
inbhizis he bh ji dubrzi gb tbrkbr`s. ]`r bfbnpj`, bh uh bquep`
k`obrbhtb, j`s ehgevegu`s pubgbh iktuir y gbsirr`jjirsb jearbnbhtb ij
tebnp` qub k`hsbrvih ji k`obseûh y rbs`hihkei k`h bj pr`pûset` y j`s
`afbtev`s gbj crup`.22

 Iktuijnbhtb, k`nprbhgbr ji gehéneki s`keij gb ji bhbrcîi

k`hstetuyb uh kinp` gb crih ehtbrås piri nuko`s ehvbstecig`rbs. Bj
s`keûj`c` Qiyn`hg Arigjby, bh k`jia`rikeûh k`h bj hbur`kebhtîdek`
Lirj ]rearin, oih gbsirr`jjig` uhi tb`rîi cbhbrij gb ji k`nuhekikeûh
s`keij qub bxpjeki quå n`gbj`s gb `rcihezikeûh s`keij s`h k`nuhbs
i ji niy`rîi gb crup`s, y oih gbskuaebrt` qub ji niy`r pirtb gb
crup`s nés iktev`s p`sbbh uhi `rcihezikeûh cj`aij isî k`n` uhi
rbg k`obrbhtb gb rbjike`hbs gb bhbrcîi bn`ke`hij p`r ji qub sb
ehtbrk`hbktih préktekinbhtb t`g`s sus k`np`hbhtbs. Winaeåh oih
`asbrvig` qub sb hbkbseti bhbrcîi p`setevi piri qub uh sestbni
bhtrb bh uh n`g` gb niy`r k`obrbhkei isî k`n` qub ji kjivb piri
krbir crup`s bstiajbs y k`obrbhtbs bsté vehkujigi i uh iunbht` gb
jis bn`ke`hbs p`setevis y i ji ges`jukeûh gb tbhse`hbs bn`ke`hijbs
hbcitevis, k`hdjekt`s ehtbrpbrs`hijbs y gbnés dikt`rbs gb bstrås
tiht` bh k`n` bhtrb j`s k`np`hbhtbs gbj crup`.24
Rh hönbr` kigi vbz niy`r gb prubais sucebrb qub pubgb
bstiajbkbrsb uh kinp` gb bhbrcîi bhtrb j`s k`np`hbhtbs gb uh
crup` i trivås gbj kuij sb rbijezi ji k`nuhekikeûh bhtrb geko`s
sufbt`s. Geko` gb `tri nihbri, bxestb jetbrijnbhtb uh «kinp`¼ crupij
bh bj qub sb ehtbrk`hbktih t`g`s j`s k`np`hbhtbs gbj crup`. Kuiht`
niy`r sbi ji kihtegig gb k`np`hbhtbs gb uh crup` (bquep`
gbp`rtev`, k`npiùbr`s gb triaif`, ijunh`s gb uh iuji, crup` s`keij,
btkåtbri) qub iunbhti su hevbj gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, niy`r sbré
bj hevbj gb k`obrbhkei s`keij bh bj crup` y nés dékej jbs rbsujtiré
ijkihzir sus `afbtev`s bh irn`hîi y k`h bdekikei.;
Bh su p`hbhkei tetujigi «[`keij Aisbjehb Wob`ry6 Wob Q`jb `d [`keij
]r`xenety eh Bn`te`h ihg Bk`h`ny `d Ikte`h¼,23 Gr. Jihb Abkljbs y
Gr. Finbs I. K`i, gb ji Rhevbrsegig gb Tercehei, g`kunbhtih j`s
abhbdeke`s gb jis ehtbrikke`hbs k`h k`hbxeûh bn`ke`hij bhtrb jis
pbrs`his.2?
Nb pirbkeû bspbkeijnbhtb diskehihtb uh ispbkt` gb su
ehvbstecikeûh qub triti s`arb kûn` hubstri bhbrcîi pubgb ehdjuer 
s`arb jis pbrkbpke`hbs gb j`s gbnés y vekbvbrsi6

Jis n`gedekike`hbs gb hubstri pbrkbpkeûh sbhs`reij pr`gukegis p`r bj

kbrbar` ehdjuybh s`arb hubstri t`ni gb gbkese`hbs k`h bj deh gb cbste`hir ji
bhbrcîi k`h niy`r bdekikei.25 ]`r bfbnpj`, kuihg` kircin`s k`h uhi
n`koeji pbsigi, jis gestihkeis h`s pirbkbh nés jircis y jis kubstis nés
bnpehigis.4= Bh uh bstuge` nés rbkebhtb rbijezig` p`r [kohijj, Oirabr,
[tbdihukke & ]r`ddett, i j`s sufbt`s jis kubstis jbs pirbkîih nbh`s
 ehkjehigis se eaih ik`npiùig`s gb uh/i inec`/i.49 Igbnés, geko` bdbkt`
vireiai tinaeåh sbcöh ji gurikeûh gb ji inestig ‛kuiht` nés ihtecui dubri
ji inestig, nbh`s pr`huhkeigi rbsujtiai ji kubsti.

Aésekinbhtb j` qub bstéh gekebhg` bs qub hubstri pbrkbpkeûh ij

suaer uhi kubsti virîi se bstin`s ik`npiùig`s p`r ijcuebh k`h
quebh tbhbn`s rbs`hihkei bn`ke`hij, y qub kuiht` nés pr`duhgi
sbi gekoi k`hbxeûh, nbh`s pr`huhkeigi h`s pirbkb ji kubsti. Bst`
bs ijc` qub y` ob `asbrvig` bh nî nesn` tinaeåh. Ji niy`rîi gb
j`s dehbs gb sbnihi sijc` gb bxkurseûh k`h uh crup` gb inec`s p`r 
jis n`htiùis gb [ihti Kruz, kuyis kubstis nb pirbkbh nuko` nés
pr`huhkeigis y ji nirkoi nb rbsujti nuko` nés pbsigi se v`y s`j`.
Ne k`hkjuseûh gb t`g` bst` bs qub ji vegi rbsujti nés dékej y h`s
kubsti nbh`s ijkihzir hubstr`s `afbtev`s kuihg` tbhbn`s
rbjike`hbs qub sb aisih bh bj k`rizûh.
Yuezés ijcuh`s sb prbcuhtbh quå sukbgb k`h ji k`obrbhkei
hbcitevi i hevbj s`keij. °Bs qub h` sb pr`gukb tinaeåh nukoi
rbs`hihkei bn`ke`hij bh crup`s ` n`venebht`s dihétek`s qub
ehtbhtih g`nehir i j`s gbnés ` enp`hbrjbs sus krbbhkeis0 Kuihg`
bj vîhkuj` bn`ke`hij gb uh crup` bs bj rbsujtig` gb uh gbsb` gb
ehdrehcer giù` nbhtij, bn`ke`hij ` dîsek` bh j`s gbnés, gekois
ehtbhke`hbs gb j`s k`np`hbhtbs rbsubhih i uh hevbj vearit`re`
ehdbre`r qub h` ehv`jukri i ji kipikegig gb geskbrhenebht` gbj
k`rizûh. ]`r hiturijbzi, ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh bs ehkjusevi y ji
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki iktevi uh`s kbhtr`s kbrbarijbs supbre`rbs bh
g`hgb sb bxpbrenbhti ji k`npiseûh isî k`n` bj gbsb` gb iyugir i
qub j`s gbnés gbsirr`jjbh sus kipikegigbs supbre`rbs. Ji
k`obrbhkei s`keij div`rbkb ji ipirekeûh gb uhi «ehtbjecbhkei
k`jbktevi¼ qub bjbvi bj hevbj vearit`re` gbj kinp` bhbrcåtek` tiht` i
hevbj crupij k`n` bh bj ehgeveguij gb sus k`np`hbhtbs.
Bj Gr. K. @tt` [koirnbr, kitbgrétek` gb ji NEW [j`ih [ko``j `d 
Nihicbnbht, gbdehb ji «ehtbjecbhkei k`jbktevi¼ k`n` ji trihsekeûh gb
uh «bc`-sestbni¼ i uh «bk`-sestbni¼ qub sb pr`gukb kuihg` j`s
crup`s bv`juke`hih y ijkihzih uh hevbj supbre`r gb irn`hîi y
kijegig. Bh su `peheûh, ji «Wb`rîi
«Wb`rîi R¼ bs ji kipikegig gb jis pbrs`his
gb triaifir fuhtis k`h «ipbrturi nbhtij, ipbrturi bn`ke`hij y
ipbrturi gb v`juhtig¼. F`sbpo Fiw`rsle y Fihb K`rabtt,
ehvbstecig`rbs y sbcueg`rbs gb ji Wb`rîi R, oijjir`h qub bst` sb
pubgb rbd`rzir utejezihg` obrrinebhtis gb k`hkebhkei aisigis bh bj
k`rizûh. K`rabtt bskreab6

Ji ehtbjecbhkei k`jbktevi pubgb iktevirsb répeginbhtb piri k`npirter 

rbvbjike`hbs ehtbrhis y krestijezir p`seaejegigbs duturis, ehkjus` bh
setuike`hbs bh jis qub prbveinbhtb uh` bstiai itiskig`, piri,
sbcueginbhtb, p`hbrh`s i pr`t`tepir b ehsbrtir kinae`s gb d`rni nuy
bdekiz.41

Bh ji s`kebgig iktuij subjb bxester uhi irn`hîi i «hevbj supbrdekeij¼

p`rqub ji cbhtb bs aésekinbhtb kevejezigi y k``pbritevi, j` kuij bs,
`aveinbhtb, enp`rtihtb yi qub h`s oi pbrneteg` gbsirr`jjir uhi
s`kebgig `rgbhigi i hevbj cj`aij. [eh bnairc`, bh ji niy`rîi gb
crup`s, yi sbih crihgbs ` pbqubù`s, bs gb k`nprbhgbr qub nuko`s
ehgevegu`s sudrih gb ihsebgig, drustrikeûh, fueke`s sbscig`s y
prbfueke`s pr`vbhebhtbs gb j`s gbnés k`np`hbhtbs gbj crup` ` gb
`tr`s crup`s. W`gis bstis sbhsike`hbs, sb vbraijekbh ` h`, sb
trihsnetbh i hevbj gb ji bhbrcîi y krbih sbpirike`hbs y «kbrrizûh
bn`ke`hij¼, jis kuijbs, i su vbz, sb trigukbh bh pr`ajbnis gb
k`nuhekikeûh, gb rbjike`hbs isî k`n` gb sijug.;
 Iuhqub, i nbgegi qub sb ikbjbri bj kinae` i hevbj pjihbtire`, sb
ehkrbnbhti ji k`obrbhkei s`keij, bh nuko`s kis`s subjb hbkbsetirsb
gb uh ik`htbkenebht` bxtri`rgehire` piri qub uhi nujtetug gb
ehgevegu`s iarih bj k`rizûh i hevbj k`jbktev`. ]`r bfbnpj`, k`h
drbkubhkei sb `asbrvi uh iunbht` gb ji k`obrbhkei s`keij gbspuås
gb ijcuhi tricbgei. Ik`htbkenebht`s k`n` jis kitéstr`dbs hiturijbs
subjbh iarer bj k`rizûh gb jis pbrs`his, uherjis y jjbvirjis i `jvegirsb
gb sus iktetugbs hbcitevis piri triaifir bh k`jbktevegig p`r bj aebh
gbj crup`. ]br` bht`hkbs, k`h bj pis` gbj tebnp`, ij rbcrbsirsb i ji
h`rnijegig, bsb bspîretu gb k`nuhegig gbsbhkigbhig` p`r ji
kitéstr`db subjb gejuersb y ji cbhtb vubjvb i sus k`stunarbs y
iktetugbs gb rbdbrbhkei. [eh bnairc`, tinaeåh bs kebrt` qub nukoi
cbhtb qubgi enpiktigi p`r j` qub sb k`hsecueû ijkihzir bhtrb t`g`s
y, bht`hkbs, sb d`rfih vîhkuj`s y inestigbs gurigbris. °Yuå bs j`
qub enpjeki t`g` bst`0 Yub, kuihg` uh`s crup`s gb pbrs`his sb
bsdubrzih p`r ijkihzir uhi niy`r k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, enpujsih
tinaeåh uh kinae` p`setev` y bv`jutev` qub pbrneteré qub ji s`kebgig
sb rbbstrukturb i sî nesni.

[urcenebht` gb ji k`obrbhkei s`keij

@tr` ehgekig`r gbj surcenebht` gb uhi niy`r k`obrbhkei s`keij pubgb
`asbrvirsb bh bj obko` gb qub ijcuhis crihgbs nirkis oih gbfig`
gb k`hkbhtrir sus tåkhekis gb nirlbtehc   bh sî nesnis piri
bhd`kirsb bh kûn` pubgbh ip`rtir p`setevegig ij nuhg`. Nb
s`rprbhgeû rbijnbhtb ji kihtegig gb ihuhke`s tbjbvesev`s bhd`kig`s
bh ji k`hbxeûh bn`ke`hij y bh bj ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés qub sb
pr`ybktir`h gurihtb ji [upbr A`wj gb 1=92.
Wircbt®, uhi kigbhi gb crihgbs ijnikbhbs, sb abhbdekeû gb uhi
ehbspbrigi kinpiùi puajeketirei crikeis i ji iniaejegig gb uh` gb
sus bnpjbig`s kuihg` uh ig`jbskbhtb bhtrû bh uhi gb sus tebhgis
bh auski gb uhi k`raiti gb kjep p`rqub tbhîi qub prbsbhtirsb i uhi
bhtrbvesti gb triaif`. Bj gbpbhgebhtb gb Wircbt h` sûj` jb bhsbùû
pikebhtbnbhtb ij f`vbh kûn` p`hbrsb su hubvi k`raiti, seh`
tinaeåh i gir ji nih` k`h pr`dbse`hijegig isî k`n` i rbsp`hgbr i
gbtbrnehigis prbcuhtis. Bsb n`nbht` gb iniaejegig sehkbri qubgû
rbcestrig` p`r jis kéniris gb sbcuregig y, ij suaerj` i ji rbg, sb oez`
répeginbhtb verij. Igbnés, bhkifiai pbrdbktinbhtb k`h bj bsj`cih
gb Wircbt6 «Kubhti k`h nés. ]ici nbh`s. W`g`s j`s gîis gbj iù` bh
Wircbt®¼. [en`h Niehwirehc, curö gbj nirlbtehc  y y iut`r gb Sb Derst ,
k`nbhtû6

H` oiy higi qub tbhci nés rbpbrkuseûh o`y bh gîi bhtrb bj pöajek` gb jis
rbgbs s`keijbs qub uh ikt` gb iutåhteki a`hgig ounihi. [e ijc` tbhbn`s
qub sikir bh kjir` gb bsti bxpbrebhkei \gb Wircbt^, bs qub uhi senpjb
bxprbseûh gb iutåhteki a`hgig rbsujti ecuij gb itriktevi qub uhi kinpiùi
puajeketirei nujtenejj`hirei, se h` nés.

Kigi vbz s`h nés jis k`npiùîis qub `ptih p`r uh tep` gb
nirlbtehc  nés
 nés `rebhtig` i j`s `afbtev`s p`rqub, o`y bh gîi, tiht` j`s
nejjbhheijs k`n` `tr`s tep`s gb k`hsuneg`rbs sb prb`kupih nuko`
p`r j`s `afbtev`s s`keijbs y ji sijug bh cbhbrij. Ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb
gb kuéjbs sbih j`s n`tev`s gb gekois k`npiùîis piri ehtbhtir 
vbhgbr sus pr`gukt`s, kigi vbz nés rbk`h`kbh qub j`s kjebhtbs
quebrbh sbhter uhi k`hbxeûh, uhi k`hkebhkeikeûh y uhi iniaejegig
cbhuehis ‛y qub t`gis bstis kuijegigbs gbj k`rizûh s`h jis
tbhgbhkeis qub bstéh bnbrcebhg` i hevbj s`keij‛. W`g`s p`gbn`s
abhbdekeirh`s gb bsti k`hkebhkeikeûh qub sb bsté gbsirr`jjihg`.
 Iuhqub he qub gbker tebhb qub iöh qubgi nuko` p`r oikbr,
oikbr, tinaeåh
gbab rbk`h`kbrsb j`s pis`s qub bstéh gihg` gekois k`npiùîis isî
k`n` j`s qub bstin`s gihg` h`s`tr`s nesn`s piri nbf`rir hubstri
k`hgukti pbrs`hij.

Bj k`rizûh gbj jegbrizc`

 Ijc` qub, o`y bh gîi, bsté k`arihg` kigi vbz nés p`pujiregig bh bj
sbkt`r jia`rij, iuhqub seh jjbcir i k`hvbrtersb iöh bh uh n`venebht`,
k`hsestb bh ig`ptir uh bhd`qub nés bn`ke`hij bh j`s hbc`ke`s.
Jbhtinbhtb sb vi ikbptihg` qub jis pbrs`his (isî k`n` ji
k`htiaejegig gb ji bnprbsi) rehgbh nés kuihg` triaifih bh uh
bht`rh` gb rbspbt` y rbk`h`kenebht` qub bh uh` gb nebg` y prbseûh.
Kigi vbz s`h nés jis pbrs`his qub yi h` sb sebhtbh senpjbs
bnpjbig`s y qub tebhbh cihis gb k`hvbrtersb bh quebhbs s`h
rbijnbhtb. [`h k`hskebhtbs gb ji gedbrbhkei bhtrb j` qub oih seg`
ihtbre`rnbhtb y bsi hubvi pbrs`hi qub ehtbhtih sbr y, p`r j` tiht`,
quebrbh sbcuer j` qub jbs gekti bj k`rizûh. Wij y k`n` gef` [tbvb F`as
bh uh geskurs` ehiucurij p`k` gbspuås gb qub jb ouaebrih
geich`stekig` bj kéhkbr6 «Itrbvb`s i oikbrjb kis` i vubstr` k`rizûh
y i vubstri ehtuekeûh, p`rqub bjj`s yi siabh, gb ijcuhi d`rni, bh quå
`s qubråes k`hvbrter rbijnbhtb, y t`g` j` gbnés bs sbkuhgire`¼.
 Iuhqub veven`s uh`s tebnp`s bxtri`rgehire`s gbsgb bj puht` gb
vesti gb ji ehh`vikeûh y ji iabrturi qub sb bstéh nihedbstihg`,
nuko`s ispbkt`s gb jis bstrukturis `rcihezitevis sb nihtebhbh nuy
gesduhke`hijbs, j`s bdbkt`s gb j` kuij sb pubgbh `asbrvir y
kuihtedekir bh tårneh`s gb uh`s cij`pihtbs cist`s bh sihegig, uh
iunbht` gbj iasbhtesn` jia`rij, uhi sbhsikeûh gb gbsk`htbht` bh bj
triaif` y gbkese`hbs bquev`kigis. Bh ji niy`rîi gb bhtegigbs, i j`s
jîgbrbs jbs rbsujti gedîkej gbtbrnehir kûn` jjbcir oisti g`hgb quebrbh
bstir gbsgb g`hgb bstéh.
Obn`s `asbrvig` qub ijcuh`s gb j`s abhbdeke`s ehnbgeit`s y
préktek`s gb iunbhtir ji k`obrbhkei bh jis bhtegigbs s`h6 nbf`r 
cbsteûh pbrs`hij gb jis pr`peis bn`ke`hbs< k`nuhekikeûh nés
iutåhteki< nbh`s brr`rbs< iunbht` gb pr`guktevegig y bhbrcîi<
niy`r krbitevegig b ehtuekeûh< nbf`rîi bh ji t`ni gb gbkese`hbs<
btkåtbri. Rh inaebhtb gb triaif` bh bj qub jis pbrs`his sb nubvbh y
djuybh k`h bquejeare` y kijegbz, g`hgb t`g`s sb tritih k`h k`npiseûh
b ehtbrås cbhueh`s, y g`hgb sb gesp`hb gb nés ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh piri idr`htir j`s rbt`s gb ji nbf`r d`rni p`seajb piri t`g` bj
k`jbktev`, k`hstetuyb uh jucir gb triaif` g`hgb i uh` jb ipbtbkb
pisirsb `ko` o`ris ` nés ij gîi. Bh bstb nuhg` iktuij gb kinae`s
tih répeg`s y pbrnihbhtb k`hbktevegig, fbdbs y bnpjbig`s tebhbh qub
v`jvbrsb nés jest`s b ehtuetev`s se quebrbh ipr`vbkoir ij néxen` su
p`tbhkeij. Rh fbdb gb bnprbsi k`h k`rizûh h` bs uh ajihg`, seh` uhi
pbrs`hi qub siab qub tbhbr uh k`rizûh dubrtb rbsujti tih bsbhkeij
k`n` tbhbr uhi nbhtb kjiri.
Finbs L. Kjedt`h, prbsegbhtb y k`hsbfbr` gbjbcig` gb Cijjup
@rcihezite`h, iderni qub jis bnprbsis y bhtegigbs nés bxet`sis
pubgbh iprbhgbr i gbsirr`jjir uh krbkenebht` s`stbheajb se siabh
utejezir bj p`gbr bn`ke`hij gb jis pbrs`his. [bcöh åj, iuhqub j` qub
jis k`npiùîis oih iprbhgeg` bs i ehtbhtir `atbhbr bj néxen`
abhbdeke` k`h bj nîhen` gb cist`s, tbhbn`s qub gbskuarer hubvis
d`rnis gb cbste`hir ji hiturijbzi ounihi piri pbrneterji
gbsirr`jjirsb ij néxen`, j` kuij pisi p`r k`nprbhgbr jis bn`ke`hbs
gbj sbr ounih`.
Bh uhi `kiseûh, ve uhi bhtrbvesti qub jb oekebr`h p`r tbjbveseûh i
Finbs [ehbcij, k`hsbfbr` gbjbcig` gb K`stk`®, kuihg` gbfiai
gekoi k`npiùîi. Bri ji vevi enicbh gbj jîgbr k`rp`ritev` qub ehsestb
bh ji enp`rtihkei gb jis bn`ke`hbs p`setevis bh bj triaif`, isî k`n`
gbj kigi vbz nés bxtbhgeg` kinae` gb iktetug bh bj sbkt`r 
k`rp`ritev` ‛oikei uhi niy`r prbg`nehihkei gbj k`rizûh y gb ji
k`obrbhkei s`keij‛. [ehbcij bri k`h`keg` p`r su ehsestbhkei bh oikbr 
gb K`stk` uh crih jucir gb triaif` y, bh ji bhtrbvesti, sb jb vbîi
kuihg` eai i vesetir j`s gesteht`s bstiajbkenebht`s y kûn` oiajiai
k`h j`s bnpjbig`s gb t`g`s j`s hevbjbs k`h uhi iktetug gb kbrkihîi y
iutåhtek` ehtbrås p`r bjj`s. Ij dehij gb ji bhtrbvesti, kuihg` jb
prbcuhtir`h se oiarîi kinae`s bh K`stk` tris su pirtegi, rbsp`hgeû
qub p`r supubst` qub sî y qub bspbriai qub sb prbsbrviri ji kujturi
k`rp`ritevi qub åj oiaîi krbig`, i j` qub iùigeû6 «H` bs qub ji
kujturi sbi j` nés enp`rtihtb bh j`s hbc`ke`s. Bs qub bs j` öhek`
qub enp`rti¼.
J`s tijjbrbs gb k`obrbhkei qub `drbkb ObirtNito servbh piri qub
jis pbrs`his gbsirr`jjbh uhi seht`hîi bhtrb bj k`rizûh, ji nbhtb y jis
bn`ke`hbs, j` kuij sb trigukb bh uh iunbht` gb rbsejebhkei y
krbitevegig, bh uh nbf`r bstig` gb sijug isî k`n` bh `tr`s nuko`s
rbsujtig`s gbsbig`s p`r ji niy`rîi gb j`s ehgevegu`s bh cbhbrij, gb
j`s pr`dbse`hijbs gb ji sijug y gb jis bnprbsis. Ij d`rnirsb bh ji
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, tiht` j`s ehgevegu`s k`n` j`s bquep`s,
iprbhgbh i gbsirr`jjir su kipikegig gb iut`cbsteûh isî k`n` i
utejezir ji ehtbjecbhkei ehtuetevi gbj k`rizûh, j` kuij jbs ip`rti
abhbdeke`s kise ehnbgeit`s tiht` i hevbj gb sijug k`n` gb
rbhgenebht`. Jis bvijuike`hbs prbveis y i p`stbre`re bh jis bnprbsis
k`hdernih qub, k`h uhi niy`r k`obrbhkei tiht` i hevbj pbrs`hij
k`n` s`keij, nbf`ri bj rbhgenebht` tiht` i hevbj ehgeveguij k`n`
k`jbktev`, j` kuij dikejeti ji krbikeûh gb uhi kujturi nés sihi. I
k`htehuikeûh `drbkbrbn`s uhi sbreb gb git`s gb nbtiihéjeses
pr`kbgbhtbs gb uh`s kuiht`s bstuge`s k`n` ejustrikeûh gb jis
p`seaejegigbs qub sb iarbh crikeis ij iunbht` gbj hönbr` gb crup`s
y bhtegigbs qub k`nebhzih i k`hbktir nbf`r k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh.

H.¶ 9 - Kehk` nujtehike`hijbs

Bh uh inpje` bstuge` rbijezig` bh kehk` nujtehike`hijbs gb Bur`pi y
Bstig`s Rheg`s, sb `asbrvir`h uh`s enp`rtihtbs rbsujtig`s gb j`s
tijjbrbs gb k`obrbhkei. J`s git`s k`npubst`s gb jis bhkubstis gb
bvijuikeûh prb y p`spsek`nåtrekis rbijezigis bhtrb uhi p`ajikeûh gb
nés gb 2.3== sufbt`s, y qub sb prbsbhtih i k`htehuikeûh bh j`s
k`rrbsp`hgebhtbs crédek`s, nubstrih qub, bh uh pbrî`g` gb tih sûj`
sbes i hubvb sbnihis, jis préktekis gb k`obrbhkei gb Obirt

Nito irr`fir`h j`s secuebhtbs pr`nbge`s bh pbrs`his qub idernir`h

tbhbr bst`s sîht`nis bhtrb i nbhug` y sebnprb6 gesnehukeûh gb
diteci bh uh 77 %< gesnehukeûh gb ji ihsebgig bh uh 21 %<
gesnehukeûh gbj nij oun`r bh uh 4= %< gesnehukeûh gb ji gbprbseûh
bh uh 4= %< nbf`ri bh bj gbskihs` h`kturh` bh uh ;; %. Isenesn`,
sb oijjir`h nbf`ris senejirbs bh j`s secuebhtbs ispbkt`s gb ji sijug
bhtrb j`s sufbt`s qub idernir`h tbhbr geko`s sîht`nis bhtrb i
nbhug` y sebnprb6 gesnehukeûh gb g`j`r k`rp`rij bh uh 77 %<
gesnehukeûh gb j`s pr`ajbnis gecbstev`s bh uh 7; %< gesnehukeûh gb
jis pijpetike`hbs bh uh 4; %< y gesnehukeûh gb ji tbhseûh nuskujir 
bh uh 77 %.
Bh jis bvijuike`hbs rbijezigis ij kia` gb sbes nbsbs y gb uh iù`
p`r pirtb gb ijcuhis gb jis bnprbsis sb `asbrvû qub jis nbf`ris sb
nihtbhîih. J`s sufbt`s idernir`h sbhter uhi h`tiajb gesnehukeûh gb
ihsebgig jia`rij y gb gbsb`s gb kinaeir gb triaif`. J` qub nb
pirbkeû nés ehtbrbsihtb dub qub uh` gb j`s cbrbhtbs gb gekois
k`npiùîis h`s k`nbhtû qub, iuhqub ijcuh`s bnpjbig`s sbcuîih
priktekihg` jis tåkhekis qub iprbhgebr`h, nuko`s `tr`s jis oiaîih
gbfig` (ijc` tîpek` bh kuijquebr tijjbr gb d`rnikeûh), pbr` jis nbf`ris
sbcuîih pr`gukeåhg`sb b ehkjuîih i t`g` bj pbrs`hij. Ijcuh`s gb j`s
cbrbhtbs ` fbdbs k`nbhtir`h qub ijc` oiaîi kinaeig` bh bj
inaebhtb bh cbhbrij k`n` rbsujtig` gbj bsdubrz` rbijezig` p`r uhi
pirtb gbj pbrs`hij s`jinbhtb, j` kuij sb trigukîi bh qub j`s gbnés
tinaeåh sijîih abhbdekeig`s.
Geko` ehtrecihtb rbsujtig` bs uhi bxprbseûh gbj p`tbhkeij gb ji
k`obrbhkei s`keij, tij y k`n` k`nbhtin`s bh bj bstuge` nbhke`hig`
ij prehkepe` gb bstb kipîtuj` bh bj qub ji k`obrbhkei gbj retn`
kirgîik` gb trbs sufbt`s sbhtig`s ijrbgbg`r gb uhi nbsi gb fubc`s
kiusiai uh kinae` ehk`hskebhtb bh ji gbj kuirt` sufbt`. Bsti
p`seaejegig gb qub sb pr`guzki uh bdbkt` gb nujtepjekikeûh gb ji
k`obrbhkei s`keij rbsujti nuy ehtbrbsihtb piri bnprbsis qub
quebrih gbsirr`jjir uhi kujturi nés sihi y qub sb prb`kupb p`r bj
aebhbstir gb sus bnpjbig`s.

H.¶ 1 - [estbnis gb sijug

J`s o`spetijbs y jis bhtegigbs sihetireis sb oih bhk`htrig` sebnprb
bhtrb j`s prenbr`s bh ehk`rp`rir hubstr`s tijjbrbs, j` kuij h` bs gb
s`rprbhgbr, yi qub bj pbrs`hij sihetire` k`h`kb nuy aebh ji rbjikeûh
bxestbhtb bhtrb sijug y cist`s gb ji bnprbsi. Bj secuebhtb crédek` h`s
nubstri uh nbtiihéjeses ihtbs y gbspuås gbj tijjbr gb ObirtNito k`h
nés gb ?.3== pr`dbse`hijbs sihetire`s pr`kbgbhtbs gb gesteht`s
sestbnis gb sijug. Kiab gbstikir j`s kinae`s sechedekitev`s
`asbrvig`s bh j`s bstig`s bn`ke`hijbs y j`s sîht`nis gb bstrås gb
bsti p`ajikeûh.
Nuko`s gb geko`s o`spetijbs k`nputir`h tinaeåh bj io`rr` bh
cist`s, ijcuh`s gb j`s kuijbs jjbcir`h i bstenirj`s bh nés gb uh
nejjûh gb gûjirbs ij iù` crikeis i ji rbgukkeûh gb r`tikeûh gb turh`s
y iasbhtesn` jia`rij, y jjbcir`h i ji k`hkjuseûh gb qub, crikeis ij
pr`crini gb ObirtNito, bj rbhgenebht` gbj kipetij ehvbrteg` sb oiaîi
nujtepjekig` p`r gebz. Kuihg` j`s cbrbhtbs y bquep`s gerbktev`s gb
j`s o`spetijbs iprbhgebr`h jis tåkhekis gb ObirtNito piri supbrir bj
bstrås y iunbhtir ji rbsejebhkei, tinaeåh sb pr`guf` bh t`g` bj
o`spetij uh kinae` oikei uhi iktetug gb niy`r ehtbrås p`r bj
aebhbstir gb j`s gbnés qub, i su vbz, nbf`rû bj hevbj gb sitesdikkeûh
gb j`s pikebhtbs. I k`htehuikeûh `drbkbrbn`s uh bfbnpj` bh
k`hkrbt`.
 Bj Dierdebjg Nbgekij Kbhtbr, setuig` bh ji keugig gb Jihkistbr, bh bj
bstig` gb @oe`, gbkegeû p`hbr bh prékteki bj pr`crini gb ObirtNito
bh t`g`s j`s hevbjbs gb ji bnprbsi k`h bj deh gb nbf`rir ji kijegig gb
vegi gb t`g` bj pbrs`hij isî k`n` ji gb ji itbhkeûh i j`s pikebhtbs.
]iri p`gbr kunpjer k`h ji neseûh s`keij gbj Dierdebjg Nbgekij Kbhtbr i
jirc` pjiz` («K`hvbrterh`s bh uh o`spetij gb rbdbrbhkei qub sb
prb`kupi p`r bj aebhbstir gb su pbrs`hij jia`rij, gb sus pikebhtbs y
gb ji s`kebgig¼), bj k`hfuht` gb sus nés gb 1.=== pr`dbse`hijbs gb
ji sijug ig`ptir`h bj bhd`qub gb ObirtNito «piri `drbkbr i sus
pikebhtbs y i sus dinejeirbs uhi itbhkeûh bdekiz, sbcuri, gb kijegig y
k`h ijt`s vij`rbs ounihetire`s¼. Bh bj n`nbht` gb bskreaer bstb
kipîtuj`, 9.91= gb sus bnpjbig`s oih iprbhgeg` yi j`s nåt`g`s gb
ObirtNito ‛ipr`xeniginbhtb uh 27 % gb ji pjihtejji‛ y uh` gb j`s
rbqueset`s piri t`g`s j`s hubv`s k`htrit`s bs rbijezir hubstr` tijjbr.
tijjbr.
Gbspuås gb trbs iù`s gb n`het`rezikeûh y bvijuikeûh, åst`s s`h j`s
rbsujtig`s `atbheg`s bh bj Dierdebjg Nbgekij Kbhtbr crikeis ij
pr`crini gb ObirtNito6

• Jis aifis gb k`rti gurikeûh oih gesnehueg` uh 23 % bh

k`npirikeûh k`h j`s cist`s p`r bsti kiusi bh bj bfbrkeke` deskij
ihtbre`r.
• Bh 1==5 bj o`spetij `atuv` bj ]jitehun Det Drebhgjy K`npihy
 Iwirg 4; `t`rcig` p`r ji Inbrekih Obirt Iss`keite`h. Bh 1=9=
dub h`narig` «O`spetij gb ObirtNito¼ y jb dub `t`rcig` bj prbne`
K`htehuety `d Kirb 47 gb ObirtNito.
• [bcöh j`s rbsujtig`s gb uhi bhkubsti gb sitesdikkeûh rbijezigi
bhtrb sus triaifig`rbs, j`s qub oiaîih obko` bj tijjbr gb
ObirtNito bxprbsir`h sbhtersb nés sitesdbko`s k`h su triaif` qub
j`s qub h` j` oiaîih obko`, igbnés gb n`strir nbh`s sîht`nis
gb bstrås dîsek` y, bh kinae`, uh iunbht` gb ji vetijegig,
rbsejebhkei b ehtbjecbhkei bn`ke`hij.

Kyhtoei ]birsijj, fbdi gb bhdbrnbrîi gbj Dierdebjg Nbgekij Kbhtbr y

d`rnig`ri tetujigi gb ObirtNito, gbskreab kûn` duhke`hi bst`6

Kuihg` tb sebhtbs bstrbsig`, jetbrijnbhtb, pubgbs girjb ij a`tûh bh

 kuijquebr n`nbht`, bh kuijquebr sete`, y bhtrir bh ji «z`hi seh bstrås¼ ij
kinaeir bj nbhsifb ehstihtéhb` qub bj k`rizûh jb bhvîi ij kbrbar` i trivås
gbj sestbni hbrve`s`. W`g`s j`s gîis bnpebz` k`h ji tåkheki gb ObirtNito
jjinigi «Obirt J`kl-Eh¼ piri iprbhgbr i nihtbhbrnb nés tebnp` bh uh
bstig` gb k`obrbhkei, bstiajbkbr uh bquejeare` y uhi sehkr`hezikeûh bhtrb bj
k`rizûh y ji nbhtb, y piri tbhbr nés rbsejebhkei bh j`s n`nbht`s gb
tbhseûh qub så qub vih i pr`gukersb i j` jirc` gbj gîi. Ehkjus` jis
rbuhe`hbs jis k`nebhz` isî, oikebhg` uh Obirt J`kl-Eh gb 5= sbcuhg`s< y
kuihg` vb` qub h`s kubsti jjbcir i uhi k`hkjuseûh k`n` bquep`, jbs peg` i
t`g`s qub oicih ijcuh`s bfbrkeke`s dékejbs gurihtb uh pir gb nehut`s piri
k`hsbcuer k`obrbhkei y kinaeir ji bhbrcîi bh bsb n`nbht`. Bht`hkbs,
kuihg` rbihugin`s ji rbuheûh, k`hsbcuen`s ik`rgir uhi gbkeseûh. J` qub
ObirtNito bsté j`crihg` bs rbd`rzir j`s vîhkuj`s gb uheûh gb bsti dinejei
gb pr`dbse`hijbs gb ji sijug y, gb obko`, gb bsti k`jbktevegig.

Bj kis` gb Kyhtoei bs uh kjir` bfbnpj` gb qub, ij ipjekir bj

k`hfuht` gb tåkhekis gb k`obrbhkei, bh geko` énaet` o`spetijire` sb
pr`guf` uh kinae` qub rbguf` j`s cist`s y ip`rtû nbf`ris tiht` i
hevbj gb sijug k`n` gb rbhgenebht`. ]br` j` nés enp`rtihtb piri bjji
dub qub, crikeis i ji prékteki gb ObirtNito, j`s k`np`hbhtbs gb su
bquep` bnpbzir`h i jjbvirsb nbf`r p`rqub ji k`nuhekikeûh bri nés
iutåhteki.

H.¶ ; - Qbsujtig`s bh ji bgukikeûh

@tr` sbkt`r bh bj qub obn`s `asbrvig` j`s abhbdeke`s gb uhi niy`r 
k`obrbhkei ehgeveguij y s`keij bs bj gb ji bgukikeûh. Rh bstuge` k`h
crup` gb k`htr`j suavbhke`hig` p`r bj Gbpirtinbht` gb Bgukikeûh
gb Bstig`s Rheg`s, bh bj qub pirtekepir`h uh`s nej bstugeihtbs gb
gåken` crig`, sb utejezir`h tåkhekis gb ObirtNito fuht` k`h
tbkh`j`cîi gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki. Ij kia` gb kuitr` nbsbs, bj
rbsujtig` dub uh k`hsegbriajb iunbht` gb ji jîhbi aéseki gb
rbdbrbhkei.42 Ij crup` gbj bxpbrenbht` sb jbs bhsbùû «WbstBgcb®¼,
uh pr`crini gb ObirtNito piri rbguker j`s hevbjbs gb ihsebgig ihtb
j`s bxénbhbs y `atbhbr nbf`rbs h`tis. Bh bj crédek` secuebhtb sb
nubstrih j`s kinae`s dese`jûcek`s k`h ji k`obrbhkei gb rbdbrbhkei bh
g`s ijunh`s qub servbh piri ejustrir j`s rbsujtig`s gb ji niy`rîi gbj
crup` ihtbs y kuitr` nbsbs gbspuås gbj tijjbr. Geko`s kinae`s bh ji
k`obrbhkei gb rbdbrbhkei sb k`rrbsp`hgbh k`h nbf`ris
k`hguktuijbs, rbgukkeûh gb ji ihsebgig ihtb j`s bxénbhbs y nbf`rbs
kijedekike`hbs.

 Ihtbs gbj tijjbr gb WbstBgcb, bj 49 % gb j`s ijunh`s iderniaih

sbhter ihsebgig p`r j`s bxénbhbs, bj 14 % gb j`s kuijbs pigbkîih uh
ijt` hevbj gb ihsebgig k`h drbkubhkei ` kise sebnprb. Bh uh`s tbsts
bstéhgir gb nitbnétekis y gb jbhcui, bst`s öjten`s `atuvebr`h gb
nbgei 92 puht`s nbh`s qub j`s ijunh`s k`h nbh`s hevbj gb
ihsebgig. Gb j`s ijunh`s qub idernir`h pigbkbr ihsebgig p`r j`s
bxénbhbs ij k`nbhzir bj tijjbr gb WbstBgcb, ij 32 % jbs oiaîi
gesnehueg` bj hevbj gb ihsebgig ij tbrnehir bj bstuge`.
 Gekoi rbgukkeûh gb j`s hevbjbs gb ihsebgig sb k`rrbsp`hgeû k`h
nbf`ris bh jis nbgegis s`ke`bn`ke`hijbs y k`hguktuijbs gbj crup`
priktekihtb gb ObirtNito6 rbgukkeûh gb sbhtenebht`s hbcitev`s
(bstrås, riaei, gbkbpkeûh, trestbzi, gbprbseûh y s`jbgig)< rbgukkeûh gb
ji gesk`rgihkei bn`ke`hij, j` kuij enpjeki uh ehkrbnbht` gb ji
k`hkebhkei bn`ke`hij isî k`n` uhi nbf`r cbsteûh gb jis bn`ke`hbs<
y uhi rbgukkeûh gb jis gedekujtigbs ehtbrikke`hijbs, k`hsbkubhkei gb
uh iunbht` gb ji bnpitîi y gb ji nbf`ri gb jis rbjike`hbs k`h j`s
gbnés. Isenesn`, iunbhtû bj hevbj gb pbrkbpkeûh p`setevi gb ji
kjisb, gbaeg` i uh ehkrbnbht` gb ji sbhsikeûh gb gesdrutir y
iprbhgbr bh kjisb, gb j`s sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s oikei j`s
k`npiùbr`s y k`npiùbris, y gb ji itbhkeûh rbkeaegi gbj bhsbùihtb.
]`r öjten`, tinaeåh sb pr`guf` uh iunbht` sechedekitev` gb jis h`tis
bh j`s bxénbhbs gb j`s ijunh`s gbj crup` qub iprbhgebr`h ji
tåkheki ObirtNito bh k`npirikeûh k`h j`s gbj crup` gb k`htr`j, k`h
uh rihc` nbge` gb 9= i 12 puht`s nés.
Lirj ]rearin, NG, ]o.G., geduht` nebnar` gbj k`hsbf` k`hsujtev` gb
kebhtîdek`s gb ObirtNito (ihtecu` gerbkt`r gbj Gbpirtinbht` gb
Ehvbstecikeûh Kbrbarij gb ji Rhevbrsegig gb [tihd`rg, igbnés gb
iut`r gbj jear` Arieh ihg ]brkbpte`h ihg Jihcuicbs `d tob Arieh)
bstiai bhtuseisnig` k`h hubstris ehvbstecike`hbs bh bj kinp` gb ji
bgukikeûh. [bcöh sus pr`peis pijiaris6

Yubgå bhkihtig` ij jbbr bj bxoiustev` ehd`rnb gb ObirtNito s`arb j`s

rbsujtig`s gbj Bstuge` gb Gbn`strikeûh Hike`hij gb WbstBgcb. Bj bstuge`
bs diauj`s` \…^ y ip`rti uh enprbse`hihtb k`rpus gb g`kunbhtikeûh qub
k`rr`a`ri y gbnubstri qub bj pr`crini WbstBgcb
Wbst Bgcb servb, bdbktevinbhtb,
piri rbguker ji ihsebgig gb j`s ijunh`s ihtb j`s bxénbhbs y piri qub
`atbhcih nbf`rbs rbsujtig`s. [`h gb bspbkeij rbjbvihkei jis prubais
dese`jûcekis qub ehgekih qub j`s ijunh`s qub pirtekepir`h bh bj pr`crini
oiaîih ijkihzig` uh hubv` hevbj gb bstiaejegig bn`ke`hij, j` kuij bs
enprbskehgeajb piri qub sb pr`guzki uh kinae` k`hguktuij i jirc` pjiz`.
Bstb bstuge` bs t`g` uh bfbnpj` gb kûn` gbab oikbrsb uh triaif` gb
kinp` gb kebhkeis s`keijbs.

