Adama Science and Technology

University

Lecture 04: 2D & 3D Graphs

• Line graphs
• Bar-type graphs
• Area graphs
• Mesh graphs
• Surf graphs
• Other graphs
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Plot Graph
plot(x,y) % plots vector x vs vector y
plot(x,y,Specifier,PropertyName,PropertyValue)
% plots x vs y with options
h= plot(…) % plots graph and returns its handle,
where … means that it can be one of the formats
used previously
Specifiers
plot displays a solid line by default, but we can
customize the line with character string making from
elements less than three (e.g., 'b:' blue dotted line)
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Line color
b blue g green r red c cyan
m magenta y yellow k black w white
Line style
- solid : dotted -. dashdot -- dashed
Marker
. point o circle x x-mark + plus
* star d diamond v triangle(down)
s square
plot(x,y,'c:+') % plots a cyan dotted line with a plus
at each data point
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Property
LineWidth- set the line width in points
MarkerSize- specify the size of the marker in points
plot(x,y,'LineWidth',2) % plot with line width of 2 points
For example, drawing two graphs of y1= exp(-t)sin(t)
and y2= exp(-0.5t)cos(t), t [0, 8] is as follows:
t= 0:0.02:8;
y1= exp(-t).*sin(t);
y2= exp(-0.5*t).*cos(t);
plot(t,y1,'k',t,y2,'r:','linewidth',2)
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Title & label
title('text') % adds text at the top
xlabel('text') % adds text beside the X-axis
ylabel('text') % adds text beside the Y-axis
gtext('text') % places text with mouse
grid on / off % adds(removes) grid lines
box on / off % adds(removes) a box
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
% For example
t= 0:0.02:8;
y1= exp(-t).*sin(t);
y2= exp(-0.5*t).*cos(t);
plot(t,y1,'k',t,y2,'r:','linewidth',2)
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y1 & y2') My graphs
title('My graphs') 1

gtext('y1') 0.5
y1 & y2
grid on y1
0

-0.5
0 2 4 6 8
t
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Axis & Legend
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) % sets scaling for the
x- and y-axes
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) % sets scaling for the
x- and y-axes
axis equal % sets tick mark increments on the axes
are equal in size
axis square % makes the current axis box square
axis on/off % turns on(off) axis labeling
legend('str1','str2') % display legend
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
% For example
t= 0:0.02:8;
y1= exp(-t).*sin(t);
y2= exp(-0.5*t).*cos(t);
plot(t,y1,'k',t,y2,'r:','linewidth',2)
xlabel('t'), ylabel('y1 & y2')
legend('y1','y2','Location','NorthEast')
1
axis([0 8 -0.5 1]) y1
y2
0.5
y1 & y2

-0.5
0 2 4 6 8
t
 1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Example 1: Draw the graph of the following parametric
equation:
x=cos3(t), y= sin3(t) (0t2)
1
t= linspace(0,2*pi,100);
0.5
x= cos(t).^3;
y= sin(t).^3; 0

y
plot(x,y,'k','LineWidth',2)
-0.5
xlabel('x'), ylabel('y')
axis equal -1
-1 0 1
x
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Discountinous Graph
Use inf to draw discontinuity graphs
For example
x: -2 -1 0 1 2
y: 2 2 inf 4 4
5

x= [-2 -1 0 1 2]; 4
y= [2 2 inf 4 4];
plot(x,y,'linewidth',2) 3

axis([-3 3 1 5]) 2

1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Adding Graphs
hold on/off % holds the current plot and all axis
properties / returns the default mode

x= 0:0.01:12;
y= x.*exp(-x);
0.5

0.4
plot(x,y,'linewidth',2) 0.3

axis([0 12 -0.1 0.5]) 0.2

hold on 0.1

plot(x(1),y(1),'x',x(end),y(end),' 0

o','linewidth',2) -0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

hold off
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Creating Axes
subplot divides the current figure into an mn grid
and creates axes in the position specified by p.
subplot(m,n,p) % create axes in tiled positions, where
p is the position in mn axes
subplot mnp % same as the above

