BACKGROUND GUIDE

DISARMAMENT & INTERNATIONAL

SECURITY COMMITTEE (DISEC)
 Vasavi MUN 2023

Background Guide

Agenda: Discussion on Disarmament and Non-

Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
 Letter from the Executive Board

Dear Delegates!

We are very pleased to welcome you to the simulation of the UNGA: DISEC at
Vasavi MUN 2023. It will be an honour to serve as your Executive Board for the
duration of the conference. This Background Guide is designed to give you an
insight into the case at hand. Please refer to it carefully. Remember, a thorough
understanding of the problem is the first step to solving it.

However, bear in mind that this Background Guide is in no way exhaustive and
is only meant to provide you with enough background information to establish a
platform for beginning the research. Delegates are highly recommended to do a
good amount of research beyond what is covered in the Guide. The guide cannot
be used as proof during the committee proceedings under any circumstances.

Finally, we would like to wish you luck in your preparation. In case you have any
questions, procedural or otherwise, please feel free to direct them to any member
of the Executive Board and we will get back to you as soon as possible. Please
do not hesitate to contact us with any queries or concerns. We expect all delegates
to be well-versed with the various nuances of the agenda, and geared up for an
intense debate, deliberations, and great fun.

Looking forward to meeting you at the conference!

Regards,

Eswar Chava Kumara Shivanand Abhigna Gujjula

Chairperson Vice-Chairperson Vice-Chairperson

UNGA - DISEC UNGA - DISEC UNGA – DISEC

Points to Remember
A few aspects that delegates should keep in mind while preparing:

1. Procedure: The purpose of putting in procedural rules in any committee is to ensure a

more organized and efficient debate. The committee will follow the UNA-USA Rules
of Procedure. Although the Executive Board shall be fairly strict with the Rules of
Procedure, the discussion of the agenda will be the main priority. So, delegates are
advised not to restrict their statements due to hesitation regarding procedure.

2. Foreign Policy: Following the foreign policy of one’s country is the most important
aspect of a Model UN Conference. This is what essentially differentiates a Model UN
from other debating formats. To violate one’s foreign policy without adequate reason
is one of the worst mistakes a delegate can make.

3. Role of the Executive Board: The Executive Board is appointed to facilitate debate.
The committee shall decide the direction and flow of debate. The delegates are the ones
who constitute the committee and hence must be uninhibited while presenting their
opinions/stance on any issue. However, the Executive Board may put forward questions
and/or ask for clarifications at all points of time to further debate and test participants.

4. Nature of Source/Evidence: This Background Guide is meant solely for research

purposes and must not be cited as evidence to substantiate statements made during the
conference. Evidence or proof for substantiating statements made during formal debate
is acceptable from the following sources:
a. United Nations: Documents and findings by the United Nations or any related
UN body is held as a credible proof to support a claim or argument. Multilateral
Organizations: Documents from international organizations like OIC, NAFTA,
SAARC, BRICS, EU, ASEAN, the International Criminal Court, etc. may also
be presented as credible sources of information.
b. Government Reports: These reports can be used in a similar way as the State
Operated News Agencies reports and can, in all circumstances, be denied by
another country.
c. News Sources:
1. Reuters: Any Reuters article that clearly makes mention of the fact or
is in contradiction of the fact being stated by a delegate in council.
2. State operated News Agencies: These reports can be used in the
support of or against the State that owns the News Agency. These
reports, if credible or substantial enough, can be used in support of or
against any country as such but in that situation, may be denied by any
other country in the council. Some examples are – RIA Novosti (Russian
Federation), Xinhua News Agency (People’s Republic of China), etc.
***Please Note: Reports from NGOs working with UNESCO, UNICEF and other UN
bodies will be accepted. Under no circumstances will sources like Wikipedia, or newspapers
like the Guardian, Times of India, etc. be accepted. However, notwithstanding the criteria
for acceptance of sources and evidence, delegates are still free to quote/cite from any source
as they deem fit as a part of their statements.

Overview of United Nations (UN), United Nations General

Assembly (UNGA), and Disarmament and International Security
Committee (DISEC)

The United Nations (UN) is a global intergovernmental organization that was founded in
1945. Currently comprising 193 member states and 2 observer states, its work is guided by
the principles enshrined in its founding document, the UN Charter, and the United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA), one of the six principal organs of the UN. The UNGA is the
primary policy-making organ of the UN and also approves the UN Budget and appoints the
Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security Council.