J` qub nés nb bn`ke`hû ij rbkeaer bst`s rbsujtig`s dub qub h`

sûj` oiaîih nbf`rig` j`s rbsujtig`s bh j`s bxénbhbs seh` tinaeåh
bj iprbhgezifb s`ke`bn`ke`hij, y qub sb oiaîih pr`gukeg` kinae`s
k`hguktuijbs p`setev`s. Ij iprbhgbr tåkhekis piri iut`cbste`hir jis
bn`ke`hbs y `atbhbr k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, bst`s bstugeihtbs
gesp`hbh gb uhis obrrinebhtis qub jbs sbréh ötejbs bj rbst` gb su
vegi.

Krbir uhi s`kebgig ehtbrk`hbktigi gbsgb bj k`rizûh

K`hbktirsb gbsgb bj k`rizûh bs uhi tbhgbhkei bh ijzi p`rqub bs j`
qub ihobji ji cbhtb gb t`g` bj nuhg`. Ji cbhtb bsté kihsigi gb
kûn` sb oih obko` jis k`sis oisti io`ri ‛gb j`s sestbnis s`keijbs
qub yi h` duhke`hih, gb j`s krbg`s qub oikbh oehkipeå bh ji
p`jirezikeûh y ji sbpirikeûh, isî k`n` gb t`gi uhi jirci sbreb gb
pirigecnis qub jjbvih tebnp` k`hstetuybhg` bj stitus qu`.
 Iuhqub h` gbfi gb sbr kebrt` qub, o`y bh gîi, bxestb uhi ehcbhtb
kihtegig gb dehbs `kujt`s qub k`npetbh bhtrb sî y kuy` rihc` gb
k`hsbkubhkeis iairki gbsgb uh gbaitb sbre` oisti jis k`hvujse`hbs
y cubrris p`r riz`hbs p`jîtekis y rbjece`sis, h` p`r bjj` gbfih gb
iauhgir jis h`tekeis bspbrihzig`ris bh nbge` gb t`g` bj ki`s
prbg`nehihtb. [`h nuko`s j`s qub k`hsegbrih qub t`gi bsti
icetikeûh cj`aij y k`jbktevi d`rni pirtb gb uh kinae` y gb uhi
trihsekeûh oikei uhi hubvi k`hkebhkei aisigi bh ji k``pbrikeûh, bj
ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés y ji ikbptikeûh. Bs bj pr`kbs` gb krbikeûh gb
uh hubv` nuhg` i pirter gb uh` vebf`. Ji k`hkebhkei bsté kinaeihg`.
Ji cbhtb bsté kinaeihg`. Ji s`kebgig sb bsté trihsd`rnihg` y bsté
bnbrcebhg` uhi hubvi ehtbjecbhkei k`jbktevi.
]`r uh n`nbht`, ehtbhti gbsk`hbktir gbj ki`s qub vbn`s i geire`
bh ji s`kebgig y pebhsi bh j` secuebhtb6 °Yuå p`grîi sukbgbr se
nukoi nés cbhtb t`niri k`hkebhkei gbj p`tbhkeij gb trihsd`rnikeûh
gbj qub gesp`hb bh bj k`rizûh0 °[e t`niri k`hkebhkei gb qub bs` i
j` qub jjinih su «k`rizûh¼ bs nuko` nés kebrt` gb j` qub jbs oih
geko` oisti io`ri y qub h` bs s`jinbhtb ijc` dej`sûdek` ` bsperetuij0
°[e t`niri k`hkebhkei gb qub, ij k`hsbcuer k`hbktir k`h ji
kipikegig gb geskbrhenebht` gb qub gesp`hb bj k`rizûh, tebhb ji
`p`rtuhegig gb cbste`hir nbf`r sus bn`ke`hbs, sbhter nés
k`npiseûh, kireù` y in`r, isî k`n` c`zir gb nbf`r sijug, gb
nbf`rbs rbjike`hbs k`h j`s gbnés y gb uh niy`r rbhgenebht`0 °Yuå
pisirîi se ouaebri kigi vbz nés pbrs`his qub gebrih rebhgi subjti ij
p`gbr gb ji seht`hîi y k`npjekegig k`obrbhtb bhtrb ji nbhtb, j`s
sbhtenebht`s y ji ehtuekeûh k`h bj deh gb s`rtbir nbf`r jis gedekujtigbs
gb ji vegi geirei0 °Kûn` sbrîi bsb nuhg` gb k`obrbhkei s`keij0
Kuihg` pebhs` bh t`gis bstis p`seaejegigbs, nb g`y kubhti gb qub
bsté bnbrcebhg`
bnbrcebhg` uh nuhg` hubv`, gesteht` y nbf`r. K`h j`s `f`s gbj
k`rizûh, pubg` vbr qub t`g` bs` bs p`seajb.
2;. NkKrity,
NkKrity, Q., «Wob Bhbrcbtek Obirt6 Ae`nichbtek K`nnuhekite`h Setoeh ihg
Abtwbbh ]b`pjb¼, bh Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek ihg [uatjb Bhbrcy Nbgekehb, 1.ª
bg., ]. F. Q`sko, bg., 1=92.
27. N`rres, [. N., «Dikejetitehc k`jjbktevb k`obrbhkb6 Cr`up Bddbkts `h Obirt
Qitb Tireiaejety K`obrbhkb ihg Obirt Qoyton [yhkor`hezite`h¼.  Ijtbrhitevb
Wobripebs eh Obijto ihg Nbgekehb, 1=9=, 94(7)6 41-31.
22. NkKrity, Q., Koejgrb, G, K`obrbhkb6 «Aregcehc ]brs`hij, [`keij ihg Cj`aij
Obijto¼. Ijtbrhitevb Wobripebs eh Obijto ihg Nbgekehb, 1=9=, 94(7)6 9=-17.
24. Arigjby, Q. W. y L. O. ]rearin, «K`nnuhekite`h ihg stiaejety eh s`keij
k`jjbktevbs¼. F`urhij `d [`keij ihg Bv`jute`hiry [ystbns, 955?, 19(9)6 15-?=.
23. Wb`rîi gbj rbdbrbhtb s`keij6 bj pipbj gb ji pr`xenegig s`keij bh jis
bn`ke`hbs y ji bk`h`nîi gb ji ikkeûh. (H. gbj W.)
2?. Abklbs, J. y F. I. K`ih, «[`keij aisbjehb tob`ry6 Wob r`jb `d s`keij
pr`xenety eh bn`te`h ihg bk`h`ny `d ikte`h¼. [`keij ihg ]brs`hijety 
]syko`j`cy K`npiss, 1=99, 1=99, 2(91)6 534-5??.
25. Qebhbr, K. Q., bt ij., «Ih bddbkt `d n``g `h tob pbrkbpte`h `d cb`cripoekij
sjiht¼. K`chete`h ihg Bn`te`h, 1=99, 12(9)6 937-9?1.
4=. [tbdihukke, F. L., bt ij.,  «Gestihkbs ippbir geddbrbht `h oejjs¼. ]brkbpt 
]syko`poys, 1==2, 43(4)6 9=21-9=4=.
49. Wwbgt, B., K. A. Oiwlehs, y G. ]r`ddett, «]brspbktevb-tilehc koihcbs
pbrkbevbg spiteij jiy`ut¼. F`urhij `d Tese`h, 1==5, 5(?)6 37-37.
41. K`rabtt, F., «Eh tob Debjg ihg it tob Obirt `d ]rbsbhkehc6 K`hhbktehc Ehhbr 
Wrihsd`rnite`h eh Jbigbrsoep weto @rcihesite`hij ihg [`kebtij Koihcb, eh
Jbigbrsoep
Jbigbrsoep d`r i Obijtoy S`rjg6 Krbitevb [`keij Koihcb¼. Bh prbhsi, 1=94.
4;. Cijirgûh gb pjiteh` i ji bnprbsi gb niy`r ip`y` i ji aubhi d`rni dîseki.
(H. gbj W.)
47. ]rbne` i uhi itbhkeûh gb kijegig gb d`rni s`stbhegi. (H. gbj W.)
42. Arigjby, Q.W., bt ij.,  «Bn`te`h sbjd-rbcujite`h, psyko`poyse`j`cekij k`ob-
rbhkb, ihg tbst ihxebty6 rbsujts dr`n ih bxpbrenbht usehc bjbktr`poyse`j`cekij
nbisurbs¼. Ippj ]syko`poyse`j Ae`dbbgaikl , 1=9=, ;2(7)6 149-?;.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 4
K@OBQBHKEI CJ@AIJ
p`r Gba`rio Q`znih

 Ij gbspbrtirnb bsti niùihi, ihtbs gb iarer j`s `f`s, bst`s

pbhsinebht`s sb iaijihzir`h s`arb ne k`hkebhkei6 «Bj nuhg`
hbkbseti gb uh néxen` gb kireù` y k`npiseûh. °Yuå pisirîi se, i
hevbj k`jbktev`, k`hsecueårin`s errigeir sudekebhtb in`r oikei j`s
kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s tbrrbstrbs piri krbir uh bdbkt` gb nujtepjekikeûh
` gb k`obrbhkei kuéhteki0 °Yuå sb hbkbseti rbijnbhtb piri qub
kinaeb ji k`hkebhkei gb ji ounihegig0¼. Bst`s pbhsinebht`s h` sb
nb dubr`h gb ji nbhtb gurihtb ji nbgetikeûh gb ji niùihi, bh ji
kuij errigeå bj néxen` qub pugb gb k`npiseûh y in`r pur`s p`r bj
pjihbti y p`r t`gi ji ounihegig.
Kuihg`, bh 955?, ser Q`cbr ]bhr`sb isesteû i uhi k`hdbrbhkei bh bj
ObirtNito Ehstetutb s`arb se ji iktevegig kbrbarij k`hjjbviai pr`kbs`s
kuéhtek`s, jb prbcuhtå6 «°Yuå bs ji k`obrbhkei kuéhteki0¼, y nb
k`htbstû6 «Bs ijc` qub sb pr`gukb kuihg` uhi crih kihtegig gb
pirtîkujis k`hsecubh k``pbrir k`jbktevinbhtb bh uh öhek` bstig`
kuéhtek`¼. Nb prbcuhtå bht`hkbs se bs` p`grîi ipjekirsb tinaeåh, i
crih bskiji, i ji ounihegig. Nés igbjihtb, jbî bh bj jear` gb Nib-
Sih O` Wob Qieha`w ihg Wob S`rn qub ji k`obrbhkei kuéhteki bs
j` qub gbdehb i kuijquebr `rcihesn` vev`, i j` qub iùigîi6 ¡Gb bsti
d`rni, bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kuéhteki, sb ijkihzi bj néxen`
gb k`obseûh cj`aij isî k`n` gb jeabrtig j`kij! J` qub ji hiturijbzi
h`s pjihtbi bs rbs`jvbr uh k`npjbf` ikbrtef` qub h`s `ajeci i gir 
kiaegi i p`j`s ipirbhtbnbhtb `pubst`s. H` kiab gugi gb qub geko`
ikbrtef` bs uhi gbskrepkeûh gbj bstig` iktuij gbj nuhg`. Bht`hkbs,
nb prbcuhtå6 «°Kûn` sb jis ipiùi ji hiturijbzi piri krbir 
k`obseûh i hevbj cj`aij y,
y, ij nesn` tebnp`, pbrneter bj jearb ijabgrî`0¼
Bh bj kipîtuj` ihtbre`r obn`s iprbhgeg` qub ji kebhkei oi
gbskuaebrt` qub, kuihg` priktekin`s ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki b
errigein`s in`r y k`npiseûh, hubstr` k`rizûh cbhbri uhis `hgis
bjbktr`nichåtekis i su ijrbgbg`r qub div`rbkbh ji ipirekeûh gb
k`obrbhkei s`keij, yi sbi bh bj o`cir, bh bj triaif`, bh ji bskubji `
ijrbgbg`r gb uhi nbsi. I nbgegi qub iunbhti bj hönbr` gb
pbrs`his qub errigeih k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, sb krbi uh kinp`
bhbrcåtek` qub oikb nés dékej qub j`s gbnés pubgih k`hbktirsb k`h
bj k`rizûh. ]`r j` tiht`, bh tb`rîi, se sb ijkihziri ji kihtegig
hbkbsirei gb pbrs`his qub gbsirr`jjirih k`obrbhkei i hevbj
ehgeveguij y s`keij, tinaeåh p`grîi gbsirr`jjirsb k`obrbhkei i hevbj
cj`aij.

Ji kebhkei k`nebhzi i rbk`h`kbr qub t`g`s d`rnin`s pirtb gb uh

vist` bhtrbtbfeg` gb k`hbxe`hbs qub ehkjuybh h` sûj` ji vegi bh
hubstr` pjihbti seh` bh t`g` bj sestbni s`jir b ehkjus` nés ijjé.
Gekoi k`hbktevegig i hevbj bhbrcåtek` bs ji qub pbrnetb bj
ehtbrkinae` gb ehd`rnikeûh isî k`n` gb k`obrbhkei y rbs`hihkei
kirgîikis. Tin`s i vbr gb quå nihbri gekoi k`hbktevegig i hevbj
bhbrcåtek` p`grîi, p`tbhkeijnbhtb, ehkrbnbhtir ji k`obrbhkei cj`aij.
K`n` yi obn`s nbhke`hig` ihtbre`rnbhtb, bj tårneh`
«k`obrbhkei¼ enpjeki `rgbh, bstrukturi, irn`hîi ‛uhi ijehbikeûh
gbhtr` gb y bhtrb sestbnis‛ yi sb tritb gb pirtîkujis kuéhtekis,
`rcihesn`s vev`s, sbrbs ounih`s, crup`s s`keijbs, pjihbtis `
 cijixeis. Geko` `rgbh irnûhek` bs ji bxprbseûh gb uh sestbni
k`obrbhtb kuy` ûpten` duhke`hinebht` gbpbhgb gb ji gesp`heaejegig
y djuegbz gb sus pr`kbs`s.44
Bstb bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki bs j` qub ehtbhtih ijkihzir 
(nukois vbkbs seh siabrj`) hunbr`sis tåkhekis gb nbgetikeûh. Bh
t`g` bj nuhg` bxestbh nejbs gb crup`s y `rcihezike`hbs qub
priktekih gestehtis d`rnis gb nbgetikeûh y `rikeûh piri dikejetirjbs jis
k`sis i j`s gbnés i hevbj bhbrcåtek`. Nukois `rcihezike`hbs
sehkr`hezih sus nbgetike`hbs, sbse`hbs gb `rikeûh,
bxpbrenbhtike`hbs k`h ji ehtbhkeûh gb iyugir i qub jis pbrs`his sb
kurbh ` piri krbir uh nuhg` nés irnûhek`. Iauhgih j`s bstuge`s
qub gbnubstrih qub, kuihg` uh`s crup`s ` k`jbktev`s sb rböhbh
piri nbgetir, `rir ` k`hkbhtrirsb bh ijcöh `afbtev` p`setev`, pubgbh
`atbhbrsb bdbkt`s tih abhbdeke`s`s k`n` suskbpteajbs gb sbr 
nbgeg`s. ]`r bfbnpj`, bh 955; sb rbijezû uh bstuge` bh Sisoehct`h
G. K., qub gbn`strû qub ji krenehijegig oiaîi gesnehueg` bh uh 12 %
k`n` k`hsbkubhkei gb qub 1.2== sufbt`s oiaîih priktekig`
nbgetikeûh k`h geko` `afbtev` gurihtb uh`s gbtbrnehig`s pbrî`g`s
gb tebnp`, j` kuij sechedeki qub uh crup` rbjitevinbhtb pbqubù`, gb
uh`s p`k`s nejbs gb sufbt`s, k`hsecueû ehdjuer s`arb uh crup` nuko`
niy`r ‛gb uh nejjûh y nbge` gb pbrs`his‛.43 [b pjihtbû bht`hkbs
ji kubsteûh gb, se sb pubgb gesnehuer ji krenehijegig, °p`grîih
rbgukersb tinaeåh j`s k`hdjekt`s s`keijbs y jis cubrris k`n`
k`hsbkubhkei gb ji nbgetikeûh gb uh crup` gb pbrs`his0 [b rbijezû
uh bxpbrenbht` senejir bh bj n`nbht` nés krîtek` gb ji cubrri bhtrb
Bj Jîaih` b Esribj bh j`s iù`s `kobhti. J`s g`kt`rbs Koirjbs
 Ijbxihgbr y F`oh Givebs, ina`s kitbgrétek`s gb ji Rhevbrsegig gb
Oirvirg, rbuhebr`h i crup`s gb nbgetig`rbs bxpbrenbhtig`s bh
Fbrusijåh, Uuc`sjivei y Bstig`s Rheg`s piri nbgetir 
k`hkbhtréhg`sb bh ji z`hi bh k`hdjekt`, gurihtb gesteht`s ehtbrvij`s i
j` jirc` gb uh pbrî`g` gb 13 nbsbs. Gbspuås gb ifustir j`s bdbkt`s
gb vireiajbs gurihtb ji gurikeûh gbj bstuge`, tijbs k`n` kinae`s
kjenit`jûcek`s, dbstevegigbs jeaihbsis, nusujnihis, kresteihis y
 fugîis, iktevegig p`jekeij, djuktuikeûh gbj tiniù` gb j`s crup`s,
btkåtbri, sb `asbrvû qub bj hevbj gb ve`jbhkei bh Bj Jîaih` oiaîi
gesnehueg` bhtrb uh 7= % y uh ?= % kigi vbz qub sb fuhtiai uh` gb
j`s crup`s gb nbgetikeûh, pr`gukeåhg`sb j`s néxen`s hevbjbs gb
rbgukkeûh kuihg` sb rbuheû bj néxen` hönbr` gb nbgetig`rbs. Bh
geko`s pbrî`g`s, ji kedri nbgei gb vîktenis n`rtijbs aifû gb 91 i ;
p`r gîi ‛uhi gesnehukeûh gb nés gb uh 3= %‛. Isenesn`, bj hönbr`
gb obreg`s gb cubrri kiyû uh 4? % y ji ehtbhsegig gbj k`hdjekt` bh uh
7? %.4?,45
Ji k`hkjuseûh qub bj dîsek` kuéhtek` F`oh Oicbjeh sikû gb bsti
ehvbstecikeûh s`arb bj ]`wbr `d tob K`jjbktevb 3= dub6 Gig` qub bsté
kebhtîdekinbhtb gbn`strig` qub ji nbgetikeûh k`hstetuyb uhi d`rni
bdekiz gb bjenehir bj bstrås i hevbj ehgeveguij, y qub ji s`kebgig sb
k`np`hb gb ehgevegu`s, bs gb sbhteg` k`nöh utejezirji tinaeåh, gb
d`rni senejir, piri rbguker bj bstrås i hevbj s`keij¼.39 Ji bhbrcîi gb
kigi ehgevegu` ehdjuyb s`arb bj kinp` bhbrcåtek` k`jbktev`, j` kuij
sechedeki qub j`s sbhtenebht`s y jis ehtbhke`hbs gb kigi pbrs`hi
cbhbrih uhi bhbrcîi qub ehdjuyb s`arb bj kinp` bhbrcåtek` bh su
t`tijegig. Rh prenbr pis` i ig`ptir piri gesnehuer bj bstrås gb ji
s`kebgig bh bj kinp` bhbrcåtek` cj`aij bs qub kigi uh` gb h`s`tr`s
isuni su pirtb gb rbsp`hsiaejegig bh j` qub sb rbdebrb i nbf`rir su
pr`pei bhbrcîi, j` kuij pubgb j`crirsb iunbhtihg` hubstri
k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij isî k`n` bjbvihg` hubstr` hevbj vearit`re`, gb
tij nihbri qub sbin`s nés k`hskebhtbs gb j`s pbhsinebht`s, j`s
sbhtenebht`s y jis iktetugbs qub «jihzin`s¼ kigi gîi ij kinp`
bhbrcåtek` k`jbktev`.
 I kigi n`nbht` tbhbn`s ji `p`rtuhegig gb «t`nirh`s i pbko`¼ j`
enp`rtihtb qub bs siabr cbste`hir hubstris bhbrcîis. Bs` bs uh jearb
ijabgrî` ` uhi jeabrtig ehgeveguij qub servb piri ip`rtir k`obseûh
cj`aij. W`g`s s`n`s rbsp`hsiajbs gb pbrneter qub hubstr`s
pbhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s gb drustrikeûh, prb`kupikeûh `
kujpiaejegig kinpbh i sus ihkois p`r hubstr` `rcihesn`. Gekois
iktetugbs y bn`ke`hbs oikbh qub hubstr`s retn`s ehtbrh`s sb
nihtbhcih bh hevbjbs gb ehk`obrbhkei y gbsehkr`hezikeûh, j` kuij sb
trigukb, i su vbz, bh uh bdbkt` gbpiupbrihtb gb j`s sestbnis
o`rn`hij, ehnuh`jûcek` y hbrve`s`. Bh kinae`, jis préktekis y
tåkhekis gb k`obrbhkei h`s iyugih i rbk`hdecurir hubstri bhbrcîi
bn`ke`hij, nihtbhbrh`s bh uh retn` ehtbre`r bquejearig` y bjbvir 
hubstr` hevbj vearit`re` y hubstr` rbdbrbhtb gb k`obrbhkei, gb tij
n`g` qub sb h`s sehkr`hekbh y rehgih nbf`r hubstr`s sestbnis
bsperetuij, kirge`viskujir, kbrbarij y hbrve`s`. Bstb bdbkt` gb
trisjikeûh  gb ji k`obrbhkei h`s pbrnetb sbr nés k`hskebhtbs b
ehtuetev`s kuihg` tbhbn`s qub t`nir gbkese`hbs. H`s servb piri
bstiajbkbrh`s bh hubstr` kbhtr` ehtbre`r y gbkeger quå oikbr y kûn`
rbikke`hir bh jucir gb sbcuer sebhg` rbiktev`s i jis ûrgbhbs gb
hubstr`s ihtecu`s y bstrbsihtbs pitr`hbs gb k`hgukti. Ij bjbvir 
hubstr` hevbj vearit`re`, h`s gin`s kubhti gb qub hubstr` k`rizûh
bhbrcåtek` sb ik`pji k`h uhi pirtb nés pr`duhgi gb h`s`tr`s
nesn`s, ijc` i j` qub nuko`s jjinih bj «p`gbr supbre`r¼ ` jis
«kipikegigbs supbre`rbs¼, y qub h`s k`hbkti k`h bsb kinp` h`
j`kij gb ehd`rnikeûh y bhbrcîi qub bj dîsek` Giveg A`on gbh`nehû
«bj `rgbh enpjekig` y ji t`tijegig îhtbcri¼.31 Kuihg` bhtrin`s bh
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, hubstri seht`hîi k`h ji k`obrbhkei gbj k`rizûh
bs nuko` nés rbdehigi y h`s k`hbkti nuko` nbf`r k`h gekoi dubhtb.

Ji ehekeitevi gb ji k`obrbhkei cj`aij

Bh 1==?, bj ObirtNito Ehstetutb jihzû ji Ehekeitevi gb K`obrbhkei
Cj`aij (CKE, p`r sus secjis bh ehcjås ), qub k`hsestb bh uh bsdubrz`
gb k``pbrikeûh ehtbrhike`hij piri iktevir bj k`rizûh gb ji ounihegig
y d`nbhtir uh kinae` gb ji k`hkebhkei cj`aij. Wbhc` bj o`h`r gb
d`rnir pirtb gbj k`netå gb gerbkkeûh gb ji CKE y gb k`jia`rir k`h
gekoi ehekeitevi, ji kuij tebhb trbs `afbtev`s pren`rgeijbs. Bj prenbr` bs
ehvetir i qub jis pbrs`his pirtekepbh gb d`rni iktevi sunihg` su
pr`pei k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, in`r y k`npiseûh ij kinp` bhbrcåtek`
gb hubstr` pjihbti< bj sbcuhg` bs rbijezir ehvbstecike`hbs kebhtîdekis
s`arb kûn` h`s ehtbrk`hbktin`s bhtrb h`s`tr`s y k`h ji Webrri i
hevbj gb bhbrcîi< y bj tbrkbr` k`hsestb bh d`rnir i jis pbrs`his piri
qub iprbhgih i ipr`vbkoir gekoi ehtbrk`hbktevegig k`h bj deh gb
k`hsbcuer qub sb bjbvb hubstr` hevbj vearit`re`, tiht` i hevbj pbrs`hij
k`n` k`jbktev`, piri krbir uh nuhg` nbf`r.
Åstis s`h ijcuhis gb jis oepûtbses s`arb jis qub sb aisih jis
ehvbstecike`hbs iktuijbs gb ji CKE bh k`jia`rikeûh k`h `tris
ehstetuke`hbs6
J`s kinp`s nichåtek`s gb ji Webrri s`h p`rtig`rbs gb uhi
enp`rtihtb ehd`rnikeûh ae`jûceki qub ehtbrk`hbkti i t`g`s j`s
`rcihesn`s vev`s.

9. W`g`s j`s ehgevegu`s ehdjuybh s`arb geko` kinp` cj`aij gb

ehd`rnikeûh. Kuihg` oiy crihgbs kihtegigbs gb pbrs`his
bstiajbkegis bh bstig`s gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki gb in`r, kireù`,
rbspbt` y k`npiseûh, pubgb cbhbrirsb uh kinp` inaebhtij nés
k`obrbhtb qub rbsujti abhbdeke`s` piri j`s gbnés y iyugi i
k`npbhsir bj bstig` iktuij gb gesk`rgihkei b ehk`obrbhkei i hevbj
pjihbtire`.
1. Bxestb uh kerkuet` kbrrig` gb rbtr`ijenbhtikeûh bhtrb j`s sbrbs
ounih`s y j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek` y nichåtek` gb ji Webrri.
;. J`s kinp`s nichåtek`s gb ji Webrri tebhbh gesteht`s `rîcbhbs y
h`s ehdjuybh i t`g`s. G`s gb bjj`s s`h bj kinp` cb`nichåtek`,
qub sb `recehi bh bj hökjb` gb ji Webrri, y bj qub bxestb bhtrb ji
Webrri y ji e`h`sdbri. Bst`s g`s kinp`s bhvubjvbh i t`g` bj
pjihbti y iktöih i n`g` gb pihtijjis pr`tbkt`ris qub aj`qubih
j`s bdbkt`s hbcitev`s gb ji rigeikeûh s`jir, j`s riy`s kûsnek`s y
gbnés tep`s gb nbtb`r`j`cîi bspikeij. [eh geko`s kinp`s, qub
d`rnih pirtb gb uh bk`sestbni gehének` gb hubstr` pjihbti, h`
bxesterîi ji vegi tij y k`n` ji k`h`kbn`s.

 Iuhqub ji kebhkei gesp`hb gb nuko`s k`h`kenebht`s s`arb geko`s

kinp`s gb bhbrcîi, secub oiaebhg` nuko`s nestbre`s seh rbs`jvbr.
J` qub sî bsté kjir` bs qub ji iktevegig s`jir y j`s retn`s gb j`s
kinp`s nichåtek`s gb ji Webrri ehdjuybh bh hubstri sijug y hubstri
k`hgukti.3;
Crih kihtegig gb ehvbstecike`hbs oih gbn`strig` qub nuko`s
retn`s dese`jûcek`s y k`hguktis k`jbktevis i hevbj cj`aij h` sûj`
k`ehkegbh k`h ji iktevegig s`jir y cb`nichåteki seh` qub, kuihg`
geko`s kinp`s sb vbh ijtbrig`s, pubgbh tbhbr bdbkt`s pbrheke`s`s
tiht` bh ji sijug k`n` bh ji k`hgukti gb ji ounihegig.37,32,34 Jis
ijtbrike`hbs gbj kinp` nichåtek` tbrrbstrb pubgbh kiusir 
pr`ajbnis gb ehs`nhe`, k`hduseûh nbhtij, uhi ehusuij dijti gb
bhbrcîi ` uhi sbhsikeûh gb erretiaejegig ` gb ic`ae` seh riz`hbs
ipirbhtbs. °Wb subhi gb ijc`0 Bh kinae`, bh n`nbht`s bh j`s qub
j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s tbrrbstrbs pbrnihbkbh bstiajbs y sb
ehkrbnbhtih kebrtis nbgeke`hbs gb ji iktevegig s`jir, jis pbrs`his
idernih sbhtersb nés p`setevis, nés krbitevis y nés n`tevigis.33 Bs
nuy p`seajb qub bst` sb gbai i uhi sehkr`hezikeûh bhtrb j`s
sestbnis kbrbarij, kirge`viskujir y hbrve`s` gbj sbr ounih`, p`r uh
jig`, y jis drbkubhkeis gb rbs`hihkei cb`nichåtekis p`r `tr`.
Ji Webrri y ji e`h`sdbri cbhbrih t`gi uhi sehd`hîi gb drbkubhkeis
k`nprbhgegis bhtrb =,=9 y ;== Oz, ijcuhis gb jis kuijbs k`ehkegbh
k`h bxiktetug k`h j`s nesn`s rihc`s gb drbkubhkei gb hubstr`
sestbni kirge`viskujir, gbj kbrbar` y gbj sestbni hbrve`s`
iutûh`n`,? j` kuij bxpjeki ji ehdjubhkei qub bfbrkbh s`arb h`s`tr`s
j`s kinp`s nichåtek`s s`jir y tbrrbstrb. Bsté gbn`strig` qub j`s
kinae`s bh j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s tbrrbstrbs ehdjuybh bh jis `hgis
kbrbarijbs

y j`s retn`s kirgîik`s, y sb is`keih i kinae`s bh ji nbn`rei y

gbnés duhke`hbs< ij hevbj gb rbhgenebht` gb j`s gbp`rtestis< i
hunbr`sis ehdrikke`hbs y ikkegbhtbs gb trédek`< ij îhgekb gb
n`rtijegig p`r ehdirt`s gb ne`kirge` y gbrrinbs kbrbarijbs< isî k`n`
i uh iunbht` gb j`s kis`s gb gbprbseûh y suekege`.? Winaeåh sb oih
rbjike`hig` gbtbrnehig`s kinae`s bh j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s
tbrrbstrbs kiusig`s p`r ji iktevegig s`jir k`h ijcuh`s gb j`s
n`nbht`s nés éjceg`s gb ji krbitevegig y bj irtb gb ji oest`rei gbj
sbr ounih`,3? j` kuij enpjeki qub uh iunbht` gb ji iktevegig s`jir 
h` tebhb p`r quå sbr hbkbsireinbhtb pbrfugekeij seh` qub, nés aebh,
gbpbhgb gb kûn` h`s`tr`s rbikke`hbn`s y cbste`hbn`s geko`
ehkrbnbht` gb bhbrcîi. J`s kebhtîdek`s qub pirtekepih bh ji CKE
sucebrbh qub, gig` qub hubstris `hgis kbrbarijbs y drbkubhkeis gb
retn`s kirgîik`s sb s`jipih k`h jis rbs`hihkeis gb j`s kinp`s
tbrrbstrbs, h` s`n`s öhekinbhtb rbkbpt`rbs gb ehd`rnikeûh
ae`jûcekinbhtb rbjbvihtb seh` qub, isenesn`, ip`rtin`s ehd`rnikeûh
ij kinp` bhbrcåtek` gbj bht`rh` cj`aij y, aésekinbhtb, krbin`s
hubstr` kerkuet` kbrrig` gb rbtr`ijenbhtikeûh k`h j`s kinp`s
nichåtek`s tbrrbstrbs.91,35 Gb obko`, jis ehvbstecike`hbs ipuhtih i
qub j`s sbhtenebht`s y ji k`hkebhkei gbj sbr ounih` bhvîih
ehd`rnikeûh k`gedekigi ij kinp` cb`nichåtek` qub, i su vbz, ji
gestreauyb p`r t`g` bj cj`a`. J`s kinp`s nichåtek`s tbrrbstrbs
iktöih k`n` `hgis gb trihsneseûh gb gekoi ehd`rnikeûh, ji kuij
ehdjuyb bh t`g`s j`s `rcihesn`s vev`s y bh ji k`hkebhkei k`jbktevi.
K`h bj deh gb vijegir gekoi oepûtbses y gekois ehvbstecike`hbs, ji CKE
oi krbig` bj [estbni gb N`het`rezikeûh gb ji K`obrbhkei Cj`aij
(CKN[, p`r sus secjis bh ehcjås).

[estbni gb n`het`rezikeûh gb ji k`obrbhkei cj`aij (CKN[)

Bj CKN[ bs uhi rbg nuhgeij gb nichbtûnbtr`s ujtrisbhseajbs
gbsirr`jjig`s piri nbger, ehehtbrrunpeginbhtb, iqubjjis dubrzis
nichåtekis qub k`ehkegih k`h bj nesn` rihc` gb drbkubhkeis gb ji
dese`j`cîi ounihi, ehkjuegis ji kbrbarij y ji gb j`s retn`s kirgîik`s.
K`hstetuyb ji prenbri rbg i hevbj cj`aij gb gbtbkt`rbs gb kinp`s
cb`nichåtek`s kr`h`sehkr`hezig`s p`r C][ piri ristrbir y nbger 
jis rbs`hihkeis y djuktuike`hbs gb j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s
pr`gukegis p`r jis t`rnbhtis s`jirbs, jis vireike`hbs gb vbj`kegig
gbj vebht` s`jir, `tris ijtbrike`hbs gbj kinp` nichåtek` isî k`n`,
p`tbhkeijnbhtb, ik`htbkenebht`s sechedekitev`s i hevbj cj`aij qub
k`htbhcih uh dubrtb k`np`hbhtb bn`ke`hij. Bh bj n`nbht` gb
bskreaer bstis jîhbis, bxestbh sbhs`rbs bh sbes jucirbs gesteht`s6 bj
h`rtb gb Hubvi Vbjihgi< A`ujgbr Krbbl, Kijed`rhei< O`dud, Iriaei
[iugî< Ijabrti, Kihigé< Aies`ciji, Jetuihei y A`hinihze Cinb
]irl, [ugédreki. Bj pr`ybkt` k`htbnpji jjbcir oisti uh t`tij
ipr`xenig` gb 91 jucirbs. Kigi sbhs`r rbk`cb k`htehuinbhtb git`s
qub h`s pbrnetbh ehvbstecir kûn` ehdjuybh j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s
tbrrbstrbs bh j`s pr`kbs`s nbhtijbs y bn`ke`hijbs gbj sbr ounih`,
bh ji sijug y bh ji k`hgukti k`jbktevi. Ji tbkh`j`cîi gbj CKN[
tinaeåh h`s pbrneteré ihijezir kûn` ehdjuybh bh j`s kinp`s
bhbrcåtek`s tbrrbstrbs j`s bstig`s bn`ke`hijbs ounih`s, jis
sbse`hbs gb nbgetikeûh y j`s pr`ybkt`s i hevbj k`jbktev`. Isenesn`,
bspbrin`s p`gbr ehvbstecir se sb pr`gukbh kinae`s nichåtek`s
tbrrbstrbs ihtbs gb kitéstr`dbs hiturijbs k`n` tbrrbn`t`s `
brupke`hbs v`jkéhekis, ` ihtbs gb sukbs`s s`keijbs qub tbhcih uhi
crih rbpbrkuseûh bn`ke`hij i hevbj cj`aij, k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, uhi
kreses s`keij ` ijcöh itiqub tbrr`resti.
 Iuhqub ji kebhkei yi sb oi ehtbrbsig` k`h ihtbre`regig p`r ijcuhis
p`seajbs ehtbrikke`hbs bhtrb j`s kinp`s bhbrcåtek`s tbrrbstrbs y j`s
hevbjbs gb iktevegig ounihi, ihenij y vbcbtij, j`s git`s rbk`ceg`s
gb n`nbht` p`r j`s bstuge`s gb ji CKE y p`r bj CKN[ ipuhtih i qub
quezés bstbn`s t`g`s nuko` nés ehtbrk`hbktig`s gb j` qub h`s
k`hsti oisti bj n`nbht`. Bj crédek` gb ji pécehi secuebhtb h`s
nubstri uh bfbnpj` gb jîhbis gb rbs`hihkei gb j`s kinp`s
bhbrcåtek`s tbrrbstrbs nbgeg`s bh A`ujgbr Krbbl, Kijed`rhei.
[e k`hsecub gbn`strirsb qub ji oepûtbses gb ji CKE gb qub j`s
kinp`s nichåtek`s tbrrbstrbs s`h p`rtig`rbs gb bhbrcîi qub
ehtbrk`hbktih i t`g`s j`s ûrcih`s vev`s, bj sbr ounih` p`gré p`r deh
k`nprbhgbr kûn` ehdjuen`s bh bj kinp` cj`aij gb ehd`rnikeûh tiht`
i hevbj ehgeveguij k`n` k`jbktev`< qub hubstris iktetugbs, bn`ke`hbs
b ehtbhke`hbs s`h enp`rtihtbs y pubgbh idbktir i ji vegi tbrrbstrb bh
cbhbrij< y qub uhi v`juhtig gb gbsirr`jjir k`obrbhkei y k``pbrikeûh
 p`grîi ip`rtir abhbdeke`s i hevbj cj`aij y nbf`rir ji kijegig gb vegi
bh t`g` bj pjihbti.  W`g` bst` sucebrb qub, kuihg` crihgbs
sbcnbht`s gb ji p`ajikeûh k`npirtbh uh nesn` sbhtenebht` k`n`
k`hsbkubhkei gb ijcöh sukbs` gb kiréktbr cj`aij, gekoi rbspubsti
k`jbktevi pubgb ehdjuer bh ji kijegig gb ji ehd`rnikeûh qub sb
gestreauyb i trivås gbj kinp` bhbrcåtek` tbrrbstrb. Bh j`s kis`s bh
qub bj sukbs` gbsbhkigbhi uhi rbspubsti bn`ke`hij hbcitevi ` gb
nebg`, pubgb k`npirirsb k`h uhi `hgi gb ko`qub (gb ehd`rnikeûh)
i hevbj pjihbtire`, nebhtris qub bh j`s kis`s bh qub ji rbspubsti
bn`ke`hij bs p`setevi, pubgb krbir uhi `hgi gb k`obrbhkei cj`aij.
Rh` gb j`s `afbtev`s gb ji CKE k`hsestb bh ehvbstecir se sb pr`gukbh
kinp`s gb k`obrbhkei i hevbj inaebhtij y cj`aij, isî k`n` kerkuet`s
gb rbtr`ijenbhtikeûh gb abhbdeke` nutu` bhtrb j`s sbrbs ounih`s y ji
Webrri, kuihg` crihgbs nisis gb cbhtb cbhbrih bstig`s gb
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki k`h sbhtenebht`s gb in`r, kireù`, iyugi y
k`npiseûh.
Decuri 9. Jis drbkubhkeis gb bstis jîhbis gb rbs`hihkei bstéh bh bj nesn` rihc` gb
nuko`s gb j`s retn`s duhke`hijbs i hevbj kirge`viskujir y gbj sestbni hbrve`s` iutûh`n` gb
j`s sbrbs ounih`s y gb j`s ihenijbs. Bh bsti crédeki rbk`cegi bh A`ujgbr Krbbl sb `asbrvi
kjirinbhtb uhi drbkubhkei gb =,9 Oz ‛ji nesni gbj retn` kirgîik` bh bstig` gb
k`obrbhkei‛. Ji niy`rîi gb j`s n`gbj`s nitbnétek`s nubstrih qub ji drbkubhkei gb
rbs`hihkei gbj sestbni kirge`viskujir ounih` vebhb gbtbrnehigi p`r j`s kerkuet`s gb
rbtr`ijenbhtikeûh bhtrb bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh. Wiht` bh bj sbr ounih` k`n` bh nuko`s
ihenijbs, gekoi drbkubhkei bs gb =,9 Oz.

Ehvbstecike`hbs s`arb ji ehtbrk`hbktevegig

Rh` gb hubstr`s bstuge`s, bh bj qub pirtekepir`h 9.4== nebnar`s gb
ji CKE gb gestehtis hike`hijegigbs, tbhîi k`n` `afbtev` gbtbrnehir se
sb p`gîih `asbrvir k`rrbjike`hbs ehgekitevis gb ehtbrk`hbxeûh k`h
crup`s gb sufbt`s setuig`s kbrki gb kuitr` gb j`s puht`s bh j`s qub
sb oiaîih ehstijig` sbhs`rbs gb CKN[. [b ipjekir`h sbes
pirénbtr`s6 idbkt` p`setev`/sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s, aebhbstir,
ihsebgig, k`hduseûh, diteci y sîht`nis dîsek`s. Geko` bstuge`
gbn`strû qub, kuihg` iunbhtih ji vbj`kegig gbj vebht` s`jir y ji
iktevegig bh bj kisqubtb p`jir, gesnehuybh j`s pirénbtr`s gbj idbkt`
p`setev`/sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s y gbj aebhbstir, nebhtris qub krbkbh
j`s gb ihsebgig, k`hduseûh y diteci.91 Bh bstuge`s suasecuebhtbs sb
ehkjuyû i crup`s gb sufbt`s qub jjbviaih pubst` bj ipirit` gb
n`het`rezikeûh gb ji vireiaejegig gb drbkubhkei kirgîiki (TDK)
gurihtb bxtbhs`s pbrî`g`s gb tebnp` piri gbtbrnehir gb quå nihbri
ehdjuybh j`s kinp`s nichåtek`s s`jir y tbrrbstrb s`arb bj
duhke`hinebht` gbj sestbni hbrve`s` iutûh`n`. Rh rbsujtig`
s`rprbhgbhtb dub qub gbtbrnehig`s kinae`s bh jis `hgis gb rige`
s`jirbs y pbqubùis ijtbrike`hbs bh bj kinp` nichåtek` bv`kiaih
uhi rbspubsti p`setevi gbj sestbni hbrve`s` ‛iunbhtiai ji kjiregig
nbhtij y j`s sufbt`s sb sbhtîih nbf`r‛. @tr` oijjizc` iöh nés
s`rprbhgbhtb, `atbheg` i pirter gb bst`s rbsujtig`s, ehgeki qub j`s
sbrbs ounih`s pirbkbh sehkr`hezirsb, i hevbj pr`duhg`, k`h uhi
sbùij bxtbre`r pr`vbhebhtb gbj kinp` nichåtek` tbrrbstrb.
Bj rbsujtig` gb geko`s bstuge`s gbabrîi p`gbr puajekirsb bh 1=94.
Qbkebhtbnbhtb, obn`s k`hkjueg` ji disb secuebhtb gb gekoi
ehvbstecikeûh, k`hsestbhtb bh rbijezir uh bstuge` gb ehtbrk`hbktevegig
bh gestehtis uaekike`hbs k`h crup`s gb sufbt`s setuig`s kbrki gb j`s
kuitr` puht`s gbj pjihbti g`hgb tbhbn`s ehstijig`s sbhs`rbs gbj
CKN[6 Iriaei [iugî, Jetuihei, Hubvi Vbjihgi y Kijed`rhei. Geko`s
sufbt`s sb k``rgehiaih piri rbcestrir sus TDK gurihtb j`s nesn`s
bspike`s gb tebnp`. Bj ihéjeses gb geko`s git`s h`s pbrneteré
gbtbrnehir se ji sehkr`hezikeûh bhtrb j`s sufbt`s y ji Webrri sb
pr`gukb tiht` i hevbj j`kij k`n` cj`aij.
Ji p`seaejegig gb p`gbr krbir uh iunbht` gb k`obrbhkei bh bj 
kinp` cj`aij gb ehd`rnikeûh h`s pbrneteré utejezir ji ehtuekeûh h` j`kij 
 piri `atbhbr crihgbs igbjiht`s y hubvis sehbrceis qub ikbjbrbh ji
kipikegig ehtuetevi gb rbs`jukeûh gb pr`ajbnis k`h bj deh gb idr`htir 
nés bdekiznbhtb j`s k`hdjekt`s i hevbj s`keij, inaebhtij y bk`hûnek`.
bk`hûnek`.

