Experiment -10.1 Demonstration Of Indirect Heating Or Cooling By Transfer Of Heat From One FluidStream To Another When Separated By A Solid Wall (Fluid To Fluid Heat Transfer). Aim of This Experiment ‘This experiment aimed to observe effect of heat transfer form one fluid stream to another one when fluids seperated by a solid wall. Procedure The following procedure demonstrates heat transfer from one fluid stream to another whenseparated by a solid wall NOTE that the observations from experiment No 2 may be used for the calculations in thisprocedure in order to save experimental time Install the Concentric tube Heat Exchanger H102A as detsiled before and connect the cold water circuit to give Counter-Curreat flow. Tur on the ‘MAIN SWITCH’ and ‘HEATER SWITCH" Set the hot water temperature controller to 60°C. Set the cold water flow rate Veold to 15g/sec Set the hot water flow rate V hot to S0g/sec. ‘Monitor the stream temperatures and the hot and cold flow rates to ensure these too remain close tothe original setting. Then record the following: T1, 72, T3, T4, T5, 16, Veold and Vhot ‘Then adjust the ‘COOLING WATER FLOW CONTROL" so that Veold is approximately 30p/sec. ‘Maintain the Hot water flow rate at approximately 50g/sec. Allow the conditions to stabilise and repeat the above observations. ‘The procedure may be repeated with different hot and cold flow rates and different hot water inlettemperature if required. Sample Test Results Same ; Sem qn fs le [ef | [ue [te = ee Pe eee 3 [sea [338 fists 1305Experiment -10.2 To perform an energy balance across a concentric tube heat exchanger and calculate theoverall efficiency at different fluid flow rates Aim of This Experiment This experiment aimed to calculate overall heat transfer efficiency in concentric tube heat exchanger at different fluid flow rates. Procedure ‘The following procedure demonstrates heat transfer from one fluid stream to another ‘whenseparated by a solid wall. NOTE that the observations from experiment No 2 may be used for the calculations in thisprocedure in order to save experimental time Install the Concentric tube Heat Exchanger HIO2A as detailed in INSTALLATION / HeatExchanger Installation H102A and connect the cold water circuit to give Counter-Curent flow. “Tum on the ‘MAIN SWITCH’ and ‘HEATER SWITCH? Set the hot water temperature controller to 60°C. Set the cold water flow rate Vcold to 15s/se2 Set the hot water low rate V hot to 50p/sec. Monitor the stream temperatures and the hot and cold flow rates to ensure these too remain close tothe original setting. Then record the following: Tl, T2, 13, T4, TS, 76, Veold and Vhot Then adjust the ‘COOLING WATER FLOW CONTROL? so that Vcold is approximately 30g/sec. Maintain the Hot water flow rate at approximately SOp/sec, Allow the conditions to stabilise and repeat the above observations. ‘Tho procedure may be repeated with different hot and cold flow rates and different hot water inlettemperature if required. Sample Test Results Sark 7 geen |e fe [er [me [ve = a a a 366—[550—_ asa Pas 0 aExperiment -10.3, To demonstrate the differences between counter-current flow (flows in opposing directions)and co-current flows (ows in the same direction) and the effect on heat transferred,temperature efficiencies and temperature profiles through a concentric tube heat exchanger Aim of Th iment, This experiment aimed to demonstrate differences between counter current and co-current flows through a concenttic tube heat exchanger. Procedure ‘The following procedure demonstrates heat transfer from one fluid stream to another whenseparated by a solid wall Install the Concentric tube Heat Exchanger H102A. as detailed in INSTALLATION / ‘HeatExchanger Installation H102A and connect the cold water circuit to give Counter-Current flow. ‘Tum on the ‘MAIN SWITCH? and ‘HEATER SWITCH” Set the hot water temperature controller to 60°C. Set the cold water flow rate Vcold to 1 7e/sec Set the hot water flow rate V hot to 35g/sec. Monitor the stream temperatures and the hot and cold flow rates to ensure these too remain close tothe original setting. Then record the following:T!, T2, T3, T4, T5, 76, Vhot and Veold ‘This completes the basic Counter-Current flow experiment observations. Next connect the cold water circuit to give Co-Current flow.Note that there is no need 10 disconnect the hot water circuitor to tum off the hot water pump during this operation. Set the hot water temperature controller to 60°C. Set the cold water flow rate Veold to 17g/sec Set the hot water flow rate V hot 10 35g/3ec. Monitor the stream temperatures and the hot and cold flow rates to ensure these remain close to theoriginal setting. Then record the following:T1, T2, T3, T4, 75, 76, Vhot and Voold ‘Sample Test Results Saye [FT er =eTheory of Experiments Co-current and Counter current flow ‘Thermocouples sense the stream temperatures at the four fixed stations: - TI — Hot Water INLET to Heat Exchanger ‘T2- Hot Water RETURN from Heat Exchanger T3—Cooling Water INLET to Heat Exchanger ‘T4—Cooling Water RETURN from Heat Exchanger In addition, two plug-in stations: - ‘TS — Hot Mid-po: ‘T6—Cold Mid-position (for Concentric Tube) jon (for Concentric Tube) Al) thermocouples are duplex sensors, the spare sensor is utilised when HC102A Data Acquisition upgrade is fitted. Ny acuA.useful measure of the heat exchanger performance is the temperature