CHAPTER ONE: UNDERSTANDING ART 3.

Grief and Healing

- art plays an important role in making grieving dignified.
 Humanity
- some use art as tool to express pain and process it in
- human beings and our treatment to other human beings.
therapy.
 Humanus - human, cultured, refined
 Humus - ground 4. Remembering and Mark-Making
- without the tangible characteristic of art, we will not be
 Art
able to sustain our nationalistic values well enough.
- came from Latin word artis (human creative skills).
- monument of Rizal in Luneta Park is one example of a
- made from one’s skill, feelings and emotions.
type of art that helps us remember.
- activity that provide beauty and pleasure.
- like love, art is not easy to define. 5. Raising Awareness
 Artisans - many socially-concerned artists have emerged in the age
- people that produce products using their hands. of modernism portraying politicians and the
governments system in their most hateful actions.
 Beauty
- one of the innate qualities that “pretty art” can give is it  Editorial Cartooning
makes our dull, lifeless wall come to life. - most common form of art used to raise awareness.
- contrast of having something “alive” and dynamic to
6. Culture Togetherness
look at on something ordinary and common.
- art are often localized to bring identity to certain regions.
- common denominator when talking about appreciating
- Filipinos are very regionalized.
forms of art.
 Relative Beauty
“Art has the power to transform, to illuminate, to
- consideration of beauty is subjective.
educate, to inspire, and to motivate.”
- depends on the person looking at the thing.
“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”
 Absolute Beauty
- beauty is objective regardless of the people looking at it.
- considers the view that a thing is beautiful by virtue of
itself.
“Beauty is in the thing itself."

 Art as an Expression of Feelings

1. Happiness and Hope
- art gives a sense of joy and hope to its audience.
- art mirrors the soul of those willing to confront it.
- artworks tend to echo the hopes and anxieties of an age.
 The bliss of looking at a piece of imagery evoking a
happy memory.
 Paintings are placed in a daunting environment such as
hospitals.
 Identifying oneself with the properties of an artwork.
 Experience and process of creating art itself.