position
1 2

3 4

5 6
 1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Example 2: Draw the graph of the following equations
on the 12 tiled axes (a) m= 0.65, (b) m= 1.4:
x= (m-1)cos(t)+cos((m-1)t)
y= (m-1)sin(t)-sin((m-1)t) (0t40)
(a) m= 0.65 (b) m=1.4
t= 0:0.02:40*pi; subplot 122
fx= @(m) (m-1)*cos(t)+cos((m-1)*t); m= 1.4;
fy= @(m) (m-1)*sin(t)-sin((m-1)*t); plot(fx(m),fy(m),'b','linewidth',1)
axis equal off
subplot 121
m= 0.65;
plot(fx(m),fy(m),'k','linewidth',1)
axis equal off
1. 2D Line Graphs: Plot
Handling Windows
figure(n) % makes n the current figure
close(n) % closes the window with handle n
clf % clear current figure
cla % clear current axis
1. 2D Line Graphs: Log
Log Graph
semilogx(x,y) % plots semi-log scale figure for the
X-axis
semilogy(x,y) % plots semi-log scale figure for the
Y-axis
loglogx(x,y) % plots semi-log scale figure for both
the X- and Y-axis
 1. 2D Line Graphs: Log
For example, define x as a vector equally spaced
numbers on the interval [0, 20] and calculate y= exx5.
Then, draw x and y in a semilogy plot.
Note that y has a large value.
1020
x= 0:0.02:20;
y= exp(x).*x.^5; 1010

semilogy(x,y,'b','linewidth',1)
xlabel('x'), ylabel('y= e^xx^5') 100

grid on
10-10
0 5 10 15 20
x
 1. 2D Line Graphs: Log
For example, define  as a vector logarithmically
spaced numbers on the interval (10-2102) and
calculate G(). Then plot  and G in a semilogx plot.
1
G ( ) 
(9   2 ) 2  4 2

x= 0:0.02:20; 0.2

w= logspace(-2,2,200); 0.15

Gw= 1./sqrt((9-w.^2).^2+4*w.^2); 0.1

semilogx(w,Gw,'b','linewidth',1) 0.05

xlabel('\omega'),ylabel('G(\omega)')
grid on 0
10-2 10-1 100 101 10 2
1. 2D Line Graphs: Contour
Contour Graph
contour(Z) % plots a contour of Z
contour(X,Y,Z) % plots a contour of Z at X and Z
contour(X,Y,Z,n) % plots n contour lines of Z at X
and Z
contour(X,Y,Z,v) % plots a contour of Z at X and Z
at the level v
C= contour(…); % plots a contour of Z at X and Z
clabel(C) % plots elevation labels using the
contour matrix C
 1. 2D Line Graphs: Contour
For example, draw the contour of y= x2-y2 (-2x,y2)
x= -2:0.2:2; x= -2:0.2:2;
y= x; [X,Y]= meshgrid(x);
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x,y); Z= X.^2-Y.^2;
Z= X.^2-Y.^2; v= [-2 -0.5 0.01 1.5 3];
contour(X,Y,Z,10,'k') C= contour(X,Y,Z,v,'k');
clabel(C)
2 2 -2
-0.5
1.5 1.5
0.01 0.01
1.5 1.5
1 1
3 3
0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5
3
-1 -1
-0.5
-1.5 -1.5
-2
-2 -2
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
2. 2D Bar-type Graphs: Bar
Bar Graph
bar(y) % plots vertical bar graph
bar(x,y) % plots vertical bar graph
bar(x,y,'stacked') % plots a vertical stacked bar
barh(y) % plots horizontal bar graph
barh(x,y) % plots horizontal bar graph
barh(x,y,'stacked') % plots
horizontal stacked bar
2. 2D Bar-type Graphs: Bar

% For example
rand('seed', 126);
Y= round(rand(5,4)*5);
subplot 121
bar(Y,'grouped')

subplot 122
barh(Y,'stacked')
2. 2D Bar-type Graphs: Rectangle
Rectangle & Boxplot
rectangle('Position', [x,y,wh,ht]) % adds a rectangle
at the specified position
h= rectangle('Position', [x,y,wh,ht]) % adds a
rectangle and returns its handle
boxplot(z) % displays box plots of multiple data
samples
2. 2D Bar-type Graphs: Rectangle