It provides a forum for discussion over a wide range of international issues and comprises six
committees: the Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee); the
Economic and Financial Committee (Second Committee); the Social, Humanitarian and
Cultural Committee (Third Committee); the Special Political and Decolonization Committee
(Fourth Committee); the Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee); and
the Legal Committee (Sixth Committee).

The Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) is the first committee of the
UNGA and discusses issues about disarmament and threats to peace that affect the
international community. Its mandate is outlined in Article 11 Chapter 4 of the United
Charter and actively seeks solutions to challenges in the international security regime.

It is the only main committee of the UNGA entitled to verbatim records and it works in close
cooperation with the United Nations Disarmament Commission and the Geneva-based
Conference on Disarmament. Resolutions passed by the DISEC are purely recommendatory
and are not legally binding on member states of the UN and discussion in the DISEC is
limited to its mandate. Delegates must remember this while discussing, debating, and framing
solutions for the agenda at hand.
Agenda: Discussion on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation of
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)

Introduction to the Agenda

What are Weapons of Mass Destruction?

The resolution of the Commission for Conventional Armaments of August 12th,

1948 defined Weapons of Mass Destruction as atomic explosive weapons,
radioactive material weapons, lethal chemical and biological weapons, and any
weapons developed in the future which have characteristics comparable in
destructive effect to those of the atomic bomb. This was further reiterated in
UNGA Resolution [A/RES/32/84\[B\]. This resolution was adopted in 1977 and
ever since military advancements in the world happened in leaps and bounds
and the scope of the definition increased. In a single moment, WMDs can
produce an enormously destructive effect capable of killing millions of
civilians, jeopardizing the natural environment, and fundamentally altering the
lives of future generations through their catastrophic effects. They can cause
death or serious injury to people through toxic or poisonous chemicals;
disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or kill humans,
animals, or plants and deliver nuclear explosive devices, chemical, biological or
toxin agents to use them for hostile purposes or in armed conflict. For each class
of WMDs, that is; nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological weapons,
several multilateral treaties exist to outlaw them. These weapons of mass
destruction are the vilest and most inhumane weapons of all and even though
they can’t be uninvented, their use can be prohibited and perhaps in the best of
cases, they can be eliminated.

Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) constitute a class of weaponry with the

capability to:

1. Produce in a single moment an enormously destructive effect capable to

kill millions of civilians, jeopardizing the natural environment, and
fundamentally altering the lives of future generations through their
catastrophic effects;
 2. Cause death or serious injury of people through toxic or poisonous
chemicals;
3. Disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or kill humans,
animals, or plants;
4. Deliver nuclear explosive devices, and chemical, biological, or toxin
agents to use them for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.

What is Non-Proliferation of WMDs?

Non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) refers to efforts made

by the international community to prevent the spread of nuclear, chemical, and
biological weapons to states or non-state actors who do not already possess
them. Non-proliferation aims to prevent the use of these weapons by any actor,
as they pose a significant threat to international security and stability.

Nuclear Weapons:

Nuclear weapons to date remain the most dangerous class of weapons available
to countries. One can destroy a whole city, potentially killing millions, and
jeopardizing the natural environment and lives of future generations through its
long-term catastrophic effects. Sometimes, even the usage of these weapons is
not necessary for the adverse effects to occur, their mere existence can be a
threat. Although there are only 2 recorded instances of nuclear weapons being
used in warfare, both by the same country, about 13,080 weapons remain in our
world today and there have been over 2000 nuclear tests conducted to date.
Disarmament seems like the best solution to this problem but the practical
implications of this solution have been hard to implement in today’s geopolitical
environment.

However, several multilateral treaties have since been established to prevent

nuclear proliferation and testing while promoting progress in nuclear
disarmament. These include the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons (NPT), the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The
Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under Water, also known as the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), which was signed in 1996
but has yet to enter into force, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons (TPNW).