Bnaifig`rbs gb ji CKE
Gbkbhis gb nejbs gb pbrs`his gb nés gb 92= hike`hijegigbs sb oih
obko` bnaifig`rbs gb ji CKE piri iyugir i krbir bhtrb t`g`s uh
nuhg` nbf`r, bhveihg` ij kinp` cj`aij gb ji Webrri in`r y
k`npiseûh i hevbj k`jbktev`. Geko`s v`juhtire`s sb pubgbh rbuher bh
ji Cj`aij Kirb Q``n ([iji gb Kuegig`s Cj`aijbs) gb ji pécehi wba
gb CKE (www.obirtnito.`rc/cke
(www.obirtnito.`rc/cke)) piri bhveir, bhtrb t`g`s, bhbrcîi gbj
k`rizûh ij pjihbti k`h bj deh gb bjbvir bj hevbj vearit`re`, ` piri
bhveir bhbrcîi gb iyugi y k`npiseûh i z`his nuy k`hdjektevis k`h bj
deh gb pijeir bj sudrenebht` gb sus oiaetihtbs, s`arb t`g` bh
n`nbht`s gb kreses. Gig`s j`s kigi vbz niy`rbs hevbjbs gb
ehbstiaejegig, bstrås y sudrenebht` qub nukoi cbhtb pigbkb p`r t`g`
bj nuhg`, bhveir k`npiseûh k`hstetuyb uhi gb jis nés bjbvigis
d`rnis gb in`r qub p`gbn`s ip`rtir piri qub ji cbhtb k`hseci
rbkupbrir uh bquejeare` bh ji vegi.
Gekoi [iji gb Kuegig`s Cj`aijbs tebhb vireis kiriktbrîstekis nuy
ehtbrbsihtbs. Ipirbkb uh ek`h` vbrgb bh bj cj`a` tbrréqub` qub
ehgeki gûhgb bsté uaekig` tu pr`vbbg`r gb Ehtbrhbt y uh`s ek`h`s
g`rig`s k`h jis uaekike`hbs gb j`s gbnés pirtekepihtbs qub bstéh
k`hbktig`s bh bsb n`nbht` p`r t`g` bj nuhg`. Bs nuy icrigiajb
vbr t`g`s bs`s puht`s gb juz g`rigi qub rbprbsbhtih i jis pbrs`his
gb t`g` bj cj`a` qub sb fuhtih piri k`hbktirsb k`h bj k`rizûh, t`g`s
ij nesn` tebnp`. Bs nuy ijbhtig`r siabr qub kigi puht` g`rig`
rbprbsbhti i uhi pbrs`hi, uhi dinejei ` uh crih crup` gb pbrs`his
qub bstéh oikebhg` «Kirb D`kus¼?= fuht`s. Ij k`htbnpjir gekoi
enicbh ‛hubstri Webrri y jis pbrs`his gb t`gis jis hike`hbs
k`hbktigis k`h uh nesn` pr`pûset` bh bsb n`nbht`‛, sb sebhtb uhi
crih bhbrcîi gb k`hbxeûh gbsgb bj k`rizûh.
Bh gekoi siji tinaeåh sb pubgbh bskreaer k`nbhtire`s, isî k`n`
jbbr j`s gb j`s gbnés. Bj obko` gb qub ijcuebh gb Nijti k`nbhtb
ijc` pirbkeg` i j` gb `tri pbrs`hi gb [ehcipur ` gb Iriaei [iugî, ji
kuij, i su vbz, bskreab uh k`nbhtire` qub rbsubhi k`h uhi pbrs`hi
gb Iustrijei, gbnubstri qub, bh t`gis pirtbs, oiy pbrs`his qub sb
prb`kupih p`r krbir uh kinp` bhbrcåtek` tbrrbstrb gb k`obrbhkei
kirgîiki, j` kuij k`hderni qub sb bsté pr`gukebhg` uh kinae` gb
tbhgbhkei i hevbj cj`aij. Kuijquebri pubgb pirtekepir bh gekoi [iji
gb Kuegig`s Cj`aijbs k`n` «ehvetig`¼ ` k`n` «bnaifig`r gb ji
CKE¼, p`rqub j` qub kubhti bs ji bhbrcîi gbj k`rizûh gb t`g`s.
J`s bnaifig`rbs gb ji CKE tinaeåh sb k`npr`nbtbh i priktekir 
jis tåkhekis gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki b errigeir k`npiseûh y iyugi i
t`g` bj pjihbti. Gig` bj retn` gb vegi iktuij, ji CKE h` bxecb qub sb
kunpjih k`h uh`s o`rire`s gbtbrnehig`s, p`r j` qub sus
bnaifig`rbs s`h jearbs gb bstiajbkbr kuéht` tebnp`, kuéhti bhbrcîi
y bh quå n`nbht` quebrbh k`jia`rir k`h uh «Kirb D`kus¼ ` errigeir 
k`npiseûh p`r bj pjihbti. Iuhqub h` bs bh ias`jut` `ajecit`re`
utejezir jis tbkh`j`cîis gb dbbgaikl  gb
 gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki jjinigis
bnSivb ` Ehhbr Aijihkb, sî qub s`h rbk`nbhgiajbs p`r g`s
riz`hbs6 h`s pbrnetb j`kijezir y bjbvir hubstr` rbdbrbhtb gb
k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij, j` kuij ehkrbnbhti, i su vbz, ji k`obrbhkei i
hevbj k`jbktev`< y tinaeåh h`s pbrnetb pirtekepir bh ehvbstecike`hbs
gb ji CKE qub hbkbsetih gb nbgeke`hbs `afbtevis gb j`s hevbjbs gb
k`obrbhkei gb j`s pirtekepihtbs.

Wåkheki ehekeij gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki gb ji CKE

]rikteki k`h drbkubhkei bsti tåkheki gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki piri
nihtbhbrtb bh k`obrbhkei y piri ehkrbnbhtirji. [b k`np`hb gb j`s
sbes pis`s secuebhtbs6

• Qbsperi y rbjéfitb gb ji d`rni qub prbdebris.

• ]ebhsi bh ijcuebh ` ijc` p`r j` qub sebhtis kireù` ‛uhi pbrs`hi,
uhi nisk`ti, ji hiturijbzi, btkåtbri‛ y bhvîijb kireù` gurihtb
uh`s g`s nehut`s. Bst` tb iyugi i bxpihger bj k`rizûh y tb
prbpiri piri kuihg` tbhcis qub bhveir bhbrcîi gb iyugi ij
pjihbti ` i uhi setuikeûh qub ji hbkbsetb.
• Bv`ki uh sbhtenebht` cbhueh` gb iyugi y gb k`npiseûh p`r bj
pjihbti.
• Ij bsperir, vesuijezi qub bs`s sbhtenebht`s gb iyugi y k`npiseûh
djuybh oikei dubri gbsgb tu k`rizûh (piri p`gbr k`hkbhtrirsb
nbf`r,
nbf`r, ijcuh`s sb enicehih
e nicehih qub ji iyugi y ji k`npiseûh jbs djuybh
oikei dubri ecuij qub uh rî` sb duhgb bh bj nir. @tr`s sb enicehih
 qub errigeih ji k`npiseûh bh d`rni gb riy` gb juz ` qub ji
ik`npisih k`h bj retn` gb ji rbsperikeûh. Gbkegb tö nesn` j` qub
tb rbsujtb nbf`r).
• Errigei sbhtenebht`s iutåhtek`s gb iyugi y k`npiseûh p`r t`g` bj
pjihbti ` piri z`his gbtbrnehigis qub j`s hbkbsetbh k`h
urcbhkei.
• Tesuijezi qub tb uhbs i jis bhbrcîis gb `tris pbrs`his piri
k`jia`rir k`h bj pr`kbs` gb sihikeûh y cbhbrir piz.

°Kuéht` tebnp` gbabs gbgekirjb i bsti tåkheki gb k`obrbhkei

kirgîiki0  Bs` j` gbkegbs tö nesn`. Ji niy`rîi gb ji cbhtb ji
priktekih uh nîhen` gb kehk` nehut`s ij gîi piri gbsirr`jjir su
k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij, pbr` subjbh iunbhtir bj tebnp` qub jb gbgekih
kuihg` k`nebhzih i k`nprbhgbr y girsb kubhti gbj bdbkt` y gb j`s
abhbdeke`s qub gekoi k`obrbhkei jbs ip`rti tiht` i bjj`s k`n` i j`s
gbnés. Gbpbhgebhg` gb tus o`rire`s, pubgb qub oiyi gîis qub jb
pubgis gbgekir nés tebnp` qub bh `tr`s.

Rh pr`kbs` etbritev`
 Ij iunbhtir hubstri k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij gbsirr`jjin`s nés
sbhseaejegig p`r jis ehgekike`hbs gb hubstr` k`rizûh, jis kuijbs sb
vubjvbh nés dubrtbs y kjiris i nbgegi qub iktuin`s secuebhg` j`s
gektig`s gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gb hubstr` k`rizûh. Bh bj kipîtuj` 1
obn`s nbhke`hig` bj triaif` duhginbhtij gb F`oh y Abitrekb Jikby
s`arb jis ehtbrikke`hbs bhtrb bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh. Bh su jear`
Bv`jute`h―s Bhg , F`sbpo Koejt` ]birkb keti i Jikby?96 «Bj kbrbar` jb
bhvîi ij k`rizûh ehd`rnbs iktuijezig`s gb ji setuikeûh gb hubstr`
bht`rh` y bj k`rizûh jb bxo`rti ij kbrbar` piri qub rbsp`hgi gb
d`rni igbkuigi¼ (péc. 9=;). Ji tb`rîi gb ji CKE bs qub uh iunbht`
gb k`obrbhkei i hevbj ehgeveguij sb trigukb bh uhi niy`r k`obrbhkei
s`keij , j` kuij, i su vbz, k`hgukb i uh iunbht` gb k`obrbhkei i hevbj 
cj`aij   sbcöh uh  pr`kbs` etbritev`  qub, bh d`rni gb bsperij
iskbhgbhtb, cbhbri uh kinp` vearike`hij gb k`hkebhkei kigi vbz
nés bjbvigi qub, ij ik`pjirsb k`h bj kinp` gb ehd`rnikeûh
tbrrbstrb, ikbjbri ji rbs`hihkei y k`obrbhkei i hevbj ehgeveguij, s`keij
y cj`aij. [e sb kunpjb bsti tb`rîi, sbré uh crih ip`y` piri jis
ijeihzis k`krbitevis y, i hevbj gb bspbkeb ounihi, h`s kipiketiré
piri duhke`hir k`n` kuegig`rbs gb hubstr` pjihbti y gb jis
cbhbrike`hbs vbhegbris. K`h bj tebnp`, gekoi k`obrbhkei cj`aij sb
trigukeré bh qub jis hike`hbs y sus jîgbrbs ig`ptiréh uhi veseûh
cj`aij nés k`obrbhtb. Gbsgb gekoi pbrspbktevi, y gbsgb bsb hevbj gb
k`hkebhkei, sb pubgbh ia`rgir, gb d`rni nuko` nés sechedekitevi y
bdekiz, isuht`s k`n` ji kreses bk`hûneki, jis cubrris, ji eht`jbrihkei
kujturij, ji krenehijegig y bj gbsprbke` p`r bj nbge` inaebhtb. Wij y
k`n` ikjiri bsi keti tih rbpbtegi gb Ijabrt Behstbeh6 «Bs enp`seajb
bhk`htrirjb uhi s`jukeûh i uh pr`ajbni gbsgb bj nesn` hevbj gb
k`hkebhkei gbsgb bj qub sb krbû¼. Io`ri nés qub huhki, ji cbhtb
bsté nihedbstihg` su gbsb` gb ijkihzir uh hevbj gb k`hkebhkei gb
vearikeûh supbre`r, y j` aubh` bs qub gbhtr` gb sî nesn`s p`sbbh
t`gis jis piutis piri k`hsbcuerj`.
K`obrbhkei kirgîiki6 Ji sbhgi piri vever gbsgb bj k`rizûh
Bh ObirtNito utejezin`s ji bxprbseûh vever gbsgb bj k`rizûh  piri
rbdbrerh`s i ji vegi bh k`obrbhkei usihg` uh jbhcuifb «k`tegeih`¼,
p`rqub nukoi cbhtb sb servb gbj k`hkbpt` cbhårek` gbsgb bj k`rizûh
piri bxprbsir qub «bs bj k`rizûh bj qub nihgi¼, ` ijc` pirbkeg`.
H` bs qub sbi uhi bxprbseûh qub obn`s ikuùig`, pbr` h`s custi
p`rqub bs dékej gb usir y su sechedekig` bs bvegbhtb. ObirtNito bs
uh` gb j`s nuko`s sestbnis y préktekis qub d`nbhtih uhi vegi
gbsgb bj k`rizûh. Bxestbh nuko` bsjûcihbs y bxprbse`hbs qub cerih
bh t`rh` i bst` pbr`, ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb ji btequbti qub jb
qubrin`s p`hbr, bj obko` gb jjbvirj` i ji prékteki pubgb kinaeirh`s
ji vegi piri sebnprb. Nuko`s gb h`s`tr`s tbhbn`s ji sbhsikeûh gb
qub vih i sbcuer pr`gukeåhg`sb kinae`s pr`duhg`s i hevbj s`keij
p`rqub hubstr` nuhg` bsté kigi vbz nés ehtbrk`hbktig` y sb
duhginbhti kigi vbz nés bh ji ehtbrgbpbhgbhkei. Ij iunbhtir ji
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki p`gbn`s `drbkbrjb i hubstr` nuhg` uhi iktetug
nés k`jia`ritevi isî k`n` uh in`r, uh kuegig` y uhi k`npiseûh
nés iutåhtek`s.
44. NkKrity, Q., Koejgrb, G, «K`obrbhkb6 Aregcehc ]brs`hij, [`keij ihg Cj`aij.
Obijto¼. Ijtbrhitevb Wobripebs eh Obijto ihg Nbgekehb, 1=9=, 94(7)6 9=-17.
43. Oicbjeh, F. [., @rnb-F`ohs`h, G. S., Qiehd`rto, N., Kivihiuco, L., y Ijb
xihgbr, K. H., «Qbsujts `d tob Hite`hij Gbn`hstrite`h ]r`fbkt t` Qbgukb
Te`jbht Krenb ihg Enpr`vb C`vbrhnbhtij Bddbktevbhbss eh Sisoehct`h G. K.¼
[`keij Ehgekit`rs Qbsbirko, 9555, 736 92;-1=9.
4?. Givebs, F. J., «Ijjbveitehc p`jetekij ve`jbhkb tor`uco bhoihkehc k`obrbhkb eh
k`jjbktevb k`hske`ushbss6 Enpikt issbssnbht ihijyses `d tob Jbaih`h wir¼.
Gessbrtite`h Iastrikts Ehtbrhite`hij , 95??, 75(?)6 1;?I.
45. @rnb-F`ohs`h, G. S., bt ij.,  «Ehtbrhite`hij ]bikb ]r`fbkt eh tob Neggjb
Bist tob Bddbkts `d tob Nioiresoe Wbkoh`j`cy `d tob Rhedebg
Rhe debg Debjg¼ Wob F`urhij 
`d K`hdjekt Qbs`jute`h, 95??, ;1(7)6 334-?91.
3=. ]`gbr gb ji k`jbktevegig. (H. gbj W.)
39. Oicbjeh, F., «Wob ]`wbr `d tob K`jjbktevb¼. [oedt6 It tob Dr`htebr `d 
K`hske`ushbss, 1==3, 926 94-1=.
31. A`on, G., So`jbhbss ihg tob Enpjekitb @rgbr.  J`hgrbs6 Q`utjbgcb ihg
Lbcih ]iuj, 95?=.
3; . NkKrity, Q. y I. Gbyojb, «Wob Cj`aij K`obrbhkb Eheteitevb6 Ehvbstecitehc
tob Gyhinek Qbjite`hsoep abtwbbh ]b`pjb ihg Birto―s Bhbrcbtek [ystbns eh
Ae`bjbktr`nichbtek ihg [uatjb Bhbrcy Nbgekehb¼, 1.ª bg., ]. F. Q`sko, bg.,
1=92.
37 . G`r`heh, T. H., ]irdbhtbv, T. I., Wjbujeh, [. Vo, Hinvir, Q. I., [`nsel`v,
T. N., Gr`azobv, T. E., bt ij., «Bddbkt `d vireite`hs `d tob cb`nichbtek debjg ihg
s`jir iktevety `h ounih poyse`j`cekij ehgekit`rs¼. Ae`dezeli, 955?, 7;(7)6 473-
42;.
32. Liy Q. S., «Cb`nichbtek [t`rns6 Iss`keite`h weto Ehkegbhkb `g
Gbprbsse`h is Nbisurbg ay O`spetij Ignesse`h¼. Areteso F`urhij `d 
]sykoeitry , 9557, 9476 7=;-7=5.
34. Nelujbklþ, N., «[`jir iktevety, rbv`jute`hs ihg kujturij prenb eh tob oest`ry `d 
nihlehg¼. Hbur`bhg`kreh`j`cy Jbttbrs, 1==3, 1?(4)6 375-324.
33. NkKrity, Q., «Wob Cj`aij K`obrbhkb Eheteitevb6 Nbisurehc Ounih-Birto
Bhbrcbtek Ehtbrikte`hs eh ;rg Obirt6 Lehc `d `rcihs k`hdbrbhkb 1=9=¼, Oudud,
 Iriaei [iugî.
3?. Brtbj, [., «K`sn`poysekij k`rrbjite`hs `d krbitevb iktevety eh kujturij oest`ry.
Ae`poyseks¼, 955?, 7;(7)6 454-3=1.
35. NkKrity, Q., I. Gbyojb, y G. Koejgrb, «Wob cj`aij k`obrbhkb eheteitevb6
krbitehc i k`obrbht pjihbtiry stihgehc wivb¼. Cj`a Igv Obijto Nbg,  1=91,
 9(9)6 47-33.
?=. Bhd`qub kuritev`. (H. gbj W.)
?9. ]birkb, F. K., Bv`jute`h―s Bhg , Hubvi U`rl, OirpbrK`jjehs, 9551.
95 51.
 EHWQ@GRKKEÛH

 I J@[ KI]ÎWRJ@[ GB
G@K KOEJGQB
p`r G`k Koejgrb

 Iuhqub pubgb qub j`s répeg`s kinae`s qub bstin`s

bxpbrenbhtihg` i hevbj cj`aij ikiabh ip`rtihg` aubh`s rbsujtig`s
k`h bj pis` gbj tebnp`, bh bj n`nbht` iktuij gb bsti trihsekeûh
pirbkb qub tiht` bj pjihbti k`n` ji ounihegig sb bstéh
gbsp`fihg` gb vebfis bhbrcîis qub h`s enpegbh pr`crbsir. Ji
niy`rîi bxpbrenbhtin`s ji ehtbhsegig gb geko`s kinae`s i hevbj
ehgeveguij, yi sbi k`hskebhtb ` ehk`hskebhtbnbhtb. ]`r bfbnpj`,
nukois pbrs`his sb sebhtbh nuy ihenigis y bspbrihzigis uh gîi
pbr`, ij secuebhtb, sb ip`gbrih gb bjjis ji ihsebgig y ji rbsechikeûh.
Bspbrbn`s qub j`s secuebhtbs kipîtuj`s servih piri k`nprbhgbr gb
quå nihbri h`s pubgb iyugir ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh piri
er s`rtbihg` jis gedekujtigbs gb bst`s tebnp`s seh pbrgbr bj bquejeare`
bn`ke`hij, ij tebnp` qub h`s k`hbktin`s k`h jis `pke`hbs
supbre`rbs y p`tbhkeijbs iöh p`r gbskuarer qub t`g`s tbhbn`s.
Nbgeihtb ji prékteki gb ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki p`gbn`s iprbhgbr i
gbsirr`jjirh`s oisti bj néxen` gb hubstris p`seaejegigbs, j` kuij
jjbvi enpjîketi uhi bquejearigi seht`hîi bhtrb ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr`
k`rizûh, hubstri nbhtb y hubstris bn`ke`hbs.
 Iuhqub bskrea` t`g` bst` gbsgb ji pbrspbktevi gb nes krbbhkeis y
bxpbrebhkeis pr`peis, bs enp`rtihtb qub kigi kuij gbtbrnehb kuéjbs
s`h jis suyis y quå bs j` qub jb k`hvebhb. Bnp`gbrinebht` quebrb
gbker siabr kûn` ikkbgbr i jis ehgekike`hbs gb hubstr` k`rizûh y
kûn` oikbrjbs kis`. Crih pirtb gb j` qub bskrea` triti gb kûn`
iskebhgb hubstr` hevbj vearit`re` kuihg` veven`s ji vegi gbsgb bj
k`rizûh y kûn` bs` h`s servb gb cuîi bh t`g`s j`s ispbkt`s gb ji
bxestbhkei. Ijcuh`s gb nes tbnis s`h6 ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh<
uhi niy`r k`hbxeûh k`h bj ijni, hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr y dubhtb gb
vegi< ji k`npiseûh p`r j`s gbnés y p`r uh` nesn`< kûn`
trihsnutir bj nebg`< kûn` seht`hezir k`h hubstr` pr`pûset`< y kûn`
gbsp`firh`s gb ihtecuis k`stunarbs y nirkis bhbrcåtekis qub yi
h` h`s servbh. Ji niy`rîi gb j`s tbnis qub trit` s`h rbsönbhbs gb
rbdjbxe`hbs s`arb kebrtis obrrinebhtis préktekis qub iyugih i
kbhtrir hubstri vegi bh t`rh` ij k`rizûh y i gbsirr`jjir hubstr`
pr`pe` bnp`gbrinebht`. Iuhqub ji ehd`rnikeûh qub ip`rt` pubgb
rbsujtirjbs dinejeir i nuko`s, bj obko` gb qub h`s rbdrbsqubh ji
nbn`rei s`arb bst`s tbnis subjb k`hstetuer uh bjbnbht` bsbhkeij
piri bj obko` gb k`npicehir hubstr`s ispbkt`s y kuijegigbs nés
bsperetuijbs k`h hubstri hiturijbzi ounihi, j` kuij h`s pbrnetb
k`hvbrterh`s, k`h ji dubrzi gbj k`rizûh, bh hubstr` nbf`r y` ‛
hubstr` vbrgigbr` y`‛ piri k`htreauer i qub kinaeb
k inaeb bj nuhg`.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 3

KÛN@ IKKBGBQ I HRB[WQ@

]@WBHKEIJ [R]BQE@Q
BJBTIHG@ HRB[WQ@ HETBJ TEAQIW@QE@
p`r G`k Koejgrb

Kigi gîi, ji nbhtb, bj kbrbar` y bj k`rizûh pr`kbsih uhi kihtegig

ehkijkujiajb gb drbkubhkeis tijbs k`n` pbhsinebht`s, sbhtenebht`s
y sbhsike`hbs. Kise t`g`s obn`s bskukoig` k`nbhtire`s gbj tep`6
«¡H` oiy d`rni gb bhtbhgbrh`s! ¡Bstin`s k`n` bh `hgis
gestehtis!¼, ` «]irbkb qub o`y ne obrnih` bsté aif` gb bhbrcîi¼< `
«¡Bh bsi kisi oiaîi uhi bhbrcîi tih bspbsi qub kise sb p`gîi
k`rtir k`h uh kukoejj`!¼. Iuhqub nukois pbrs`his `pehih qub j`s
k`hkbpt`s gb bhbrcîi y `hgi  (vearike`hbs) s`h purinbhtb
nbtidûrek`s, tinaeåh nukois pbrkeabh, i hevbj ehtuetev`, qub j`s
pbhsinebht`s, j`s sbhtenebht`s, jis bn`ke`hbs b ehtbhke`hbs s`h
bhbrcîis k`h uhi gbtbrnehigi j`hcetug gb `hgi qub ehdjuybh bh
hubstris krbbhkeis, rbkubrg`s, gbkese`hbs, bstînuj`s bxtbrh`s y
nukois k`sis nés. ]brs`hijnbhtb utejez` tårneh`s k`n`
vearike`hbs ` drbkubhkeis ijtis ` aifis piri gbskreaer jis suaegis y
aifigis gb hubstr` bstig` gb éhen`, hubstr`s kinae`s gb iktetug,
gb k`hgukti, gb prbgesp`sekeûh, btkåtbri. I vbkbs duhke`hin`s bh
hevbjbs vearit`re`s bjbvig`s nebhtris qub, bh `tr`s n`nbht`s, bh
uh`s nés aif`s. Bs` bs ijc` qub kinaei i j` jirc` gbj gîi, gb ji
sbnihi ` gb j`s nbsbs, gbpbhgebhg` gb j` aebh ` h` tih aebh qub
sbpin`s cbste`hir hubstri bhbrcîi k`n` rbspubsti i jis
ehtbrikke`hbs qub tbhcin`s k`h ji vegi, k`h j`s gbnés ` k`h
h`s`tr`s nesn`s.
Kuihg` iktuin`s gbsgb uh hevbj vearike`hij ijt`, ji bhbrcîi gbj
k`rizûh djuyb i trivås gb t`g` j` qub oikbn`s y, gb d`rni
bsp`htéhbi, cbhbrin`s sbhtenebht`s p`setev`s y h`s sbhten`s nés
bnp`gbrig`s ‛s`n`s nés iniajbs, nés idiajbs y hubstri
k`hbxeûh k`h j`s gbnés bs nés iutåhteki‛. Igbnés, hubstri
rbspubsti i jis setuike`hbs gb bstrås bs nés sbrbhi, k`h nés
rbsejebhkei y uh geskbrhenebht` nés kjir`, ij tebnp` qub h`s
n`strin`s nés enpbrnbiajbs i ji drustrikeûh, ji enpikebhkei, ji
riaei, ji ihsebgig y h`s sbhten`s nés sbcur`s gb h`s`tr`s nesn`s
y nbh`s krîtek`s k`h j`s gbnés y k`h h`s`tr`s. H`s defin`s bh
ispbkt`s gb ji hiturijbzi, gb jis dj`rbs y gb j`s éra`jbs, gb gbtijjbs
ihtb j`s qub s`jbn`s pisir k`n` z`naes p`rqub hubstris
prb`kupike`hbs h`s enpegbh k`hbktir k`h bjj`s gb d`rni nés
k`hskebhtb.
Bh kinae`, kuihg` hubstr` hevbj vearit`re` bsté aif`, h`s sbhten`s
ifbh`s i j`s gbnés, j`s kretekin`s ` jbs sikin`s gbdbkt`s, h`s
prb`kupin`s gbniseig` ` h`s sbhten`s ehsbcur`s, b ehtbriktuin`s
k`h j`s gbnés k`h uhi iniaejegig oubki p`rqub bstin`s
gbniseig` bhsenesnig`s y prb`kupig`s k`h h`s`tr`s nesn`s. I ji
nîheni h`s bhdigin`s, h`s sbhten`s drustrig`s y h`s bhtrih jis
presis. Ijc` qub t`g`s k`h`kbn`s.
Oiy vbkbs qub sbhten`s uh`s kinae`s gb `hgi tih rigekijbs bh
hubstr` bstig` gb éhen` y bh hubstris pbrkbpke`hbs qub tbhbn`s
ji sbhsikeûh gb sbr g`s pbrs`his gestehtis qub k`npirtbh bj nesn`
kubrp`. ]`gbn`s k`np`rtirh`s y rbikke`hir gb nihbris
rigekijnbhtb `pubstis gbpbhgebhg` gb ji drbkubhkei vearit`rei gb
hubstri iktetug ‛nés ijti, nés aifi ` gb ijteaif`s‛. Kuihg`
vearin`s i hevbjbs bjbvig`s h` h`s oikb dijti ehtbhtir  sbr
  sbr p`setev`s
p`rqub j`s sbhtenebht`s y pbhsinebht`s p`setev`s h`s surcbh p`r sî
s`j`s, ji bhbrcîi gbj k`rizûh pisi i uh prenbr pjih` y bs` h`s
pbrnetb k`hbktir gb d`rni nés iutåhteki k`h j`s gbnés. Bh kinae`,
kuihg` bstin`s nés aif`s gb vearike`hbs, h`s subjbh ehviger nés
pbhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s hbcitev`s, qub kinpih i sus ihkois y
h`s koupih ji bhbrcîi vetij. K`n` j`s ijenbhtin`s k`h hubstri
bhbrcîi vetij , subjbh rbcerh`s ji vegi .
]br` j` aubh` bs qub h` bstin`s prbgbstehig`s i sbr vîktenis gb
jis n`gujike`hbs ijbit`reis gb hubstris drbkubhkeis vearit`reis, seh`
qub p`gbn`s iprbhgbr i ehtbrvbher gb d`rni k`hskebhtb y rbsbtbir 
hubstris vearike`hbs i uhi drbkubhkei nés ijti gurihtb bj gîi piri
p`gbr idr`htir kuijquebr setuikeûh k`h nuko` nbh`s gbscistb i
hevbj bhbrcåtek`. Geko` k`h nukois nbh`s pijiaris6  p`gbn`s
gbkeger h`s`tr`s , y hubstri hubvi dr`htbri k`hsestb bh k`hbktir k`h
j` qub ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh h`s gekb qub bsk`fin`s.

Qbpbrkuse`hbs gb vever k`h uh hevbj vearit`re` (drbkubhkei)

aif` bh hubstr` aebhbstir 
Kigi vbz oiy nés pbrs`his i jis qub jbs kubsti rbjifirsb gurihtb
bj gîi piri h` bstir pbhgebhtbs gb se t`g` vi aebh. Åsb bri uh` gb
nes pr`ajbnis. Gurihtb nuko` tebnp` vevî bh uhi ihsebgig
k`hstihtb b, ehkjus` kuihg` t`g` nb eai dbh`nbhij, h` k`hsbcuîi
sbhternb bh piz he gbfir gb prb`kupirnb p`r se t`g` eai aebh.
]bhsiai qub j` h`rnij bri vever bh bsi ihsebgig pbrnihbhtb y qub
h` tbhîi hehcuhi k`hsbkubhkei oisti qub ne bstig` gb sijug
bnpbzû i k`htirnb uhi vbrseûh gestehti. Bs` dub k`n` uhi jjinigi
gb itbhkeûh y t`nå k`hkebhkei gb qub ji vihegig gb ne bc` bri ji
qub nb pr`gukîi bsi ihsebgig p`r rbhger ij néxen` y gb qub tbhîi
uh dijj` tåkhek` qub nb enpbgîi sbhter piz ehtbre`r. K`h ji iyugi gb
ne k`rizûh, nb oekb uh rbsbtb` y bnpbkå i iprbkeir t`g` j` aubh`
qub tbhîi bh ne vegi bh jucir gb vever bh uhi k`hstihtb s`spbkoi gb
j` qub h` bri.
Rh hevbj aif` pbr` k`htehuig` gb ihsebgig pubgb sbr kiusi gb uh
gådeket gb djuegbz gb bhbrcîi, ehkjus` iuhqub sbin`s k`hskebhtbs gb
bjj`. Nuko`s gb h`s`tr`s h`s obn`s vest` itripig`s bh bstb aif`
hevbj gb vearikeûh y obn`s picig` jis k`hsbkubhkeis
rbpbteginbhtb. Bj nihtbhbrh`s bh uh hevbj vearit`re` aif` tebhb
k`n` uh bdbkt` s`p`rîdbr` qub h`s enpegb vbr jis sbùijbs gb
ijirni, p`rqub sb k`hvebrtb bh hubstri nihbri gb vbr jis k`sis y
sb h`s `jvegi qub  p`gbn`s kinaeir   gb iktetug ihtb jis
bvbhtuijegigbs gb ji vegi. Iuhqub h` pubgbh bvetirsb t`gis jis
setuike`hbs gbsicrigiajbs qub pubgih prbsbhtérsbh`s, sî qub bs
hubstri rbsp`hsiaejegig gbtbrnehir kûn` jis cbste`hin`s. [eh
bnairc`, h`s ikjenitin`s oisti tij puht` i j`s oéaet`s
bn`ke`hijbs ehdbre`rbs qub j`s ikiain`s k`hsegbrihg` pbrneseajbs
b ehbxpjekiajbs. H` `astihtb, geko`s gådekets ikunujitev`s drut` gbj
bstrås sî  qub
 qub tebhbh uhi bxpjekikeûh y sb k`hvebrtbh bh kitijezig`rbs
qub ikbjbrih bj bhvbfbkenebht`, pr`gukbh pr`ajbnis gb sijug y
iaitenebht` i hevbj ihînek`.
J`s dikt`rbs bstrbsihtbs bxtbrh`s k`n` pr`ajbnis bk`hûnek`s,
gb supbrvevbhkei, gb sijug, jia`rijbs y bh jis rbjike`hbs s`h
ijcuh`s

gb j`s gbsbhkigbhihtbs nés k`nuhbs qub oikbh qub hubstr`s

pbhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s kiecih bh ji trinpi gb pbrnihbkbr bh
uh aif` hevbj vearit`re` y qub sb h`s nujtepjequbh jis tbhse`hbs y j`s
ic`ae`s. Kuihg` tbhbn`s aifis vearike`hbs, tiht` hubstr`s
sbhtenebht`s k`n` hubstris rbjike`hbs k`h j`s gbnés kirbkbh gb
justrb y ijbcrîi< k`nbtbn`s nés brr`rbs y tbhbn`s qub rbpbter jis
k`sis nés i nbhug`< tbhgbn`s i sbr k`rt`s gb neris tiht` bh
hubstri vegi pbrs`hij k`n` bh ji pr`dbse`hij< y, igbnés, hubstr`
hevbj gb ihsebgig `skeji bhtrb aif` y ijt`, j` kuij rbdubrzi hubstri
sbhsikeûh gb ehsbcuregig. W`g` bst` pubgb ia`kir bh gesteht`s
hevbjbs gb gbprbseûh, turaikeûh nbhtij y bskisbz gb k`hdeihzi. [e
h` `ptin`s p`r ig`ptir uhi iktetug k`h uhi vearikeûh nés bjbvigi,
p`gbn`s qubgirh`s itripig`s gurihtb gîis ` nbsbs bh uh`s
oéaet`s prbveseajbnbhtb bstrbsihtbs qub ikiaih k`hverteåhg`sb bh
ijc` h`rnij piri h`s`tr`s, seh girh`s kubhti gb qub s`n`s
h`s`tr`s j`s qub h`s krbin`s hubstr`s pr`pe`s `astékuj`s. [e h`s
qubgin`s itiskig`s bh bstb tep` gb iktetugbs, h` k`hsbcuerbn`s
nés qub nbrnir hubstri kijegig gb vegi i ji vbz qub, i sbnbfihzi
gb uh oénstbr bh ji rubgi gb su fiuji, sbcuen`s kinehihg` bh bsi
«itbrrig`ri rubgi seh deh¼ y bkoéhg`jb ji kujpi i j`s gbnés gb qub
koerrîb.
Hubstr`s pbhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s ehdjuybh bh ji ae`quîneki
qub rbcuji, bh crih nbgegi, hubstr` bstig` gb sijug ‛s`arb kûn`
h`s sbhten`s, yi sbi piri aebh ` piri nij‛. ]br` p`gbn`s
k`nbhzir i girjb ji vubjti i bst`s gådekets gb bhbrcîi se t`nin`s
k`hkebhkei gb j`s pbhsinebht`s, sbhtenebht`s, jis bn`ke`hbs y
iktetugbs h` s`h nés qub drbkubhkeis  qub sb pubgbh kinaeir ‛
sebnprb y kuihg` hubstri ehtbhkeûh pr`vbhci gbj k`rizûh‛. Gbsgb
hubstri ehdihkei, pbr` tinaeåh gb igujt`s, sb h`s gekb
k`hstihtbnbhtb qub, kuihg` tritbn`s gb isuht`s enp`rtihtbs piri
h`s`tr`s, «gbabn`s iktuir gb k`rizûh¼. Bs` sb gbab i qub, i hevbj
suafbtev`, siabn`s ehstehtevinbhtb qub bj k`rizûh tebhb uhi
kipikegig gb k`npr`nes` kipiz gb pjihtirjb kiri i kuijquebr 
kerkuhstihkei y treuhdir bh setuike`hbs ipirbhtbnbhtb ehsupbriajbs.

Kuijegigbs gbj k`rizûh piri ji trihsd`rnikeûh pbrs`hij

[e sb subjb gbker qub h` ipr`vbkoin`s nés qub uh pbqubù`
p`rkbhtifb gb hubstr` kbrbar`, yi vbrés j` qub pisiré kuihg` ji
kebhkei sb gå kubhti gb j` pbqubù` qub bs bj p`rkbhtifb qub
utejezin`s gbj p`tbhkeij gb hubstr` k`rizûh. Rh` gb j`s `afbtev`s gb
ObirtNito bs ehvbstecir fustinbhtb bst`, igbnés gb ip`rtir 
nihbris gb ikkbgbr i j`s ehdehet`s abhbdeke`s gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh. J` aubh` bs qub h` oikb dijti bspbrir i tbhbr jis
abhgeke`hbs gb ji kebhkei piri bnpbzir i gesdrutir gb j`s ejenetig`s
abhbdeke`s gb ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh.
Kuihg` ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh sb p`hbh gb ikubrg` piri
iyugirh`s i kunpjer k`h hubstr`s k`npr`nes`s, rbsujti nés dékej
trihsd`rnir iqubjj`s ihtecu`s oéaet`s gb k`hgukti qub yi h`
gbsbin`s tbhbr. J` qub nés gedîkej h`s rbsujti i ji niy`rîi bs
kinaeir bsis pr`duhgis nirkis bn`ke`hijbs qub irristrin`s
gbsgb bj pisig`. I vbkbs bs nbf`r `kupirh`s gb bjjis bh
sbcnbht`s, p`k` i p`k`. J`s pitr`hbs bn`ke`hijbs qub tbhbn`s
ioî itiskig`s s`h k`n` uhis vebfis tubrkis `xegigis qub gbabn`s
bnpipir aebh gb juarekihtb piri vbhkbr su rbsestbhkei. Ikbptir 
hubstris gedekujtigbs ier`sinbhtb k`hstetuyb uh p`tbhtb juarekihtb
piri gbsbhr`skir ji veseûh ehtuetevi gb hubstr` k`rizûh k`h bj deh gb
idr`htir k`h niy`r bdekikei j`s rbt`s qub sb h`s prbsbhtbh bh ji
vegi.
H`s rbsujti nés dékej ikbptir hubstris rbsestbhkeis kuihg`
isunen`s qub crih pirtb gb hubstri bskisbz gb piz ehtbre`r sb
gbab ij bxkbs` ehk`htr`jig` gb ji enp`rtihkei qub jbs isechin`s i
j`s pr`ajbnis. ]`r bfbnpj`6 j` qub oikb qub uh senpjb pr`ajbni sb
k`hvebrti bh uhi prb`kupikeûh `asbsevi ` qub uh p`k` gb ihsebgig
ijkihkb hevbjbs gb piv`r ic`aeihtb bs bj bxkbs` gb enp`rtihkei qub
h`s`tr`s jb `t`rcin`s. Bsi enp`rtihkei gbsa`kigi k`hdebrb uh
tiniù` gbsnbsurig` i j`s rbt`s qub sb h`s prbsbhtih, bh pirtekujir 
i j`s bn`ke`hijbs. Rh bxkbs` gb enp`rtihkei y gb grinitesn` h`s
oikb gugir gb hubstri kipikegig gb idr`htir ji setuikeûh, j` kuij sb
trigukb bh uh ijt` hevbj gb ihsebgig. ]br` p`gbn`s iprbhgbr i
girjbs nbh`s enp`rtihkei i jis drbkubhkeis nbhtijbs ehdbre`rbs b
ehtbrrunper bst`s ikt`s gb peritbrîi k`htri hubstri dubrzi vetij y
hubstri piz ehgeveguij. Ij priktekir ji k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn`
(qub h` bs k`npigbkbrsb gb uh` nesn`) bs k`n` se ineh`riri bsi
gbsnbsuri bn`ke`hij qub h`s enpegb tbhbr uhi veseûh nés kjiri
piri t`nir nbf`rbs gbkese`hbs. Ij quetirjb enp`rtihkei, s`n`s
rbk`npbhsig`s k`h ripegbz p`rqub h` tirgin`s bh girh`s kubhti
gb sus abhbdeke`s.
 I nbhug`, jjbh`s gb bhtuseisn`, h`s p`hbn`s bjbvigis nbtis
piri kinaeir hubstr`s oéaet`s pbr`, k`h bj tebnp`, h`s qubgin`s
itiskig`s ij kirbkbr gb ji pikebhkei, iut`ikbptikeûh y
iut`k`npiseûh hbkbsireis piri s`p`rtir bj pr`kbs` gb kinae`. Bs`
sb gbab i qub h` h`s ik`rgin`s gb utejezir jis kuijegigbs gbj
k`rizûh, qub tih ötejbs h`s sbrîih bh bsb enp`rtihtb n`nbht` gb
trihsd`rnikeûh. H` tb sebhtis rir` p`r kuegirtb y sbhter k`npiseûh
p`r te nesn`. Oiy gb s`ari piri t`g`s. Bh bstb kis` sî qub pubgbs
k`nbrtb tu pr`pei rikeûh gb ji tirti. Ij deh y ij kia`, bh bj d`hg`
t`g`s s`n`s sbrbs idbktu`s`s, ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb t`gis bsis
kipis y rbvbstenebht`s, bh d`rni gb oéaet`s gb k`hgukti, qub
oiyin`s ig`ptig` i j` jirc` gbj kineh`. Bj gbspbrtir k`jbktev` gbj
k`rizûh h`s bsté pegebhg` qub h`s quetbn`s ji néskiri y
bnpbkbn`s i n`strirh`s nés tij y k`n` s`n`s.
s `n`s.

