1. Define Segmentation.

Segmentation subdivides on image in to its constitute regions or objects. The level to which the
subdivides is carried depends on the problem being solved .That is segmentation should when the
objects of interest in application have been isolated.
2. Write the applications of Segmentation.
Image segmentation is used to detect cancerous cells from medical images.
It can also be used to detect roads from satellite images
Infrared imaging by the military to detect objects with strong heat signatures, such as equipment and
troops in motion
3. List the three types of discontinuity in digital image.
Points, lines and edges.
4. Mention the properties of second derivative around an edge.
The sign of the second derivative can be used to determine whether an edge pixel lies on the dark or
light side of an edge.
It produces two values for every edge in an image.
An imaginary straight line joining the extreme positive and negative values of the second derivative
would cross zero near the midpoint of the edge
5. Name the different types of derivative filters.
Prewitt operator
Sobel operator
Laplacian operator
6. Point out the principal applications of watershed segmentation.
Extraction of nearly uniform (bloblike) objects from the background.
7. Write the Sobel horizontal and vertical edge detection masks.

8. How are the derivatives obtained in edge detection during formulation?

The first derivative at any point in an image is obtained by using the magnitude of the gradient at
that point. Similarly the second derivatives are obtained by using the laplacian.

9. What is meant by object point and background point?

To execute the objects from the background is to select a threshold T that separate these modes.
Then any point (x,y) for which f(x,y)>T is called an object point. Otherwise the point is called
background point.

10. State the problems in region splitting and merging based image segmentation.
Current region dominates the growth process -- ambiguities around edges of adjacent regions may
not be resolved correctly.
Different choices of seeds may give different segmentation results.
Problems can occur if the (arbitrarily chosen) seed point lies on an edge
11. Differentiate between local and global thresholding technique for image segmentation
In the global thresholding technique, a grayscale image is converted into a binary image based on
image intensity value. All pixels having values greater than the global threshold values are marked
as 1 and the remaining pixels are marked as 0.
 In the local thresholding method, the thresholding operation depends on local image characteristics.
Local thresholding is superior to the global threshold method in the case of poorly illuminated
images.
12. Specify the steps involved in region splitting and merging.
Split into 4 disjoint quadrants any region Ri for which P(Ri)=FALSE.
Merge any adjacent regions Rj and Rk for which P(RjURk)=TRUE.
Stop when no further merging or splitting is positive.
13. Summarize the steps in edge linking problem based on Hough transform.
1. Obtain a binary edge image using any of the edge detection methods.
2. Specify subdivisions in the ρθ-plane
3. Examine the counts of the accumulator cells for high pixel concentrations.
4. Examine the relationship (principally for continuity) between pixels in a chosen cell.
14. Justify the need of morphological operations in image segmentation.
Need of morphological operations for producing more stable segmentation results, including
connected
segmentation boundaries
15. Outline about thresholding and mention its types.
Partitioning images directly into regions based on intensity values and/or properties of these values
Types
Basic Global Thresholding
Optimum Global Thresholding Using Otsu’s Method
Using Image Smoothing to Improve Global Thresholding
Using Edges to Improve Global Thresholding
Multiple Thresholds
Variable Thresholding
16. Identify how to detect discontinuity in an image using segmentation.
Point, Line, and Edge Detection
17. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of using more than one seed in a region growing
technique.
By using more than one seed, we expect a better segmentation of an image, since more seeds lead to
more homogeneous regions. On the other hand, the probability of splitting a homogeneous region in
two or more segments increases
18. Outline the two types of region based segmentation.
Region growing segmentation
Region splitting and merging

19. Examine the condition to be satisfied by the partitions in region-based segmentation.

Split into 4 disjoint quadrants any region Ri for which P(Ri)=FALSE.
Merge any adjacent regions Rj and Rk for which P(RjURk)=TRUE.
Stop when no further merging or splitting is positive.

20. Mention the properties of the second derivative around an edge.

The sign of the second derivative can be used to determine whether an edge pixel lies on the dark or
light side of an edge.
It produces two values for every edge in an image.
An imaginary straight line joining the extreme positive and negative values of the second
derivative would cross zero near the midpoint of the edge.
21. Explain about gradient operator.
First order derivatives of a digital image are based on various approximation of the 2-D gradient.
The gradient of an image f(x,y) at location(x,y) is defined as the vector
Magnitude of the vector is f=mag( f )=[Gx2+ Gy2]1/2
φ(x,y)=tan-1(Gy/Gx) φ (x,y) is the direction angle of vector f

22. Outline the three points used in the concept of watersheds in segmentation.
(a) points belonging to a regional minimum;
(b) points at which a drop of water, if placed at the location of any of those points, would fall with
certainty to a single minimum;and
(c) points at which water would be equally likely to fall to more than one such minimum.
23. What do you infer about catchment basins and divide lines in morphological watersheds?
If a drop of water were to fall on any point of the altitude surface, it would move to a lower altitude
until it reached a local altitude minimum. The accumulation of water in the vicinity of a local minimum
is called a catchment basin.
Points at which water would be equally likely to fall to more than one such minimum form crest
lines on the topographic surface and are termed divide lines or watershed lines

24. Analyze the necessary features of dam construction in watershed algorithm with necessary details.
A hole is punched in each regional minimum and that the entire topography is flooded from below
by letting water rise through the holes at a uniform rate. When the rising water in distinct catchment
basins is about to merge, a dam is built to prevent the merging. The flooding will eventually reach a
stage when only the tops of the dams are visible above the water line. These dam boundaries
correspond to the divide lines of the watersheds.