Chemical Weapons:

A Chemical Weapon is a chemical used to cause intentional death or harm

through its toxic properties. Munitions, devices, and other equipment
specifically designed to weapon side toxic chemicals also fall under the
definition of chemical weapons. The full and legal definition of a Chemical
Weapon can be found in Article 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The
modern use of chemical weapons began in World War 1 when both the Central
and Allied powers began using poisonous gas to inflict agonizing suffering and
to cause significant battlefield casualties. These weapons are commercial
chemicals like chlorine and phosgene put into standard munitions such as
grenades and artillery shells. Nearly 100,000 deaths resulted in World War 1
due to Chemical Weapons and ever since Chemical Weapons have also caused
more than one million casualties globally.

Long-sought efforts to eliminate the usage of these chemical weapons globally

came to fruition with the conclusion in 1993 of the Chemical Weapons
Convention. The Convention aims to eliminate an entire category of weapons of
mass destruction by prohibiting the development, production, stockpiling,
transfer, and use of chemical weapons; to prevent their re-emergence; to ensure
the elimination of existing stocks of such weapons; and, in so doing, to make
the world safe from the threat of chemical warfare.

Biological Weapons:

Biological weapons disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or

kill humans, animals, or plants. They generally consist of two parts – a
weaponized agent and a delivery mechanism. In addition to strategic or tactical
military applications, biological weapons can be used for political
assassinations, the infection of livestock or agricultural produce to cause food
shortages and economic loss, the creation of environmental catastrophes, and
the introduction of widespread illness, fear, and mistrust among the public. In
addition to concerns that biological weapons could be developed or used by
States, recent technological advances could increase the likelihood of these
weapons being acquired or produced by non-state actors, including individuals
or terrorist organizations. The use of biological weapons has long been
established as contrary to the laws of humanity and the dictates of public
conscience and this international taboo against biological weapons grew out of
the horrors of the First World War.

In 1975, the world’s efforts to find a solution to this impending problem

culminated in the Biological Weapons Convention. The Biological Weapons
Convention (BWC) effectively prohibits the development, production,
acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use of biological and toxin weapons. It
was the first multilateral disarmament treaty that sought to ban an entire
category of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

Radiological Weapons:

Radiological weapons, commonly referred to as "dirty bombs," are objects that

incorporate radioactive material with conventional explosives. The radioactive
substance is dispersed over a large area when the bomb explodes, contaminating
the region and perhaps exposing humans to dangerous radiation levels. A
radiological weapon's effects are influenced by the kind and quantity of
radioactive material it uses, as well as the magnitude and location of the
explosion. In general, the immediate physical harm brought on by the explosion
itself is probably going to be less than what a typical explosive device would
bring about. However, radiation exposure can have negative long-term health
impacts, such as a higher risk of developing cancer and other diseases.

Radiological weapons are a source of concern for national security and public
health professionals because they could be utilized in a terrorist attack or other
malicious act. To stop the spread of nuclear materials and to increase readiness
and response in the event of a radiological incident, governments and
international organizations have taken action.
Catastrophic uses of each weapon

Chemical, nuclear, radiological, and biological weapons are considered

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) due to their potential for catastrophic
consequences. Here are some examples of catastrophic uses of these weapons:

Chemical weapons: These weapons use toxic chemicals, such as nerve

agents, blister agents, and choking agents, to kill or incapacitate people. One of
the most notorious uses of chemical weapons was during the Iran-Iraq War in
the 1980s when Saddam Hussein's forces used mustard gas and nerve agents
against Iranian soldiers and civilians. More recently, the Syrian government has
been accused of using chemical weapons against its citizens.

Nuclear weapons: These weapons use nuclear reactions to release a

tremendous amount of energy in the form of an explosion. The only time
nuclear weapons have been used in warfare was during World War II, when the
United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over
200,000 people. The use of nuclear weapons today would have even more
catastrophic consequences due to the increased destructive power and the
potential for nuclear fallout.

Radiological weapons: These weapons use radioactive material, such as a

dirty bomb, to contaminate an area and cause harm to people and the
environment. The consequences of a radiological attack could include cancer,
radiation sickness, and environmental contamination. There have been no
known uses of radiological weapons in warfare, but terrorist groups have
expressed interest in acquiring such weapons.