Bhbrcîi bstrbsigi
Rhi bhbrcîi jjbhi gb bstrås b enpikebhkei jeneti hubstri kipikegig
gb k`hsbcuer rbsujtig`s div`riajbs kuihg` h`s k`rrbsp`hgb t`nir 
gbkese`hbs qub hbkbsetih gb uh geskbrhenebht` nés idehig`. Ij
d`rzir ji bhbrcîi sb ji enpegb djuer, j` kuij h`s krbi k`htritebnp`s.
Bh kinae`, ji pikebhkei y bj s`sebc` krbih uh inaebhtb div`riajb
piri qub ji bhbrcîi djuyi ij k`nuhekirh`s k`h j`s gbnés y ij t`nir 
gbkese`hbs. Ji nbhtb bs ji qub tebhgb i nbtbrjb presi i ji bhbrcîi,
nebhtris qub bj k`rizûh prbdebrb bj bquejeare`, bj retn` y ji djuegbz.
Kuihg` ina`s k``pbrih, j`s rbsujtig`s qub sb `atebhbh sb
igbköih nés i jis hbkbsegigbs gbj n`nbht`.
Kuihg` ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh k``pbrih bhtrb sî, p`gbn`s ehtbr-
iktuir y bxpbrenbhtir ji vegi gb d`rni nés ik`npisigi y djuegi.
Bsi kigbhkei enpjeki uhi nbf`r bstenikeûh gb j`s tebnp`s y uhi
niy`r sbhseaejegig bh hubstr`s k`npr`nes`s (ijc` pirbkeg` i
kuihg` sb siab jjbvir bj retn` ij aiejir, j` kuij bveti tr`pbzir).
Qbkubrg` qub, bh nes iù`s gb bstugeihtb gb ehstetut`, oikîi t`g` j`
p`seajb piri iprbhgbr j`s k`npjbf`s pis`s gb ji ceci erjihgbsi pbr`,
kuiht` nés nb bsd`rziai p`r k`hsbcuerj`, nés nb rbciùiai ji
pr`dbs`ri< y kuiht` nés nb rbciùiai, nés prbse`hig` nb sbhtîi
p`r k`hsbcuerj`, y nés tr`pbz`hbs giai, oisti qub, ij dehij, nb
pisir`h ij crup` gb rbpubst`. Ji pr`dbs`ri nb bxpjekû qub ne
nbhtb bstiai tih `asbse`higi k`h iprbhgbrnb j`s pis`s qub nb
aj`qubiai y nb enpbgîi k`cbr bj retn` ‛uh` gb j`s bjbnbht`s nés
enp`rtihtbs.
Gb igujt`, ob `asbrvig` qub bsti setuikeûh sb rbpetb bh jis
nukois `kise`hbs bh jis qub «tr`pbzin`s¼ k`h h`s`tr`s nesn`s
ij `ajecir i ji bhbrcîi i er k`htrik`rrebhtb (k`n` higir i
k`htrik`rrebhtb). J` qub tebhb gb nécek` siabr djuer y jjbvir ji
kigbhkei y bj retn` bs qub tiht` bveti k`n` prbvebhb j`s `astékuj`s
y bj bstrås i nbgegi qub ivihzin`s, j` kuij k`hstetuyb uh pis` i
div`r hubstr`  kuihg` k`hsbcuen`s k`nprbhgbr j` enp`rtihtb qub bs
iprbhgbr i io`rrir hubstri bhbrcîi.

Kinaeir ji drbkubhkei gb jis iktetugbs ehdbre`rbs

W`g`s siabn`s qub kebrtis iktetugbs ` tbhgbhkeis pubgbh rbsujtir 
nés gedîkejbs gb kinaeir, pbr` rbsujti nés dékej kuihg` ji nbhtb
ikkbgb i k``pbrir bh irn`hîi k`h j`s sbhtenebht`s y ji ehtuekeûh gbj
k`rizûh. Kigi vbz s`h nés j`s qub sebhtbh, gb d`rni ehtuetevi, qub
s`h kipikbs gb rbbskreaer gbtbrnehig`s n`gbj`s gb k`hgukti y
pitr`hbs bn`ke`hijbs qub jbs k`hsunbh ji bhbrcîi. Kuihg` ji
kipikegig gb pbrkbpkeûh gb ji nbhtb sb seht`hezi k`h jis
vij`rike`hbs ehtuetevis gbj k`rizûh, sb `atebhb uhi veseûh nés
k`npjbti gb ji setuikeûh y ipirbkbh hubvis p`seaejegigbs.
Wiht` jis iktetugbs k`n` jis pbrkbpke`hbs s`h k`n` drbkubhkeis
prbk`hdecurigis qub ijnikbhin`s y iktevin`s bh gbtbrnehig`s
n`nbht`s, gbpbhgebhg` gb kûn` h`s sehtin`s ` gbj hevbj vearit`re`
gb hubstri bhbrcîi bh bsb n`nbht`. Kise t`g`s obn`s
bxpbrenbhtig` qub, se s`n`s kipikbs gb nihtbhbr uhi iktetug
p`setevi, hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs pubgbh «djuer¼ nés y nbf`r. H` bs
rir` qub, kuihg` h`s bhk`htrin`s ihtb ijcuhi setuikeûh gedîkej,
ijcuebh h`s geci6 «Wrihquej`, qub tebhbs gûhgb bsk`cbr¼. [eh
bnairc`, kuihg` duhke`hin`s i drbkubhkeis aifis, hubstr`s dejtr`s
bjenehih jis pbrkbpke`hbs y jis `pke`hbs nés bdbktevis , p`r j` qub
tbhgbn`s i vbr tih sûj` jis `pke`hbs ehdbre`rbs , qub s`h p`r jis qub
ikiain`s `ptihg` uhi y `tri vbz piri rbpbter jis nesnis jbkke`hbs
gbsiprbhgegis. H`rnijnbhtb, tbhbn`s qub rbpbter jis jbkke`hbs
ihtbs gb sikirjbs t`g` su råget`. Kuihg` h`s kihsbn`s gb
iprbhgbr jis nesnis jbkke`hbs, p`grbn`s k`hbktir k`h bj k`rizûh y
isuner hubstri pirtb gb rbsp`hsiaejegig, pisir p`r bhkeni gb j`s
grinis y jis kujpiaejegigbs, y sbcuer ivihzihg` k`h j` qub
oiyin`s iprbhgeg`. I vbkbs bst` h`s sijgré k`h nés djuegbz
nebhtris qub, bh `tris `kise`hbs, jis gestehtis pebzis gbj bhcrihifb
koerreiréh gurihtb ji trihsekeûh.

]bhsinebht`s y sbhtenebht`s hbcitev`s

 I t`g`s h`s sukbgb qub, i vbkbs, h`s surcbh pbhsinebht`s
hbcitev`s. Nuko`s gb bst`s pbhsinebht`s ` sbhtenebht`s pubgbh
gbsipirbkbr répeginbhtb se rbguken`s bj grinitesn` y ji
enp`rtihkei qub jbs `t`rcin`s. H` bs qub sbin`s nij`s p`r tbhbr 
pbhsinebht`s hbcitev`s, pbr` tbhbn`s ji `pkeûh gb hbcirh`s i sbr 
bj y`yû gb sus bstrbsihtbs ehvbhke`hbs. Oiy nukois «c`tbris¼ p`r 
g`hgb sb h`s bskipi ji bhbrcîi y qub h`s aifih bj hevbj gb
vearikeûh y gb rbhgenebht`, k`n`, p`r bfbnpj`, ji erretiaejegig, ji
enpikebhkei, ji drustrikeûh, btkåtbri. Gekois «c`tbris isunegis¼ gb
bhbrcîi, k`n` ji enpikebhkei, p`r bfbnpj`, subjbh ikiair 
k`hverteåhg`sb k`h bj pis` gbj tebnp` bh uh gådeket bspbktikujir se
h` h`s «rbsbtbin`s¼ y jis trihsnutin`s bh vearike`hbs supbre`rbs
 ‛k`n` ji pikebhkei, ji rbsejebhkei y bj djuer‛. Bst`s igektev`s oéaet`s
gb aif` hevbj vearit`re` enpegbh qub djuyi hubstr` bspîretu, j` kuij
ikiai pr`gukebhg` crihgbs pr`ajbnis tåkhek`s bh hubstr`s
prehkepijbs sestbnis ‛nbhtij, bn`ke`hij y dîsek` (sestbni hbrve`s` y
gbnés)‛, t`g` j` kuij h`s oikb nés vujhbriajbs i j`s tîpek`s
pr`ajbnis gb sijug rbsujtihtbs gb uhi k`hstihtb s`arbkirci gb
hubstr` sestbni bn`ke`hij.
Kuihg` hubstr` gbsb` sbi cbhueh`, bj ipuhtig`r gb hubstr`
k`rizûh, su ehtuekeûh, bnpbziré i ivesirh`s gb kuéhg` tbhbn`s uh
hevbj aif` gb vearikeûh y bstin`s bhtrihg` bh disb gb bstrås p`r 
gådeket gb bhbrcîi. Kuihti nés itbhkeûh jb prbstbn`s i geko`
ipuhtig`r, nbf`r k`nprbhgbrbn`s sus ehgekike`hbs, p`rqub h`s
ivesi gb qub h`s bstéh tbhtihg` piri kibr bh j`s vebf`s pitr`hbs
qub h` k`hstetuybh j` qub h`s`tr`s obn`s gbkegeg` sbr, y h`s gi su
ip`y` piri qub rbcrbsbn`s i hubstris k`hguktis y k`npr`nes`s
sijugiajbs. Iuhqub ji niy`rîi bstin`s k`hbktig`s ij ipuhtig`r gb
hubstr` k`rizûh i uh kebrt` hevbj, gekoi k`hbxeûh h`s iarb
criguijnbhtb jis pubrtis piri qub p`gin`s bskukoir nbf`r i
hubstr` cuîi ehtbre`r. Ijcuh`s siabn`s yi, p`r bxpbrebhkei, qub bs
nés p`seajb qub ji ehtuekeûh sb h`s itisqub se ji ehtbhtin`s
bskukoir k`h uhi nbhtb gbsbspbrigi, pbr` qub rbsujti nés
ikkbseajb gbsgb bj sejbhke` gb uh k`rizûh s`sbcig` y iaebrt`.

Bfbrkeke` répeg` piri rbbnpjizir sbhtenebht`s gb aif` hevbj

vearit`re`
Bstb bfbrkeke` répeg` y sbhkejj` pubgb sbrverh`s piri rbbnpjizir j`s
sbhtenebht`s gb aif` hevbj vearit`re` (sb pirbkb ij Bfbrkeke` gb
[`arbpr`tbkkeûh qub sb bxpjeki bh uh kipîtuj`
k ipîtuj` p`stbre`r).

9. Bsk`cb uh n`nbht` bh qub tb sebhtis trestb, ehsbcur`,

gbsk`hbktig` gb j`s gbnés ` qub tbhcis kuijquebr tep` gb
sbhsikeûh gb aif` hevbj vearit`re` qub quebris rbbnpjizir p`r `tri
piri sbhtertb nbf`r.
1. Bhkubhtri uh jucir bh bj qub pubgis pisirtb uh`s p`k`s
nehut`s rbsperihg` trihquejinbhtb y, k`h kigi rbsperikeûh,
enicîhitb qub sb tb vih kijnihg` ji nbhtb, j`s sbhtenebht`s y bj
kubrp`.
;. Gbsgb bsb jucir gb quebtug ehtbre`r, pebhsi bh bj tep` gb
sbhtenebht` qub quebrbs tbhbr ` qub yi oiyis sbhteg` ihtbs bh
ijcöh n`nbht` qub bstuvebris nés sbcur` gb te nesn`. Ij
rbsperir, vesuijezi qub bsb sbhtenebht` vi jjbhihg` t`g` tu sbr.
7. Bj öjten` pis` bs sbcuer rbsperihg` uh`s p`k`s nehut`s k`h bsi
sbhsikeûh bh tu ehtbre`r piri qub qubgb aebh isbhtigi. [e h`
duhke`hi, pruåaij` `tri vbz uh p`k` nés tirgb. I vbkbs s`jtin`s
gbniseig` répeg` jis k`sis qub nés abhbdeke`sis h`s rbsujtih.

K`hvebhb rbk`rgir qub j`s heù`s subjbh sbrversb gb ji enicehikeûh

 piri trihsd`rnir répeginbhtb  ji riaei y ji drustrikeûh bh ijbcrîi y
dbjekegig. Iuhqub, gb igujt`s, k`hsbrvbn`s gekoi kipikegig,
k ipikegig, obn`s
iprbhgeg` y ikunujig` tij kihtegig gb pr`crinike`hbs nbhtijbs
qub yi bsté nuy jenetigi bsi k`hbxeûh gerbkti qub tbhîin`s gb
pbqubù`s k`h bj k`rizûh y ji rbsejebhkei bn`ke`hij. J` nés
k`rrebhtb bs qub, gb igujt`s, tbhcin`s qub bsd`rzirh`s piri v`jvbr 
i gbspbrtir bsi k`hbxeûh gerbkti k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gb hubstr`
k`rizûh y k`hsbcuer ehtbcrirji bh hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs, crikeis i
j` kuij p`grbn`s t`nir gbkese`hbs nés bquejearigis y `ptir p`r 
kineh`s qub h`s k`hguzkih nés gerbktinbhtb i hubstr`s `afbtev`s.
[e bnpbzin`s i priktekir trihsnutihg` pbqubùis sbhsike`hbs
ehgbsbiajbs, k`h bj tebnp` jjbcirbn`s i p`gbr rbbnpjizir 
sbhtenebht`s, oéaet`s y bstrukturis nbhtijbs nuko` nés k`npjbf`s.
 Iuhqub sb pubgb iprbhgbr i iarer ji pubrti qub k`hgukb ij
p`tbhkeij `kujt` gb hubstr` k`rizûh, i vbkbs tbhbn`s qub cerir 
rbpbtegis vbkbs bj p`n` piri qub sb idj`fb bsi vebfi k`stunarb gb
rbsesterh`s i j`s kinae`s.

Nés k`hsbf`s piri bjbvir hubstr` hevbj vearit`re`

[e, i j` jirc` gbj gîi, h`s k`hbktin`s rbpbteginbhtb k`h
sbhtenebht`s k`n` critetug, iniaejegig, k`npiseûh, pikebhkei y uhi
iktetug gb djuegbz, k`hsbcuerbn`s nihtbhbr hubstri vearikeûh i uh
hevbj bjbvig` ij tebnp` qub bjenehin`s bs`s rbpbtetev`s gådekets gb
bhbrcîi. Igbnés, bstis kuijegigbs gbj k`rizûh h`s pbrnetbh
nihtbhbr uh aubh hevbj gb sijug y gb aebhbstir.
@tri nihbri nuy ötej gb bjbvir hubstr` hevbj vearit`re` k`hsestb bh
t`nirh`s uh`s p`k`s gîis piri v`jvbr i vij`rir hubstris inestigbs
y k`hbxe`hbs i jis qub h`s p`gin`s oiabr ik`stunarig` ` qub,
ehv`juhtireinbhtb, sb oiyih k`hvbrteg` bh ijc` k`tegeih`. Bj
ik`stunarirh`s  i hubstris rbjike`hbs bs ijc` gedîkej gb rbk`h`kbr,
qub h`s ehvigb durtevinbhtb y qub ikiai k`h ji kijegbz y ji
«koespi¼ qub tbhbn`s k`h bsis pbrs`his. ¡]r`p`htb gb k`rizûh h`
«ik`stunarirtb¼ i jis rbjike`hbs qub tbhcis k`h tus sbrbs
qubreg`s! [e oikbn`s gbj kireù` y ji critetug hubstr` n`gus vevbhge ,
bvetirbn`s bsb ik`stunarirsb i jis rbjike`hbs y jis nihtbhgrbn`s
vevis y iktuijezigis, p`rqub bj icrigbkenebht` y ji iniaejegig s`h
g`s gb jis d`rnis gb bxprbsir bj in`r  qub
 qub h`s ip`rtih j`s néxen`s
abhbdeke`s qub h`s gbpiri ji vegi.
Ji bjbvigi vearikeûh gb hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr cbhbri uh
bhtrinig` gb iniaejegig, rbspbt` y gbnés kuijegigbs qub
k`hstetuybh jis drbkubhkeis kirgîikis bsbhkeijbs piri ip`rtir 
irn`hîi i hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs bh ji vegi. Gb d`rni bsp`htéhbi,
hubstr` k`rizûh errigei kuijegigbs k`n` ji critetug y ji k`npiseûh
kuihg` h`s k`nuhekin`s k`h jis pbrs`his enp`rtihtbs gb hubstr`
bht`rh`. Ji ounihegig bs uhi kuijegig qub vi nés ijjé gb sbr 
k`rrbkt`  (iniaejegig kirbhtb gb kijegbz), j` kuij h` pr`gukb nés
qub ehtbrikke`hbs supbrdekeijbs qub kirbkbh gb j`s abhbdeke`s
rbcbhbrig`rbs gb jis iutåhtekis k`hbxe`hbs bhtrb jis pbrs`his.
]`r rbcji cbhbrij, ji kijegbz gbj k`rizûh ji bxprbsin`s k`h
hubstri dinejei, nisk`tis y kîrkuj` gb inestigbs pbr`, i nbgegi qub
nigurin`s i hevbj bsperetuij, bsb sbhtenebht`
s bhtenebht` sb bxpihgb tinaeåh i
nés pbrs`his, iunbhti hubstr` rbspbt` p`r ji hiturijbzi y
k`nebhzih i bhtrirh`s cihis gb d`rnir pirtb gb ijc` bspbkeij ‛ijc`
qub servi piri bj aebh gb t`gi ji ounihegig‛. Gbsgb ioî, hubstr`
in`r niguri y sb vubjvb ehk`hgeke`hij, seh dr`htbris, crikeis i kuyi
vearikeûh k`hbktin`s nés gerbktinbhtb k`h ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh
y ip`rtin`s nés ijbcrîi y pjbhetug, ij tebnp` qub k`jia`rin`s piri
qub j`s gbnés tinaeåh j` k`hsecih. ]br` p`gbn`s ik`rtir t`g` bstb
pr`kbs` iprbhgebhg` i k`hbktirh`s k`h ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr`
k`rizûh.
 Iauhgih tiht` j`s jear`s k`n` j`s irtîkuj`s s`arb j`s abhbdeke`s gb
ipjekir jis kuijegigbs bsbhkeijbs gbj k`rizûh, kuy`s itreaut`s
bsbhkeijbs h` sûj` h`s bjbvih bj hevbj vearit`re` bh bj pjih` pbrs`hij
seh` tinaeåh inaebhtij. Kigi vbz qub ip`rtin`s ji drbskuri gb
gekois kuijegigbs gbj k`rizûh, trihsd`rnig`ris p`r hiturijbzi,
ivihzin`s tinaeåh i hevbj bsperetuij. H` k`hsegbrbs tus préktekis
k`n` uhi geskepjehi, seh` k`n` uhi bhtrigi jearb i tu pr`pe`
aijhbire` gb juf` bh bj qub tebhbs cirihtezig`s kihtegig gb
abhbdeke`s.
]rehkepe`s iktev`s gb ji `rikeûh y ji nbgetikeûh
Rh` gb j`s vij`rbs nés prbkeig`s i hevbj suafbtev` gb ji `rikeûh ` ji
nbgetikeûh obkois gbsgb bj k`rizûh   bs qub h`s subjbh gbfir k`h
uhi sbhsikeûh gb kijegbz y k`hdernikeûh ehtbre`r. Iuhqub h`
rbkeain`s uhi rbspubsti gerbkti, h` p`hbn`s bh tbji gb fueke`
hubstri ijni ` hubstri dubhtb ehtbre`r p`rqub bstå gbniseig`
`kupigi itbhgebhg` jjinigis gb `tris pbrs`his (k`si qub y` sî
oikîi gb ig`jbskbhtb). Kigi vbz oiy nés pbrs`his qub pr`kurih
bstiajbkbr uhi k`hbxeûh nés pr`duhgi k`h bj k`rizûh p`rqub h` sb
k`htrigekb he k`npetb k`h su rbjeceûh, su kineh` bsperetuij he sus
krbbhkeis seh` qub, ij k`htrire`, jis d`rtijbkb. Krb` qub ji niy`rîi
k`ehkegen`s bh qub, sbi kuij sbi ji prékteki bsperetuij qub oiyin`s
bsk`ceg`, bs enp`rtihtb iùigerjb jis kuijegigbs gb ji ehtuekeûh gb
hubstr` pr`pe` k`rizûh.
[br cbhueh`s y k`hbktirh`s k`h hubstr` k`rizûh s`h j`s prehkepe`s
qub h`s iktevih ji `rikeûh, ji nbgetikeûh, btkåtbri. W`g`s obn`s
sbhteg` ijcuhi vbz ji gedbrbhkei bhtrb uh kireù` cbhueh` y `tr`
idbktig`. Kuihg` bj kireù` h` bs cbhueh`, kuihg` h` sijb gb
vbrgig, bs tih ötej k`n` se uh «nihequî¼ gb uh bskipiritb jb
bhveiri kireù` i quebh jb neri gbsgb ji kijjb. ]`r bfbnpj`, kuihg`
abhgbken`s ji k`negi, siabn`s j` gesteht` qub bs se j` oikbn`s
k`hbktig`s k`h bj k`rizûh i se h` bs nés qub uhi rbpbtekeûh
nbkéheki gb uhi `rikeûh nbn`rezigi (y pbhsihg` qub ecuij h`s
qubgin`s seh k`nbr cijjbtis p`rqub ikiaih gb prbsbhtirsb bh
hubstri kisi ji netig gb hubstr` bquep` gb döta`j, nubrt`s gb
oinarb y seh ivesir). [e hubstris `rike`hbs y nbgetike`hbs
k`npirtbh pr`tic`hesn` k`h hubstris `tris prb`kupike`hbs, h`
ijkihzirbn`s hevbjbs vearit`re`s nés bjbvig`s y, ij dehij, bsb rit` j`
gbspbrgekein`s pbhsihg` bh uh n`htûh gb k`sis ehötejbs qub h`
vebhbh ij kis`.
Yuebtug
Nukois kujturis bsperetuijbs k`ehkegbh bh qub ji quebtug ehtbre`r 
ip`rti uhi bhbrcîi i hubstr` bht`rh` qub div`rbkb bj gbsirr`jj` gb
ji k`hkebhkei, j` kuij pubgb iktevir bj p`gbr trihsd`rnig`r gbj in`r.
]`r bjj`, bh ObirtNito, gbsgb hubstr`s k`nebhz`s,
k `nebhz`s, obn`s gesbùig`
nukois gb hubstris obrrinebhtis y, bh pirtekujir, gb hubstri
tbkh`j`cîi piri n`het`rezir y dikejetir bj ikkbs` i bsi quebtug y i su
k`hbxeûh k`h hubstri siaegurîi b ehtuekeûh ehtbre`rbs. Gåfitb gb
nestekesn`s y pebhsi bh j` préktek` y ötej qub tb rbsujtiré bsi quebtug
ehtbre`r kuihg` viyis p`r ji kijjb. °Kuéhtis vbkbs jbs oiarbn`s
geko` i hubstris inestigbs ` i hubstr`s oef`s qub cuirgbh sejbhke`
y h`s bskukobh k`h itbhkeûh p`rqub tbhbn`s ijc` enp`rtihtb qub
k`htirjbs0 Bst` bs p`rqub ij sejbhke` ehtbre`r jb tbhbn`s uh crih
rbspbt` gb d`rni ehhiti. ]ubs bht`hkbs, °p`r quå h` jb sikin`s bj
néxen` pr`vbko`, pbrneteåhg`jb qub h`s iquebtb ji nbhtb y jis
bn`ke`hbs piri qub iprbhgin`s i prbstir itbhkeûh i j`s k`hsbf`s
qub h`s gå hubstr` sbr supbre`r0
Kuihg` ji nbhtb p`r deh sb kijji, h`s bhk`htrin`s gb rbpbhtb bh
ji quebtug ehtbre`r y, gbsgb ioî, p`gbn`s rbk`hdecurir y nbf`rir 
hubstri d`rni gb vever. Kuiht` ihtbs iprbhgin`s i vij`rir gekoi
quebtug ehtbre`r, nbh`s tbhgrbn`s qub bxpbrenbhtir bsis `tris
d`rnis nés bstrektis qub tebhb ji vegi gb bnpufirh`s i ehtbrbsirh`s
p`r nbtis supbre`rbs k`n` ji piz y ji dbjekegig i hevbj pbrs`hij.
Nukois vbkbs gbken`s6 «[e ouaebri p`geg` prbvbrj`, oiarîi iktuig`
gb d`rni nuy gestehti bh bsti setuikeûh¼. Ji quebtug ehtbre`r bs uh`
gb j`s rbqueset`s piri tbhbr prbveseûh y geskbrhenebht`. Bs uh jucir 
gbsgb bj qub bj k`rizûh h`s pubgb oiajir seh qub ji nbhtb j` siqub
i bnpuf`hbs. ]br`, piri «bstir bh sejbhke` y siabr¼, prenbr`
tbhbn`s qub tbhbr sudekebhtb
s udekebhtb quebtug ehtbre`r piri siabr bskukoir.
[e qubrbn`s ivihzir, bs aubh` rbsbrvirh`s n`nbht`s piri
hubstri quebtug ehtbre`r y pbrneterjb ij k`rizûh, i ji nbhtb y i
hubstr`s sbhtenebht`s qub sb t`nbh uh gbskihs` gb su pbrnihbhtb
k`npbtekeûh y qub gesdrutbh gb uh rit` gb piz ehd`rnij j`s trbs
 fuht`s. ]iri bxpbrenbhtir bsi quebtug sb hbkbseti uh p`k` gb
prékteki p`rqub ji nbhtb sebnprb ehtbhtiré `kupir bsb bspike` (`
kuijquebr bspike` kuihg` gbfbn`s bh ji pubrti uhi rbhgefi).
[e ji quebtug ehtbre`r h` ip`rtiri crihgbs y bjbvig`s abhbdeke`s,
enicîhitb ji gb tebnp` (nbgeg` bh secj`s) qub j`s nbgetig`rbs y jis
pbrs`his bsperetuijbs jjbvirîih gbspbrgekeihg` i j` jirc` gb ji
oest`rei. Crikeis i uh rbdehinebht` pr`crbsev`, gekoi quebtug sb
k`hvebrtb bh uh iskbhs`r qub h`s bjbvi ehtbre`rnbhtb oikei hubstri
k`hkebhkei nés bjbvigi y h`s bveti bj ic`tinebht` gb tbhbr qub
suaer p`r uhis bskijbris ehtbrnehiajbs. Bst`y k`hvbhkeg` gb qub
bsi quebtug ehtbre`r, qub h`s k`hbkti k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei ehtuetevi gb
hubstr` k`rizûh, sb k`hvbrteré bh bj nés p`setev` pis` oikei gbjihtb
gb ji ounihegig, bh uh ihtbs y uh gbspuås, h` bh kijegig gb n`gi
` rbjeceûh, seh` p`r bj obko` gb sbr uhi d`rni gb vegi gb j` nés
k`tegeihi pbr` kbhtrigi bh bj k`rizûh.
°Kûn` trisjigin`s j`s abhbdeke`s gb bsb sejbhke` ehtbre`r qub h`s
ip`rtih ji nbgetikeûh y ji `rikeûh i hubstris iktevegigbs gbj gîi i
gîi0 Kuihg` duhke`hin`s gbsgb uh bstig` gb s`sebc`  bs ji d`rni
nés hiturij gb ipr`vbkoir ji bsbhkei gb ji quebtug bh hubstr`s
quboikbrbs geire`s. (Bh bj secuebhtb kipîtuj` tritirbn`s bh gbtijjb
kûn` priktekir bsb bstig` gb s`sebc` y j`s abhbdeke`s qub h`s
ip`rti bh j`s tebnp`s qub k`rrbh). ]`gbn`s iprbhgbr i oikbrj`
rbsperihg` k`h bsi iktetug gb s`sebc` bh hubstri k`hkebhkei vireis
vbkbs ij gîi. Gb bsti nihbri, j`s abhbdeke`s gbj sejbhke` ijkihzig`
bh hubstri nbgetikeûh sb trisjigih tinaeåh i ji vegi k`tegeihi.
Kuihg` t`nin`s gbkese`hbs gbsgb bj s`sebc` ehtbre`r,
ehtbre`r, bvetin`s qub
ji enpikebhkei gb ji nbhtb bhs`rgbzki j`s siae`s k`hsbf`s qub h`s
susurrb ji ehtuekeûh gbsgb hubstr` ehtbre`r. Kuihg` iktuin`s gbsgb
bsb jucir gb s`sebc` ehtbre`r bstin`s ipjekihg` bsi kuijegig gb ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh qub h`s pbrnetb io`rrir bhbrcîi ij
cbste`hirji nbf`r,
nbf`r, bvetihg` isî tbhbr qub irrbpbhterh`s nés tirgb gb
jis gbkese`hbs qub oiyin`s t`nig` y pbrnetebhg` qub hubstr`s
isuht`s djuyih kise gb d`rni néceki. Bsb djuer bs bj kineh` nés
k`rt` piri qub hubstr`s `afbtev`s sb oicih rbijegig.
Ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh
Kuihg` k`hbktin`s k`h ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh (bj cuîi ehtbre`r)
gbsgb hubstr` kbhtr` gb quebtug, gbsirr`jjin`s hubstri kipikegig
gb oikbrh`s kirc` gbj runa` qub t`nbn`s y jis gbkese`hbs qub
ig`ptbn`s. Bj k`rizûh bsperetuij bs uh` gb j`s ispbkt`s nés
abhbdeke`s`s pbr` nés ehdriutejezig`s gb hubstri vbrgigbri
hiturijbzi y gb t`g` hubstr` p`tbhkeij. Kuihg` ji nbhtb y bj
k`rizûh h` duhke`hih i ji pir, ji nbhtb subjb ip`yir jis gbkese`hbs
gbj bc` bh jucir gb ip`yir j` qub k`hstetuerîi bj nbf`r rbsujtig` piri
t`g`s, k`h j` kuij sb ikunuji uh crih gådeket bhbrcåtek` qub, i su
vbz, idbkti ij sestbni hbrve`s` y ij bn`ke`hij. Bs` oikb qub
gbskebhgi hubstr` hevbj vearit`re` y s`jbn`s auskir ijc` bxtbrh` i
h`s`tr`s i j` qub bkoirjb ji kujpi bh jucir gb i h`s`tr`s nesn`s.
Rhi nihbri gb k`hbktir nbf`r k`h hubstri ehtuekeûh k`hsestb bh
rbjifirh`s bh kuiht` i ji kubsteûh gb ehtbhtir siabrj` t`g` j` ihtbs
p`seajb. I nbgegi qub due t`nihg` nés k`hkebhkei gb nî nesn`, nb
ge kubhti gb qub sb nb giai nuy aebh aj`qubirnb ji ehtuekeûh piri
qub h` pugebri revijezir k`h «j` qub ne nbhtb oiaîi gbkegeg`¼ qub
y` qubrîi. Bht`hkbs igvbrtî qub i ji niy`rîi gb ji cbhtb jb pisiai
bs` nesn`, j` kuij bs uhi gb jis prehkepijbs riz`hbs p`r jis qub,
trigeke`hijnbhtb, h` sb rbk`h`kb qub ji ehtuekeûh bs uh sestbni gb
`rebhtikeûh bxtrbniginbhtb ehtbjecbhtb y pbrs`hij. Qbsujti kûnek`
qub, p`r uh jig`, rbkoikbn`s j`s nbhsifbs gb hubstri ehtuekeûh y
`ptbn`s p`r j` qub quebrb hubstr` bc` piri, sbcueginbhtb, er i
kjisbs gb nbgetikeûh k`h ji bspbrihzi gb gbsirr`jjir hubstri
ehtuekeûh. Bj k`rizûh bs kipiz gb ehtuer kuéjbs sbréh jis `pke`hbs
k`h nbf`rbs rbsujtig`s y jbs `drbkb i ji nbhtb y i jis bn`ke`hbs
nbf`rbs rutis piri bvetir j`s bsk`jj`s gb ji vegi. Ij prbstirjb
pr`duhgi itbhkeûh i hubstr` k`rizûh gbsgb ji quebtug ehtbre`r, pubgb
d`rfirsb uh vîhkuj` bhbrcåtek` k`h ji siaegurîi y j`s k`hsbf`s gb
hubstr` vbrgigbr` y`, hubstri ijni ` hubstri k`hbxeûh k`h ji dubhtb
(qub kigi kuij jb p`hci j`s h`narbs qub prbdebri i bst`s bstig`s
bjbvig`s gb vearikeûh, yi sbi ijni, bj sbr ehtbre`r, ji dubhtb,
btkåtbri, sbcöh sbih sus krbbhkeis, `recbh s`ke`kujturij, hevbj gb
bstuge`s ` bxpbrebhkei pbrs`hij). I gedbrbhkei gb j` qub p`grîi
pbhsirsb, piri ivihzir i hevbj bsperetuij, h` bs tih enp`rtihtb
prb`kupirsb gb kuéjbs sbrîih j`s h`narbs qub nbf`r sb igiptih i
h`s`tr`s ` i j`s gbnés. ]`r puri k`hvbhebhkei, j`s subj` icrupir i
t`g`s bh uh nesn` piqubtb ij qub jjin` «ne n`htûh¼. ]`r bfbnpj`,
kuihg` sb nb prbsbhti ijc` bh ji vegi qub nb pr`gukb rbsestbhkeis,
nb kbhtr` bh ne quebtug ehtbre`r y k`hbkt` k`h ne n`htûh piri qub
nb sucebri s`juke`hbs bdbktevis.
Oikb nuko` tebnp`, auskiai k`hstihtbnbhtb ji nicei, j`s
ispbkt`s cjin`r`s`s gb ji ehtuekeûh ‛p`gbrbs psîquek`s, prbgbker bj
dutur`, ikbrtir ji j`tbrîi, btkåtbri‛ bh jucir gb auskir bh ne ehtbre`r 
nbf`rbs rbspubstis, uh geskbrhenebht` nés pr`duhg` y uhis
`pke`hbs nés bquejearigis. Kuihg` h`s bhin`rin`s p`r prenbri
vbz gb ji ehtuekeûh y gb sus p`seaejegigbs, bs h`rnij kibr bh bj
gbsb` gb nijkreir ij bc`. [eh bnairc`, uh`s pr`ajbnis gb sijug
nb jjbvir`h i pr`duhgezir bh ji ehtuekeûh piri tbhbr uhi veseûh nés
kjiri gb nes gbkese`hbs geireis y gb kûn` sbrver i ji ounihegig. Ij
bhd`kirnb bh j` rbijnbhtb enp`rtihtb, j`s bxtris vehebr`h gb d`rni
hiturij k`n` k`npjbnbht`s gb j`s j`cr`s pbr` h` bh kijegig gb
pirénbtr` sbcöh bj qub gbtbrnehir j` qub sb j`cri.
¡Geko` bst`, kjir` qub tinaeåh nb custirîi cihir uh n`htûh gb
nejj`hbs bh ji j`tbrîi b ernb k`rrebhg` i ji tebhgi «Bj Ko`jj`¼ piri
v`jvbrnb j`k` k`nprihg` k`sis seh tbhbr qub defirnb bh bj prbke`
qub nirki ji btequbti! Gbspuås, nb erîi ij k`hkbse`hire` gb
Abhtjby/Q`jjs Q`ykb y jbs bhkircirîi uh ounejgb k`kobket` (sb
bhtebhgb qub t`g` bst` bs uhi ar`ni s`arb ji vihegig gb ji
sbhsikeûh gb kujpiaejegig gbj qub higi bh ji iauhgihkei). H`
tbhbn`s p`r quå irrbpbhterh`s gb qub hubstri iauhgihkei pbrs`hij
ehkjuyi k`sis aubhis. Iuhqub nukois pbrs`his j` tebhbh kjir` i
hevbj ehtbjbktuij, ijcuh`s sb qubgih iöh itripig`s bh bsi
kujpiaejegig, j` kuij jbs enpegb gesdrutir pjbhinbhtb gb ji
iauhgihkei gb qub gesp`hbh.
[e åsb bs tu kis`, yi vi sebhg` o`ri gb qub tb jeabrbs gb bsis
rbstrekke`hbs y gbfbs gb kistecirtb p`r sbr dbjez.
Hubstri gechegig ehtbre`r 
Ji iutåhteki gechegig, h` ji dehcegi, bs uhi p`tbhtb drbkubhkei
kirgîiki s`arb ji qub sb s`stebhb ji k`np`sturi ehtbre`r, bh
pirtekujir kuihg` hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs igquebrbh uh t`h` qub
bnpebzi i p`hbr bh pbjecr` hubstri ehtbcregig. ]ubgb qub i vbkbs
h`s sehtin`s bxoiust`s b ehsbcur`s p`r ji s`arbkirci qub h`s
pr`gukbh j`s kinae`s, j` kuij bs k`nprbhseajb, pbr` bs` k`hstetuyb
uhi `p`rtuhegig pbrdbkti piri rbh`vir hubstri gechegig y sbr 
k`npisev`s k`h h`s`tr`s nesn`s k`h bj deh gb rbiaistbkbrh`s gb
rbsejebhkei ‛pirtekujirnbhtb kuihg` ji vegi h`s dubrzi i t`nir 
gbkese`hbs nés gbpresi gb j` qub h`s pbrnetb hubstri kipikegig gb
gbtbrnehir bj runa` i sbcuer‛. Kuihg` h`s bstiajbkbn`s bh ji
vearikeûh gb ji gechegig y bj ipj`n`, sb nujtepjekih hubstris g`tbs
piri bvetir y rbguker bj ehkbsihtb djuf` gb prb`kupike`hbs
(ikbjbrikeûh gbj bhvbfbkenebht`). Iuhqub ji nbhtb jjbvb nuko`
tebnp` bsd`rzéhg`sb ehic`tiajbnbhtb p`r jbcijezir hubstris
prb`kupike`hbs, hubstri ehtbjecbhkei gbj d`hg` gbj k`rizûh h`s
ivesi, bh `kise`hbs, gb qub jis prb`kupike`hbs ehkrbnbhtih bj
bstrås y sb hutrbh gb hubstri sijug y aebhbstir. Writirbn`s nés bj
tbni gb jis prb`kupike`hbs bh bj kipîtuj` 9=.

Bj iutåhtek` sbr 
Hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr bs uh hevbj gb vearikeûh ehtbre`r ikkbseajb qub
ijabrci ji siaegurîi b ehtbjecbhkei gb hubstr` k`rizûh. Gbsgb bsti
vearikeûh nés bjbvigi h`s k`hbktin`s bh irn`hîi k`h bj k`rizûh
gb j`s gbnés y gb t`gis jis d`rnis gb vegi, i ji vbz qub, gb nihbri
hiturij, rbzunin`s k`npiseûh y in`r ehk`hgeke`hij, jearbs gbj
bxkbs` gb ipbc` p`r j`s gbnés, p`r j`s pr`ajbnis y j`s rbsujtig`s.
Ehtbhtir sbr pbrdbkt`s ` jearirh`s gb iprbhgbr y krbkbr h` s`h
ehgekig`rbs gb qub oiyin`s ivihzig` i hevbj bsperetuij. Bh kinae`,
ikbptir hubstri dijeaejegig bs uh pis` gb cecihtb oikei ji
iutbhtekegig, ji kuij sb gbsirr`jji i nbgegi qub bjbvin`s bj hevbj
vearit`re` gb hubstri vegi nbgeihtb jis ehtbrk`hbxe`hbs rbijezigis
gbsgb bj k`rizûh, ji ikbptikeûh y ji iusbhkei gb prbfueke`s, pbr` seh
gbfir gb ehkjuerh`s i h`s`tr`s nesn`s bh hubstr` in`r.
Higeb bspbri gb h`s`tr`s qub k`hsecin`s duhke`hir gbsgb bj hevbj
vearit`re` nés bjbvig` gb hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr gb uh gîi piri `tr`,
seh` qub bs uh pr`kbs` qub sb vi gbspjbcihg` i nbgegi qub
hubstr` k`npr`nes` sb vubjvb nés cbhueh` ‛sebnprb y kuihg` h`
gbspbrgekebn`s hubstr` irr`f` nerihg` p`r bhkeni gbj o`nar` piri
rbc`gbirh`s gb hubstr`s j`cr`s‛. [e bstin`s gbniseig` pbhgebhtbs
gb j` qub ivihzin`s k`rrbn`s bj rebsc` gb p`hbrh`s nés triais,
s`arb t`g` se sûj` j` oikbn`s piri gbjbetb gb hubstr` bc`. Kigi vbz
s`n`s nés j`s qub gbsbin`s bnpbzir gb hubv` bh hubstri vegi
gbsgb kbr`, gbféhg`h`s cueir p`r bj k`rizûh y iktuihg` k`h in`r 
bh énaet`s bh j`s qub, h`rnijnbhtb, h`s oih seg` vbtig`s. Iuhqub
tbhgrbn`s hubstris riz`hbs piri nihtbhbr bj k`rizûh i kebrti
gestihkei gb j`s gbnés, quezés oiyi jjbcig` bj n`nbht` gb
rbpjihtbérh`sjis y gbskuarer se sb triti gb riz`hbs igqueregis qub,
bh rbijegig, h` h`s rbprbsbhtih.
Ji ounihegig bsté oikebhg` uhi trihsekeûh oikei uh bstig` gb
k`hkebhkei qub bnihkepiré ij p`gbr krbitev` gbj sbhtenebht` gb
uheûh y h`s iyugiré i k`nprbhgbr qub ji vearikeûh gbj k`rizûh bs
ji qub bstiajbkb ji gedbrbhkei bhtrb ji sbhsikeûh gb sbpirikeûh y ji
gb bstir ehtbrk`hbktig`s. Bj ehkrbnbht` gb ehtbrikke`hbs gbsgb bj
k`rizûh bjbviré piujitehinbhtb bj hevbj vearit`re` gb ji k`hkebhkei
k`jbktevi, j` kuij ip`rtiré bj nirk` egbij piri t`nir k`hkebhkei gb
qub bj in`r ehk`hgeke`hij b ehkjusev`, fuht` k`h ji k`npiseûh,
k`hstetuyb ji prûxeni btipi gb bxestbhkei ehtbjecbhtb, gb ji kuij
jjbciréh i abhbdekeirsb nejj`hbs gb pbrs`his, y sestbnétekinbhtb
kigi vbz nés, nuko` ihtbs gb qub ji ounihegig bh su t`tijegig
gbkegi bstiajbkbrsb bh bjji.
[eh bnairc`, gbabh rbspbtirsb jis `pke`hbs y j`s tebnp`s gb kigi
kuij seh bhfuekeinebht`s he k`hgbskbhgbhkei. I nbgegi qub sbin`s
nés hunbr`s`s j`s qub duhke`hbn`s gbsgb hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr,
sb ehkrbnbhtiré tinaeåh gb d`rni hiturij bj p`gbr d`rtedekihtb gb
hubstri k`npiseûh k`jbktevi, j` kuij sbrveré piri qub j`s gbnés sb
gbsoicih gb bsis krbbhkeis jenetigis qub k`hstreùbh ij p`tbhkeij
ounih` qub rbsegb bh ji dubrzi qub sb bsk`hgb bh bj k`rizûh.
Bstéh iareåhg`sb jis pubrtis gbj k`rizûh cj`aij y, bh ne `peheûh, jis
kijjbs sb vbréh kigi vbz nés ehuhgigis gb rî`s gb in`r.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ ?