2. Identify and Understanding the Self

- art, a powerful tool, help us communicate and relay
confusion.
- art as therapy to aid in processing some sensitive
experiences.
CHAPTER TWO: HOW DO I STUDY ART? 2. Lines
- considered as the oldest, simplest, universal element.
 Elements of Arts
- one or two dimensional art that indicates direction,
- like atoms that serve as building blocks for creating
orientation, movement and energy.
something.
 Direction of Lines
1. Colors
- gives meaning, value, intensity, saturation to an object.  Vertical Lines (|)
- has series of wave lengths which strikes our retina. - basic framework of all forms, power and delimitation,
- according to some theories, things are actually colorless, strength, stability, simplicity and efficiency.
they just absorb colors and those colors that they can’t - often communicate a sense of height because they are
absorb is what we see with our naked eye. perpendicular to earth, extending upwards toward sky.
 Horizontal Lines (—)
 Color Theory
- creates an impression of serenity and perfect stability.
- an essential part of any artist’s toolkit.
- rest, calmness, peace and reposed.
- used by anyone working in visual culture.
- came from the word horizon.
- understanding basic primary colors and how they blend.
- mix, match, blend wide range of colors to please the eye.  Diagonal Lines (/)
- convey a feeling of movement.
 Isaac Newton
- objects in a diagonal position are unstable.
- light was made of different colors (Opticks, 1704).
- neither vertical nor horizontal, either about to fall or in
- said that light is not colorless, it’s a combination of colors.
motion.
- organized a color wheel based on the color combinations
he saw when refracting light thru a prism (piece of glass).  Jog Lines
- shows violence, zigzag, confusion and conflict.
COLORS MEANING
Black Death, Despair, Gloom, Sorrow  Curve Lines (~)
White Purity, Clarity, Simplicity, Virginity, Peace - shows a gradual change of direction and fluidity.
Red Brave, Energy, Passion, War, Warm - soft, shallow curves recall the curves of the human body.
Pink Love - signifies subtle form, curve of a line can convey energy.
Orange Sweetness, Cheerfulness - have pleasing, sensual quality and softening effect on
Yellow Joyful, Life, Vibrant, Sunshine, Happiness
composition.
Green Nature, Freshness, Prosperity, Hope, Money
Blue Infinity, Freedom, Calmness 3. Medium
Violet Royalty, Dull - method that denotes means of artists to express his idea.
Brown Humility
- materials used to express feelings through art.
 Properties of Colors  Painting • Photography
 Drawing • Film, Play, Theatre, Theater
 Value
 Poetry • Music
- lightness, brightness, darkness of color.
 Sculpture • Dance
 Saturation  Textile
- degree of quality, purity, strength like scarlet and indigo.
4. Rhythm
 Classifications of Colors - pattern, arrangement of lines, color, synchronization or
 Primary Colors connection of path that suggest gracefulness.
- pure colors that cannot be formed from mixtures.
5. Style
 Secondary Colors - typical expressing and training of artist and outlook in life.
- colors form out of combination of two primary colors.
6. Structure
 Intermediate Colors
- surface & quality of object, real or made to appeared real.
- colors form out of mixing one primary and one secondary.
- gives variety and beauty on art.
 Tertiary Colors
- form out of combination of two secondary colors. 7. Shape
- russet, citron, olive. - enclosed space defined by other elements of art.
- may take on the appearance of 2D or 3D objects.
CHAPTER THREE: DIFFERENT STYLES IN MAKING ART 5. Baroque
- similar to so called candid shots.
 Style
- various subjects presented in highly realistic way.
- mood or temper of the artwork.
- application of deep chiaroscuro which means the contrast
- way or manner of creating something.
between light and darkness.
- determined by history (time and place), by the
- dominance of curve lines to suggest motion.
personality of artists as well as by the theory of art.
 Rembrant van Rijn
 Styles of Classical Art  Giorgione Castelfranco
1. Classicism  Peter Paul Reubens
- has no color and main medium is sculpture.  Jan Vermeer
- first style of art used by the Greek and Roman empire. 6. Neoclassicism
- style found in the ancient Greek and Roman sculptures. - technique used deep chiaroscuro.
- idealist imitation of beauty and perfection of the human - revival of renaissance and classical style .
body. - academic art, salon strict adherence to rules of painting.
 Praxiteles, Polycritus, and Myron - highly realistic representation to ancient western society.
 Architecture  Jacques Louis David
- 3 Greek Orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian  Jean Auguste Ingres
- 2 Roman Orders: Tuscan, Composite  Juan Luna
 Guillermo Tolentino
2. Medieval Art
- church is the patron of art.  Styles of Modern Art
- main medium is stained glass painting. 1. Impressionism
- has religious subjects and applies flat projection. - beginning of modern art.
- forms are mosaic, illuminated manuscripts, calligraphy. - subjects taken from everyday or ordinary life.
- started using color, flat surface, canvas, walls for artwork. - surface filled with bursting light of the sun and clouds.
- noted paintings are the frescoes (quick dry surface). - pale colors, blur outlines, indicates movement and
 Giotto di Bondone (Lamentation) passage of time.
 Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul Turkey  Claude Monet
 Mother and Child  Paul Cezanne
 Auguste
3. Renaissance Art
 Renoir
- patrons of art: church and wealthy families.
- combination of classicism and medieval art. 2. Expressionism
- discovery and application of perspective. - art is an expression of the artist’s emotion.
- revival of ancient Greek and Roman Art. - unnatural representation, symbolic use of color.
- application of chiaroscuro and sfumato. - dominance of curve lines for emotional effect.
- religious and secular subjects in a triangular composition. - heavy impasto paints (pour color then stroke).
 Early Renaissance: Boticelli  The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh
- Flemish School of Painting: Van Eyck  The Scream by Edvard Munch