Biological weapons: These weapons use living organisms or their toxins to

cause disease and death in people, animals, or plants. A biological attack could
spread rapidly and cause widespread illness and death, as seen in the 2001
anthrax attacks in the United States. Biological weapons have been banned
under the Biological Weapons Convention, but some countries have been
accused of violating the treaty and continuing to develop and stockpile such
weapons.
In conclusion, the catastrophic consequences of chemical, nuclear, radiological,
and biological weapons make their use unacceptable under international law and
the norms of civilised society. The international community must work together
to prevent the proliferation of these weapons and hold accountable those who
violate international law by using them.

Means of delivery of WMDs

The means of delivery of a weapon of mass destruction play a major role in

deciding the extent to which a country can utilise this weapon. It essentially
gives us information as to how, when and against which country these WMD’s
can even be used. Today, two of the most popular delivery mechanisms used for
WMD’s are ballistic and cruise missiles. As nuclear weapons became smaller
and lighter over time, a wider variety of aircraft could also deliver them,
including fighters, missiles and even unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Other
deployment options arose with the development of nuclear landmines, depth
charges, artillery shells and air defence systems. Chemical weapons have been
delivered by bombs and artillery shells, but also simply by venting clouds of
toxic gases over a target area, as occurred in World War I. Both biological and
chemical agents can be delivered via aerosols into the air or directly into a water
supply. Over 30 countries possess ballistic missiles and over 20 countries have
cruise missiles. Missiles continue to be a focus of increased international
attention, discussion and activity. Their potential to carry and deliver weapons
of mass destruction (WMD) payload quickly and accurately makes missiles a
qualitatively significant political and military issue. In addition, the diversity of
international views on matters related to missiles poses a particular challenge
for efforts to address the issue in multilateral fora. Currently, there is no legally
binding multilateral instrument dealing with the issue of missiles.

Pursuant to General Assembly Resolutions, three Panels of Government Experts

devoted to the issue of missiles have been established within the United
Nations. The first Panel was established from July 2001 to July 2002, the
second Panel in 2004 and the third Panel completed its work in June 2008,
agreeing on its report by consensus. Presently, several other multilateral regimes
exist which seek to prevent the proliferation of missiles and related technology.
These include, notably, the Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC) and the Missile
Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

Nuclear Weapon Free Zones:

General Assembly resolution 3472 (XXX) B defines a Nuclear-Weapon-Free

zone as
… any zone recognized as such by the General Assembly of the United Nations,
which any group of states, in the free exercises of their sovereignty, has
established by virtue of a treaty or convention whereby:
(a) The statute of total absence of nuclear weapons to which the zone shall be
subject, including the procedure for the delimitation of the zone, is
defined;

(b) An international system of verification and control is established to

guarantee compliance with the obligations deriving from that statute.

A Nuclear Weapon Free Zone prohibits the development, manufacture,

stockpiling, acquisition, possession, control, assistance in research on the
development, manufacture, stockpiling or acquisition, or possession, of any
nuclear explosive device within the zone of application by any contracting
party. Peaceful applications and uses of nuclear energy, under appropriate IAEA
safeguards, are allowed. The UN Disarmament Commission in its report of
April 30, 1999, recommended a set of principles and guidelines for the
establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone. There are a number of treaties that
form the basis for all existing NWFZ’s and instances where the five nuclear
weapon states have signed and ratified NFWZ protocols while also reserving
their right to use Nuclear Weapons in times of emergency.

IMPORTANT WMD TREATIES

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

The NPT is a major international treaty whose aim is to prevent the spread of
nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the
peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to advance the goal of achieving nuclear
disarmament. The treaty came into action in 1970 and was extended indefinitely
on 11 May 1995. A total of 191 states have joined this treaty, including the five
nuclear-weapon states China, France, Russian Federation, the UK, and the US.
The countries not a part of this treaty include India, Israel, Pakistan, and North
Korea, which has announced its withdrawal. This treaty establishes a safeguards
system under the responsibility of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), which also plays a central role under the treaty in areas of technology
transfer for peaceful purposes. The NPT represents the only binding
commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-
weapon states.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production,

and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin
Weapons (BWC)
The Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BTWC) is the first multilateral
treaty that bans biological and toxin weapons by prohibiting their development,
production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use. It came into action in
1975 and was added to the Geneva Protocol, which only banned the use of
biological weapons. The BTWC has 185 States Parties. There is a review
conference every five years to review its implementation and take measures.