DRHKE@HIQ GB[GB BJ [@[EBC@

]@Q G@K KOEJGQB

Bj «s`sebc`¼ bs uh bstig` ehtbre`r qub h`s pbrnetb hivbcir k`h

s`jturi p`r bhtrb jis bhbrcîis y retn`s gb jis bxpbrebhkeis gb
hubstri vegi. Ij duhke`hir gbsgb geko` bstig` h`s rbsujti nés dékej
k`hbktir k`h ji ehtuekeûh y k`hsbf`s gb hubstr` k`rizûh piri `atbhbr 
egbis krbitevis, s`juke`hbs préktekis ` piri t`nir `pke`hbs bdekikbs
piri idr`htir ji niy`rîi gb jis setuike`hbs.
 Iuhqub nukoi cbhtb bhtebhgb ehtbjbktuijnbhtb bh quå k`hsestb bj
s`sebc`, jis prbse`hbs i hevbj nbhtij y bn`ke`hij subjbh enpbgerh`s
pbrkitirh`s gb ji crih utejegig gb jjbvirj` i ji prékteki, s`arb t`g`
bh jis `kise`hbs qub rbquebrbh gb uh geskbrhenebht` nés pr`duhg`
y gb gbkese`hbs nés siaeis.
 I nbgegi qub sb ikbjbri kigi vbz nés bj retn` gb hubstri vegi,
jjbci uh n`nbht` bh qub h` h`s gih nés gb sî ji nbhtb he jis
bn`ke`hbs i kiusi gb ji vbj`kegig i ji qub tbhbn`s qub t`nir jis
gbkese`hbs p`r kujpi gb ji prbseûh i ji qub h`s s`nbtbh jis
rbsp`hsiaejegigbs y k`npr`nes`s. Oisti pirbkb oiabrsb ikbjbrig`
bj «io`ri¼ ‛se ihtbs guriai uh n`nbht` k`npjbt`, io`ri tbhc` ji
sbhsikeûh gb qub bsb bspike` gb tebnp` tinaeåh sb oi rbgukeg`‛.
Ji prékteki gb «rbsperir s`sebc`¼ h`s pbrnetb rijbhtezir ji
drbkubhkei vearit`rei gb ji nbhtb y gb jis bn`ke`hbs k`h bj deh gb
qub ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh tbhci nés p`seaejegigbs gb
s`pbsir jis gbkese`hbs y jis ikke`hbs. Bh ji niy`rîi gb j`s kis`s,
ji vbj`kegig y icrbsevegig gb ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs bhnugbkbh
hubstr`s sbhtenebht`s y ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh. Bh kinae`, k`h bj
s`sebc` ehtbre`r sb krbi uh bspike` piri ik`cbr jis sucbrbhkeis y
sbhsike`hbs gb ji ehtuekeûh qub bnetb ji ehtbjecbhkei gb hubstr`
k`rizûh. Bj s`sebc` h` sûj` h` bht`rpbkb bj ikt` gb pbhsir seh`
qub, aebh ij k`htrire`, jb ip`rti nés kjiregig.
J`s abhbdeke`s gb ji prékteki gbj s`sebc` yi oih seg` k`hdernig`s
p`r vireis ehvbstecike`hbs rbijezigis bh ObirtNito, bh jis kuijbs, ji
tåkheki gb rbsperir s`sebc` oi gbsbnpbùig` uh pipbj duhginbhtij
piri qub sb rijbhtekbh jis vearike`hbs nbhtijbs y bn`ke`hijbs gb
j`s sufbt`s k`h bj deh gb qub jis sbhsike`hbs qub jbs trihsnetîi su
ehtuekeûh pugebrih trigukersb bh riz`hinebht`s y gbkese`hbs gb
niy`r kijegig.
Tin`s i ihijezir gbtijjiginbhtb jis p`kis nihbris bh jis qub ji
cbhtb utejezi yi, gb d`rni hiturij, bj s`sebc` bh ji vegi geirei, isî
k`n` ijcuh`s nåt`g`s ivihzig`s gb ipr`vbkoir bj s`sebc` piri
`atbhbr j`s rbsujtig`s gbsbig`s. W`g` bjj` h`s sbrveré piri `atbhbr 
uhi k`nprbhseûh y rbspbt` nés pr`duhg` p`r jis vbhtifis y j`s
abhbdeke`s gb bsti prékteki gb sbhteg` k`nöh.
k `nöh.
Kuihg`, i vbkbs, jbs gbken`s i j`s heù`s y i j`s inec`s qub sb
kijnbh y qub bskukobh k`h itbhkeûh, bs p`rqub, bh bj d`hg`,
hubstri ehtuekeûh h`s gekb qub, kuihg` sb h`s s`sebcih jis
vearike`hbs nbhtijbs y bn`ke`hijbs, s`n`s kipikbs gb prbstir nés
itbhkeûh, gb bskukoir nés itbhtinbhtb, gb k`nprbhgbr j` qub sb
h`s gekb isî k`n` gb sbhter qub sb h`s oi bskukoig` k`h ehtbrås ‛
ijc` kise ehijkihziajb o`y bh gîi (j` nés crike`s` bs qub pubgb
qub h`tbn`s j`s abhbdeke`s y ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj s`sebc` kuihg` j`s
gbnés h`s bskukobh gbsgb geko` kbhtr` gb trihquejegig, pbr`, bh
kinae`, pubgb qub h`s pisbn`s j`s gîis seh pjihtbirh`s
«s`sbcirh`s¼ bh hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs).
Kiab gbstikir qub h` bstin`s oiajihg` gb uh bstig` gb
ig`rnbkenebht` he gb «cj`a`¼ he gb «gb bstir k`jcig`¼. [å qub bj
tårneh` «s`sebc`¼ pubgb rbsujtir uh p`k` kurse, k`n` uhi nirep`si
oikebhg` aijjbt ` ijc` isî, pbr` k`hvebhb h` ehdrivij`rir su dubrzi y
bdekikei.
Nuko`s itjbtis gb åjetb siabh nihtbhbr uh bstig` gb s`sebc`
nbhtij y bn`ke`hij nebhtris k`npetbh bh uhi kirrbri. [`arb t`g`
j`s `jînpek`s siabh qub, k`h ji nbhtb y bn`ke`hbs s`sbcigis y
aif` k`htr`j, k`hsecubh qub rbsubhbh, gb d`rni sehkr`hezigi, bj
k`rizûh, ji nbhtb y j`s sbhtenebht`s, j` kuij jbs ehkrbnbhti jis
p`seaejegigbs gb ijkihzir sus `afbtev`s y sb trigukb bh nbf`rbs
rbsujtig`s. Isenesn`, kuihg` bstin`s bh bsb bstig` gb s`sebc`,
jis bn`ke`hbs h`s rba`tih k`h nés dikejegig kuihg` h`s sbhten`s
drustrig`s ` gbkbpke`hig`s, ijc` rbijnbhtb enp`rtihtb.
Crup`s bspbkeijbs gb jis Dubrzis gb [bcuregig, k`n` j`s Hivy
[bijs, utejezih ji tbkh`j`cîi gb k`obrbhkei jjinigi bnSivb,
gbsirr`jjigi p`r ObirtNito, piri ehkrbnbhtir sus hevbjbs gb
k`obrbhkei p`rqub bs` jbs iyugi i nihtbhbrsb s`sbcig`s
ehtbre`rnbhtb. Igbnés, gekoi prékteki rbdubrzi ji icejegig nbhtij y
ji rbkbptevegig i j`s enpujs`s gb ji ehtuekeûh, ijc` enprbskehgeajb
kuihg` tebhbh qub t`nir gbkese`hbs bh setuike`hbs krîtekis.
Nukois vbkbs h`s gbken`s i h`s`tr`s nesn`s6 «Wrihquejîzitb y
gbfi qub t`g` djuyi¼. Rhi tåkheki ivihzigi piri bhk`htrir geko`
djuer bs iprbhgbr i krbirj` uh` nesn`, s`arb t`g` bh setuike`hbs bh
jis qub higi djuyb. Hubstr` k`rizûh siab kûn` k`hsbcuerj`.
Kuihg` uh surdesti bxpbrenbhtig` sb gbfi djuer, h` gbpbhgb gb qub
oiyi `jis pbrdbktis p`rqub «djuer¼ k`hsestb nés qub higi bh siabr 
igiptirsb i uhis `jis ehtenegihtbs ` i uhi nbtb`r`j`cîi nuy
ijtbrigi, y p`rqub åj bsté bstiajbkeg` bh su bquejeare` ehtbre`r y krbi
su pr`pe` djuer, bj kuij sb igipti i jis kerkuhstihkeis
nbge`inaebhtijbs.
W`g`s h`s pisin`s ji vegi surdbihg` p`r bhtrb j`s p`tbhkeijbs, j`s
gbsidî`s y jis ehk`hcrubhkeis gb ji vegi. Kûn` ia`rgbn`s t`g`
bst` bs j` qub gbtbrnehi hubstr` hevbj gb djuegbz ` gb ikunujikeûh
gb bstrås p`r rbsesterh`s i jis setuike`hbs. K`h bsti prékteki
iprbhgbn`s i djuer p`rqub k`hsbcuen`s rbcujir bj bquejeare` y ji
k``pbrikeûh bhtrb bj k`rizûh, ji nbhtb y j`s sbhtenebht`s
(k`obrbhkei).
H`s pisin`s ji vegi rbk`rgéhg`h`s j`s uh`s i j`s `tr`s6
«Qbsperi¼. J` qub h`s`tr`s gbken`s, bh ObirtNito bs6 «[î, rbsperi,
pbr` iùigeåhg`jb uhi iktetug gb s`sebc` y kijni i bsi rbsperikeûh
p`rqub bs` h`s pbrneteré iquebtir ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs, isî
k`n` ikkbgbr i j`s k`hsbf`s ehtuetev`s gb hubstr` k`rizûh.
Bs enp`rtihtb iprbhgbr i gestehcuer kuéhg` h`s sbhten`s
rbijnbhtb s`sbcig`s bh vbz gb gir p`r sbhtig` qub j` bstin`s. Ji
tåkheki gb rbsperir s`sebc` i j` jirc` gbj gîi h`s pbrnetb ihkjir bsb
pitrûh bh hubstri nbn`rei kbjujir y, k`h ji prékteki, uh` sb gi
kubhti gb qub kigi vbz jb rbsujti nés dékej bstiaejezir sus
bn`ke`hbs y nihtbhbr bj bquejeare` ehtbre`r.
Qbpet` qub, kuihg` oiaj` gb rbsperir s`sebc`, j` öhek` qub quebr`
gbker bs qub, nebhtris sbcuen`s rbsperihg` gb d`rni hiturij,
vesuijezin`s qub ehoijin`s uhi iktetug gb kijni y gb s`sebc` ‛
ecuij qub kuihg` sb j` bxpjekin`s i j`s heù`s.
Åst`s s`h ijcuh`s bfbnpj`s gb n`nbht`s bh j`s qub h`s
p`gbn`s pisir uh rit` rbsperihg` s`sebc`6

• Kuihg` qubrbn`s bvetir ` rbguker ji ihsebgig.

• Kuihg` h`s bhk`htrbn`s bh uhi setuikeûh bspbkeijnbhtb
grinéteki (rbsperir s`sebc` h`s oikb rbk`rgir qub, se h`
p`gbn`s sijerh`s gb gekoi setuikeûh, p`gbn`s priktekir bj bstir 
«ioî¼ pbr` «seh sbr pirtb¼ gb bjji).
• ]iri pr`tbcbr ` rbkupbrir ji k`np`sturi i hevbj bhbrcåtek`
gbspuås gb ijcuhi bxpbrebhkei s`arbk`cbg`ri.
• Ihtbs gb y gurihtb jis rbuhe`hbs (ij rbsperir uhi iktetug gb
s`sebc` sb bstiajbkb uhi gesp`sekeûh ehtbre`r i bskukoir nbf`r, i
k`nprbhgbr nbf`r y i k`hsbrvir hubstr` bquejeare` bn`ke`hij. [eh
bnairc`, se pbrgbn`s gekoi k`np`sturi, bj s`sebc` h`s iyugi i
v`jvbr i hubstr` kbhtr` nés répeginbhtb, s`arb t`g` kuihg`
bstin`s bh nbge` gb uhi geskuseûh ikij`rigi).
• Ihtbs gb rbsp`hgbr i uh k`rrb` bjbktrûhek` erretihtb, rbsperi
 s`sebc` y isebhti aebh ji nbhtb y j`s sbhtenebht`s (isî pubgb
bvetirsb nukois vbkbs bj ki`s bn`ke`hij y bj tebnp` qub
pbrgbn`s bh rbk`np`hbrh`s).
• ]iri ikkbgbr ` rbstiurir ji pikebhkei y ji rbsejebhkei bh kuijquebr 
n`nbht` qub h`s sbi hbkbsire` (kuihg` h`s bhtrih jis presis, j`
qub nés h`s subjb dijtir bs bj s`sebc` y, ij rbsperir, k`hsbcuen`s
gbsirr`jjir nés t`jbrihkei, ji kuij gbsirni i ji enpikebhkei).
• Kuihg` tbhbn`s qub t`nir gbkese`hbs enp`rtihtbs. ]iri
rijbhtezir bj ifbtrb` nbhtij y bn`ke`hij k`h bj deh gb p`gbr 
itbhgbr i hubstri ehtuekeûh.
• Kuihg` hbkbsetin`s sbr krbitev`s, yi qub bj s`sebc` h`s iktevi
(` gi rebhgi subjti i) ji ehtuekeûh.
• Ihtbs gb g`rner,
g`rner, se tbhbn`s pr`ajbnis piri k`hkejeir bj subù`.
• Kuihg` j`s pr`ajbnis gb ji vegi h`s jjbcih nés répeg` qub jis
s`juke`hbs.

]riktekir bj s`sebc` ehtbre`r bh n`nbht`s gb crih ehkbrtegunarb i

hevbj cj`aij, gb crihgbs kinae`s pjihbtire`s y gb dubrtb iktevegig
s`jir ` bjbktr`nichåteki h`s pbrnetb io`rrir nukoi bhbrcîi y
tebnp` nubrt`. W`g`s bst`s dbhûnbh`s inaebhtijbs pubgbh
pr`v`kirh`s uhi niy`r bxketiaejegig, ji kuij, i su vbz, idbkti ij
sestbni nbhtij-bn`ke`hij gb nihbris k`npjbtinbhtb ehbspbrigis
(dijj`s gb ji nbn`rei, k`hduseûh nbhtij, ihsebgig, bxpj`sevegig,
erretiaejegig, g`j`rbs bh z`his gbj kubrp` p`k` k`rrebhtbs, ehs`nhe`,
bud`rei, gbprbseûh, btkåtbri). [e h`tin`s qub tbhbn`s bst`s
sîht`nis, h`s k`hvebhb rbsperir s`sebc` y k`htir k`h nés tebnp`
piri t`nir gbkese`hbs, geskbrher y k`npr`air se h`s k`nuhekin`s
aebh k`h j`s gbnés. Bs nbf`r t`nirsb ji vegi pis` i pis` y t`nir 
jis gbkese`hbs gbsgb bsb bspike` ehtbre`r gb s`sebc` p`rqub
hubstris `pke`hbs sbréh nés ikbrtigis y gesdrutirbn`s gb uh nbf`r 
bstig` gb sijug ij bvetir bj bstrås.
]iri nuko`s gb h`s`tr`s j` gedîkej h` bs ikkbgbr i bsb bstig`
ehtbre`r gb s`sebc` seh` ik`rgirh`s gb oikbrj`, s`arb t`g` kuihg`
nés j` hbkbsetin`s. [e j` k`hsbcuen`s, tbhbn`s ji `p`rtuhegig gb
iktuir y rbikke`hir gbsgb hubstr` vbrgigbr` sbr bh jucir gb sbr 
rbiktev`s gbsgb bsb «`tr` y`¼ prbveseajb y nbkéhek`. Bj s`sebc` bs
`tr` gb j`s rbcij`s gb ijt` hevbj vearit`re` qub h`s ip`rti ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 5

HRB[WQI K@HB_EÛH
 IHÎNEKI U KÛN@ GB[KRAQEQ
HRB[WQ@ ]Q@]Û[EW@
]@Q G@K KOEJGQB

 Iuhqub bxestbh ehhunbriajbs krbbhkeis y tb`rîis s`arb bj ijni, ji

dubhtb, bj sbr supbre`r, btkåtbri, huhki sb oi p`geg` gbn`strir su
bxestbhkei kebhtîdekinbhtb. [e bs`s tårneh`s h` kuigrih k`h tus
pbrkbpke`hbs y krbbhkeis, pubgbs ech`rirj`s p`rqub bjj` h` tb vi i
enpbger sbcuer ivihzihg` oikei bj `afbtev` gb k`hvbrtertb bh quebh
rbijnbhtb brbs. K`hvebhb siabr qub h` oikb dijti k`nprbhgbr 
pbrdbktinbhtb quå bs bj ijni ` he tih sequebri krbbr bh bjji piri
`atbhbr t`g`s sus abhbdeke`s, p`rqub tu pr`pe` bspîretu sb bhkirciré
gb ip`rtirtb, bh bj n`nbht` pbrdbkt` piri te, t`g` j` qub tbhcis qub
k`nprbhgbr gb tu ijni, gb tu iutåhtek` sbr y gb su prbkeig`
p`tbhkeij.
Oiy nukois pbrs`his qub bstéh jjbhis gb k`npiseûh, iniaejegig,
gbgekikeûh p`r j`s gbnés y `tris d`rnis gb bxprbsir bj in`r 
iuhqub h` krbih he sb ehtbrbsbh p`r hehcöh tep` gb bhsbùihzis qub
tbhcih qub vbr k`h bj ijni he k`h ji dubhtb  gb ji bxestbhkei. [b
pubgb sbr pbrdbktinbhtb rbsp`hsiajb gb uh` nesn` y sbrver i j`s
gbnés i trivås gbj kireù` k`h bj deh gb pr`n`vbr ji piz y ji dbjekegig
cj`aij iuhqub uh` prbdebri h` p`hbrjb btequbtis he h`narbs i bsb
jucir gb g`hgb pr`kbgb t`gi bsi bhbrcîi.
J`s secuebhtbs pérrid`s, qub tritih s`arb bj ijni, bxprbsih nes
krbbhkeis y puht`s gb vesti pbrs`hijbs s`arb nes bxpbrebhkeis y nes
bstuge`s.
bstuge`s. Iuhqub s`h k`sis qub io`ri nb rbsujti ötejbs, ob
iprbhgeg` qub h` oiy qub kbrrir jis pubrtis i bxpihger ` n`gedekir 
jis krbbhkeis, seh` pbrneter qub hubstr` pr`pe` cuîi ehtbre`r bsk`fi,
k`h su geskbrhenebht`, quå pbrkbpke`hbs y sbhtenebht`s k`h
rbspbkt` ij ijni y ij iutåhtek` sbr s`h j`s qub h`s k`hvebhbh. Bs
prugbhtb h` bstir gb ikubrg` k`h nes pbrkbpke`hbs (` k`h jis gb
kuijquebr `tri pbrs`hi) bh j` rbdbrbhtb i tbnis k`n` bj ijni, ji
dubhtb, bj iutåhtek`
iutåh tek` sbr ` kuijquebr `tri k`si s`arb ji qub y` oiyi
p`geg` bskreaer, seh tinezirj` ihtbs nbgeihtb bj geskbrhenebht` y j`s
pr`duhg`s sbhtenebht`s gbj k`rizûh gb kigi kuij. O`y bh gîi bs
enp`rtihtb qub kigi ehgevegu` sb ip`yb nés bh sus pr`peis
bvijuike`hbs, s`arb t`g` ihtb ji kihtegig ehcbhtb gb hubvi
ehd`rnikeûh qub ipirbkb k`hstihtbnbhtb bh tbnis rbjike`hig`s
k`h ji bsperetuijegig, ji k`hkebhkei, bj bspike` ehtbre`r y bxtbre`r, y
gbnés. Bs gb bspbrir qub h`s kinaebh jis pbrkbpke`hbs y
d`rnujike`hbs vireis vbkbs i j` jirc` gb ji vegi i nbgegi qub sb
h`s bxpihgb ji k`hkebhkei.
 Ij vever gbsgb bj k`rizûh gbsirr`jjin`s ji rbs`hihkei y
k``pbrikeûh bhtrb bj k`rizûh, ji nbhtb, bj kbrbar` y jis bn`ke`hbs.
[e t`gis bstis bhbrcîis h` triaifih bh bquep`, seh` `abgbkebhg` i
sus gbsb`s y pr`crinis ehgeveguijbs y `pubst`s, sb cbhbriré crih
kihtegig gb bstrås (` ji niy`r pirtb gb åj) p`rqub bsis gevese`hbs
gb hubstr` `rcihesn` pr`gukbh uhi ehk`obrbhkei qub k`irti bsi
bhbrcîi gbj bspîretu y gbj k`rizûh qub k`hstetuyb hubstri dubhtb gb
ijbcrîi y gb sbhsikeûh gb aebhbstir. Kuihg` ihgin`s aif`s gb
bhbrcîi gbj k`rizûh, h`s sbhten`s nbh`s iniajbs, j`s gbnés h`s
enp`rtih nbh`s y k`hbktin`s nbh`s k`h bjj`s, b ehtbre`rnbhtb h`s
sbhten`s gespbrs`s. Hubstr`s bsdubrz`s p`r sbr dbjekbs subjbh bstir 
nij k`hkbaeg`s, kirbkbh gb bhtuseisn` y, p`r bjj`, bs dékej sbhterh`s
trist`rhig`s. ]br` p`gbn`s kinaeir bstb pitrûh se k`nprbhgbn`s
j` enp`rtihtb qub bs ji k`obrbhkei y ji utejezin`s piri v`jvbr i
sehkr`hezir ji nbhtb y j`s sbhtenebht`s k`h bj k`rizûh vireis vbkbs
i j` jirc` gbj gîi. Kuijquebr n`nbht` bs aubh` piri priktekir ji
k`obrbhkei kirgîiki k`h bj deh gb rbd`rzir hubstris k`hbxe`hbs
ehtuetevis, ji rbsejebhkei y bj bquejeare` bn`ke`hij, s`arb t`g` bh
åp`kis gb ehtbhs` bstrås pbrs`hij ` cj`aij. Bj ijni h`s ip`yi y
iheni i ijkihzir hevbjbs supbre`rbs gb k`obrbhkei p`rqub k`htebhbh
jis drbkubhkeis y vearike`hbs ûptenis piri errigeir irn`hîi, t`nir 
nbf`rbs gbkese`hbs y sbhterh`s nés pjbh`s. Isenesn`, ji k`obrbhkei
tinaeåh k`hstetuyb bj puht` gb rbdbrbhkei piri kuijquebr prékteki gb
sihikeûh o`jîsteki.
Ne bxpbrebhkei bs qub bj ijni y bj iutåhtek` sbr s`h ispbkt`s gb
hubstri bxestbhkei qub vearih i uhi drbkubhkei gb k`hkebhkei
supbre`r i ji gb ji pbrkbpkeûh `rgehirei gbj sbr ounih` ‛pbr` sûj`
oisti qub hubstri pbrkbpkeûh k`hskebhtb sb duse`hi k`h gekoi
vearikeûh supbre`r ij kia` gbj tebnp`‛. J` qub y` pbrkea` bs qub bj
pr`pûset` k`jbktev` gb ji ounihi pisi p`r bjbvir bj hevbj vearit`re`
gb ji k`hkebhkei, j` kuij cbhbri uh kinp` gb bhbrcîi qub div`rbkb
bj bstiajbkenebht` gb uhis aisbs gb k`obrbhkei y irn`hîi qub
ip`rtiréh piz y krbiréh uh nuhg` qub pr`spbrb y h` sûj` sb
k`hd`rnb k`h s`arbvever. Bh ne `peheûh, t`gi bsi siaegurîi gb
hubstri ijni, ikunujigi i aisb gb nukois bxpbrebhkeis, bsté i
hubstri gesp`sekeûh piri ip`rtirh`s in`r ehk`hgeke`hij, sihikeûh y
k`hsbf`s ehtbjecbhtbs< y tinaeåh qub hubstri nbhtb y k`rizûh
supbre`rbs k`hstetuybh j`s prehkepijbs rbkbpt`rbs gb ji siaegurîi y
k`hsbf`s gb hubstri ijni, iuhqub ji bhbrcîi gbj ijni iairqub t`g`
hubstr` sbr.
Gbsgb oikb secj`s `în`s gbker qub bh bj k`rizûh oijjirbn`s ji
rbspubstis i hubstris prbcuhtis, isî k`n` k`hsbf`s b ehstrukkeûh
piri ijkihzir ji pjbhetug. Ne sucbrbhkei bs qub, bh uh dutur`
prbveseajb, bst` sb ikbptiré kigi vbz nés y sbré k`rr`a`rig` p`r 
kigi vbz nés pbrs`his, p`rqub s`h nuko`s j`s qub yi p`sbbh uhi
k`hbxeûh nés pr`duhgi k`h su cuîi ehtbre`r. Kigi vbz s`h nés j`s
qub sebhtbh kure`segig p`r j`s isuht`s gbj ijni fuht` k`h uhi
ehquebtug p`r iarersb i jis rbvbjike`hbs ehtbjecbhtbs gb su pr`pe`
k`rizûh. Ij bxpj`rir bj p`tbhkeij gbj k`rizûh bsperetuij nbgeihtb ji
`rikeûh ` ji nbgetikeûh, iprbhgbn`s piujitehinbhtb i gestehcuer 
bhtrb j` qub s`h k`hsbf`s gbj k`rizûh y j` qub s`h piyisigis gb ji
nbhtb. Kise t`g`s obn`s bxpbrenbhtig` bj vievåh gb ehsbcuregig ij
ehtbhtir geskbrher ji iutbhtekegig gb hubstri v`z ehtbre`r.
ehtbre`r. Oisti pubgb
qub, bh `kise`hbs, h`s prbcuhtbn`s se jis `rike`hbs y nbgetike`hbs
vih i pirir i ijcöh sete` g`hgb sbih t`nigis bh sbre`.
 I nbgegi qub h`s v`jvin`s nés sbhseajbs i hubstri vearikeûh
supbre`r h`s sbré nés dékej rbk`h`kbr ji iutbhtekegig gb j`s
k`hsbf`s y jis piutis gbj k`rizûh y gbj ijni. Bj nesn` gbsb`
sehkbr` gb k`hbktir k`h ji vearikeûh gbj ijni oikb qub j`s
abhbdeke`s gb åsti sb oicih nés pitbhtbs bh h`s`tr`s, tiht` i hevbj
nbhtij k`n` bn`ke`hij y dese`jûcek`. H` bspbrbs qub bj ijni sb tb
prbsbhtb gb rbpbhtb k`h uh kirhbt gb egbhtegig, k`h d`t` ehkjuegi, y
tb prbcuhtb6 «°Bh quå tb pubg` iyugir o`y0¼. [enpjbnbhtb auski
k`hbktirtb k`h bj ijni gbsgb bj k`rizûh, k`h s`sebc` y seh
bxpbktitevis gb «dubc`s irtedekeijbs¼ y, gb bsti nihbri, oisti tu
bht`rh` rbs`hiré k`htec` y pbrneteré qub tb vubjvis kigi vbz nés
pbrkbptev` i ji bsbhkei gb tu pr`pei ijni.
K`hsbcuerbn`s tbhbr uhi rbjikeûh nés gerbkti k`h hubstri ijni
kuiht` nés ji gbsp`fbn`s gb t`qubs gb nestbre` y gb k`npjbfegig.
]iri qub h`s rbsujtb nés kjir`6 enicîhitb, k`h t`gi trihquejegig,
qub tu ijni d`rni pirtb ehtbcrij gb te nesn`, qub tb iyugi i bkoir 
uhi nerigi, i vesti gb péfir`, gb uh`s kineh`s y piutis nbh`s
iairr`tig`s piri ivihzir p`r bhtrb jis `p`rtuhegigbs y j`s gbsidî`s
gb ji vegi. H` bs qub yi h` tbhcin`s qub t`nir nés gbkese`hbs,
seh` qub vbrbn`s k`h niy`r kjiregig kuéjbs s`h hubstris nbf`rbs
`pke`hbs ij sbr nés kipikbs gb prbstirjb itbhkeûh i j`s siae`s
k`hsbf`s gb hubstr` k`rizûh. Bj k`rizûh trigukb ij jbhcuifb gb
hubstr` hevbj k`tegeih` jis `pke`hbs gbj sutej hevbj vearit`re`
pr`kbgbhtbs gb hubstri ijni y gb hubstr` sbr supbre`r, j` kuij h`s
rbdehi ji k`hkebhkei piri p`gbr p`hbr runa` oikei bj `afbtev` nés
bjbvig`. Bj ijni he sb gbgeki i pbrsbcuerh`s piri g`ajbcirh`s y
`ajecirh`s i sbr uh`s «iutûnitis abhget`s¼, he i vecejir quå bs j`
qub bsk`cbn`s ` j` qub h`, p`rqub su in`r bs ehk`hgeke`hij ‛bs
pbrnesev`‛. J` nés kûnek` bs qub pr`aiajbnbhtb h`s rbsujtirîi
ehkjus` nés dékej se bj ijni y hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr h`s enpusebrih
gerbktinbhtb sus siaeis `pehe`hbs.
 Ij ehkjuer,
ehkjuer, gb d`rni k`hskebhtb, ji siaegurîi y j`s k`hsbf`s gb
hubstri ijni bh jis ehtbrikke`hbs gb hubstri vegi, jeabrin`s bj in`r 
ehk`hgeke`hij, ji k`npiseûh y ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh qub yi
p`sbbn`s, j` kuij bjbvi hubstr` hevbj gb k`hkebhkei piri p`gbr 
ehkjuer i ji ounihegig bh su t`tijegig , k`h ji kuij bstin`s
k`hbktig`s i hevbj bhbrcåtek`. Bj ijni y bj sbr ehtbre`r duhke`hih ij
uhîs`h` y sb k`hbktih k`h `tris ijnis i hevbj gb ji bhbrcîi. Ij
bxpihger hubstr` in`r nutu` h`s rbsujti nés dékej ikkbgbr i
hubstri ijni y i j`s k`hsbf`s gb hubstr` sbr vbrgigbr`. Bst`y
k`hvbhkeg` gb qub bj in`r  k`hstetuyb
 k`hstetuyb ji pijiari kjivb piri ikkbgbr 
ij secuebhtb hevbj gb k`hkebhkei, isî k`n` ji d`rni nés répegi gb
suaer p`r bsti bskijbri gb kirik`j i ji qub jjinin`s «bj kineh`¼.
[ebnprb tbhbn`s bj ijni bh p`sekeûh gb stihg-ay, prbpirigi piri
cueirh`s bh bstb pr`kbs`.
H` tb k`hsegbrbs ehgech` gb rbkeaer ji iyugi gb tu ijni. [e bstés
jbybhg` ijc` s`arb kûn` k`hbktir k`h tu ijni, ` rbdjbxe`hihg`
s`arb bjj`, bs qub bstés bspbkeijnbhtb prbpirig` piri qub tb iyugb
i k`hvbrtertb bh tu pr`pe` sbr. K`hvbrtertb bh j` nbf`r qub oiy bh te
enpjeki duse`hirtb k`h bj hevbj vearit`re` nés bjbvig` gb te nesn`, j`
kuij tinaeåh k`hstetuyb bj secuebhtb crih pis` gb ji ounihegig
oikei ji bxpihseûh gb su k`hkebhkei.
Hubstri ijni h` vevb iesjigi bh uh kistejj` ij dehij gb uhi bskijbri
ehtbrnehiajb. [`n`s nuko`s j`s qub yi obn`s iskbhgeg` p`r t`g`s
bs`s bskij`hbs y yi vi sebhg` o`ri gb dikejetir jis k`sis y gb
bhk`htrir uh kineh` nés rbkt` oikei hubstri ijni y hubstris
dikujtigbs supbre`rbs. ]`gbn`s iprbhgbr i rbsperir piri
sunbrcerh`s bh ji quebtug   gb hubstr` k`rizûh, j` kuij rbdubrzi
hubstri k`hbxeûh k`h jis vertugbs gb ji vearikeûh gbj ijni.
Wb v`y i bxpjekir j` qub i nî nb duhke`hi. ]iri kbhtrirnb bh ne
quebtug ehtbre`r, nb sebht` y nb pis` uh`s nehut`s rbsperihg`
k`hskebhtbnbhtb. Ij t`nir bj ierb, vesuijez` qub ehoij` uh in`r 
geveh` qub ehuhgi t`g` ne sbr. Ij bsperir, errige` uh sbhtenebht` gb
critetug. Bsti prékteki bjbvi ne hevbj vearit`re` y oikb qub bj
k`rizûh, ji nbhtb, jis bn`ke`hbs y bj kubrp` sb nb sehkr`hekbh bh
k`obrbhkei  y bh quebtug . Bsti rbs`hihkei k`hstetuyb uh kihij gb
bhbrcîi p`r bj qub bj in`r y j`s k`hsbf`s gb ne ijni y ne iutåhtek`
sbr pubgbh ehtbcrirsb nés dékejnbhtb k`h ne vearikeûh ounihi
h`rnij. [e gbkegbs pr`airj`, tbh pikebhkei oisti jjbcir i bhk`htrirjb
bj puht` i bstb pr`kbs` p`rqub, se tb bhtri ji presi, ji nbhtb sb
krbiré gbniseigis bxpbktitevis gbniseig` pr`ht` y j` nés
pr`aiajb bs qub tb gbsihenbs y gbfbs gb oikbrj`.
Bj ijni bs ji qub gbkegb kuéj bs bj nåt`g` qub nbf`r h`s vi
sbcöh sbih hubstris hbkbsegigbs supbre`rbs, jis kuijbs h` sebnprb
k`ehkegbh k`h jis gb hubstri pbrs`hijegig (iuhqub i vbkbs sî). Rh`
h` tirgi bh k`nprbhgbr qub bj ijni h` bs uh «nbrkigejj`¼ gb
k`npjbnbht`s piri bj bc`, seh` qub h`s iyugi i trihsd`rnir t`g`s
bs`s rbsegu`s gbj pisig` qub oi eg` cbhbrihg` hubstr` bc`. Bj
prbsbhtb bs g`hgb sb d`rfi bj pr`ybkt` gb dutur`. Ij duse`hirh`s
criguijnbhtb k`h bj ijni y hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr, sb bjbvi hubstr`
hevbj vearit`re`, kuy` kinp` nichåtek` ip`rtiré rbsujtig`s nés
ivihzig`s y uhi piz nés pr`duhgi. I nbgegi qub ji bhbrcîi gbj
ijni igquebrb niy`r prbsbhkei bh hubstri vegi, k`hsbcuen`s
nihedbstir nbf`r t`g` hubstr` p`tbhkeij, sbrver i j`s gbnés y
bxpihger hubstr` kireù` nés ijjé gbj pbqubù` kîrkuj` gb pbrs`his
qubregis piri iairkir i t`gi ji k`jbktevegig. Bst` bs ijc` qub yi
bxpbrenbhti nukoi cbhtb, bh bspbkeij j`s nés fûvbhbs. Iuhqub
tinaeåh tbhcih su pirtb gb gedekujtigbs bh ji vegi, pirbkbh bstir 
nés k`hbktig`s k`h sus kuijegigbs hiturijbs, su tijbht` y j`s
g`hbs gb su p`tbhkeij supbre`r. H` tirgirbn`s bh hbkbsetir uhi
pijiari k`h nés sbhteg` qub tijbht` piri k`hsbcuer gbsechir bsis
oiaejegigbs tih p`jedikåtekis qub p`sbbh j`s fûvbhbs gb o`y bh gîi.
Gb obko`, bst` bs ijc` qub yi bsté pisihg`. W`g`s tbhbn`s uhi
vearikeûh bspbkeij qub k`jia`ri k`h ji k`jbktevi kuihg`
duhke`hin`s gbsgb bj bspike` gb hubstr` k`rizûh.
[ebht` qub crih pirtb gb ji ounihegig k`hbktiré k`h bj k`rizûh i
hevbj nés pr`duhg`, j` kuij h`s pr`p`rke`hiré niy`r sbcuregig,
ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb j`s rbt`s qub surfih k`n` k`hsbkubhkei gb
j`s kinae`s cj`aijbs ehbspbrig`s. Bh ne kis` pirtekujir, uhi
virebgig gb sbreis k`npjekike`hbs dubr`h jis qub nb jihzir`h, p`r 
prenbri vbz, oikei ji aösqubgi gb uhi k`hbxeûh nés pr`duhgi k`h
ne k`rizûh  piri bhk`htrir s`juke`hbs y `rebhtikeûh. Ij ecuij qub
nukois `tris pbrs`his, y` ehtbhtiai rbprener j`s k`hsbf`s ehtuetev`s
gb ne k`rizûh piri qub h` supbrvesirih he `astikujezirih j` qub ne
nbhtb ihseiai he nes gbkese`hbs gestehtis gb ji k`rrebhtb prehkepij
pbr`, uhi vbz oirt` gb tiht`s pr`ajbnis y g`j`r i hevbj bn`ke`hij,
ikiaå p`r girnb kubhti gb qub p`gîi k`hbktir k`h bj cuîi gb ne
k`rizûh seh hbkbsegig gb qub nb ehsperirih i bjj` ji trestbzi y bj
irrbpbhtenebht`. Iuhqub bj g`j`r h` dub ne kineh` div`ret` oikei bj
k`rizûh, sî qub jb bst`y icrigbkeg` p`r oiabr k`hstrueg` uhi pubrti
oisti qub iprbhgî qub bj in`r y ji iniaejegig k`hstetuîih uh
kineh` nuko` nés dékej. [e h`s p`hbn`s i bjj` k`h cihis, t`g`s
p`gbn`s bstiajbkbr bstb tep` gb k`hbxeûh k`h ji ehtuekeûh gb
hubstr` k`rizûh, j` kuij h`s kinaeiré ji vegi. Ij bxpihger hubstr`
in`r, itbhkeûh y iniaejegig oikei j`s gbnés, sb h`s iktevi gb
d`rni pbrnihbhtb ji k`hbxeûh k`h ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh
k`n` ijc` nuy préktek` piri ji vegi, h` tih sûj` k`n` uhi n`gi
qub sb h`s pisi k`h bj tebnp`, p`rqub, gbhtr` gbj k`rizûh y gbj
ijni, tbhbn`s uhi rbsbrvi ehtbrnehiajb gb in`r qub sûj` bspbri i
qub jb iarin`s ji pubrti piri sijer bh tr`nai.
Ji siaegurîi gb hubstri ijni sb pirbkb i uhi ipjekikeûh  qub sb
iktevi kuihg` h`s bstiajbkbn`s bh hubstr` kbhtr` y k`hbktin`s
k`h bj k`rizûh. I nbgegi qub ji bhbrcîi gb hubstr` k`rizûh bsté
kigi vbz nés prbsbhtb, sb vubjvbh nés kjir`s j`s nbhsifbs qub
h`s bhvîi hubstri ehtuekeûh. Kuihg` h`s gbgekin`s i seht`hezir k`h
ji vearikeûh gbj k`rizûh y gb ji quebtug, h`s rbsujti nés dékej
bjenehir kuijquebr ehtbrdbrbhkei qub pubgi gedekujtirh`s ji rbkbpkeûh
y k`nprbhseûh gb hubstri ehtuekeûh.
]iri k`hbktir k`h bj cuîi gb hubstr` k`rizûh y pbrneter qub sb
nihedebstbh t`gis bsis gbstrbzis qub tbhbn`s i hevbj p`tbhkeij, h`
oikb dijti jbbr uh n`htûh gb jear`s, he sbr uh bxpbrt` bh tbkh`j`cîis,
he bstir ij gîi gb jis öjtenis tbhgbhkeis bsperetuijbs he gb su fbrci.
O`y bh gîi s`h nukois jis k`rrebhtbs qub ihenih i ji cbhtb i
bxpj`rir su pr`pe` ehtbre`r piri bhk`htrir sus pr`peis rbspubstis, y
bs` ikiairé k`hverteåhg`sb bh ji tbhgbhkei prehkepij i nbgegi qub
oiyi kigi vbz nés pbrs`his bsperetuijnbhtb niguris y qub gbsbbh
k`hbktir nés pr`duhginbhtb k`h su iutåhtek` sbr p`r sus pr`pe`s
nbge`s.
 Iuhqub ObirtNito y nuko`s `tr`s nåt`g`s pubgbh sbrver gb
dubhtb gb ehsperikeûh, h` oikb dijti qub gbpbhgis gb bjj`s p`rqub tö
yi tebhbs tu pr`pe` cuîi gbhtr` gb tu k`rizûh y gb tu ijni, j` kuij bs
uh` gb j`s nés enp`rtihtbs nbhsifbs gb nes jear`s ‛t`g` j` gbnés
bs ehd`rnikeûh gb «rbjjbh`¼ k`h ji bspbrihzi gb ihenir i ji cbhtb i
bxpj`rir y k`htiktir k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gb su pr`pe` k`rizûh y
bhk`htrir bh sî nesn`s ji iyugi qub hbkbsetih.
Wiht` jis tåkhekis gb ObirtNito k`n` kuijquebr `tr` sestbni
pubgbh usirsb k`n` kuihg` iprbhgen`s i n`htir bh aekekjbti gb
pbqubù`s k`h jis rubgbketis gb itrés, bsis qub h`s iyugiaih i
nihtbhbr bj bquejeare` y i gbsirr`jjir hubstri oiaejegig oisti qub, ij
p`k` tebnp`, duen`s kipikbs gb n`htir bh aekekjbti seh bsi iyugi.
]`htb k`n` `afbtev` bnp`gbrirtb y gbsirr`jjir ji k`hdeihzi bh te
nesn` qub bs` k`hjjbvi, y rbkubrgi sebnprb qub t`g` bj in`r y ji
itbhkeûh qub jb pubgis gbgekir ij pjihbti y i t`gi ji vegi bs tih
enp`rtihtb k`n` bj gb j`s gbnés. [e sebhtbs qub h` jjbcis i bs`,
pr`p`htb bht`hkbs kinaeir t`gis bsis krbbhkeis y bsi nbhtijegig
qub tb nihtebhbh bh bsi vearikeûh
v earikeûh ehdbre`r gb iut`jenetikeûh.
W`g`s s`n`s ecuij gb enp`rtihtbs pbr` ji k`hkebhkei y ji
pbrkbpkeûh virîih p`rqub kigi ehgevegu` tebhb su n`nbht` gesteht`
piri rbijezir sus pr`pe`s kinae`s bh su k`hkebhkei ehgeveguij. Bst`
sb aisi bh gbtbrnehigis jbkke`hbs qub ji vegi h`s oikb
bxpbrenbhtir piri jeabrir bj p`gbr gb hubstr` in`r. [e k`npirin`s
hubstri k`hkebhkei k`h ji gb j`s gbnés p`gbn`s ikiair 
sehteåhg`h`s ehdbre`rbs ` supbre`rbs i bjj`s bh gbtbrnehigis btipis
gb ji vegi, j` kuij bs uhi kiriktbrîsteki h`rnij gbj bc` ‛ji vihegig
gb sbhterh`s bspbkeijbs (` h` bspbkeijbs)‛. ]br` i nbgegi qub h`s
iaren`s nés y h`s oikbn`s nés k`hskebhtbs gbj kineh` gbj in`r,
ji iniaejegig y ji k`npiseûh, bj bc` vi gbfihg` piujitehinbhtb gb
k`hstetuer uh pr`ajbni. I nbgegi qub kuegin`s nés hubstris
ehtbrikke`hbs y nihtbhbn`s vevi ji ounejgig, k`hsbcuen`s ivihzir 
nés répeginbhtb, djuybhg` nés y rbsesteåhg`h`s nbh`s.