 High Renaissance 3. Fauvism

- Florentine School of Painting: - name is from the french fauve means beast.
- uses unnatural colors for exciting visual effect.
 John the Baptist by Donatello (1483-1520)
- subjects taken from everyday, ordinary objects.
 The School of Athens by Raphael (1386-1466)
 Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)  Henry Matisse
 Pieta by Michaelangelo (1475-1564) 4. Pointilism (Divisionism)
- based on the principle of visual mixing.
4. Mannerism
- uses points or dots as main visual element.
- alternative style to renaissance art.
- structurally formal and visually representational.
- stylized with elongated figures, usually religious subjects.
- subjects taken from everyday, ordinary experiences.
 El Greco or Dominikos Theotokopolus
 George Seurat
5. Art Nouveou 11. Ready-Made Art
- poster-like paintings for advertisement. - based on the Institutional Theory, anything may be art.
- subjects are women in sensual postures. - ordinary objects are put in the context of art by the
- linear composition and flat projection. artist’s authority and power play.
 Alphonse Ma. Mucha  Moment you chose item to be your subject in artwork.
 By removing its usefulness or its purpose.
6. Surrealism
 By giving it another name.
- revelation of artist’s subconscious mind (Psychoanalysis).
- emphasizes passion and imagination, weird, fantastic and  Fountain and The Bicycle Wheel by Marcel Duchamp
dreamlike presented in highly realistic way.  Judy Sibayan
- reaction to rationalism and romanticism. 12. Abstract Expressionism
- surreal or surpassing the reality. - based on Action Theory of Painting.
 The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali - purely non-objective sense of freedom in act of painting.
 The Broken Column by Frida Kahlo  Jackson Pollock
 Giorgio de Chirico  William de Kooning
 Rene Magritte  Jose Joya
 Marc Chagall
13. Color Field Painting
7. Cubism - branch of Action Painting Mass of colors on flat surface.
- one of the most influential style of art during 20th century. - similar to Abstract Expressionism but much organized.
- it opened the way or door for abstract painting.  Mark Rothko
- has flat projection and uses geometrical shapes.  Gus Albor
- subjects are in multiview to suggest motion.
14. Pop Art (Popular Art)
 Pablo Picasso - art taken from images in popular culture like commercial
 Fernand Leger labels and mass products, comics and cartoons.
 George Braque  Roy Liechtenstein
 Vicente Manansala  Andy Warhol
 Mauro Malang Santos, Ang Kiokuk
15. Op Art (Optical Art)
8. Concretism (De Stijl or Plastic Art) - creates optical illusion.
- most simple abstract painting. - illusion itself becomes the reality in art.
- a purely non-objective painting. - main purpose is to give exercise to human brain.
- represents subjectivity not objects.  Bridget Riley
- uses rectilinear shapes and primary colors.  Victor Vasarely
- paintings meaning depends on the eye of the audience.
 Theodore van Doesburg  Styles of Post-Modern Art

9. Suprematism 1. Installation Art

- a purely non-objective painting. - exhibition space is transformed into work of art.
- represents pure subjectivity not objects. - use of limitless range of materials arranged in place.
- reduction into most basic shapes and solid colors.  Tracy Emin
- painting becomes true to itself, seen as what it is — a  Damien Hirst
painting.  Medio Cruz