The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,

Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on
their Destruction (CWC)
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) goal is to take away a whole class
of weapons of mass destruction by prohibiting the development, production,
acquisition, stockpiling, retention, switch, or use of chemical weapons by States
Parties. It came into action in 1997. All CWC Parties have agreed to chemically
disarm by destroying any stockpiles of chemical weapons they possess and any
centres which produced them, in addition to any chemical weapons they
deserted at the territory of different States Parties in the past. The CWC is the
first disarmament agreement that requires the elimination of an entire category
of weapons. It is administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and consists of 178 States Parties.
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), is an

international body created in 1997 to carry out and uphold the Chemical
Weapons Convention (CWC). The CWC is a treaty that forbids the
development, acquisition, and use of chemical weapons as well as mandates
their destruction.
The OPCW is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, and has 193 member
states. Its main functions include:
1. Verifying compliance with the CWC;
2. Promoting the peaceful uses of chemistry;
3. Providing assistance and protection;
4. Facilitating international cooperation.

In countries like Syria, Libya, and Iraq as well as other parts of the world, the
OPCW was crucial in the elimination of chemical weapons stockpiles. Its
efforts are essential to preventing the use of chemical weapons and advancing a
world free of these lethal weapons.

Efforts by member states to prevent the proliferation of WMDs

One of the most prominent examples of disarmament efforts is the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which was first signed in 1968.
The NPT has been signed by 190 countries, making it one of the most widely
supported international agreements. Countries that possess nuclear weapons are
obligated to work toward disarmament under the NPT, and several have taken
specific actions to do so. For example, the United States and Russia have
engaged in talks to reduce their nuclear arsenals, although progress has been
limited. China has also been working to reduce its nuclear arsenal. The impact
of these actions is significant, as reducing the number of nuclear weapons in the
world reduces the risk of a catastrophic nuclear event.

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was signed in 1993 and has been
ratified by 193 countries. The convention prohibits the development,
production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. Countries that have
previously possessed chemical weapons are required to destroy them under the
CWC. Several countries, including the United States and Russia, have destroyed
their chemical weapons stockpiles. The impact of these actions is clear, as they
reduce the risk of chemical weapons being used in conflicts.

Similarly, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed in 1972 and
has been ratified by 183 countries. The BWC prohibits the development,
production, and stockpiling of biological weapons. Several countries have taken
specific actions to comply with the BWC, including destroying their biological
weapons stockpiles. The impact of these actions is critical, as they reduce the
risk of biological weapons being used in conflicts or in terrorist attacks.

In recent years, there have been several high-profile disarmament efforts, such
as the agreement with Iran in 2015 to limit its nuclear program. Similarly, in
2018, North Korea agreed to dismantle its nuclear weapons program in
exchange for sanctions relief and other incentives. While progress has been
slow, these agreements have had a significant impact on the international
community, as they reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation and conflict.

In conclusion, countries taking specific actions on disarmament of weapons of

mass destruction have had a significant impact on the international community.
While progress has been slow, these actions have reduced the risk of
catastrophic events and promote a safer world for all. It is essential that
countries continue to work together to address this critical global issue.

Impact of UNSCR 1540 on the non-proliferation regime

UNSCR 1540 stands for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540,
which was adopted by the Security Council on April 28, 2004. The resolution
aims to stop the transfer of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons to non-
state actors like terrorist organisations, as well as the proliferation of their
delivery systems.

UNSCR 1540 requires all UN member states to take certain measures to prevent
the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) to non-state actors.
These measures include:

● criminalising the spread of WMDs and the means of delivery for those
weapons;
 ● regulating and protecting resources, infrastructure, and technologies
associated with WMDs;
● improving border measures to stop the illegal trafficking of materials
connected to WMDs;
● working together with other nations and international organizations to
stop the spread of WMDs.

An essential tool in the worldwide campaign to stop the transfer of WMD to

non-state actors is UNSCR 1540. Numerous nations have put its provisions into
practice, and in light of contemporary threats, they remain applicable.