]r`pûset`
Kuihg` ji cbhtb t`ni k`hkebhkei gbj kineh`, ikiaih sehtebhg`
kure`segig p`r kuéj bs su  pr`pûset`, ijc` qub nuko`s yi sbhten`s.
Nebhtris qub ijcuhis pbrs`his tebhbh bsi k`hbxeûh k`h su
pr`pûset` gbsgb ji ehdihkei, `tris j` auskih p`r t`gis pirtbs i
trivås gb nibstr`s ` gb sbùijbs qub sb j` pubgih ehgekir, ij tebnp`
qub `tris pbrs`his h` sb prb`kupih gb n`nbht` p`r bstb tbni. Ij
ehekeir hubstr` kineh`, pubgb qub sehtin`s qub sb pr`gukbh
ijcuh`s kinae`s bh j` qub k`hsegbrin`s hubstr` pr`pûset`. Bst` sb
gbab i qub, ij bnpbzir i krbkbr ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh, sb h`s
bjbvi ji vearikeûh y ji k`hkebhkei, j` kuij subjb kinaeir bj runa` gb
hubstr`s gbsb`s b ehtbrbsbs.
Ji prékteki gb k`hbktir k`h ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh k`hstetuyb uh
aubh bstînuj` piri qub sb h`s rbvbjb hubstr` pr`pûset` bh uhis
btipis gb hubstr` gbsirr`jj` pbrdbktinbhtb sehkr`hezigis. Kuihg`
ji nbhtb gbfi p`r deh gb auskirj` ihse`sinbhtb, sb pr`gukbh kigi
vbz nés sehkr`hîis qub servbh piri ejunehirh`s bj kineh`, y ji
aösqubgi gb hubstr` pr`pûset` sb k`hvebrtb bh t`gi uhi
ipise`hihtb ivbhturi i nbgegi qub jis pebzis gbj r`npbkiabzis
h`s bnpebzih i ipirbkbr p`r j`s rehk`hbs nés ehbspbrig`s.
[e brbs gb j`s qub sb bhtrbci i jis k`sis qub jbs ipise`hih piri
p`gbr gbskuarer tu pr`pûset`, k`hvebhb k`nprbhgbr qub ji bhbrcîi
gb bsi piseûh sb ijîi k`h bj nbf`r p`st`r ‛i vbkbs pubgb sbr bj
gbsb` gb hubstri ehtuekeûh pbr`, bh nukois `tris `kise`hbs, s`h jis
inaeke`hbs gb hubstr` bc`. Bh ijcuhis `kise`hbs, j` qub sbhten`s
k`n` uh irrbait` gb piseûh rbsujti sbr uhi bhbrcîi gbsitigi p`r bj
bc` y p`r ji nbhtb, seh qub hubstr` k`rizûh j` oiyi p`geg`
geskbrher. Iuhqub bst` h` sbi j` nés drbkubhtb, rbvesi ji setuikeûh
pbreûgekinbhtb piri vbr se åsb bs tu kis`. Bh kinae`, oiy
`kise`hbs bh jis qub ji gerbkkeûh qub h`s ehgeki bj k`rizûh bsté bh
seht`hîi k`h j` qub sbhten`s qub bs hubstr` pr`pûset` pbr` h` h`s
ikiai gb bhtuseisnir. Bht`hkbs, ji piseûh p`r bsb `afbtev` sb h`s
gbsirr`jjiré nés igbjihtb, kuihg` oiyin`s nigurig` uh p`k` nés
bsperetuijnbhtb bh gbtbrnehig`s ispbkt`s.
Kuihg` kiî bh ji kubhti gb qub y` jjbviai tebnp` auskihg` p`r 
t`gis pirtbs bj pr`pûset` gb ne k`rizûh k`h ji nbhtb, nb jeabrå p`r 
deh gbj cjin`ur  gb
 gb bstir tih bhdriskig` bh gekoi aösqubgi y iprbhgî
i deirnb gb j`s k`hsbf`s gb ne k`rizûh piri er itihg` kia`s. Bst`
dub j` qub nb rbvbjû ne k`rizûh6 bj pis` nés enp`rtihtb   piri
nihedbstir ne pr`pûset` k`hsestb bh iprbhgbr i prbstir itbhkeûh i
j`s k`hsbf`s gb ne k`rizûh, ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb j` qub y`
gbkegi qub bs ne v`kikeûh ` gb kûn` sb gbsirr`jjb ne vegi.
 Ij k`hdeir nés bh ji siaegurîi gb ne k`rizûh `atuvb uh puht` gb
rbdbrbhkei qub oez` qub sb nb sehkr`heziri nés dékejnbhtb ne
pr`pûset` ehtbrh` k`h bj bxtbrh`. Nb iunbhtir`h bj bhtuseisn` y ji
sbhsikeûh gb kunpjer k`h uhi neseûh i nbgegi qub due idr`htihg`
jis jbkke`hbs gb ji vegi gb d`rni nés niguri. Ji vegi nesni nb
oez` vbr qub `tr` ispbkt` kjivb gb ne pr`pûset` k`hsestîi bh
iprbhgbr i utejezir ji ehtbjecbhkei gb ne k`rizûh piri supbrir ji
trihsekeûh bhtrb bj bc`kbhtresn` y uh in`r bxpihsev` p`r ji
t`tijegig. Bnpbkå i gestehcuer bhtrb queåh s`y y queåh pbhsiai qub
bri, y nb ge kubhti gb qub, se qubrîi k`hvbrternb bh ne iutåhtek` y`,
tbhîi qub iprbhgbr i jeabrir bj in`r gehének` qub sbhtîi bh ne
ehtbre`r pbr` qub bri ehkipiz gb bxprbsir pjbhinbhtb p`rqub h`
k`hsbcuîi inirnb i nî nesn`.
Oikb iù`s, bj k`hkbpt` gb inirsb i uh` nesn` nb bkoiai piri
itrés p`rqub nb s`hiai i bc`kbhtresn`, pbr` bnpbkå i pbrkeaerj`
gb `tri nihbri kuihg` nb ge kubhti gb qub qubrbrnb i nî nesn`
h` k`hsestîi nés qub bh p`hbr bh prékteki jis kuijegigbs hiturijbs
gbj k`rizûh k`n` critetug, pikebhkei, sbr nés iniajb y k`npisev`
k`hnec` nesn`, ehkjuer i ne k`rizûh bh nes gbkese`hbs, `kupirnb
gb ne bht`rh` ehtbre`r y bxtbre`r pbr` seh prbfuzcirj`, gbsp`firnb gb
ji vihegig gb h` k`hsbcuer oikbrj` t`g` pbrdbkt`, btkåtbri. W`gis
bstis préktekis pbrnetbh qub sb nihedebstb ji bsbhkei gb hubstr`
iutåhtek` sbr, bj kuij yi bs pbrdbkt`   y h` hbkbseti qub higeb j`
rbpirb. Bs k`n` uhi hirihfi pbrdbkti, rbpjbti gb ji bhbrcîi gbj s`j,
y i ji qub tih sûj` tbhbn`s qub quetirjb ji pebj piri sikirjb t`g` bj
zun`. Tin`s ivihzihg` i nbgegi qub quetin`s ji késkiri gb
hubstris ihtecuis d`rnis gb k`hgukti y gb pbrkbpkeûh qub yi h`
h`s ip`rtih hehcöh abhbdeke` y qub s`h j` qub enpegb qub ji cbhtb
sb jjbvb aebh bhtrb sî. Ij ivihzir, sijbh i ji juz t`gis jis
kipikegigbs gb hubstr` iutåhtek` sbr.
Gbsgb oikb yi iù`s, ne pr`pûset` gesdruti gb nihedbstirsb
p`hebhg` i gesp`sekeûh gb j`s gbnés t`g` j` qub ob iprbhgeg` y qub
pubgi iyugirjbs i k`hbktir k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gb su pr`pe` k`rizûh.
Kuihg` veven`s gbsgb bj k`rizûh, jis pebzis gbj r`npbkiabzis gb
hubstr` pr`pûset` bhkifih pbrdbktinbhtb y bs` h`s seht`hezi k`h
hubstr` p`tbhkeij ehtbre`r y hubstri pjbhetug.

K`hkebhkei
Kise t`g`s obn`s bskukoig` bsti bxprbseûh nejbs gb vbkbs6 «Oiz
j` qub tb gektb tu k`hkebhkei¼. I vbkbs, hubstri k`hkebhkei h`s bhvîi
sbùijbs, ijc` pirbkeg` i uh nbhsifb gb tbxt`, piri girh`s ji
`p`rtuhegig gb k`rrbcer bj runa` gb hubstri iktetug ` gb hubstris
ikke`hbs. ]`r rbcji cbhbrij, kuihg` ijcuebh gekb6 «Nb rbnubrgb ji
k`hkebhkei¼, bs p`rqub sus pbhsinebht`s, sbhtenebht`s ` ikke`hbs
h` bstéh bh seht`hîi k`h ji ehtbcregig gb su iutåhteki hiturijbzi.

 ‛k`h j` nés îhten` gb su k`rizûh‛. Iuhqub hubstri k`hkebhkei h`

h`s `ajeci i ikitir sus sucbrbhkeis, sî qub h`s gi uhi `p`rtuhegig
gb pbhsirh`s jis k`sis g`s vbkbs, y g`s vbkbs nés, ihtbs gb
ehekeir ` k`htehuir k`h gbtbrnehigis h`ke`hbs surcegis gbj bc` y
qub oikbh kis` `nes` gb j` qub bj k`rizûh pubgi ik`hsbfir sbcöh
jis kerkuhstihkeis. Bsi k`hkebhkei bs uhi vearikeûh gb ji ehtuekeûh
qub j` qub quebrb bs rbk`rgirh`s qub k`hsbrvbn`s hubstri
ehtbcregig, gechegig y kuegig` pbrs`hij. H`s bv`ki j`s k`hsbf`s gb
hubstri ehtuekeûh y h`s iheni i sbr nés k`hskebhtbs gb j` qub
oikbn`s y gb j` qub gbkegen`s. Hubstri k`hkebhkei bs uh
rbk`rgit`re` inest`s`, iuhqub pubgb qub dernb bh `kise`hbs, gb
queåh s`n`s rbijnbhtb kuihg` h`s ouhgen`s gbniseig` ` bh
«quebh h` s`n`s¼.
@fijé qub «bj gesbùig`r¼ ouaebri gbkegeg` qub ne k`hkebhkei nb
oiajiri bh v`z nés ijti, p`rqub ijcuhis gb jis gbkese`hbs qub t`nå
gb vbehtbiùbr` s`h uhi kjiri nubstri gb qub préktekinbhtb huhki
jb prbstiai itbhkeûh i ne k`hkebhkei. Nukois pbrs`his h`s
k`nbhtih qub su k`hkebhkei jbs oiaji kigi vbz nés kjir` y nés
ijt`. Bst` bs ijc` qub sbcueré iunbhtihg` y oikeåhg`sb nés
bvegbhtb i nbgegi qub secih kinaeihg` j`s tebnp`s y qub h`s
k`hbktbn`s nés k`h hubstr` k`rizûh y k`h ji a`hgig qub
rbijnbhtb s`n`s.

Bquejearir j`s ispbkt`s niskujeh` y dbnbheh` gb hubstri

bhbrcîi ehtbre`r 
Nukois vbkbs bs t`g` uh nestbre` p`r quå ikiaih drikisihg`
nukois gb hubstris préktekis y gbkese`hbs gb trihsd`rnirh`s. Bh
pirtb sb gbab i uh gbsbquejeare` y i uhi dijti gb bhtbhgenebht` bhtrb
jis bhbrcîis niskujehi y dbnbhehi qub vevbh bh h`s`tr`s. W`g`s
s`n`s uhi k`naehikeûh gb drbkubhkeis niskujehis y dbnbhehis,
ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb kuéj sbi hubstr` cåhbr`. ]`r bfbnpj`,
hubstr` ispbkt` dbnbheh`  bsté nés iaebrt` i ji ehtuekeûh nebhtris
qub hubstri bhbrcîi niskujehi bs ji qub h`s pbrnetb nitbreijezir y
ipjekir gekoi ehtuekeûh bh ji vegi geirei. Bst` bs tih sûj` uh bfbnpj`
gb ji k``rgehikeûh gb duhke`hbs bhtrb hubstris kuijegigbs
niskujehis y dbnbhehis.
Bhtrb j`s abhbdeke`s rbcbhbrig`rbs gb bquejearir ina`s tep`s gb
bhbrcîi sb ehkjuybh uhi k`hbxeûh nés kjiri k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gb
hubstr` k`rizûh, uhi niy`r kipikegig gb sihir y nihtbhbr i
hubstr` `rcihesn` bh aubhis k`hgeke`hbs, y nukois nés. Hubstris
bhbrcîis (vearike`hbs) niskujehis y dbnbhehis n`jgbih ji vegi. Ji
ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh pubgb div`rbkbr bj bquejeare` y ji
k``pbrikeûh bhtrb inais bhbrcîis qub k`hgeke`hih k`hstihtbnbhtb
hubstris gbkese`hbs y gb jis qub gbpbhgb hubstri piz.
Rh gbsbquejeare` bhtrb hubstris bhbrcîis niskujehi y dbnbhehi sb
trigukb bh nukois gbsvbhtifis i hevbj nbhtij y bn`ke`hij qub h`s
enpegbh gir j` nbf`r gb h`s`tr`s. J` nés k`rrebhtb bs qub tbhcin`s
gbsbquejearig` uh` gb bst`s g`s ispbkt`s, j` kuij h`s gedekujti
iut`bvijuirh`s y h`s jjbvi i bxicbrir hubstr`s puht`s dubrtbs piri
bsk`hgbr hubstris gbaejegigbs gbjihtb gb j`s gbnés. Bst` bs tih
sûj` uhi gb jis nukois k`hsbkubhkeis gbj gbsbquejeare` bhtrb
hubstris bhbrcîis niskujehi y dbnbhehi. [`h kigi vbz nés jis
pbrs`his qub sb sebhtbh enpujsigis i bhk`htrir su bquejeare` ehtbre`r 
iuhqub h` sbih nuy k`hskebhtbs gb quå bs j` qub ehtbhtih
bquejearir. Bj bquejeare` ehtbre`r k`hstetuyb uh` gb j`s pejirbs gbj
secuebhtb hevbj gb k`hkebhkei oikei bj qub bsté ivihzihg` ji
ounihegig. I k`htehuikeûh gin`s uh bfbnpj` nuy senpjedekig` gb
uhi gb jis p`seajbs nihbris bh qub bst` sb pubgb nitbreijezir6

 I nbgegi qub bquejearin`s hubstri bhbrcîi niskujehi y ji dbnbhehi,

hubstri ijni sb p`hb jis pejis y bnpebzi i gbrrinir hubstris kuijegigbs
nés bjbvigis s`arb hubstr` k`rizûh. Bht`hkbs, ji ehtuekeûh gb hubstr`
k`rizûh h`s iyugi i gbsirr`jjir gekois kuijegigbs piri qub hubstri vegi
ijkihkb su néxen` hevbj gb pjbhetug, ik`npiùig` gb k`npiseûh y gb uh
gbsb` gb iyugir i qub j`s gbnés j` k`hsecih tinaeåh.

Gbsgb oikb ehhunbriajbs cbhbrike`hbs, jis bhbrcîis niskujehis

jjbvih g`nehihg` bj pjihbti y rbprenebhg`, tiht` bh o`narbs k`n`
bh nufbrbs, bsis kuijegigbs y sbhseaejegigbs dbnbhehis qub tiht`
hbkbsetin`s. [eh bnairc`, bstin`s pisihg` pécehi y bskreaebhg`
`tris hubvis, k`h jis kuijbs ehekein`s uh kipîtuj` gb ji vegi rbij
qub triti gb abhbdeke`s rbcbhbrig`rbs k`n` bj bquejeare` y ji
k``pbrikeûh. I jis bhbrcîis dbnbhehis (tiht` bh o`narbs k`n` bh
nufbrbs) jbs bsté jjbcihg` bsb jbcîten` n`nbht` tih bspbrig`.
Kigi vbz s`h nés j`s o`narbs k`h uh k`rizûh vujhbriajb qub
gbspebrtih i j`s abhbdeke`s gb nihtbhbr bquejearigis sus
drbkubhkeis niskujehi y dbnbhehi, y qub rbk`h`kbh qub bs` bs uhi
pebzi qub jbs dijtiai bh su pr`kbs` gb bnp`gbrinebht` pbrs`hij.
 Id`rtuhiginbhtb,
 Id`rtuhiginbhtb, jis nufbrbs bstéh bquejearihg`
bquejearihg` tinaeåh gekois
bhbrcîis piri qub su dubrzi y kuijegigbs dbnbhehis sbih p`r deh
bskukoigis, rbspbtigis, y rbkeaih ji nesni k`hsegbrikeûh. Bh bstb
pr`kbs` sb ehkjuyb tinaeåh bj rbt` gb h` kibr bh ji g`nehikeûh gb
jis drbkubhkeis niskujehis p`r bdbkt` gb k`npbhsikeûh, yi qub bst`
pubgb aj`qubir bj pr`kbs` gb trihsd`rnikeûh pbrs`hij. Bsb gbjekig`
bquejeare` sb pubgb ijkihzir y nihtbhbr pbrnihbkebhg` itbht`s ij
k`rizûh.
]ubgb rbsujtir nuko` nés icrigiajb y bdekiz rbifustirh`s piri
ijkihzir geko` bquejeare` se ikkbgbn`s i ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh.
Kuihg` k`hsbcuen`s qub ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh duhke`hbh i ji pir,
sb bquejearih y rbifustih hubstris bhbrcîis niskujehi y dbnbhehi gb
d`rni hiturij y k`h nukoi nés dikejegig y gbjekigbzi. Oiy pbrs`his
qub hikbh k`h uh niy`r bquejeare` gb sus ispbkt`s niskujeh` y
dbnbheh`. Bh ne kis`, h` dub isî. Gb heù` y` bri t`g` uh nikoet`
p`rqub, bh bj airre` bh qub nb kreb, se ijcuebh nb ouaebri geko` qub
tbhîi qub gbspbrtir «ji heùi qub oiy bh nî¼ piri sbr uhi pbrs`hi
bquejearigi, oiarîin`s ikiaig` i puùbtiz`s. [eh bnairc`, k`h bj
pis` gb j`s iù`s, sb nb dub suivezihg` bsb ispbkt` viheg`s` y
bc`kåhtrek`.

]ir`gei gb j`s Cj`aij Qihcbrs6 «¡Tbhci nukoiko`s! ¡I bhsejjir t`g`s y i

kiaijcir p`r t`g` bj pjihbti piri vbr se p`gbn`s p`hbr `rgbh bh t`g` bstb
ki`s cj`aij!¼. «°H`s jjbvin`s i jis koekis tinaeåh0¼, prbcuhtû ijcuebh.
«¡]br` se bjjis yi oih sijeg` i t`g` cij`pb, p`rqub tbhîih nuy kjir`
kuéjbs brih jis hbkbsegigbs gb ji ounihegig y jjbvih tebnp` gbgekigis i
bjj`!¼. «]ubs aebh, kiaijjbr`s, vin`s i p`hbrh`s bh nirkoi piri vbr se 
iöh qubgi ijc` p`r oikbr y isî h`s sbcuen`s krbybhg` qub s`n`s j`s
qub nihgin`s!¼.

Bj bc`
Bj bc` h` bs bj o`narb gbj sik`, p`r j` kuij, k`h pikebhkei y aubhi
`rebhtikeûh ehtbre`r, p`gbn`s rbgerecerj` oikei ji vearikeûh gb su
pr`pûset` supbre`r. Ij kipiketir hubstri vegi k`h ji iyugi gbj
k`rizûh, trihsd`rnin`s ji drbkubhkei gb ji hiturijbzi gb hubstr`
bc` y ji p`hbn`s bh seht`hîi k`h ji vearikeûh gb hubstr` iutåhtek`
sbr. ]iri ji niy`rîi gb h`s`tr`s, bj bc`, bh su hevbj ehdbre`r gb
vearikeûh, h`s oi eg` krbihg` uhi sbreb gb pr`ajbnis gb j`s qub jb
obn`s bkoig` ji kujpi i ji vegi y i j`s gbnés. [eh bnairc`, ij
gbfirh`s cueir p`r bj k`rizûh, p`gbn`s ehekeir uh pr`kbs` gb
nigurikeûh gbj bc` bh j`s gesteht`s hevbjbs gb k`hkebhkei qub viyi
itrivbsihg` hubstri k`hkebhkei bh su bv`jukeûh, j` kuij rbsujti
nuko` nés bdekiz piri g`nbstekir bj bc` bh jucir gb ivbrc`hzirj`
` kujpiaejezirj`. Ij ehekeir ne kineh`, bxpbrenbhtiai n`nbht`s gb
k`hcbsteûh bsperetuij gb tiht` kretekir y nikoikirnb bj bc`, k`n` se
dubri uh péfir` kirpehtbr`, p`rqub krbîi qub åsb bri bj kineh` nés
répeg` oikei bj iut`k`htr`j (ij tebnp` qub tbhîi ji bspbrihzi gb qub
Ge`s h` nb quetiri `f`). K`h bj tebnp`, seh bnairc`, iprbhgî qub
t`gi bsi prbseûh qub bfbrkbn`s s`arb bj bc` p`r uh bxkbs` gb
supbrveseûh pr`vebhb gbj nesn` bc`. Iuhqub hubstri prbtbhseûh gb
inibstrir i hubstr` bc` pubgi pirbkbr j`iajb, se pr`vebhb
bxkjusevinbhtb gb ji nbhtb, seh bstir ik`npiùigi gb ji kipikegig
nés pr`duhgi gb geskbrhenebht` qub p`sbb bj k`rizûh, s`h tih
k`hstihtbs hubstr`s k`htritebnp`s qub j` öhek` qub k`hsbcuen`s
bs cbhbrir iöh nés tbhseûh ‛s`arb t`g` kuihg` h`s bsd`rzin`s
p`r ivihzir gbniseig` répeg` bh hubstr` kineh` bsperetuij, k`n`
uhi jebarb qub k`rrb seh ji siaegurîi y pikebhkei gb ji t`rtuci.
Bh kinae`, se h`s k`npr`nbtbn`s i oikbr jis pikbs k`h hubstr`
bc` seh k`hgbhirj`, bj k`rizûh sb k`hvebrtb bh bsb bhtrbhig`r 
pbrs`hij qub ikiairé p`r trihsd`rnirj` bh uh ehstrunbht` qub rehgi
ij néxen` y bh j`s n`nbht`s igbkuig`s. Bj bc` sb trihsd`rni ij
pisir p`r jis gestehtis btipis gb rbgukkeûh gb hubstr`
iut`kbhtresn`. W`g`s j`s ispbkt`s gb hubstri hiturijbzi, ehkjueg` bj
bc`, s`r pirtb gb ji gevehegig y gbsbnpbùih uh enp`rtihtb pipbj bh
hubstr` pr`kbs` gb k`hvbrterh`s bh j` nbf`r gb h`s`tr`s. ]`r bs`
gbabn`s inirj`s y rbspbtirj`s i t`g`s.

Ji dbjekegig
Bh j`s öjten`s tebnp`s sb oih rbijezig` nukois ehvbstecike`hbs y
sb oih bskret` nuko`s jear`s s`arb ji dbjekegig, b ehkjus` bxestb uh
piîs (Autéh) g`hgb sb negb bj hevbj gb «Dbjekegig ehtbre`r arut`¼.
[`y k`hskebhtb gb qub bs gedîkej h` krbbrsb qub ji dbjekegig bs ijc`
qub h`s vebhb gb dubri ‛gb ji cbhtb, gb j`s jucirbs y gb jis k`sis‛.
]brs`hijnbhtb, nb bnairquå bh uhi ehtbrnehiajb aösqubgi gb piz
y gb ji dbjekegig nés vihcuirgesti oisti qub nb ge kubhti gb qub ne
nbhtb ihgiai bh auski gb ijc`, piri k`hsbcuer j` kuij bj k`rizûh
bstiai nuko` nbf`r prbpirig`. Ji nbhtb bs ijc` nirivejj`s` pbr`,
kuihg` gb j` qub sb triti bs gb bvijuir k`h crih prbkeseûh j` qub
h`s oikb rbijnbhtb dbjekbs, j` nés siae` bs rbkurrer i ji ehtbjecbhkei
gbj k`rizûh y i ji siaegurîi gbj ijni. Iuhqub pubgb qub ji nbhtb y
hubstr` sestbni bn`ke`hij sb p`hcih uh p`k` gb n`rr`s  kuihg` jb
pegin`s ij geskbrhenebht` gb hubstr` k`rizûh qub t`nb jis rebhgis
gb ji setuikeûh, ji nbhtb ikiairé gesdrutihg` gb tbhbr uhi
k`npiùbri gb kineh` tih dernb k`n` bs ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh.
]ubgb qub i vbkbs jis pbrs`his itrivebsbh jircis btipis k`h uhi
sbhsikeûh gb vikî` bhtrb disbs gb crih dbjekegig, y `tris gb er 
terihg`. Geko`s bspike`s vikî`s pubgbh rbjjbhirsb k`h itbhkeûh p`r 
j`s gbnés y k`h uhis k`hbxe`hbs nés pr`duhgis se iaren`s hubstr`
k`rizûh i rbjike`hirh`s k`h j`s gbnés, j` kuij k`hstetuyb uhi
prékteki gb hevbj vearit`re` supbre`r isî k`n` uh pis` duhginbhtij
oikei ji dbjekegig y pjbhetug ehgeveguijbs. Kuihg` k`nbhzin`s i
bjbvir ji vearikeûh gb hubstr` in`r bh jucir gb gbgekirh`s i auskir 
ji dbjekegig bh j`s gbnés, bh j`s bstînuj`s bxtbrh`s y bh k`sis
(iuhqub sbih k`sis aubhis), h`s gin`s kubhti gb qub ji dbjekegig
iunbhti gb d`rni hiturij kuihg` bhrequbkbn`s ji vegi duhke`hihg`
k`h bj k`rizûh .
Ji dbjekegig bs uhi vearikeûh supbre`r qub, p`r rbcji cbhbrij,
ehtbhtin`s itripir gbsgb uh hevbj gb vearikeûh nés aif`, p`r j` qub
sebnprb sb h`s bskipi gb jis nih`s k`n` uh pbz bh bj icui. J`s
pbrî`g`s gb dbjekegig pubgbh sbr pr`j`hcig`s ` dricnbhtig`s
gbpbhgebhg` gb kuéhti bhbrcîi gb aifi drbkubhkei pr`kbsbn`s `
tbhcin`s ikunujigi (sbhsike`hbs gbj tep` nebg`, ehsbcuregig,
iut`bsteni, obregis, rbsbhtenebht`s, btkåtbri), yi qub bs prbveseajb
qub pr`guzkih itisk`s bh bj djuer hiturij gb hubstri dbjekegig y qub
ehtbhtbn`s rbjjbhir geko`s vikî`s k`h k`hguktis qub ip`rtbh
gbstbjj`s gb aebhbstir kir`s gb nihtbhbr y gb pr`hti kigukegig.
Kuihg` hubstri dbjekegig ijkihzi uh hevbj gb vearikeûh qub h`
hbkbseti gb c`j`sehis he gb k`hgeke`hihtbs, t`g` j` gbnés bs uh
igetinbht`, nés qub uh kiusihtb gb gbpbhgbhkei (ji kuij bs ji
nigrb gb t`gis jis gbkbpke`hbs). ]`r bfbnpj`, uh bstig` gb
dbjekegig iutåhtek` y aebh irriecig` h` gbpbhgb gb j` aebh ` nij qub
pubgi sijerh`s ijc`, seh` qub bs ijc` qub pbrnihbkb iuhqub geko`
bvbht` sb kihkbjb ` h` sbi uh åxet` (iuhqub tbhcin`s qub oikbr 
uhis kuihtis rbsperike`hbs piri rbsbtbirh`s).
Bs k`htripr`gukbhtb ihobjir uhi dbjekegig ehehtbrrunpegi seh ihtbs
oiabrh`s gbsp`fig` gb uhis iktetugbs gb vearikeûh ehdbre`r qub
rbsujtih ehk`npiteajbs. Ji dbjekegig bs ijc` qub vebhb gb gbhtr` ‛j`
kuij h`s kinaei jis rbcjis gbj fubc` kuihg` h`s gin`s kubhti gb
bjj`‛. K`hsegbri qub ji dbjekegig bs uhi critedekikeûh bsperetuij gb
ijt` hevbj qub iprbhgbn`s i iktevir gbsgb gbhtr`, piri qub hubstri
vegi h` sb k`hvebrti
k `hvebrti bh uh ehtbrnehiajb pbrbcrehifb bh su aösqubgi.
Wbhcin`s k`npiseûh bh hubstr` k`rizûh p`r j`s nejj`hbs gb
sbrbs qub h` sb pubgbh pbrneter bj juf` gb prb`kupirsb p`r auskir ji
dbjekegig ij vbrsb `ajecig`s i suasester i kiusi gb cubrris,
kitéstr`dbs hiturijbs, oinaruhis, nij`s trit`s, btkåtbri. Iuhqub
åsi h` bs uhi setuikeûh qub p`gin`s kinaeir gb ji h`kob i ji
niùihi, hubstr` in`r y k`npiseûh tebhbh ji kipikegig gb iyugir i
hevbjbs qub h` p`gbn`s vbr, pbr` huhki sb nijcisti he uhi s`ji
c`ti gb iutåhtek` in`r, iuhqub h`s`tr`s h` sbin`s kipikbs gb
sbcuerjb bj ristr` i j`s abhbdeke`s qub ip`rtb. [b ivbkehih nbf`rbs
tebnp`s i hevbj cj`aij ‛y h`s`tr`s s`n`s j`s ehcbhebr`s gb gekoi
trihsd`rnikeûh.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 9=

]IQWB 96
EHWBQÅ[ ]@Q J@[ GBNÉ[
TBQ[R[ [@AQB]Q@WBKKEÛH

]IQWB 16
JI K@N]I[EÛH6
JI HBKB[EGIG GBJ ]QB[BHWB
p`r G`k Koejgrb

 I nbgegi qub nigurin`s bsperetuijnbhtb y gbsirr`jjin`s hubstr`

p`tbhkeij supbre`r,
supbre`r, sb h`s gbspebrti uh niy`r ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés,
uhi d`rni nuy véjegi gb oikbr gb hubstr` in`r ijc` préktek`, y gb
rbs`jvbr y bvetir nuko`s pr`ajbnis qub krbin`s y rbpbten`s gb
nihbri sestbnéteki.
T`y i gbgekir j`s secuebhtbs pérrid`s i k`nbhtir bh quå sb
gedbrbhkeih bj ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés y ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh.
[`arbpr`tbcbn`s i ijcuebh kuihg` hubstr` ehtbrås ehekeij p`r su
aebhbstir sb k`hvebrtb bh prb`kupikeûh, ihsebgig y
s`arbegbhtedekikeûh, t`g` j` kuij pubgb gbsbna`kir bh uh
 ic`tinebht` bn`ke`hij k`h su k`hsecuebhtb ikunujikeûh gb bstrås.
 Iuhqub bj obko` gb ehtbrbsirh`s p`r bj aebh gb `tri pbrs`hi bs uh`
gb hubstr`s niy`rbs tbs`r`s, k`n` k`h kise t`g`, gbabn`s
ignehestrirj` bh su fusti nbgegi p`rqub, kuihg` sb kruzi ji riyi y
sb k`hvebrtb bh s`arbpr`tbkkeûh, sb pr`gukb uh gådeket kuyis
k`hsbkubhkeis ikiaih p`r idbktir i ji sijug. Nebhtris qub bj ehtbrås
p`r j`s gbnés rbsujti bhrequbkbg`r tiht` piri h`s`tr`s k`n` piri
ji `tri pbrs`hi, ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh h`s ic`ti y h`s rbsti bdekikei,
p`r nuy aubhis qub sbihs bih hubstris ehtbhke`hbs.
[iabn`s qub s`h nuko`s j`s kuegig`rbs qub sb sebhtbh
bxtrbniginbhtb ic`tig`s i hevbj gb bhbrcîi p`r h` siabrs iabr bhk`htrir 
bj bquejeare` bhtrb itbhkeûh y s`arbpr`tbkkeûh, ijc` aebh
k`nprbhseajb p`rqub geko` bquejeare` secub uhi kurvi prbgbkeajb y
h` jb rbsujti higi dékej i jis pbrs`his qub sb prb`kupih nuko` p`r 
j`s gbnés. Iprbhgbr i g`sedekir hubstr` ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés gb
nihbri bquejearigi bs ijc` qub d`rni pirtb gbj pr`kbs` gb
nigurikeûh bn`ke`hij.
 I k`htehuikeûh ehkjuen`s uhi jesti gb énaet`s tîpek`s bh j`s qub
rbsujti dékej kibr bh ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh, y bh j`s qub h`s aifi bj hevbj
vearit`re` y h`s qubgin`s seh bhbrcîi. Iuhqub sb triti gb ji tîpeki
jesti qub sb nbhke`hi bh nuko`s `tr`s jear`s, vin`s i ihijezirji
gbsgb bj puht` gb vesti gb ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh6

• Wriaif`
• Qbjike`hbs pbrs`hijbs
• Gehbr`
• Ijenbhtikeûh
• Oef`s
• ]igrbs
• [ijug
• Brr`rbs gbj pisig`
• Iut`enicbh
• Kûn` h`s sbhten`s
• [bcuregig bh bj dutur`
• Kûn` h`s sijgréh jis k`sis
 • Kirbhkeis
• K`npirirsb k`h j`s gbnés
• Yuå pbhsiréh j`s gbnés (y j` qub h`s`tr`s pbhsin`s gb bjj`s
bh sbkrbt`)

 I nbhug` j` qub nés h`s ic`ti bs uhi k`naehikeûh gb bjbnbht`s

gb bsti jesti, j` kuij h`s gbfi seh vetijegig y h`s idbkti i ji sijug. ¡U
bhkeni h`s prbcuhtin`s p`r quå h` h`s sbhten`s pjbtûrek`s!
Winaeåh pubgb bxpbrenbhtirsb uh bxkbs` (`asbseûh) gb
s`arbpr`tbkkeûh y icetikeûh bn`ke`hij kuihg` ehtbhtin`s sbcuer ji
kurvi gb iprbhgezifb gb uh hubv` s`dtwirb, kuihg` qubrbn`s
iprbhgbr i usir uh hubv` `rgbhig`r, ` hubv` tbjåd`h` nûvej `
kuijquebri gb bs`s `afbt`s «enprbskehgeajbs¼. [î, bst`s ipirit`s
h`s s`h ötejbs , pbr` bs` h` queti qub h`s bstrbsbn`s p`r ji
ihsebgig qub h`s pr`gukb ehtbhtir nihtbhbrh`s ij gîi k`h ji
tbkh`j`cîi, s`arb t`g` kuihg` bs ijc` qub h` sb h`s gi aebh. Ijc`
qub h`s pubgb iyugir i nihtbhbr bj bquejeare` bs pirirh`s uh
n`nbht` y k`npr`air hubstr` bstig`6 «°K`hsunen`s h`s`tr`s ji
tbkh`j`cîi ` bs bjji ji qub h`s k`hsunb0¼, ` «°[`n`s gubù`s gb
hubstr`s ipirit`s ` s`h bjj`s j`s qub h`s g`nehih0¼. Kuihg` sb
krbi uhi igekkeûh, h`s k`hvbrten`s bh sus pb`hbs y j`s ipirit`s bh
hubstr`s in`s. Bhk`htrir uh bquejeare` bh t`g` bs j` qub p`gbn`s
k`hsbcuer ij ipjekir ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh bh bst`s tebnp`s tih
ikbjbrig`s, s`arb t`g` kuihg` ji tbkh`j`cîi sb pr`p`hb ijkihzir 
uhis kiriktbrîstekis pr`peis gb ji kebhkei dekkeûh. Gesdruti gb tus
ipirit`s pbr` jjbvi jis rebhgis, ` ikiairés k`hverteåhg`tb bh su
bskjiv`. Bh bst` h` oiy nbgeis tehtis.
Rh` gb j`s suatbrduce`s nés tîpek`s gb ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bs su
sbgukt`ri kipikegig gb iut`fustedekirsb  piri enpbgerh`s vbr jis
k`hsbkubhkeis gb ji sihcrîi gb bhbrcîi qub h`s pr`gukb. K`h ji
prékteki, p`gbn`s iktevir hubstri ehtuekeûh piri qub h`s ijbrtb
kuihg` ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh  bnpebkb i ip`gbrirsb gb hubstr`s
sbhtenebht`s y pbrkbpke`hbs. [e iprbhgbn`s i egbhtedekir y bvetir ji
s`arbpr`tbkkeûh p`gbn`s io`rrirh`s uhi kihtegig krukeij gb
bhbrcîi y bvetir pr`ajbnis gb sijug. H` kibr bh ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh
h` quebrb gbker qub gbfbn`s gb kuegir gb j`s gbnés, seh` qub
hubstri itbhkeûh sbré nés bdekiz se ji bquejearin`s y seht`hezin`s
k`h bj k`rizûh . [ebnprb qub cistbn`s bhbrcîi gb d`rni
bquejearigi, k`hsbcuerbn`s
k`hsbcuerbn`s nihtbhbr j`s pebs bh ji tebrri. Enicîhitb
i ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh k`n` uh verus bn`ke`hij nuy k`htice`s`, qub
sb nihtebhb `kujt` crikeis ij k`hsbhtenebht` ehk`hskebhtb gb ji
s`kebgig gb qub ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bsté aebh y qub h` bs
rbsp`hsiajb gb higi . [eh bnairc`, se h`s j` pr`p`hbn`s, y k`h ji
iyugi gb hubstr` k`rizûh, p`gbn`s jeabrirh`s gbj sbgukt`r bstrås
gb ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh y gbj bxkbs` gb prb`kupike`hbs qub jb
ik`npiùi.
 Ij prehkepe` pubgb rbsujtirh`s gedîkej gestehcuer bhtrb uhi itbhkeûh
bquejearigi y ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh p`rqub, bh bj kis` gb bsti öjteni,
s`jbn`s tbhbr ji sbhsikeûh gb qub bs kuihg` nés kuegin`s gb j`s
gbnés. Nuko`s gb j`s isuht`s qub, bh uh prehkepe`, k`hsegbrin`s
ehtbrbsihtbs, ikiaih p`r nbtin`rd`sbirsb bh prb`kupike`hbs. Rh
bxkbs` gb prb`kupikeûh bs bj kjések` bfbnpj` gb qub ji
s`arbpr`tbkkeûh h`s bsté oikebhg` krbbr qub bjji bs ji d`rni nés
bdekiz gb n`strir hubstr` ehtbrås . Bh bj d`hg` gbj k`rizûh, ji
niy`rîi siabn`s qub t`gis bsis prb`kupike`hbs gbsk`htr`jigis
ikiaih p`r ikirrbirh`s uh gådeket gb bhbrcîi y p`r p`hbr bh rebsc`
hubstr` aebhbstir.
aebhbstir. ([e gb vbrgig krbyårin`s qub jis prb`kupike`hbs
h`s servbh gb ijc`, jbs rbk`nbhgirîin`s i hubstr`s inec`s b oef`s
qub sb auskirih uh rehkûh piri «prb`kupirsb¼ kuihg` sb jbs
prbsbhtirih pr`ajbnis bh ji vegi). Ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bs uhi
tbhgbhkei ounihi gb pr`duhg` irriec` qub sb trihsnetb gb
cbhbrikeûh bh cbhbrikeûh. Bs k`n` uh verus qub sûj` pubgb kurirsb
nbgeihtb uh rbifustb pbrs`hij y p`r bj qub j`s gbnés h` pubgbh
oikbr p`r h`s`tr`s. H` bxestb vikuhi piri bst`, iuhqub tinp`k` ji
hbkbsetin`s p`rqub ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh pubgb cbste`hirsb
dékejnbhtb k`h tih sûj` uh p`k` gb k`hkbhtrikeûh y k`h ji iyugi gbj
k`rizûh.
Gbstr`hir i ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bs dikteajb se hubstri ehtbhkeûh sb
duhginbhti bh uhi sûjegi k``pbrikeûh bhtrb ji nbhtb, bj k`rizûh y
jis bn`ke`hbs. Ji k`jia`rikeûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh h`s iyugi i
nitbreijezir enp`rtihtbs gbkese`hbs qub, gb j` k`htrire`, sb
qubgirîih bh icui gb a`rrifis, p`rqub ji bhbrcîi gbj k`rizûh jbs
ehduhgb d`rtijbzi y rbsejebhkei, s`arb t`g` kuihg` hubstr`
k`npr`nes` bnpebzi i gir sbùijbs gb gbaejegig. Ji nicei gbj
k`rizûh sb bxprbsi i trivås gbj s`sebc`, h` i trivås gb ji v`juhtig
y gbj p`gbr, i pbsir gb qub bj k`rizûh, p`r hiturijbzi, tbhci uhi
dubrzi p`gbr`si, p`setevi y drbkubhtbnbhtb suabstenigi.
Rhi sucbrbhkei bvegbhtb gb kûn` ikiair k`h ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh
k`hsestb bh `asbrvir y rbcujir hubstr` cist` bn`ke`hij. I nbhug`
hubstri ehtuekeûh oikb qub h`s sehtin`s ehsperig`s piri kinaeir y
sustetuer uh pitrûh bn`ke`hij ihtecu` y h` k`hstruktev`, pbr` ji
ehsperikeûh  bs ijc` qub sb gbsehdji, k`n` uh cj`a` iaihg`hig`
gbspuås gb uhi debsti, se h` ji jjbvin`s i ji prékteki kuiht` ihtbs.
Ji ehsperikeûh sb ijenbhti i sî nesni se ji utejezin`s y, i nbgegi
qub iprbhgbn`s i nihbfirji, k`hsbcuen`s ivihzir crikeis i j`s
nbhsifbs gb hubstri ehtuekeûh sebnprb y kuihg` sb nihtbhci vev`
bj «dubc`¼ gb gekoi ehsperikeûh. Isî tinaeåh sb nujtepjekih hubstris
p`seaejegigbs gb ijkihzir hubstri nbti p`rqub hubstri vearikeûh
k`hsecub supbrir i ji gb j`s `astékuj`s prbveseajbs. Ji ehsperikeûh
bs uh n`nbht` qub rba`si gb bspîretu. Bs uh piqubtb gb bhbrcîi
jearb y rbpjbti gb ehekeitevis ‛pbr` k`h uh tbnp`rezig`r‛. [e h`s
p`hbn`s bh nirkoi ij prenbr bnpuf`hket` qub h`s gå gekoi
ehsperikeûh, k`hsbcuerbn`s r`npbr k`h ji tbhgbhkei ounihi gb
gbsipr`vbkoir bsb rbcij` ehtuetev` gb hubstr` k`rizûh. Nb ob gig`
kubhti gb qub, i vbkbs, tebhbh qub pisir nukois juhis ihtbs gb
qub vubjvi i rbpbtersb bsi gbtbrnehigi ehsperikeûh qub tihti dijti
h`s oikb, se h` ji obn`s ipr`vbkoig` bh bj n`nbht` gb
pr`gukersb. Bs kubsteûh gb iprbhgbr bk`h`nîi bsperetuij.