efficiency. ‘The temperature change in each stream (hot and cold) is compared with the maximum temperature difference between the two streams. This could only occur in a perfect beat exchanger of infinite size with no external losses or gains. fb aca ‘The temperature efficiency of the hot stream from the above diagram ‘The temperature efficiency of the hot stream from the above diagram 11.13, se 100% ‘The mean temperature efficiency gen z As the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids vary along the length of the heat exchanger, itis necessary to derive a suitable mean temperature difference that may be used in heat transfer calculations. These calculations are not only of relevance in experimental procedures but also of more importance in the design of heat exchangers to perform a particular duty. ‘The derivation and application of the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) may be found in most thermodynamics and heat transfer textbooks.Hence from the above diagrams of temperature distribution for Counter current flow arp = SE8-02-7) ) ‘Note that as the temperature measurement points are not fixed on the heat exchanger the LMTD is not the same formula for both Counter-current flow and Co-current flow. In order to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient the following parameters must be used with consistent units: ALD Where a Hi wear faa exange (2) oe ex eta’ fom at seam Qa) Tp Lopate mean tapered (9 ‘osha si me ey be lester Ad Aural, Wier & Ber tmabrrbe cide Sameer(a) a HovemeGrabe fade Samwe () ra Bottnne abe mem dieet c Stttmfirtbe etiee nem) ‘The temperature change in each stream (hot and cold) is compared with the maximum temperature difference between the two streams. This could only occur in a perfect heat exchanger of infinite size with no external losses or gains.u aca ee fi nz on tae ‘The temperature efficiency of the hot stream from the above diagram ‘The mean temperature efficiency As the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids vary along the length of the beat ‘exchanger itis necessary to derive a suitable mean temperature difference that may be used in heat transfer calculations. These calculations are not only of relevance in experimental procedures but also more importantly to be used in the design of heat exchangers to perform a particular duty. The derivation and application of the Logarithmic Mean temperature Difference (LMTD) may be found in most thermodynamics and heat transfer textbooks m Pn n rr fi = a “ara oi on 1 = ‘Tats ‘Counter caren Dow Caceres Bor ‘The LMTD is defined asyp = Slisas aT “(z) Hence from the above diagrams of temperature distribution up - & ze ‘Note that as the temperature measurement points are fixed on the heat exchanger the LMTD is ‘the same formula for both Counter-current flow and Co-current flow. In order to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient the following parameters must be used with consistent units: esto) Where A Fieat anster area of heat exchanger (m?) Qe Heat emitted from hot stream (Watts) LMTD Logarithmic mean temperature difference (K) ‘The heat transfer area may be calculated from:- ath Where do Heat transfer tube outside diameter (m) i Heat transfer tube inside diameter (m) dm Heat transfer tube mean diameter (m) L Heat transfer tube effective length (an) Co-Current Flow For the co-current flow system the calculation procedure is similar but the formulae are as followsn ial ™ Cold i, om [L_____, = 1 Yo ‘The power emitted from the hot stream Qe Qe= Viepes Cp (F172) Wats ‘The temperature efficiency of the hot stream from the above diagram ‘The temperature efficiency of the cold stream from the above diagram 1473, 100% ‘The mean temperature efficiency uo BEIM n ‘Tio —— ™ a ‘The logarithmic mean temperature difference LMTD (Co-current flow)‘The Overall heat transfer coefficient U ve—& “RMD In order to visualise the effect of temperature difference on the overall heat transfer coefficient the caleulated data may be plotted against logarithmic mean temperature difference. For the Hot stream: Gem Viapus Cp (TITS) Wats For the Cold stream: a= Vous Cas (1473) WateAppendix ~ I Symbolas and Units ep erepe sg Symbols ana Units caltsweim fom ee Heda ilevepeane Het Oaid ote expert (ete it nt nar ele ti ones epee eld pit enperne cele itn poot perce Decne labor i pena Deer borden cr cl fd aperse steamer oft he Ms dee Masten Day ofseean a sy Hats ald eat ow cates aust neounaas Lape mem wespenime tte ese ae ‘Ova ate cums ‘Tema tesoey ‘Tempeneeeticimey hese ‘Tearpence etic cld ea estenpente ate Hore ecard avin yore eae rs Dat ecg emus tepene iieae sis best ecgAppendix ~ I Some Useful Data ‘Thermocouple Stations \Go-cereat snd Conntercorent fa ‘Thamacorls seas th rae emperors ath four fa sos:- ‘THe Waar INLET wo Hao Bache nation feo uets sins - ‘T5~ Hot posta (ar Coocnic Tbs) ‘16 Celd Mitposos (ar Cones Tae) |All emocoples ee ples seman the pee ses is wid whan HCIODA Daa Acqucon pone aedTose a te era bas daa amy um sit as sais 4189 41m 189 apy ins cin asi ans sans Sine: fees esbasear ages Oe Sere sor e-aaa'e pana #24 at ay em 7 ae ses om sss wom eaueeus da aot ‘om ty mo we oben dene he Dest of Watering Lites? nr) ames com ae cuss one some asin ox Ems Pueoapt Shainmabaipseaee see Boao Sa pana po 468 OAL 1A SpeedvacdatSeatntungs gration ase oe 78 a8 see oon ons. orm ey am 8 ie 4p st 5 et tet ens