Violent Non-State Actors and their relation with Weapons of Mass

Destruction

Weapons of mass destruction pose a significant threat to international security,

and the possibility of these weapons falling into the hands of violent non-state
actors is a concern for the international community. Non-state actors such as
terrorist groups and criminal organizations may seek to acquire WMD to carry
out attacks that could cause mass casualties and significant destruction.

Terrorist groups, in particular, have shown interest in acquiring WMD. The use
of chemical weapons by the Aum Shinrikyo cult in Japan in 1995 and the use of
chlorine gas by ISIS in Syria are examples of non-state actors using chemical
weapons. The possibility of non-state actors acquiring nuclear weapons is also a
concern, as these weapons have the potential to cause catastrophic destruction.

The proliferation of WMD is a complex issue, and non-state actors have used a
variety of means to acquire these weapons. One way is through theft or illegal
transfer from state stockpiles or facilities. For example, the Taliban in
Afghanistan reportedly acquired radioactive materials from abandoned Soviet
nuclear sites in the country. Non-state actors may also attempt to develop their
own WMD capabilities through research and development or by acquiring
expertise and materials from state actors or other non-state actors.

The threat posed by non-state actors and WMD has led to increased
international efforts to prevent the proliferation of these weapons. The United
Nations Security Council has passed several resolutions that call on member
states to prevent the acquisition of WMD by non-state actors. Additionally,
international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) work to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

A CASE STUDY: The Syrian Civil War

The use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government on its citizens during
the Syrian civil war is referred to as the "chemical weapons attack" in Syria.
The attacks have drawn strong criticism from the world community and requests
for responsibility and restitution for the victims.

The most well-known chemical weapons attack in Syria took place in the
Damascus suburb of Ghouta in 2013, leaving hundreds of civilians dead. The
Syrian government was accused of carrying out the strike, but it denied doing
so. There have also been reports of other chemical weapons attacks, notably
ones in the towns of Khan Shaykhun in 2017 and Douma in 2018, both of which
resulted in the deaths of over 40 civilians.

The use of chemical weapons is considered a violation of international law and

is prohibited by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which Syria
ratified in 2013. The international community has taken steps to hold those
responsible for the attacks accountable, including the establishment of the
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the
investigation and prosecution of individuals responsible for chemical weapons
attacks in Syria.

Conclusion

The absence of military conflict and the circumstances required to sustain

friendly ties between nations are referred to as international peace and security.
It covers a wide range of topics, such as averting war, lowering military
tensions, disarmament, settling disputes, and defending human rights.

The main international body tasked with advancing world peace and security is
the United Nations (UN). The UN Charter gives the Security Council the
authority to take action, including using sanctions or military force, to preserve
or restore world peace and security. Multilateral disarmament and armament
control have been essential to the UN's efforts to uphold international peace and
security ever since the organisation's founding. The European Union, the
African Union, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe are
just a few examples of other international organisations and regional agreements
that are crucial to ensuring peace and security.

In conclusion, the threat of non-state actors acquiring WMD is a significant

concern for the international community. The use of these weapons by non-state
actors could have catastrophic consequences, and preventing their acquisition is
crucial for international security. The proliferation of WMD by non-state actors
is a complex issue that requires a coordinated international effort to address.

Global efforts have resulted in many multilateral agreements and instruments

aimed at regulating, limiting, or eliminating certain weapons. These include the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons,
the Biological and Chemical Weapons Convention, the Anti-Personnel Land
Mine Convention, the Convention on Cluster Munitions, the Convention on
Certain Conventional Weapons and the Arms Trade Treaty.

Questions a Resolution must Answer

1. What steps can member states take to further accelerate the disarmament
process?
2. How can NPT affect the status of the “Nuclear Weapon States vs Non-
Nuclear Weapon States” issue?
3. How to make countries like India, Pakistan, DPRK and Iran, sign and
adhere to the NPT?
4. What measures can be taken to further ensure that the BWC is adhered by
the member states?
5. Could the international community have done something different to
prevent the COVID-19 pandemic?
6. How to further strengthen the IAEA and OPCW’s ability to take actions?
7. How can member states enforce having better accountability towards the
protecting and non-proliferation of WMDs?
8. How to prevent the spread of these Weapons of Mass destruction into the
hands of VNSAs and other militant groups?