Bfbrkeke` gb s`arbpr`tbkkeûh
@asårvitb gurihtb ijcuh`s gîis piri vbr kuéhtis vbkbs sb tb jjbhih
ji nbhtb y j`s sbhtenebht`s gb s`arbpr`tbkkeûh oikei te nesn`, oikei
j`s gbnés ` k`h rbspbkt` i ijcöh pr`ajbni. Kuihg` h`tbs qub tb
bhtri ihsebgig ` ihcustei p`r uh bxkbs` gb pr`tbkkeûh, ehtbhti
oikbr bj secuebhtb bfbrkeke`6

]renbr`6 Qbsperi gb d`rni trihqueji vesuijezihg` qub j` oikbs i

trivås gbj k`rizûh ` gb ji z`hi gbj pbko`, b enicehi qub bs` tb
kijni i hevbj nbhtij y bn`ke`hij (ij kijnirh`s i hevbj bn`ke`hij,
krbin`s uh bspike` bh bj qub i ji ehtuekeûh jb rbsujti nés dékej
ip`rtirh`s geskbrhenebht` y uhi nbf`r kipikegig gb bvijuir jis
setuike`hbs).

 I k`htehuikeûh6 Kuihg` h`tbs qub sb tb oih kijnig` jis

vearike`hbs i hevbj nbhtij y bn`ke`hij, pjihtåitb bsti prbcuhti6
«°Kûn` nb sbhterîi se pugebri nihtbhbrnb bquejearig` bh bsti
setuikeûh0¼. Rhi vbz qub tb surfi ji rbspubsti, vesuijezi qub, ij
ehsperir bj ierb, tb jjbhis gb bsi hubvi iktetug y qub pbrnihbkb uh`s
nehut`s gbhtr` gb t`g` tu `rcihesn`.

Qbpetb bstb bfbrkeke` uhis kuihtis vbkbs se h`tis qub tb iunbhti `

h` tb jearis gb ji sbhsikeûh gb s`arbpr`tbkkeûh, pbr` oizj` k`h
s`sebc`, seh tritir gb d`rzirj`. K`h ji prékteki, tb sbré nés dékej girtb
kubhti gb kuéhg` iktöis k`h s`arbpr`tbkkeûh y p`grés pirirji bh
bsb nesn` ehstihtb (kise sebnprb) y rbkupbrirés jis rebhgis gb tu
bhbrcîi.
Kuihg` priktequbs bstb tåkheki, h` tb prb`kupbs se h` tb duhke`hi
sebnprb (tbhgrés uh n`htûh gb `p`rtuhegigbs). Rhi iktetug cbhuehi
bs ji qub tb d`rtijbkb ji k`hbxeûh k`h bj k`rizûh. Bsti pbqubùi
obrrinebhti h` servb s`jinbhtb piri ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh, seh`
tinaeåh piri idr`htir kuijquebr setuikeûh gb bstrås ` ijcöh rbt`
enp`rtihtb qub hbkbseti gb uh geskbrhenebht` kjir` seh kibr prbsi
gb j`s sbhtenebht`s. [bcöh ne pr`pei bxpbrebhkei, k`nprbhgbr y
siabr k`htr`jir ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh k`hstetuyb uh` gb j`s pis`s nés
enp`rtihtbs gbj pr`kbs` gb trihsd`rnikeûh pbrs`hij.
 I k`htehuikeûh sb gbtijjih uh`s kuiht`s puht`s nés piri
cbste`hir nbf`r ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh6
 • Ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bs secej`si. Gi ji sbhsikeûh gb sbr ijc`
h`rnij y qub h` p`gbn`s k`htr`jir.
• Ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bs bhciù`si p`rqub, i vbkbs, h`s gi ji
sbhsikeûh gb qub bs ji nbf`r d`rni gb kuegir gb j`s gbnés (p`r 
bfbnpj`, kuihg` h`s prb`kupin`s).
• Ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh siab fustedekirsb i sî nesni k`h ji oiaejegig
gb uh bxpbrt` ia`cig`.
• Ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bs uh` gb j`s sete`s div`ret`s gb hubstri
nbhtb kuihg` duhke`hin`s i hevbjbs vearit`re`s aif`s (kuihg`
ihgin`s aif`s gb bhbrcîi).

Qbkubrgi qub ji iktetug gb prb`kupirsb bs uh` gb j`s prehkepijbs

enpujs`rbs gb ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh p`rqub h`s rbsujti nuy «jbcij¼ y
h`rnij. Bj prb`kupirsb y bj tbhbr nebg` jjbvih i ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh
i hevbjbs bxtrbn`s. ]br` bst`s pitr`hbs bstrbsihtbs pubgbh
gesnehuersb y kinaeirsb se h`s j` pr`p`hbn`s gb k`rizûh ‛k`n`
kuihg` jbs gbken`s i j`s heù`s qub oicih jis k`sis qub jbs
enp`rtih.
 I k`htehuikeûh v`y i tritir nés bh gbtijjb bj tbni gbj nebg`
p`rqub ji s`arbpr`tbkkeûh, se h` ji k`htr`jin`s, sb subjb k`hvbrter 
bh nebg`, j` kuij bs uh` gb j`s niy`rbs pr`ajbnis gb t`g` bj
pjihbti i hevbj k`jbktev`.

Kûn` idr`htir bj nebg`

Kuihg` sb h`s gespirih j`s nebg`s p`r kubste`hbs pbrs`hijbs `
k`jbktevis tijbs k`n` bj tbrr`resn`, bj nijbstir s`keij, j`s verus, bj
kinae` kjenétek`, btkåtbri, subjb rbsujtirh`s gedîkej ik`rgirh`s gb
qub tbhbn`s ji `pkeûh gb k`htr`jir hubstris bn`ke`hbs. Nuko`s
obn`s iprbhgeg` yi qub hubstri sijug ` aebhbstir pubgbh vbrsb
idbktig`s se h` siabn`s nihtbhbrh`s bquejearig`s ehtbre`rnbhtb
kuihg` h`s isbgeih k`htehuinbhtb j`s nebg`s ‛yi sbih rbijbs `
h`‛. Bj nebg` y bj péhek` h`s bhturaeih ji sbhsitbz y h`s enpegbh
riz`hir k`h kjiregig. Nukois pbrs`his bstéh yi oirtis gb qub j`s
nebg`s gbh ij tristb k`h su ehtbcregig bn`ke`hij y su sbhsikeûh gb
sbcuregig. Oikb tebnp` qub i ji niy`rîi h`s custirîi sbr kipikbs
gb cbste`hir hubstr`s nebg` pbr`, p`r rbcji cbhbrij, h`
k`hsbcuen`s kinaeir higi oisti qub gin`s uh pis` oikei gbjihtb
y jb k`hkbgbn`s ij k`rizûh uh pipbj rbjbvihtb bh jis gbkese`hbs gb
hubstri nbhtb, p`rqub, h`rnijnbhtb, sûj` h`s sbrven`s gb bjji piri
idr`htir uh`s pr`ajbnis qub, bh rbijegig, rbquebrbh gb ji
sbhseaejegig gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh. Ji nbhtb subjb tr`pbzir 
k`hsec` nesni p`r kujpi gb su enpikebhkei p`r bhk`htrir 
répeginbhtb ijcuhi s`jukeûh, ij tebnp` qub gbfi uh ristr` gb
bsk`jj`s y gb rbeheke`s. Bh kinae`, kuihg` bj k`rizûh duhke`hi bh
k``rgehikeûh k`h ji nbhtb, ji ehtuekeûh bs k`n` uh enéh qub itrib ji
ehd`rnikeûh ` j`s pis`s hbkbsire`s piri cbste`hir j`s nebg`s `
kuijquebr `tr` n`gbj` gb k`hgukti h` gbsbiajb.

Bfbrkeke`s k`h bj k`rizûh piri rbguker j`s nebg`s

Ji bxpbrebhkei nb oi bhsbùig` qub bs nbf`r ia`rgir j`s nebg`s
gbsgb bj s`sebc` y ji k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn` qub k`naiterj`s
k`h ji nbhtb. Ne enpikebhkei tinaeåh ge` ij tristb k`h nuko`s gb
nes ehtbht`s p`r rbguker nes nebg`s oisti qub iprbhgî qub ji
pikebhkei bs ijc` `ajecit`re`, y h` `ptitev`, piri trihsd`rnir j`s
nebg`s. Kuihg` bj nebg` h`s icirr`ti bj riz`hinebht` ehtuetev`, h`s
sijtih t`gis jis ijirnis y sb pr`gukb uhi enp`rtihtb gest`rseûh
ehtbrhi qub jjinin`s péhek`, piv`r, btkåtbri, j` kuij sb pubgb
rbguker pr`kurihg` rijbhtezir jis vearike`hbs gb ji nbhtb y jis
bn`ke`hbs, p`rqub isî sb rbgukb ji kirci ` ji ehtbhsegig. ]ubgb
k`hsbcuersb rbsperihg` jbhtinbhtb y vesuijezihg` qub bj ierb h`s
bhtri p`r ji z`hi gbj k`rizûh. Rhi nihbri nuy ötej gb iprbhgbr i
cbste`hir ji ehtbhsegig gb jis bn`ke`hbs bs bnpbzihg` k`h jis
pbqubùis, tijbs k`n` ji drustrikeûh, ji erretiaejegig, ji enpikebhkei,
 btkåtbri. Ij rbguker ji ehtbhsegig nbhtij y bn`ke`hij h`s iaren`s
nés i bsi sbhseaejegig ehtuetevi qub h`s pbrnetb t`nir gbkese`hbs y
ig`ptir s`juke`hbs nés siaeis.
Yuezés bsti sucbrbhkei tb pirbzki ehtbrbsihtb6
H` ehtbhtbs ehtbrrunper bj nebg`, seh` pr`p`htb gesnehuerj`
piujitehinbhtb (k`h s`sebc`, seh d`rzirj`). H` jb nirqubs j`s
tebnp`s i bstb pr`kbs`. H` tb fuzcubs i te nesn` he tbhcis
sbhtenebht`s hbcitev`s oikei tus nebg`s, p`rqub k`h bs` h` oikbs
nés qub iunbhtir jis rbsestbhkeis. Wbh bh kubhti qub bj nebg` sb
vubjvb nés nihbfiajb kuihg` jb quetin`s grinitesn` i hubstr`
geéj`c` ehtbre`r y i jis pr`ybkke`hbs gb hubstri enicehikeûh qub
prbvåh rbsujtig`s kitistrûdek`s. Bs` bs j` qub y` oikîi oisti qub ne
nbhtb sb v`jveû igekti i girjbs nukois vubjtis i j`s ispbkt`s gbj
nebg` ‛bh uh ehtbht` gbniseig` k`npjbf` gb bvijuir nes
sbhtenebht`s (uh heù` Drbug)‛. Kuiht` nés d`rtijbkbn`s hubstr`s
nebg`s k`h bj grinitesn`, nés rbd`rzin`s t`g`s j`s qub h`s
qubrbn`s quetir. Bst` bs ijc` qub kise t`g`s siabn`s ‛oisti qub
sb ip`gbri gb h`s`tr`s bj nebg`.
 I k`htehuikeûh tb pr`p`hc` uhi prékteki qub quezés yi utejekbs
piri cbste`hir bj nebg` y ji ihsebgig qub tb cbhbrb vbr jis h`tekeis
 ‛se bs qub vbr jis h`tekeis bs, bh tu kis`, uh gbsbhkigbhihtb gb j`s
nebg`s.
[enpjbnbhtb, nebhtris bstås nerihg` jis h`tekeis, ij t`nir ierb,
ehoiji kijni y bquejeare` bn`ke`hij. Nebhtris vis rbsperihg`, cbhbri
uh sbhtenebht` gb kuegig` y k`npiseûh p`r j`s pr`ajbnis gb ji
ounihegig pbr` seh egbhtedekirtb k`h su g`j`r he sus nebg`s, j` kuij
h` quebrb gbker qub p`r bs` tb enp`rtbh nbh`s. Någek`s, pbrs`hij
gb bhdbrnbrîi y gb pr`tbkkeûh kevej triaifih k`h crih bdekikei y
gbgekikeûh seh egbhtedekirsb bh bxkbs` k`h bj g`j`r qub jis pbrs`his
bståh bxpbrenbhtihg` bh bsb n`nbht`. Ji niy`rîi gb bjj`s oih
gbsirr`jjig` bsi oiaejegig k`h ji prékteki, p`r j` qub h`s`tr`s
tinaeåh p`gbn`s k`hsbcuerj` k`h pikebhkei y pr`p`heåhg`h`sj` gb
k`rizûh.
[e ijcuhi h`tekei tb rbsujti gbniseig` dubrtb, rbkubrgi qub h`
pisi higi p`r h` nerirji. [brîi nbf`r qub h` neririh
k`hstihtbnbhtb jis h`tekeis iqubjjis pbrs`his qub h` oiyih
gbsirr`jjig` uhi iutåhteki bkuihenegig. ]brs`hijnbhtb, prbdebr`
vbr jis h`tekeis qub tritih gb kubste`hbs i hevbj nuhgeij p`rqub bs`
izuzi bj dubc` gb ne k`npr`nes` p`r tbhbr k`npiseûh p`r bj nebg`
y bj sudrenebht` qub sb bxpbrenbhti p`r t`g` bj pjihbti. K`h ji
prékteki, ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh pubgbh iprbhgbr i pr`kbsir 
k`npiseûh y bkuihenegig senujtéhbinbhtb. Wbhbn`s qub sbr 
sehkbr`s k`h h`s`tr`s nesn`s y gbkeger se vbr jis h`tekeis bs ijc`
qub div`rbkb ` p`hb bh rebsc` hubstr` aebhbstir sbcöh sbih
hubstri hiturijbzi y k`hstetukeûh. K`n` k`h nukois `tris k`sis,
jis h`tekeis tebhbh sus abhbdeke`s y sus kirbhkeis. Bskukoi i tu
k`rizûh y gbkegb quå bs j` nbf`r piri te.
Ji prékteki qub nés nb oi iyugig` i rbguker nes nebg`s bs ji
secuebhtb6 gurihtb ji `rikeûh ` ji nbgetikeûh, vesuijeziai qub gbj
k`rizûh nb sijîi uh rî` gb in`r qub nb ehuhgiai ji nbhtb y t`gis
jis kåjujis gbj kubrp` y qub a`rriai t`gis jis enprbse`hbs gbj
pisig` drut` gbj nebg`. Ij rbsperir, nb k`hkbhtriai bh bj k`rizûh
piri trihsd`rnir nes vebfis pr`crinike`hbs gb nebg` y ihsebgig bh
uh sbhtenebht` gb gbgekikeûh ehtbjecbhtb (`kupirsb gb j`s gbnés gb
d`rni k`htr`jigi), j` kuij bs uhi iktetug nuko` nés `afbtevi y
nbh`s bstrbsihtb qub bsi sbhsikeûh gb nebg`.
Bj nebg` h`s rbsti p`gbr, nebhtris qub uhi iktetug gb gbgekikeûh
ehtbjecbhtb h`s pbrnetb cbste`hir y jjbvir jis rebhgis gb hubstri
itbhkeûh p`r j`s gbnés gb d`rni nés ehtuetevi. Ji gbgekikeûh
ehtbjecbhtb bs uhi iktetug qub rbbnpjizi ij nebg` piri qub h` sijci
pbrfugekigi hubstri sijug. ]r`p`htb, gbsgb bj k`rizûh, oikbrtb
inec` gb tu nebg` y k`hvbrterj` bh gbgekikeûh ehtbjecbhtb (`kupirsb
gb j`s gbnés gb d`rni k`htr`jigi). Isî p`grés iktuir gbsgb ji
kijni, bvijuir ji setuikeûh nés kjirinbhtb y gbfirtb cueir p`r ji
ehtuekeûh piri p`gbr idr`htir kuijquebr setuikeûh qub rbprbsbhtb uhi
inbhizi i tu sbcuregig ehtbre`r ` bxtbre`r. [e tebhbs pikebhkei y
pbrsbvbrihkei, ji prékteki gb bstb bfbrkeke` tb iyugiré i tbhbr nés
k`hdeihzi bh te nesn` y i sbhtertb bnp`gbrig` kuihg` tb gbsidîb
ijcöh nebg`.
 Ij priktekir k`h nebg`s nbh`s p`tbhtbs nb v`jvî j`
sudekebhtbnbhtb dubrtb k`n` piri trihsnutir y tbrnehir k`h ijcuh`s
gb nes nebg`s y ihsebgigbs nés pr`duhg`s. Kuihg` triaifbs bh ji
rbgukkeûh y trihsd`rnikeûh gb j`s nebg`s, rbkubrgi qub gir 
pbqubù`s pis`s bs gir pis`s gb siae` p`rqub tb pbrnetbh ig`ptir 
uhi kigbhkei bquejearigi qub tb bvetiré kibr bh bj gbséhen`.
Qbkubrgi tinaeåh priktekirj` k`h pikebhkei y k`npiseûh p`r te
nesn`, pbrneteåhg`tb tbhbr gbsjekbs seh iut`fuzcirtb he rbsechirtb.
Oizj` gbsgb ji sbrbhegig, seh presis, seh gugir gb te nesn`.
Bst`s p`k`s pérrid`s h` k`hstetuybh, he gb jbf`s, uhi s`jukeûh
pbrdbkti piri jis ehk`htiajbs setuike`hbs y kerkuhstihkeis qub
pubgbh iktevirtb j`s nebg`s. Bj sbr ounih` jjbvi uhi btbrhegig
auskihg` bsi «s`jukeûh uhevbrsij¼. [e ehvbstecis bh jear`s y auskis
ehd`rnikeûh s`arb bstb tbni, bhk`htrirés nukois piutis nuy ötejbs
y, se j` gbsbis gb k`rizûh, bhk`htrirés bsi ehd`rnikeûh qub tb
sbrveré piri er rbbnpjizihg` tus nebg`s p`r uhi niy`r sbcuregig
bh te nesn`.

Kûn` iyugir i j`s heù`s i nihtbhbr su k`hbxeûh k`h bj

k`rizûh
[ukbgb i nbhug` qub, kuihg` uh heù` sb sebhtb ic`aeig` ` ehdbjez,
` kuihg` jb bhtri uhi riaebti, ehstehtevinbhtb jb rbk`j`kin`s ji
bhbrcîi géhg`jb uh fucubtb ` uhi nubstri gb hubstr` kireù` y, kise
gb ehnbgeit`, jb kinaei p`r k`npjbt` ji drbkubhkei vearit`rei y sb
sebhtb bh kijni, k`htbht`, bhtuseisnig` ` sitesdbko` (bn`ke`hbs
gb drbkubhkei vearit`rei supbre`r). Rhi gb jis riz`hbs prehkepijbs
p`r jis qub i j`s heù`s h` jbs subjb k`stir trihsnutir répeginbhtb
jis bn`ke`hbs qub jbs k`hstreùbh bs p`rqub, gurihtb j`s prenbr`s
iù`s gb su vegi, iöh bstéh k`hbktig`s k`h jis drbkubhkeis
supbre`rbs hiturijbs gbj k`rizûh, tijbs k`n` in`r seh
k`npjekike`hbs, trihspirbhkei, iusbhkei gb prbfueke`s y bsb supbr 
p`gbr gb s`jtir y sbcuer piri igbjihtb . [u nbhtb iöh h` sb vb
irristrigi p`r jis ehhunbriajbs nbhtbs gb aifi vearikeûh qub oiy
bh ji s`kebgig he p`r j`s oéaet`s qub subjbh bkjepsirh`s j`s
sbhtenebht`s y `kujtirh`s jis `pke`hbs.
 Kigi vbz bsté nés prbsbhtb bh hubstri k`hkebhkei k`jbktevi qub
oiy qub iyugir i qub j`s heù`s nihtbhcih su k`hbxeûh k`h bsi
vearikeûh supbre`r hiturij gb quebhbs rbijnbhtb s`h, j` kuij sb
k`hsecub iyugéhg`jbs i nihtbhbr uh bquejeare` bhtrb ji nbhtb y bj
k`rizûh i nbgegi qub viyih krbkebhg`. Bs bspbkeijnbhtb
enp`rtihtb qub j`s heù`s pubgih k`hsbrvir gekoi k`hbxeûh k`h ji
v`z gb su k`rizûh p`rqub vevbh suneg`s bh uh gur` y vbrteceh`s`
bht`rh` s`keij gb s`arbbstenujikeûh, inaekeûh, k`npbtetevegig y
tbkh`nihîi.
Rh` gb j`s niy`rbs `astékuj`s (iuhqub h` ehtbhke`hig`) piri bj
gbsirr`jj` ehdihtej bs kuihg` j`s pigrbs gih p`r sbhtig` qub bjj`s
sebnprb siabh quå bs j` nbf`r piri sus oef`s y quå gbabh sbr gb
niy`rbs. Oiy nejj`hbs gb oef`s qub sb gbgekih i nitbreijezir j`s
subù`s qub sus pigrbs tbhîih gb kûn` gbab sbr uhi pbrs`hi egbij.
 I j`s pigrbs qub sb bhkubhtrih bh bsti kitbc`rîi, bs` bs j` qub jbs
pirbkb nés h`rnij y j` oikbh p`r bj aebh gb sus oef`s, pbr` gekoi
gbgekikeûh ‛qub k`h drbkubhkei bs s`arbpr`tbkkeûh ` gbgekikeûh
gbsk`htr`jigi‛ bs j` qub dubrzi ehv`juhtireinbhtb i j`s oef`s i
igiptirsb i uh`s n`jgbs qub, bh rbijegig, h` jbs vebhbh aebh.
 Iuhqub bs enp`rtihtb nirkirjbs piutis, oiy vbkbs qub j`s pigrbs
gbabrîih bjbvir su hevbj gb k`hkebhkei piri girsb kubhti gb jis
k`hsbkubhkeis bh jis qub åstis pubgbh gbrevir. Ji niy`rîi gb ji
cbhtb oikb tebnp` qub sb oih pbrkitig` gb qub j`s heù`s gb o`y bh
gîi hikbh k`h niy`r k`hkebhkei qub j`s gb ihtbre`rbs cbhbrike`hbs,
j` kuij pubgb trigukersb bh bhdrbhtinebht`s y rupturis gurihtb ji
ig`jbskbhkei se sb jbs prbse`hi piri qub ivihkbh bh uhi gerbkkeûh
qub, bh bj d`hg`, su k`rizûh jbs gekb qub h` bs ji qub jbs k`hvebhb
 ‛bh pirtekujir p`r j` qub sb rbdebrb
rbdebrb i ji pr`dbseûh
pr`dbseûh y i jis rbjike`hbs.
rbjike`hbs.
O`y bh gîi sb gesp`hbh gb n`gbj`s iktuijezig`s gb piutis
bgukitevis qub bvetih crih pirtb gbj bstrås y gbj sudrenebht`
bn`ke`hij gb j`s heù`s p`r rbprenerjbs su ispbkt` bsperetuij. Gekois
piutis gbabh ehkjuer uhi k`hkebhkeikeûh gb ji hiturijbzi ehgeveguij
gbj heù` isî k`n` jis tbhgbhkeis y j`s gbsb`s pr`duhg`s gb su
k`rizûh. Iuhqub bsté bh iunbht` ji k`hkebhkeikeûh i bstb
rbspbkt`, iöh qubgih p`r kinaeir nuko`s pitr`hbs bgukitev`s gb
ji ihtecui bskubji.
 K`h crih k`npiseûh ihen` i j`s pigrbs i t`nir ji ehekeitevi y i
qub sb ehd`rnbh s`arb hubv`s n`gbj`s bgukitev`s nés
iktuijezig`s y bdbktev`s i bstb rbspbkt`. Iuhqub ji niy`rîi gb j`s
pigrbs j` oikbh j` nbf`r qub pubgbh sbcöh jbs gektb su pr`pei
k`hkebhkei y j`s nbge`s gb j`s qub gesp`hcih, bs o`ri gb bjbvir 
hubstr` hevbj gb k`hkebhkei p`rqub, bh bj d`hg` gb hubstr` k`rizûh,
j` qub qubrbn`s bs qub hubstr`s oef`s y fûvbhbs pubgih k`hvbrtersb
bh quebh bjj`s rbijnbhtb sbih. Winaeåh bs hbkbsire` qub j`s pigrbs
sb nubstrbh k`npisev`s k`hsec` nesn`s yi qub uh` gb j`s nés
crihgbs rbt`s gbj n`nbht` bs nihtbhbr bj retn` tih ikbjbrig` qub
jjbvi ji fuvbhtug. K`nprbhg`, k`h crih k`npiseûh, j` gedîkej qub bs`
jbs pubgb rbsujtir. [e t`g`s fuht`s gbsbin`s y vesuijezin`s gbsgb
bj k`rizûh uh iunbht` gbj hevbj gb k`hkebhkei k`jbktevi, sb
pr`gukeré. Ui p`gbn`s vbr ij s`j is`nihg` tris jis k`jehis. Bj
krbkebhtb hevbj gb k`hkebhkei gb ji hubvi cbhbrikeûh ikiairé p`r 
rbskitir i ji s`kebgig gb bsis k`hdjektevis nbhtijegigbs gb aif`
hevbj vearit`re` qub tihtis vegis sb oih jjbvig` p`r gbjihtb y qub
tiht` `ge`, tihtis rupturis y rbprbsijeis oih cbhbrig`. Bjj`s h`
pbrneteréh qub h`s nihtbhcin`s bh bstb btbrh` kijjbfûh seh sijegi
he qub t`jbrbn`s jis vebfis k`stunarbs qub enpegbh qub jis
pbrs`his sb k`nuhequbh bh irn`hîi y k`h gbgekikeûh. W`g` bst`
d`rni pirtb gbj kinp` gb k`hkebhkei qub bsté tbhebhg` jucir.

]irtb 16 K`npiseûh. Ji hbkbsegig gbj prbsbhtb

Ji k`npiseûh rbsujti tiht` nés bdbktevi kuiht` nés nigurih
hubstris kuijegigbs bsbhkeijbs gbj k`rizûh tijbs k`n` bj in`r 
ehk`hgeke`hij, ji pbrnesevegig, ji ikbptikeûh y uh gbsb` gbsipbcig`
p`r ijkihzir bj nbf`r rbsujtig` p`seajb i hevbj k`jbktev`. Ij
gbsirr`jjir gekois kuijegigbs, d`rtijbkbn`s ji k`npiseûh y bs` h`s
pbrnetb ijkihzir su néxen` hevbj gb bdbktevegig. Ji iutåhteki
k`npiseûh bs abhbdeke`si tiht` piri bj qub ji tebhb k`n` piri bj
qub ji rbkeab, iuhqub h` sebnprb sbin`s kipikbs gb pbrkitirh`s
gb kûn` h`s hutrb y h`s sihi. I nuko`s h`s oi `kurreg` ijcuhi
vbz sbhterh`s bxtbhuig`s y bstrbsig`s gbspuås gb oiabr iktuig`
k`h k`npiseûh, sbcöh hubstr` puht` gb vesti. ]br` bstb
ic`tinebht` gb bhbrcîi bs aésekinbhtb drut` gb uhi bnpitîi
gbsbquejearigi. Iuhqub ji bnpitîi pubgb cbhbrir bh h`s`tr`s uh
p`tbhtb enpujs` p`r gbgekirh`s i j`s gbnés, subjb tbhbr tinaeåh
uh`s tbhtékuj`s gb bxkbs` gb ipbc` p`r iqubjj` ` iqubjj`s i j`s
qub h`s gbgekin`s.
Ji k`npiseûh bs uhi gb jis bhbrcîis nés s`jegireis gbj in`r. U`
krbîi qub k`hsestîi bh «irrbcjir¼ i j`s gbnés pbr`, bh rbijegig,
iuhqub p`gbn`s ip`yirh`s nutuinbhtb k`h hubstr` in`r y
k`npiseûh, kigi kuij tebhb qub irrbcjirsb sus pr`ajbnis gbsgb
gbhtr` gb sî nesn`. U` nb gbgequå bhtuseisnig` i «irrbcjir i j`s
gbnés¼ oisti qub iprbhgî qub s`h j`s gbnés j`s qub tebhbh qub
irrbcjirsb sus pr`peis k`sis ` idr`htir p`r sî s`j`s bs`s rbt`s qub
sb jbs rbpetbh ‛i vbkbs aif` gestehtis d`rnis y, `tris, bh
kerkuhstihkeis nuko` nés gedîkejbs‛. Bs`s pr`ajbnis gb j`s gbnés
i j`s qub h`s jihzin`s piri ehtbhtir s`juke`hérsbj`s subjbh sbr, i
nbhug`, su `p`rtuhegig gb iprbhgbr i k`hbktirsb nés îhteninbhtb
k`h su k`rizûh y su ijni piri bhk`htrir su pr`pe` runa` y sus
pr`peis rbspubstis.
Kuihg` uh` iprbhgb i ipjekir su bnpitîi gb d`rni bquejearigi, bs
p`rqub oi k`hsbcueg` ivihzir nuko` bh su k`nprbhseûh gb j` qub
bs ji iutåhteki k`npiseûh. Bs uh in`r ehk`hgeke`hij qub iyugi i
qub j`s gbnés `atbhcih bj nbf`r rbsujtig` p`seajb pbr` seh ic`tir 
sus pr`peis rbsbrvis gb bhbrcîi, nebhtris qub uhi bnpitîi
gbsk`htr`jigi, uhi k`npiseûh pjicigi gb ipbc`s y uhi
«gbgekikeûh bxtbhuihtb¼ s`h j`s kiusihtbs gb qub h`s sehtin`s
bxoiust`s gbspuås gb bhtrbcir j` qub krbîin`s qub bri ji
k`npiseûh gb hubstr` k`rizûh. Rhi gb jis riz`hbs p`r jis qub ji
k`npiseûh bsté tih nijehtbrprbtigi bs p`rqub, gurihtb secj`s, sb oi
utejezig` geko` tårneh` k`n` uh k`hkbpt` cbhårek` sehûhen` gb
jésteni, bnpitîi, pbhi ` bxkbs` gb prb`kupikeûh. ]br` o`y bh gîi
kigi vbz s`h nés j`s qub sebhtbh ji hbkbsegig ehtbre`r gb gbskuarer 
uh sechedekig` nés pr`duhg` gb ji k`npiseûh, yi qub geko`
sbhtenebht` `kupi bj hönbr` uh` bh ji jesti gb t`g` j` qub pubgb
iyugir nés i ji ounihegig bh bst`s tebnp`s gb tiht`s kinae`s.
  Iuhqub ji k`npiseûh sbi uhi p`tbhtb drbkubhkei vearit`rei gbj
hökjb` gb hubstr` k`rizûh, kise sebnprb sb rbquebrb gb nukoi
prékteki piri k`hsbcuer sbhter in`r y gbgekikeûh p`r j`s gbnés bh
setuike`hbs gb bxtrbni gurbzi seh kibr bh uhi egbhtedekikeûh
k`npjbti k`h su sudrenebht` (uhi kurvi gb iprbhgezifb uhevbrsij).
Rhi bxprbseûh gb iutåhteki k`npiseûh bs sbr kipikbs gb nihtbhbr 
bhkbhgegi uhi jehtbrhi qub ip`rtb
ip`rtb juz y in`r piri j`s gbnés bh sus
n`nbht`s gb `skuregig pbr` seh qub sb h`s ikiab ji aitbrîi y
ikiabn`s h`s`tr`s tinaeåh suneg`s bh su nesni `skuregig. I
nbgegi qub iprbhgbn`s i bquejearir y cbste`hir ji itbhkeûh qub jbs
gbgekin`s i j`s gbnés, hubstri k`npiseûh sb vubjvb kigi vbz nés
bdekiz p`rqub, seh bsb bquejeare`, hubstr`s bsdubrz`s p`r ip`rtir 
k`npiseûh sb k`hvebrtbh bh s`arbpr`tbkkeûh y h`s jjbvih i uh gådeket
bhbrcåtek`.

Nés s`arb ji bnpitîi

J` qub vin`s i k`nbhtir i k`htehuikeûh sb isbnbfi, bh kebrt`
n`g`, i j` geko` s`arb ji k`npiseûh pbr`, gig` qub ji sbcuhgi sb
subjb k`hduhger k`h ji prenbri, nb pirbkb ötej v`jvbr i d`rnujir uh`s
kuiht`s puht`s qub gedbrbhkeih kjirinbhtb bstis g`s d`rnis gb
bxprbseûh gbj ehtbrås p`r j`s gbnés. Wij y k`n` ob nbhke`hig`
ihtbre`rnbhtb, ji sbhseaejegig qub tbhbn`s p`r bj sudrenebht` ifbh`
subjb pr`v`kir sbhtenebht`s gb k`npiseûh y bnpitîi. [eh bnairc`,
tiht` nbh`s bdekikbs sbrbn`s kuiht` nés h`s ipbcubn`s
bn`ke`hijnbhtb i sus pr`ajbnis. K`h ji k`npiseûh uh` pubgb
sbhter bj sudrenebht` ifbh`, pbr` seh pbrgbr bj bquejeare` y ji
k`np`sturi bhbrcåtek`s.
Jis h`tekeis, jis gedekujtigbs gb hubstr`s oef`s, j`s pr`ajbnis gb
sijug gb `tris pbrs`his, btkåtbri, pubgbh iktevir hubstri bnpitîi
pbr`, se h` siabn`s rike`hirji, pubgb pr`v`kirh`s uh ic`tinebht`
k`htehu` gbj `rcihesn` iuhqub h`s`tr`s tbhcin`s ji sbhsikeûh gb
«y` k`htr`j`¼. Iuhqub ji bnpitîi pubgi sbr uh vij`r iktev` ij
prehkepe`, pubgb k`hvbrtersb bh uhi pbsigejji se h` siabn`s
g`sedekirji bquejeariginbhtb. Rh n`nbht` enpiktihtb bs kuihg`
h`s gin`s kubhti (h` sûj` i hevbj ehtbjbktuij seh` qub j` pbrkeaen`s
gb vbrgig ) gb qub ji bnpitîi, se h` ji k`htr`jin`s, pubgb
pr`gukerh`s uh gådeket pbrnihbhtb gb bhbrcîi qub h` k`npbhsi, he
gb jbf`s, bj «aebh¼ qub krbbn`s qub jb bstin`s oikebhg` i bsi `tri
pbrs`hi. Bj bhvbfbkenebht` ehhbkbsire` vi ehkjueg` bh bstb piqubtb
gb ehk`hvbhebhtbs.
Bj secuebhtb bxtrikt` bs bj tîpek` rbsujtig` gb h` siabr cbste`hir ji
bnpitîi gbj qub kise t`g`s oiarbn`s `îg` oiajir ` qub ehkjus`
oiarbn`s bxpbrenbhtig` pbrs`hijnbhtb6

]réktekinbhtb bxtbhuig`s, ikiain`s p`r bhdigirh`s k`h h`s`tr`s

nesn`s p`r gbfirh`s ouhger oisti tij puht` p`r j`s pr`ajbnis gb j`s
gbnés, ` j`s gbj nuhg` bh cbhbrij, y igbnés h`s bhdurbkbn`s iöh nés
p`rqub ij öhek` ij qub jb p`gbn`s bkoir ji kujpi gb ji setuikeûh bs i
h`s`tr`s nesn`s (i pbsir gb qub h`s bsnbrbn`s p`r bhk`htrir i ijcöh
rbsp`hsiajb bxtbrh`). ]br` ji k`si sb p`hb pb`r kuihg` h`s ik`rgin`s
gb qub, ji öjteni vbz qub h`s oiaîi pisig` bst`, h`s oiaîin`s geko` qub
bsi vbz sî qub oiaîin`s iprbhgeg` ji jbkkeûh ‛pbr` `tri vbz bstin`s bh
jis nesnis‛. Bst` subjb pr`v`kir qub h`s fuzcubn`s y nbh`sprbkebn`s
oisti jjbcir i qubgirh`s seh dubrzis oisti piri bs`. Bht`hkbs, k`h crih
bsdubrz`, hbkbsetin`s uh tebnp` piri rbk`np`hbrh`s y bnpbzir gb
hubv` k`h hubstris pr`nbsis gb «bsti vbz sî qub nb kuegirå¼, p`rqub
krbbn`s qub, io`ri sî, obn`s iprbhgeg` ji jbkkeûh.

]br` p`gbn`s kinaeir bj deh gb bsti kigbhi gb bna`skigis

bn`ke`hijbs iut`cbhbrigis se pbrnihbkbn`s nés itbht`s i
hubstri ehtuekeûh kuihg` h`s ehgeki qub bstin`s piséhg`h`s bh
hubstri gbgekikeûh i j`s gbnés ‛qub hubstri bnpitîi bsté
k`hverteåhg`sb bh s`arbpr`tbkkeûh y ipbc`, y qub h`s bstin`s
k`hsunebhg` i h`s`tr`s nesn`s‛. Iuhqub ji ehtbjecbhkei gb hubstr`
k`rizûh subjb jihzirh`s sbùijbs gb ijbrti ihtbs gb qub jjbcubn`s i
geko` puht` gb iut`dic`ketikeûh, pubgb qub h` t`nbn`s nbgegis
sudekebhtbs, s`arb t`g` p`rqub pbhsin`s qub hubstri iktetug gb
s`arbpr`tbkkeûh bsté aebh fustedekigi. Oiy vbkbs bh qub ji nbhtb
h`s enpegb pbrkeaer jis `pke`hbs qub h`s `drbkb bj k`rizûh kuihg`
 hubstr` bc` sb p`hb i oikbr n`rret`s p`rqub quebrb ijc` gesteht`. Ij
bc` sb jb gi nuy aebh j` gb ipr`vbkoirsb gb jis setuike`hbs bh qub
vikejin`s p`r h` tbhbr hubstris gbkese`hbs dernbnbhtb ipuhtijigis
bh hubstr` k`rizûh. [eh bnairc`, bj bc` sb g`ajbci ihtb ji dubrzi
gb hubstri gechegig ehtbrhi kuihg` sebhtb qub hubstr` k`npr`nes`
kubhti k`h t`g` bj ip`y` gbj k`rizûh.
Ecuij qub jbs pisi i nukois `tris pbrs`his, ji ehtuekeûh gb ne
k`rizûh qubgû aj`qubigi p`r ji dijsi ehtbrprbtikeûh qub ne nbhtb
oez` gb ji bnpitîi, y nb krbîi qub vever ij a`rgb gb ji bxtbhuikeûh
p`r sbrver i j`s gbnés bri ijc` h`ajb y vertu`s`. Bstiai k`hvbhkeg`
gb qub ne iut`sikredeke` gbaîi k`hsester bh «k`npirter ji juz y
sbnarir bj aebh¼ kuih kiaijjbr` brrihtb (enicîhitb i uh kiaijjbr`
gb rbspjihgbkebhtb ech`rihkei gbgekig` i s`juke`hirjb j`s
pr`ajbnis i t`g` bj nuhg`, i kuijquebr prbke` ‛pubs åsb bri y` i
j`s vbehtekehk` iù`s). Crih pirtb gb bsi bxpbrebhkei bri drut` gb ne
vihegig gb f`vbh nikoet`, nbzkjigi k`h uhi gbgekikeûh sehkbri
iuhqub gbsbquejearigi. ]br`, gbspuås gb oiabr iprbhgeg` bsi
jbkkeûh uh n`htûh gb vbkbs, j` ob supbrig`, iuhqub sec`
nihtbheåhg`nb nuy ijbrti piri gestehcuer bhtrb bnpitîi y uhi
gbgekikeûh bquejearigi. Bs ijc` qub pbrnihbkb bh j`s prenbr`s
pubst`s gb ne jesti gb préktekis piri ne kuegig` pbrs`hij.
Wbh sebnprb bh kubhti qub h` bs ji bnpitîi bh sî ji qub h`s
ic`ti ji bhbrcîi. J` qub h`s k`hsunb bs cbste`hirji nij seh qubrbr.
qubrbr.
Hubstr` k`rizûh tebhb ji kipikegig gb nihtbhbrsb bkuéhenb y gb-
sipbcig` i hevbj gb bhbrcîi. Åsb bs uh` gb j`s nbf`rbs rbcij`s qub
 finés h`s p`grbn`s oikbr i h`s`tr`s nesn`s. Rhi bnpitîi
bquejearigi pubgb hutrer y iyugir i j`s gbnés seh hbkbsegig gb
ehkjuerh`s i h`s`tr`s nesn`s bh bsb nbhö. [e iprbhgbn`s i
gestehcuer bhtrb uhi bnpitîi k`h ipbc`s ehdbre`rbs y uhi gbgekikeûh
bquejearigi, p`gbn`s k`hsbcuer qub gbsipirbzki ji niy`rîi gb j`s
pr`ajbnis qub r`gbih ij k`hkbpt` gb bnpitîi isî k`n` ijkihzir uh
hevbj gb k`nprbhseûh nés nigur` gbj qub k`hsestb bh pjihtbirsb
quå bs ji iutåhteki k`npiseûh y piri quå servb.
Bj bfbrkeke` secuebhtb pubgb iyugirh`s i bquejearir hubstri
bnpitîi6
 Neri ijcuhis bskbhis gb pbjîkujis bh jis qub j`s pbrs`hifbs tbhcih ijcöh
pr`ajbni dîsek` ` bn`ke`hij nbgeihinbhtb crivbs y qub tb pr`guzkih uh
sbhtenebht` gb jésteni ` gb bnpitîi. Nebhtris vbis ji pbjîkuji, enicehi
qub rbsperis gbsgb ji z`hi gbj k`rizûh ` gbsgb bj kbhtr` gbj pbko`.
Qbsperi trihquejinbhtb y prikteki bj gbsegbhtedekirtb k`h gekois
bn`ke`hbs.

Kuihg` j` oiyis obko` uhis kuihtis vbkbs, vbrés kûn`

bhkubhtris uh kbhtr` bh te nesn` gbsgb bj qub k`hsecubs rbcujir 
tus sbhtenebht`s, y bnpbzirés i girtb kubhti gb qub pubgbs
`kupirtb gb j` qub sukbgi i tu ijrbgbg`r seh sbhtertb irristrig` p`r 
bjj`. Ji vbhtifi gb p`gbr rbpbter jis bskbhis gb jis pbjîkujis bs qub
h`s gi nés `p`rtuhegigbs gb bhk`htrir y k`hbktir y gbsk`hbktir 
bsb ehtbrrupt`r ehtbre`r qub h`s g`sedeki bj `utput   bn`ke`hij. Bstb
bfbrkeke` k`h pbjîkujis bs t`g` uh trinp`jîh piri priktekir bsb
gbsipbc` y bsb iut`k`htr`j tih enprbskehgeajbs piri gbsirr`jjir ji
k`npiseûh iutåhteki. Bs uh tep` gb bfbrkeke` qub subjbh oikbr jis
pbrs`his qub triaifih bh jis urcbhkeis, piri iprbhgbr i
nihtbhbrsb îhtbcr`s ihtb ikkegbhtbs gb k`kobs, kitéstr`dbs
hiturijbs y gbnés. Bs uhi kuijegig qub pubgb gbsirr`jjirsb. Wbh
sebnprb aebh prbsbhtb qub bj obko` gb nihtbhbrtb bhtbr`
bn`ke`hijnbhtb, seh sudrer, kuihg` tb bhkubhtrbs k`h pbrs`his
gbsk`hs`jigis, h` sechedeki bh ias`jut` qub tb enp`rtbh nbh`s. Ij
k`htrire`, tu gbgekikeûh y k`npiseûh rbsujtiréh nuko` nés
bdbktevis.