 Suprematist paintings by Kasimir Malevich 2. Environmental Art or Earthwork

- uses natural environment as its medium.
10. Dadaism
- based on Institutional Theory of Art.
- came from dada, a baby-talk word.
 Robert Smithson
- it creates art by “destroying” art.
 Christo Javacheff
- an “anti-art” movement, purpose is to “shock”.
- seeks to “destroy” established traditions and past  Some Greater Possibilities to Art (Present Period)
histories to bring about new social order.  Computer Art, Graphic Art, MMDA Art, Graffiti Art,
 Marcel Duchamp Vomit Panting, Breast Painting, Penis Painting
CHAPTER FOUR: HOW PHILIPPINES IS PHILIPPINE ART? 3. Benedicto “Bencab” Cabrera (April 10, 1942 - Present)
- explores how Filipinos are art lovers, how we love - Benedicto R. Cabrera signs his paintings Bencab, upheld
grandiose and colorful things. The native pigments and the primacy of drawing over the decorative color.
colors, even on clothes. The diversity is indeed reflected - started his career in mid sixties as a lyrical expressionist.
in our art forms and it makes Filipinos united and unique. - his solitary figures of scavengers emerging from a dark
landscape were piercing stabs at the social conscience of
 Filipino Artist a people long inured to poverty and failure.
- important forces (organization of people that have their - his subjects are those people who suffer in the society.
objective) in the formation of our national identity. - born in Malabon, christened emblematic scavenger
- images and culture of making artwork has power in itself. figure Sabel.
- notable artists captured Filipino sensibilities:
 Sabel (2009)
 Filipino Teaching Forces - representation or melancholic symbol of dislocation,
 Filipino Medical Forces despair, and isolation – personification of human dignity
 Filipino Armed Forces threatened by life’s fluctuations, and the vast inequities
 Filipino Visual Artists of Philippine society.
 Tres Marias (2003)
1. Fernando Amorsolo (May 30, 1892 - April 24, 1972)
 Boy Afraid of Tremors (1992)
- developed the use of light.
- backlight is his greatest contribution to Ph painting. 4. Anita Magsaysay - Ho (May 25, 1914 - May 5, 2012)
- his painting contains a glow against which figures are - filipino painter known for her Social Realist and post-
outlined, and at one point of the canvas there is generally Cubist portrayals of Filipino life and culture.
a burst of light that highlights the smallest detail. - received critical acclaim and recognition for work before
- most of his subjects are farmers. her death, first prize at Philippine Art Association in 1952.
 Under the Mango Tree - her work can be found among the collections of
 The Palay Maiden institutions like the Metropolitan Museum of Manila, the
 The Philippines Ateneo Art Gallery in Manila.
- her subjects are groups of women engaged in labor.
2. Juan Luna (October 23, 1857 - December 7, 1899)  Fruit Vendors (1960)
- counterpart of Fernando Amorsolo.  Catching Chickens (1998)
- one of the most famous and celebrated Filipino artist in  Fish Harvest at Dawn (1979)
the history of Philippines.
- iconic and remarkable masterpieces known for his 5. Ang Kiukok (March 1, 1931 - May 9, 2005)
dynamic, unique style, dramatic and captivating canvases. - kiukok which means save the country.
- his work is remembered as one of the principal examples - intended to be named huasing (Chinese-born).
of Romanticism and Realism schools of art. - similar to Luna in terms of revolutionary and dramatic.
- revolutionary and influential political activist who was a - filipino painter known for expressive, Cubist-like works.
participant in Philippine Revolution in late 19th century. - often chose dynamic or disturbing subject matter,
- his subjects are those people who were mistreated. frequently depicting rabid dogs, crucifixions, and
screaming figures in an abstracted geometric style.
 Spoliarium (1884)
- when asked why he chose subjects full of such angry he
- he won a gold medal for this painting.
replied: "Why not? Open your eyes. Look around you. So
- presented it as an entry in Art Exposition in Madrid, Spain.
much anger, sorrow, ugliness. And also, madness.”
- very influential and used as a reference in historical films.
- some of his most gruesome paintings were made during