K`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn`

Wbhbr k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn` bs uhi prékteki ivihzigi gbj
pr`kbs` gb bnp`gbrinebht` y kuegig` pbrs`hij. Ij prehkepe` i ji
cbhtb subjb rbsujtirjb rir` qub jbs sucebrih sbhter k`npiseûh p`r sî
nesn`s ‛jbs pirbkb qub bs ihtbp`hbrsb i j`s gbnés, qub bsté
dubri gb jucir,
jucir, qub h` sb j` nbrbkbh, qub h` bs bsperetuij, btkåtbri‛.
[`h iktetugbs obrbgigis gb ihtecu`s sestbnis gb krbbhkeis qub yi
oih pbrgeg` t`gi su vijegbz. Ji k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn` jjbvi
gbniseig` tebnp` «ipirkigi¼ y yi oi jjbcig` bj n`nbht` gb
ipr`vbkoirh`s gb sus kuijegigbs gb trihsd`rnikeûh pbrs`hij. [bhter 
k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn` h` bs uh ikt` gb bc`îsn` seh` gb
ehtbjecbhkei ‛gb ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh.
H` oiy qub k`hduhger ji iut`k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn` k`h
iut`k`npigbkbrsb, k`h uhi iktetug gb «¡Iy, p`arb gb nî!¼. [b triti
gb uhi vearikeûh gbj k`rizûh qub h`s trihsd`rni y h`s ip`rti uhi
ikbptikeûh jearb gb prbfueke`s y uhi k`nprbhseûh nés pr`duhgi gb
h`s`tr`s nesn`s. ]riktekir bj in`r p`r uh` nesn` servb
bspbkeijnbhtb kuihg` sb itrivebsih setuike`hbs qub rbquebrbh gb
tebnp` piri kurirh`s y rbifustirh`s i hevbj bn`ke`hij. Kuihg`
tbhbn`s ijcöh pr`ajbni dîsek` ` bn`ke`hij, ji k`npiseûh p`r 
h`s`tr`s nesn`s h`s ip`rti, ehtuetevinbhtb, `rebhtikeûh y ip`y`
piri bhk`htrir ji nbf`r nihbri gb idr`htir ji setuikeûh ` bj
pr`ajbni. [eh bnairc`, bstb tep` gb k`npiseûh h` sb rbsbrvi
öhekinbhtb piri kuihg` bstbn`s bh ijcöh ipur`, k`n` bj h`narb
p`grîi jjbvir i pbhsir, seh` qub bs uhi bhbrcîi rbcbhbritevi qub
h`s t`hedeki jis kåjujis y t`g` hubstr` `rcihesn`.
Bs uhi vearikeûh gb drbkubhkei supbre`r qub pr`kbgb gbj in`r y gb
ji dubrzi gb hubstr` k`rizûh y gb hubstri ijni. [e tbhbn`s kjir`
qub ji k`npiseûh bs aubhi piri j`s gbnés, p`rqub, gb j` k`htrire`,
h` sb ji `drbkbrîin`s i riugijbs, °p`r quå h` vin`s i p`gbr 
ipjekérh`sji tinaeåh i h`s`tr`s nesn`s0 Bj in`r h` bs nés qub
in`r, servb piri j` qub servb y h` kubsti gehbr`. Isî qub h` tb
sebhtis rir` qubreåhg`tb uh p`quet` nés. [bhter uh in`r k`npisev`
p`r uh` nesn` h` bs uhi piseûh pisifbri gb hubstr` bc`, seh` uhi
prékteki ehtbjecbhtb y rbcbhbritevi gb iut`ikbptikeûh.
]iri bfbrketir ji iut`k`npiseûh, senpjbnbhtb, quågitb trihquej`
bh ijcöh rehkûh y vesuijezi qub gbhtr` gb te bxestb uh spi  ehtbre`r.
Enicehi qub, ij rbsperir, bhvîis iut`k`npiseûh i tu nbhtb, i tus
bn`ke`hbs y i t`gis jis kåjujis gbj kubrp`. ]ésitb uh rit` isî ‛
k`n` se dubri uhi nbgetikeûh‛. ]br` j` nés enp`rtihtb bs qub j`
oicis gbsgb bj k`rizûh, p`rqub isî tb k`hbktis gerbktinbhtb k`h
jis kuijegigbs rbh`vig`ris gb ji vearikeûh gb tu ijni. I nbgegi
qub tb ik`stunarbs i bsti prékteki, bnpbziré i pirbkbrtb qub bstés
tritihg` k`h tu nbf`r inec`/i, qub bs quebh rbijnbhtb sb ehtbrbsi
p`r te, quebh tb k`nprbhgb y tb ip`yi.

Gbhtr` gbj bspbktr` gbj in`r, ji k`npiseûh bs uhi drbkubhkei

bxtrbniginbhtb p`gbr`si b ehtbjecbhtb. Kuihg` sbhten`s k`npiseûh
ehk`hgeke`hij, bjji nesni gbkegb ehtuetevinbhtb kûn` ignehestrirsb ‛
crikeis i bstir bh dehi seht`hîi k`h jis hbkbsegigbs supbre`rbs gb ji
t`tijegig‛. Ji k`npiseûh puri h` bhtebhgb gb icbhgis, seh` qub bs jearb
gb tbfbr su néceki tbji i su jearb ijabgrî`, i vbkbs gb d`rni veseajb iuhqub
kise sebnprb ehveseajb. ]br` huhki sb bkoi i pbrgbr p`rqub bs uhi dubhtb
gb sustbht` piri t`g` iqubjj` qub sb bhkubhtri bh su rige` gb ikkeûh. Ji
iutåhteki k`npiseûh sebnprb ip`rti bj nbf`r y nés ijt` rbsujtig` p`seajb,
bj kuij h` tebhb p`r quå sbr j` qub hubstri pbrs`hijegig quesebri `
k`hsegbrb qub bs j` igbkuig`. Bj in`r ehk`hgeke`hij jb nirki bj pis` i ji
k`npiseûh piri gestihkeirji gb `tr`s ipbc`s gb vearikeûh ehdbre`r qub h`
oirîih nés qub quetirjb bdekikei. I nbgegi qub bj sbr ounih` iskebhgi
p`r ji bsperij gb ji ehtbjecbhkei oikei su secuebhtb btipi gb ejunehikeûh, ji
k`npiseûh k`jbktevi sb k`hvbrteré bh ji vearikeûh duhginbhtij piri
inpjedekir ji k`hbxeûh k`h hubstri ijni y hubstri dubhtb ehtbrhi, nebhtris
inais gbrrinih rî`s gb in`r y sihikeûh s`arb ji ounihegig. Ji
k`npiseûh bs in`r y gbgekikeûh k`h kipikegig gb trihsd`rnir, y sb
nihedebsti bh bj bstig` gb bdbktevegig gb néxeni nigurbz piri ji
t`tijegig.
 KI]ÎWRJ@ 99

TETEQ GB[GB BJ K@QIVÛH

p`r G`k Koejgrb

J` qub obn`s ehtbhtig` k`h bstb jear` bs ip`rtir ehd`rnikeûh s`arb

jis ehvbstecike`hbs isî k`n` ikbrki gb j`s hubv`s k`h`kenebht`s
s`arb bj «k`rizûh¼ k`n` uhi dubhtb gb ehtbjecbhkei gehéneki,
krbitevi y uhedekig`ri. Kuihg` sb k`hsecub ijehbir bj k`rizûh
bsperetuij k`h ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs, pubgbh bxpbrenbhtirsb
hubvis d`rnis gb pbrkeaer, pbhsir y rbjike`hirsb, ij k`hfuht` gb jis
kuijbs gbh`nehin`s vever gbsgb bj k`rizûh .
Tever gbsgb bj k`rizûh bs t`gi uhi prékteki gb nihtbhenebht` y
trihsd`rnikeûh pbrs`hij kuy` k`nebhz` k`hsestb bh qub kigi uh`
gb h`s`tr`s oikb gb ji ehtuekeûh gb su k`rizûh su nbf`r ineci y jb
pbrnetb bstiajbkbr bj runa` gb hubstri vegi geirei. Wiht` i hevbj
pbrs`hij k`n` k`jbktev`, ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh h`s pubgb
ip`rtir ji `p`rtuhegig gb d`rfirh`s hubstri pjbhetug, bh jucir gb
bspbrir i qub h`s jjbcub. Ij priktekir bst` k`h t`gi sehkbregig,
hubstr` k`rizûh pubgb `drbkbrh`s jis rbspubstis y nirkirh`s bj
runa` qub hbkbsetin`s piri k`hvbrterh`s bh hubstr` sbr iutåhtek` y
bnp`gbrig`.
]iri j`s pr`ajbnis gb ji vegi, ji kipikegig gb ehtuekeûh y
geskbrhenebht` gbj k`rizûh k`hstetuyb uh rbcij` hiturij gbj qub h`s
p`gbn`s ipr`vbkoir sbi kuij sbi hubstri rbjeceûh ` bj kineh`
bsperetuij ` gb gbsirr`jj` pbrs`hij qub oiyin`s bsk`ceg` ` bstbn`s
priktekihg`. Winp`k` sb rbquebrb sbcuer uh kineh` gbtbrnehig`
piri p`gbr bxpbrenbhtir j`s ehhunbriajbs abhbdeke`s gb jis
sucbrbhkeis qub h`s ip`rti ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh. Ne bhd`qub
sb aisi bh ji bsperetuijegig prékteki ‛p`r bfbnpj`, ehkjuer in`r,
iniaejegig y k`npiseûh bh hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs geireis k`h j`s
gbnés y pbrneter ji bxestbhkei gb gedbrbhkeis seh qub bjj` sbi kiusi
gb sbpirikeûh.
Ji vbj`kegig i ji qub t`g` kinaei bh bst`s tebnp`s h`s `drbkb ji
p`seaejegig gb pr`crbsir i hevbj gb k`hkebhkei ij ehtbcrir ji siaegurîi
bsperetuij gb hubstr` k`rizûh k`h hubstri ehtbjecbhkei ounihi piri
qub sb duhgih bh uhi öheki uhegig. Bj obko` gb p`gbr ikkbgbr bh
kuijquebr n`nbht` i t`g` tep` gb hubvis ehd`rnike`hbs pbrnetb qub
ji ounihegig bhtbri sb gå kubhti gb qub t`g`s bstin`s
ehtbrk`hbktig`s, y gb qub triaifir p`r bj aebh gb j`s gbnés y gb
h`s`tr`s nesn`s bs sehûhen` gb triaifir p`r bj aebh gb t`g` bj
pjihbti. Kigi vbz s`h nés jis pbrs`his qub sebhtbh ji hbkbsegig
gb sbr nés iniajbs k`h j`s gbnés. Bh bst`s tebnp`s h`s ejunehi
uhi juz gb `p`rtuhegigbs
`p`rtuhegigbs p`setevis, ehgbpbhgebhtbnbhtb gb kûn` sb sb
nihedebstb p`r t`g` bj pjihbti.
Cbhtbs gb t`gis pirtbs oiajih yi gb ji k`npiseûh y ji p`hbh bh
prékteki. Oiy uhevbrsegigbs y `tr`s jucirbs bh j`s qub bstéh
krbéhg`sb «kbhtr`s piri ji k`npiseûh¼. Ji k`npiseûh (bh ji qub
sb ehkjuyb ji k`npiseûh p`r uh` nesn`) bs uh sbhtenebht` gb
vearikeûh supbre`r qub tebhb su `recbh bh bj in`r y ji siaegurîi gbj
k`rizûh y gbj ijni.
Kigi vbz oiy nés pbrs`his sbhseaejezigis i ji hbkbsegig gb qub
su k`rizûh sb gbgequb i j`s gbnés, h` sûj` piri sbhtersb aebh bjjis
nesnis, seh` p`rqub bs uh ikt` ehtbjecbhtb qub bsté bh irn`hîi k`h
ji bhbrcîi gbj inaebhtb. [`h tinaeåh kigi vbz nés j`s qub
priktekih nbgetikeûh piri bhk`htrir piz ehtbre`r y gbfir gb
egbhtedekirsb k`h uhi sbreb gb pbhsinebht`s y iktetugbs qub yi h`
s`h véjeg`s piri iqubjj` bh j` qub gekois pbrs`his quebrbh
k`hvbrtersb.
Ti bh iunbht` bj hönbr` gb pbrs`his qub sb ehtbrbsi p`r 
bstiajbkbr uhi k`hbxeûh nés pr`duhgi k`h sus sbhtenebht`s y k`h
ji ehtuekeûh gb su k`rizûh p`r ji sbhkejji rizûh gb qub h` oiy higi
qub k`hseci k`jnir uh vikî` qub sebhtbh bh ji vegi. Nukois gb
bstis pbrs`his sebhtbh qub su k`rizûh k`hstetuyb bsb kihij hiturij
gb ehtuekeûh qub jbs k`hgukb ij in`r y i ji siaegurîi gb su ijni.
Jjbciré uh n`nbht` bh qub sbré gb sbhteg` k`nöh utejezir ji
ehtbjecbhkei y ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh piri t`nir gbkese`hbs y
gbtbrnehir bj runa` i sbcuer. Kuiht` niy`r sbi bj p`rkbhtifb gb
p`ajikeûh qub vevi gbsgb bj k`rizûh, nés dékej sbré qub geko` «ret`
ehekeétek`¼ sb k`hvebrti bh bj prûxen` hevbj gb k`hkebhkei b
ehtbjecbhkei. Bh bj prbsbhtb jear` obn`s ip`rtig` uhi sbreb gb
bstritbceis y bfbrkeke`s aisig`s bh ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh qub
k`hsegbrin`s gb crih utejegig. Iktuijnbhtb t`g`s tbhbn`s ij
ijkihkb crih kihtegig gb obrrinebhtis piri p`gbr gbspbrtir hubstr`
p`tbhkeij supbre`r, y ji ehtuekeûh gbj k`rizûh bs ji qub h`s pubgb
iyugir i k`hsbcuerj` bh bj n`nbht` igbkuig`.

[`arb ji k`obrbhkei
Ji k`obrbhkei bs uh dbhûnbh` qub sb pr`gukb bh t`g`s j`s bstrit`s
gb ji hiturijbzi, gbsgb bj nekr`skûpek` oisti bj nikr`skûpek`, p`r 
j` qub tinaeåh d`rni pirtb gb ji bxpbrebhkei ounihi. Ij tebnp`
qub, bh uh bstig` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, sb bxpbrenbhti k`h
kjiregig uhi gesnehukeûh gbj «rueg`¼ pr`gukeg` p`r bsi k`rrebhtb
ehehtbrrunpegi y gbsk`htr`jigi gb iktevegig nbhtij y bn`ke`hij,
gesdrutin`s tinaeåh gb uhi sbhsikeûh nés ehtbhsi gb sehkr`hekegig
isî k`n` uhi k`hbxeûh nés kjiri k`h ji ehtuekeûh y ji siaegurîi gb
hubstr` k`rizûh.
Ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki h` nbh`sprbkei i ji nbhtb seh` qub jb
p`tbhkei sus kipikegigbs y jb iyugi i bxpihger y bquejearir sus
puht`s gb vesti, ip`rtéhg`jbs uhi pbrspbktevi nés cj`aij. Hubstr`s
sestbnis aések`s (k`rizûh, nbhtb, bn`ke`hbs y `rcihesn`) cbhbrih
nés irn`hîi y pjbhetug se triaifih t`g`s fuht`s piri girjb d`rni i
hubstri vegi. Ij sbhtirh`s piri priktekir ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki
ikunujin`s bhbrcîi gb uhi drbkubhkei vearit`rei supbre`r qub h`s
ip`rti p`setevegig piri t`g` bj rbst` gbj gîi, isî k`n` nés kjiregig
bh hubstris gbkese`hbs y uhi niy`r kipikegig gb djuer. Bst` subjb
ip`rtirh`s uhi s`juke`hbs nés krbitevis bh iqubjj`s n`nbht`s bh
j`s qub pirbkbh enp`seajbs gb ijkihzir. Jis vearike`hbs k`obrbhtbs
itribh nés sehkr`hekegigbs y `pke`hbs nés kjiris, isî k`n` uhis
t`hijegigbs nés rbdehigis gb in`r bh hubstris ehtbrikke`hbs
geireis. H` oikb dijti sbr pbrdbkt`s, he kirbkbr gb pr`ajbnis, piri
p`gbr gesdrutir gb uhi vegi gb k`obrbhkei. Aisti k`h uh
nihtbhenebht` cbhbrij, k`n` sukbgb k`h kuijquebr `tri prékteki
qub cbste`hb iqubjjis bhbrcîis qub gbtbrnehbh bj runa` gb
hubstris gbkese`hbs y hubstri k`hgukti. Ji k`obrbhkei bs uh bstig`
hiturij qub vi gb ji nih` gb quebh rbijnbhtb s`n`s bh j` nés
pr`duhg` gb hubstr` sbr.
Ji kebhkei bsté gbn`strihg` tinaeåh qub, kuihg` ji cbhtb
prikteki ji k`obrbhkei kirgîiki, cbhbri uh kinp` bhbrcåtek` qub
oikb qub i j`s gbnés jbs rbsujtb nés dékej k`hbktir k`h su pr`pe`
k`rizûh ‛uh kinp` bhbrcåtek` qub dikejeti ji k`obrbhkei s`keij‛.
Gbabn`s oikbrh`s kirc` gb hubstri pr`pei bhbrcîi, j` kuij bjbvi bj
hevbj vearit`re` gbj kinp` bhbrcåtek` k`jbktev` y iyugi i qub jis
gbnés pbrs`his pubgih ikkbgbr i su p`tbhkeij supbre`r y sbih
nés dbjekbs. Bh bstb hubv` kinp` gb ehtbrk`hbktevegig bstin`s
ehvbstecihg` kûn` pubgb inpjeirsb bsb hevbj vearit`re` supbre`r 
piri gbsirr`jjir uh niy`r p`tbhkeij gb k`obrbhkei i hevbj cj`aij. I
nbgegi qub iunbhtb ji k`hkebhkeikeûh k`jbktevi, ji ehvbstecikeûh
kebhtîdeki y ji bsperetuij k`jia`riréh piri ip`rtir uhi kihtegig
ejenetigi gb abhbdeke`s piri t`gi ji ounihegig. Rhi vearikeûh
supbre`r gb in`r ehk`hgeke`hij, jearb gb prbfueke`s, bspbri
k`hvbrtersb bh bj puht` gb rbdbrbhkei piri ijkihzir uhi niy`r 
k`obrbhkei, irn`hîi y k``pbrikeûh bhtrb ji nbhtb y bj k`rizûh,
bhtrb t`g`s h`s`tr`s, y bhtrb h`s`tr`s y t`g` bj pjihbti.
 In`r ehk`hgeke`hij
 I nbgegi qub viyi iskbhgebhg` bj hevbj gb k`hkebhkei k`jbktevi,
qubgiré kjir` qub bj in`r bs uhi n`gijegig ivihzigi gb vegi
ehtbjecbhtb. Ji p`ajikeûh h` oi obko` nés qub r`zir ji supbrdekeb gb
ji k`hkebhkei, p`r j` qub sb rbdebrb ij p`gbr gbj in`r y gb su
kipikegig gb krbir uh bht`rh` aisig` bh åj< uh bht`rh` bh bj qub bj
ehgevegu` tbhci ji p`seaejegig gb trihskbhgbr sus nebg`s y t`g` j`
qub bst`s k`hjjbvih, ij tebnp` qub pubgi nihedbstir sus g`hbs iöh
p`r gbskuarer y ijkihkb su pjbhetug. Bj in`r ehk`hgeke`hij bs bj
secuebhtb hevbj gb vearikeûh gbj in`r oikei bj qub bv`juke`hi ji
ounihegig, crikeis ij kuij gbsipirbkbréh nukois gb jis
k`npjekike`hbs y pr`ajbnis tîpek`s qub iktuijnbhtb sb subjbh
gbsirr`jjir bh t`rh` i ji p`tbhtb bhbrcîi gbj in`r p`r su kipikegig
gb trihsd`rnirh`s.
Ji kigi vbz niy`r ehdjubhkei gb ji iabrturi k`jbktevi gbj k`rizûh
sbrveré piri qub sb gesepbh j`s `skur`s huairr`hbs qub dj`tih s`arb
ji ounihegig, p`rqub gekoi iabrturi ip`rti bsi `p`rtuhegig tih
gbsbigi p`r ji ounihegig gb k`nbhzir i jjbvirh`s aebh bhtrb
t`g`s, igbnés gb pbrneter qub dj`rbzki uh rbhikenebht` gb
ejunehikeûh y gb niy`r pjbhetug.
Rh` gb j`s ispbkt`s gb ji neseûh gb ObirtNito k`hsestb bh
k`jia`rir k`h `tr`s sestbnis qub tinaeåh tebhb p`r `afbtev`
ehkrbnbhtir ji irn`hîi, bj kireù` y ji k`npiseûh p`r t`g` bj pjihbti.
[`h nejj`hbs gb pbrs`his j`s qub pirtekepih bh `rike`hbs y
nbgetike`hbs k`jbktevis, isî k`n` bh ehekeitevis p`r ji k`npiseûh,
piri qub ji ehdjubhkei p`setevi s`arb hubstr` pjihbti sbi iöh niy`r.
Bh ne `peheûh, bst` h` bs uhi n`gi pisifbri seh` qub ikiairé p`r 
k`hvbrtersb bh uhi prékteki gb sbhteg` k`nöh piri bj aebh gb t`g`s.
Ji bdbktevegig gb gekois bnihike`hbs gb k`npiseûh iunbhtiré i
nbgegi qub iunbhtb ji k`obrbhkei gb j`s pirtekepihtbs, j` kuij, i su
vbz, bjbvi tinaeåh bj hevbj vearit`re` i hevbj cj`aij. Fustinbhtb bs
bsi vearikeûh supbre`r gb hubstr` bspîretu ji qub ip`rti rbsujtig`s
p`setev`s, nuko` nés qub ji kihtegig gb pirtekepihtbs bh sî, j` kuij
h` queti piri qub gekoi kihtegig tinaeåh k`htreauyi, s`arb t`g` se
jis pbrs`his ehkrbnbhtih isenesn` su pr`pei k`obrbhkei pbrs`hij.
Kuihg` bj k`rizûh, ji nbhtb y jis bn`ke`hbs rbsubhih bhtrb sî k`h
k`obrbhkei, hubstr`s ehtbrbsbs, tiht` j`s ehgeveguijbs k`n` j`s
k`jbktev`s, sb bnpipih kigi vbz nés gb bhbrcîi bsperetuij y gbj
k`rizûh. Bj pr`pûset` k`jbktev` gb ji Ehekeitevi gb K`obrbhkei Cj`aij
(CKE), k`hsestb bh oikbr p`seajb qub sb krbb geko` bht`rh` pr`peke`
piri ji trihsd`rnikeûh pbrs`hij, sb tirgb j` qub sb tirgb. Ui oiy
nukois pbrs`his p`r t`g` bj pjihbti qub priktekih ji ijehbikeûh
k`obrbhtb piri qub pubgi dj`rbkbr t`g` su p`tbhkeij y pubgi
nihedbstirsb pjbhinbhtb bj bspîretu gb quebhbs rbijnbhtb s`h.
Bs o`ri gb t`nir k`hkebhkei gb qub bsté pr`gukeåhg`sb t`gi uhi
sbreb gb n`venebht`s p`setev`s y trihsd`rnig`rbs bh nbge` gb ji
kiûteki trihsekeûh p`r ji qub bsté itrivbsihg` hubstr` pjihbti. Kigi
vbz s`h nés j`s qub k`hsegbrih qub ijcuh`s gb j`s isuht`s nés
bspeh`s`s qub tebhb ji ounihegig s`h bj rbsujtig` gb vebfis
bhbrcîis qub yi h` h`s servbh, j` kuij h`s ip`rti ji `p`rtuhegig gb
rbsbtbir hubstri vegi. Bj rbsujtig` gb geko`s kinae`s i hevbj gb
bhbrcîi sbré qub, piujitehinbhtb, ji cbhtb gbspbrtiré y rbk`h`kbré
(h` tih sûj` ehtbjbktuijnbhtb) qub p`gbn`s k`hvbrterh`s bh ijc`
nuko` nbf`r gb j` qub finés oiyin`s k`hsegbrig` p`seajb. [eh
bnairc`, piri bjj`, iöh tbhbn`s qub ivihzir i hevbj ehgeveguij piri
krbir t`gi bsi nirbi.
Ji setuikeûh iktuij gbj pjihbti h` bs k`n` kuihg` uh` sb rbducei
gb uhi t`rnbhti bh ijcöh sete`, bspbri i qub pisb y, ij tbrnehir,
sijb y vubjvb i j` suy` k`n` se h` ouaebri pisig` higi. Wbhbn`s ji
pbj`ti bh hubstr` tbfig` pubst` qub t`g`s s`n`s j`s qub d`rnin`s
bstb bquep` gbj qub gbpbhgb bj rbsujtig`. Jis ehtbhsegigbs cj`aijbs
h` guriréh btbrhinbhtb. Gb n`nbht`, p`gbn`s k`hsegbrir qub
t`g` bstb ki`s y nijbstir s`keij s`h k`n` sbùijbs ejunehigis qub
h`s ivesih gb qub oi jjbcig` ji o`ri gb iarer bj k`rizûh, k`cbr ji
kifi gb obrrinebhtis y gb tåkhekis, y p`hbrh`s nih`s i ji `ari
piri nbf`rir uhis kuihtis k`sis. Isî k`hsbcuerbn`s trihsnutir bj
bstrås y ji ehkbrtegunarb cj`aijbs bh uh enpujs` p`setev` piri
p`hbrh`s jis pejis. Oikb gbniseig` tebnp` qub bj in`r, ji
k`npiseûh, ji iniaejegig y ji k``pbrikeûh c`zih gb p`ki
rbprbsbhtikeûh bh hubstri k`hkebhkei k`jbktevi. Wbhbn`s qub
k`j`kir t`gis bstis kuijegigbs trihsd`rnig`ris gbj k`rizûh bh bj
prenbr pubst` gb hubstri jesti gb pre`regigbs piri irrenir t`g`s bj
o`nar` y d`rfir bj nbf`r dutur` p`seajb piri bj pjihbti. Bh ne
`peheûh, bj niy`r sbkrbt` piri ikbjbrir ji bv`jukeûh gb ji
ounihegig k`hsestb bh sbr nés iniajbs y nés k`npisev`s p`rqub
t`g` j` gbnés bs uhi k`hsbkukeûh gb geko`s vij`rbs. Ij ikkbgbr i
ji ehtbjecbhkei hiturij gb hubstr` k`rizûh sb pubgb krbir uh kinp`
bhbrcåtek` gb in`r ehk`hgeke`hij y gb ehtbrikke`hbs irn`he`sis qub
sbrveré piri qub ji ounihegig sb gå kubhti gb qub s`n`s uhi
öheki Webrri, uh öhek` firgîh, uh öhek` pubaj`. Bj in`r bs j` öhek`
qub pubgb ip`rtir t`g` bst` k`h k`obrbhkei y gbsirr`jjirsb iöh
nés.
 Iuhqub s`n`s nuko`s j`s qub h`s obn`s k`npr`nbteg` i girjb
uhi `p`rtuhegig i ji piz, bs ji piz ji qub bsté bspbrihg` i qub
gbn`s bsb prenbr pis` rbsp`hsiajb6 bs ji o`ri gb girjb uhi
`p`rtuhegig ij in`r ‛y sbré bht`hkbs kuihg` ji piz vbhci i
k`npirter nbsi k`h h`s`tr`s.
 QBKRQ[@[ IGEKE@HIJB[

ObirtNito JJK

K`htikt`
[uskrîabtb i hubstr` b-a`jbtîh Obirtdujjy [pbilehc.
Öhbtb i ji krbkebhtb k`nuhegig gb pbrs`his qub k`npirtbh tu
ehtbrås p`r bj gbsirr`jj` gb j`s vij`rbs gbj k`rizûh6
Dikba``l.k`n/ObirtNito
Winaeåh bh Jehlbg-Eh6
jehlbgeh.k`n/k`npihy/obirtnito-jjk

]réktekis geireis
Hubstris tbkh`j`cîis Ehhbr Aijihkb y bnSivb, cijirg`higis bh
gestehtis `kise`hbs, oih seg` gesbùigis piri iyugirh`s i k`hbktir 
k`h ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh i uh hevbj nés pr`duhg`. Igbnés gb
rbsujtir bhtrbtbhegis, servbh piri qub ijkihkbs uh bstig` nés
pr`duhg` y nés k`npjbt` gb k`obrbhkei kirgîiki nbgeihtb tåkhekis
gb dbbgaikl  gb
 gb retn`s kirgîik`s i tebnp` rbij.

[å uh kinpbûh gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh

K`ikoehc y nbht`rbs6 Hubstr` bquep` gb k`ikoehc   y gb nbht`rbs
k`h ji tetujikeûh `dekeij gb ObirtNito bsté d`rnig` y iut`rezig` piri
ehstruer bj sestbni gb ObirtNito tiht` bh sbse`hbs ehgeveguijbs k`n`
crupijbs.

Ehtbrvbhke`hbs ObirtNito6 Bj ]r`crini gb Ehtbrvbhke`hbs gb

ObirtNito bsté bspbkeijnbhtb gesbùig` piri någek`s, pbrs`hij gb
bhdbrnbrîi, psekûj`c`s, tbripbutis, pr`dbse`hijbs gbj k`uhsbjehc ,
triaifig`rbs s`keijbs y gbnés pr`dbse`hijbs gb ji sijug qub gbsbbh
ipjekir jis obrrinebhtis y tbkh`j`cîis gb ObirtNito k`n` pirtb gb
sus tbripeis k`h sus kjebhtbs ` pikebhtbs.

D`rnig`rbs `dekeijbs gb ObirtNito6 Bj pr`crini gb D`rnig`rbs

Kbrtedekig`s gb ObirtNito® prbpiri i d`rnig`rbs y k`hsujt`rbs
ehgbpbhgebhtbs iut`rezig`s k`n` ehstrukt`rbs gbj pr`crini
Qbsejebhkb Igvihticb℡, bspbkeijnbhtb gesbùig` piri crup`s y
utejezig` bh ji Nirehi gb Bstig`s Rheg`s, bh o`spetijbs y bh
bnprbsis gb t`g` bj nuhg` ehkjuegis bh ji jesti D`rtuhb 2==.

]iri k`htiktir6
ObirtNito.k`n
ehd`Mobirtnito.k`n
].@. A`x 974;
A`ujgbr Krbbl, Kijed`rhei 52==4
+9-?==-72=-5999
+9-?;9-;;?-?3==
Bj ObirtNito Ehstetutb

Oiztb s`ke` gbj ObirtNito Ehstetutb (ONE)

J`s s`ke`s gbj ObirtNito Ehstetutb gesdrutih gb vbhtifis bspbkeijbs
k`n` b-jear`s, n`h`crédek`s kebhtîdek`s, b-nöseki, sbnehire`s
ehd`rnitev`s `hjehb bxkjusev`s piri s`ke`s, isî k`n` ikkbs`
ejenetig` i uhi crih virebgig gb rbkurs`s, i tu pr`pei pécehi
pbrs`hijezigi k`n` nebnar` gb ObirtNito nbgeihtb ji qub tb
nihtbhgrbn`s ehd`rnig` y bh k`hstihtb d`rnikeûh y rbkekjifb piri
iyugirtb bh tu ivbhturi gbj gbsirr`jj` gbj k`rizûh.

G`hike`hbs
Jis g`hike`hbs v`juhtireis ij Ehstetut` ObirtNito servbh piri
dehihkeir pr`crinis ehh`vig`rbs gb ehvbstecikeûh s`arb ji
vireiaejegig gb ji drbkubhkei kirgîiki (TDK), ji psek`dese`j`cîi gb jis
bn`ke`hbs, ji k`nuhekikeûh nbhtb-k`rizûh isî k`n` j`s nåt`g`s
gb ipjekikeûh gb gekois tåkhekis bh ji cbsteûh gbj bstrås, piri
ehkrbnbhtir bj hevbj gb k`obrbhkei b ehtbhsedekir ji k`hbxeûh k`h uh`
nesn` y k`h j`s gbnés. Jis ehvbstecike`hbs rbijezigis p`r bj
Ehstetut` ObirtNito (ONE, p`r sus secjis bh ehcjås) pbrnetbh
gbsirr`jjir pr`crinis gb crih bdbktevegig, isî k`n` sbhkejjis
tåkhekis piri ehkrbnbhtir ji k`obrbhkei y irn`hîi i hevbj pbrs`hij,
s`keij y cj`aij. Wu cbhbr`segig servb piri nbf`rir ji kijegig gb vegi
gb heù`s, igujt`s y pbrs`his hbkbsetigis, isî k`n` piri qub bj ONE
k`htehöb triaifihg` bh g`s gb hubstr`s kinp`s gb ehvbstecikeûh
nés ehtbrbsihtbs6 ji bjbktr`dese`j`cîi gb ji ehtuekeûh y ji
ehtbrk`hbxeûh gb t`gis jis k`sis. Bj Ehstetut` ObirtNito bs uh
«n`gbj` 9== %¼, j` kuij sechedeki qub t`gis jis g`hike`hbs sb
ehvebrtbh bh ehvbstecike`hbs y pr`ybkt`s qub iyugih ij sbr ounih`.

 Ip`y` i j`s pr`ybkt`s

pr`ybkt`s bgukitev`s gb ObirtNito
ObirtNito
]iri p`gbr krbir uh nuhg` y uh dutur` duhginbhtig`s bh bj
k`rizûh, bs enprbskehgeajb qub j`s heù`s iprbhgih i ikkbgbr i ji
siaegurîi gb su k`rizûh, p`rqub jbs rbsujtiré nuko` nés dékej tbhbr 
åxet` bh ji vegi se iprbhgbh gbsgb nuy tbnprih` i sbr k`hskebhtbs
gb sus bn`ke`hbs y i cbste`hirjis p`r sî nesn`s. Jis kebhkeis
s`keijbs y gbj k`np`rtinebht` h`s ehgekih qub gekois gbstrbzis
bsbhkeijbs k`hstetuybh j`s pejirbs s`arb j`s qub sb sustbhti uhi
aubhi sijug nbhtij y bn`ke`hij, uhis rbjike`hbs p`setevis y uh`s
aubh`s rbsujtig`s bh ji bskubji. Jis ehvbstecike`hbs qub ObirtNito
jjbvi kise 12 iù`s rbijezihg` sb ipjekih yi bh d`rni gb pr`crinis y
obrrinebhtis préktekis qub servbh piri qub tiht` j`s pigrbs k`n`
j`s bhsbùihtbs y gbnés pr`dbse`hijbs gb ji bgukikeûh iyugbh i j`s
heù`s i gbsirr`jjir gekois gbstrbzis y gesdrutbh gb uhi vegi bh
pjbhetug. Jis g`hike`hbs v`juhtireis piri j`s pr`ybkt`s bgukitev`s
gb ObirtNito suavbhke`hih pr`crinis y ip`rtih rbkurs`s qub jbs
trihsd`rnih ji vegi tiht` i j`s ijunh`s k`n` i j`s bhsbùihtbs y i
nuko`s ehgevegu`s qub, gb `tri nihbri, finés p`grîih
pbrnetîrsbj`s.

Qbkurs`s piri gbsirr`jjir ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh

Qbkurs`s gb bnp`gbrinebht` pbrs`hij
Gbskuarb ji inpjei k`jbkkeûh gb rbkurs`s crituet`s y nitbreij
gbskirciajb gb ji pécehi wba gb ObirtNito piri inpjeir tus
k`hbxe`hbs i hevbj gbj k`rizûh. Bhk`htrirés, bhtrb `tris, iyugis
préktekis piri kubste`hbs gb gbsirr`jj` pbrs`hij, sijug y pjbhetug bh
ji vegi.

[`hgb`s gb hevbjbs gb bstrås y aebhbstir 

Bsti obrrinebhti kebhtîdeki gb bvijuikeûh pbrs`hij servb piri qub,
bh kuijquebr n`nbht` qub j` hbkbsetbs, pubgis gbtbrnehir tu pr`pe`
bstig` nbhtij, bn`ke`hij y gbj k`rizûh, bh tu pr`pe` o`cir, bh bj
triaif` y k`h rbspbkt` i tus dehihzis y i tus rbjike`hbs k`h j`s
gbnés. [ervb piri nbger tus hevbjbs gb cbsteûh gbj bstrås,
igiptiaejegig, rbsejebhkei y vetijegig bn`ke`hij. Gekoi bvijuikeûh
ihijezi j`s git`s rbdbrbhtbs i kehk` ispbkt`s gbj aebhbstir y tb
`drbkb rbk`nbhgike`hbs ij rbspbkt`.

Qbkurs`s piri pigrbs k`h k`obrbhkei kirgîiki

Teseti hubstri sbkkeûh gerecegi i j`s pigrbs. Bh bjji bhk`htrirés
nuko`s irtîkuj`s qub tritih uhi crih virebgig gb tbnis, egbis y
obrrinebhtis piri jis pbrs`his qub tebhbh heù`s i su kirc`, isî
k`n` obrrinebhtis gb iut`iyugi qub tb pbrnetih itbhgbr i tus
pr`peis hbkbsegigbs k`h bj deh gb qub pubgis `kupirtb nbf`r gb jis
gb tus oef`s.

K`htikti k`h bj Ehstetut` ObirtNito

Öhbtb i ji k`nuhegig gb Dikba``l.k`n/Ehstetutb`dObirtNito.
Dikba``l.k`n/Ehstetutb`dObirtNito.

Winaeåh bh Jehlbg-Eh6
jehlbgeh.k`n/k`npihy/ehstetutb-`d-obirtnito.
Teseti hubstr` aj`c.

ObirtNito.`rc
ehd`Mobirtnito.`rc
].@. A`x 974;
A`ujgbr Krbbl, Kijed`rhei 52==4
+9-?==-72=-5999
+9-?;9-;;?-?3==
  Ikbrki gb j`s iut`rbs

G`k Koejgrb
Duhgig`r,
Duhgig`r, prbsegbhtb y k`gerbkt`r bfbkutev` gb ObirtNito
 Igbnés gb sbr bj duhgig`r gb ObirtNito, G`k bs uhi iut`regig
nuhgeij bh ji `ptenezikeûh gb ji bdekikei y bj rbhgenebht` pbrs`hij.
 Isenesn`, bfbrkb gb k`hsujt`r piri t`gi uhi virebgig gb
enp`rtihtbs bnprbsire`s, kebhtîdek`s y pbrs`hij g`kbhtb y gbj nuhg`
gbj irtb. Bs bj pigrb gbj ObirtNito® [ystbn, uh k`hfuht` gb
obrrinebhtis y tbkh`j`cîis préktekis aisigis bh bj k`rizûh qub
kuijquebri pubgb utejezir piri k`naiter bj bstrås, nbf`rir bj
rbhgenebht` y c`zir gb aubhi sijug y aebhbstir cbhbrij. Bs bj
prbsegbhtb y k`gerbkt`r bfbkutev` gb ObirtNito, Ehk., isî k`n`
prbsegbhtb gb ji Fuhti Kebhtîdeki K`hsujtevi gbj Ehstetut` ObirtNito y
gbj k`netå gb gerbkkeûh gb Cj`aij K`obrbhkb Eheteitevb.
 Gba`rio Q`znih, ]o. G.
]rbsegbhti y k`gerbkt`ri gb ObirtNito Ehk.

Gba`rio tebhb nés gb kuirbhti iù`s gb bxpbrebhkei k`n`

bnprbsirei, bnprbhgbg`ri, psekûj`ci, bskret`ri y d`rnig`ri. Bs
nebnar` gbj ObirtNito gbsgb qub åstb dub k`hkbaeg` y oi
supbrvesig` su krbkenebht`. Bh k`jia`rikeûh k`h G`k Koejgrb, oi
bskret` ji sbreb gb bskret`s s`arb trihsd`rnikeûh puajekigi p`r Hbw
Oiraehcbr6 Wrihsd`rnehc [trbss, Wrihsd`rnehc Ihcbr, Wrihsd`rnehc 
 Ihxebty ihg Wrihsd`rnehc Gbprbsse`h . Isenesn`, bs uhi gb jis
prehkepijbs pbrs`hijegigbs gb ObirtNito, gb ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj
k`rizûh, gb ji cbsteûh gbj bstrås bh tebnp`s gb kinae`s y gb kûn`
vever gbsgb bj k`rizûh

O`wirg Nirteh
Tekbprbsegbhtb
Tekbprbsegbhtb bfbkutev` gb ObirtNito JJK.

O`wirg kubhti k`h nés gb trbehti iù`s gb bxpbrebhkei bh bj nuhg`

gbj gbsirr`jj` tiht` pbrs`hij k`n` bnprbsireij. Isenesn`, pirtekepi
bh j`s pr`crinis gb ObirtNito gbsgb sus eheke`s. Fuht` k`h G`k
Koejgrb, bs iut`r gb Wob ObirtNito [`jute`h , puajekig` bh bj iù`
1=== p`r Oirpbr [ih Drihkesk`. O`wirg bs uh` gb j`s prehkepijbs
rbprbsbhtihtbs gb ObirtNito, k`hkbgb nés gb 32 bhtrbvestis ij iù`
b enpirtb k`hdbrbhkeis p`r t`g` bj nuhg` s`arb jis tåkhekis gb
ObirtNito piri nbf`rir bj rbhgenebht` ounih`, ji k`obrbhkei cj`aij
y ji ehtbjecbhkei gbj k`rizûh.

Q`jjeh NkKrity, ]o.G.

Tekbprbsegbhtb
Tekbprbsegbhtb bfbkutev` y gerbkt`r 
gbj gbpirtinbht` gb ehvbstecikeûh
gb ObirtNito Ehstetutb
 Q`jjeh d`rni pirtb gbj bquep` gb ObirtNito gbsgb su krbikeûh bh
9559. Bs psek`deseûj`c` y kitbgrétek` gb ji Rhevbrsegig Itjihtek gb
Dj`regi. Bs uh pr`dus` bskret`r qub kubhti k`h hunbr`sis
puajekike`hbs bh gesteht`s énaet`s kebhtîdek`s. Winaeåh bs nebnar`
gb hunbr`sis `rcihezike`hbs, bhtrb jis qub gbstikih ji Inbrekih
 Iut`h`nek [`kebty,
[`kebty, ji ]ivj`veih [`kebty,
[`kebty, ji Hite`hij Iss`keite`h d`r 
]syko`j`cekij [kebhkb, ji Iss`keite`h d`r Ippjebg ]syko`poyse`j`cy
ihg Ae`dbbgaikl y ji [`kebty d`r [kebhtedek Bxpj`rite`h. Isenesn`, bs
gerbkt`r gb ehvbstecikeûh y k``rgehig`r gbj pr`ybkt` Cj`aij
K`obrbhkb N`het`rehc [ystbn.