- largest painting in the Philippines, has 4.22m by 7.68m.
rule of Ferdinand Marcos, who held Philippines under
 The Death of Cleopatra (1881) martial law in 1970s.
- he presented it in an art exhibit. - his subjects are violent in nature indicating government
- he won a silver medal for this painting. officials in times of Martial Law.
 Blood Compact (1886)  Fishermen (1981)
 Seated Man (1978)
 Untitled Dogs (2000)
6. Carlos “Botong” Francisco (Nov. 4, 1912 - Mar. 31, 1969) 9. Hernando Ocampo (April 28, 1911 - December 28, 1978)
- the poet of Angono, single-handedly revived forgotten - a Filipino artist best known for his abstract paintings.
art of mural, remained most distinguished practitioner - ff. in Modernist traditions, Hernando Ruiz Ocampo used
for nearly three decades. bold color palettes and biomorphic shapes inspired by his
- in panels such as those that grace the City Hall of Manila, country’s landscape and by science fiction writing.
he turned fragments of historic past into vivid records of - his subjects are depictions of workers to abstract forms.
the legendary courage of the ancestors of his race.  Mga Kiti (1978)
- his unerring eye for composition, lush tropical sense of  A Song of Aleli (1974)
color and an abiding faith in folk values typified by the  Petals in the Sun (1975)
townspeople of Angono became the hallmark of his art. - sold for ₱ 5.2 million.
- his subjects are religious subjects and everyday life of
people like fishermen and people who lived in villages. 10. Napoleon Abueva (Jan. 26, 1930 - Feb. 16, 2018)
- his long, fruitful career as sculptor lent him official title of
 First Mass in the Philippines National Artist of the Philippines, unofficial recognition of
- also known as First Mass in Limasawa being the father of contemporary Filipino sculpture.
- gift for someone during 400 year of Christianity in the Ph. - his influence on art has been immense, skill as sculptor
 The Cockfight (1948) spans material as varied as wood, bronze, coral, stone.
 Magpupukot (Pulling the Net) (1957) - we explore the life and work of the Philippines’ most
talented and recognized modern sculptor.
7. Jose Joya (June 3, 1931 - May 11, 1995) - his subjects are things he perceived in his everyday life.
- filipino painter best known for his Abstract Expressionist  Kalabaw (1971)
works utilized variety of techniques, including controlled - sold for ₱ 468, 000.
drips, impasto strokes, and transparent layering.
 Rice Planters (1993)
- in creating an artwork, the artist is concretizing his need
- sold for ₱ 91, 000.
for communication, the artist has said of his practice.
- has irresistible urge to reach level of spiritual satisfaction  Mother and Child (1977)
and project what he is and what he thinks thru his work. - sold for ₱ 584, 000.
- his work, often inspired by the tropical wildlife of his
 Most Expensive Philippine Artworks
home country, was painted with bold, vibrant colors.
1. Space Transfiguration (Jose Joya)
- his subjects are spiritual and religious subjects.
- sold for ₱ 112, 128, 000.
 Paper Moon (1983) 2. Fishermen (Ang Kiukok)
 Morning Flight (1982) - sold for ₱ 65, 408, 000.
 Space Transfiguration (1959)
3. Fish Harvest at Dawn (Anita Magsaysay - Ho)
- sold for ₱ 52, 560, 000.
8. Vicente Manansala (January 22, 1910 - August 22, 1981)
- a filipino artist known for his Cubist paintings and prints. 4. Women Amidst Bananas (Anita Magsaysay - Ho)
- through his depictions of contemporary Filipino life, - sold for ₱ 46, 720, 000.
Vicente Silva Manansala addressed issues of intimacy, 5. Sabel (Benedicto Cabrera)
poverty, and culture. - sold for ₱ 46, 720, 000.
- his melding of social commentary with painting had
6. There Goes the Ship (Juan Luna)
profound influence on younger Filipino artists of his
- sold for ₱ 46, 720, 000.
generation like Angelito Antonio and Manuel Baldemor.
- he is a kapampangan lived in Macabebe. 7. Under the Mango Tree (Fernando Amorsolo)
- his subjects are people in a market. - sold for ₱ 46, 720, 000.
8. La Inocencia (Felix Resureccion Hidalgo)
 Tiangge (Market Scene) (1980)
- sold for ₱ 40, 880, 000.
 The Candle-Sellers (1962)
 Fish Vendors (1971) 9. Lavanderas (Anita Magsaysay - Ho)
- sold for ₱ 39, 712, 000.
10. Sabel in Motion (Benedicto Cabrera)
- sold for ₱ 37, 376, 000.