% For example % For example

rectangle('position',[10 x1= 75+2*randn(100,1);
10 10 30]) x2= 70+3*randn(100,1);
axis([0 30 0 50]) Z= [x1,x2];
boxplot(Z,'notch','on')
3. 2D Area Graphs: Area
Area, Pie & Fill
area(x,y) % draws a stacked area plot
pie(x) % draws a pie plot
pie(x,label) % labels each pie slice
fill(x,y,'c') % fills the 2D polygon of x and y with
color c
h= fill(x,y,'c') % draws a 2D polygon and returns
its handle
3. 2D Area Graphs: Area

% For example % For example

x= linspace(0,15,100); x= [25 65 10]
y= exp(-0.25*x).*sin(x); pie(x,{'P(25%)','Q(65%)'
area(x,y) ,'R(10%)'})
 3. 2D Area Graphs: Fill
For example, the following program draws the traffic
stop sign.
t= [0: pi/4:2*pi]+pi/8;
x=cos(t); y=sin(t);
hold on STOP
fill(x,y,'r')
plot(0.9*x,0.9*y,'w','LineWidth',3)
text(-0.5,0,'STOP','Color', 'w', 'FontSize',18);
axis square off
hold off
4. Other 2D Graphs:
Quiver & Polar
[PX,PY]= gradient(Z,dx,dy) % returns the gradient of
Z with the increment specified by dx and dy
quiver(x,y,PX,PY) % plots velocity vectors as arrows
with components (PX,PY) at the points (x,y)
polar(theta,rho) % makes a plot using polar
coordinates
 4. Other 2D Graphs:
% For example % For example
dx= 0.25; dy= 0.25; th= linspace(0,2*pi,100);
x= -2:dx:2; y= -2:dy:2; r= cos(2*th);
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x,y); polar(th,r,'r')
Z= X.^2-Y.^2;
[PX,PY]= gradient(Z,dx,dy);
quiver(x,y,PX,PY,1,'k');
axis equal 2
120
90 1
60
axis([-2 2 -2 2]) 1 150 0.5 30

0 180 0

-1 210 330
240 300
-2 270
-2 -1 0 1 2
 4. Other 2D Graphs:
Example 6: Draw the quiver graph of the equation
together with its contour
z= xexp(-x2-y2) (-2x,y2) where x= y= 0.2.
dx= 0.2; dy= 0.2; 2
x= -2:dx:2; y= -2:dy:2;
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x,y); 1

Z= X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
0
[PX,PY]= gradient(Z,dx,dy);
quiver(x,y,PX,PY,1,'k'), hold on -1
contour(X,Y,Z,'k')
axis equal -2
-2 -1 0 1 2
axis([-2 2 -2 2]), hold off
4. Other 2D Graphs: Patch
Patch
patch(x,y,c) % adds the filled 2D polygon defined by
vectors x and y with color c
patch('vertices',verts,'faces',faces,'facecolor','c') %
creates the patch by specifying the faces, vertices and
facecolor properties.
4. Other 2D Graphs: Patch
% For example 10

x= [1 4 1]; y= [2 2 6];
8

patch(x,y,'g')
6

axis([0 10 0 10]) 3

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

% For example
verts= [1 2;4 2;1 6]; 8

faces= [1 2 3]; 6

patch('vertices',verts,'faces',face
5

s,'facecolor','g') 3

axis([0 10 0 10]) 1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4. Other 2D Graphs: Patch
% For example
verts= [1 2;4 2;1 6];
faces= [1 2 3]; rgb= [0.5 0.1 0.5];
patch('vertices',verts,'faces',faces,'facecolor',rgb)
axis([0 10 0 10])
8

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5. 3D Line Graphs: Plot3
Plot3 Graph
plot3(x,y,z) % plots a 3D line graph with x, y and z of
the same length
plot3(x,y,z,Specifier,PropertyName,PropertyValue)
% plots a 3D line graph with options
h= plot3(…) % plots a 3D line graph and returns its
handle
Axis
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax]) % sets the
scaling for the x-, y- and z-axes
5. 3D Line Graphs: Plot3
% For example
t= linspace(-pi,pi,200)+eps;
x= sin(t); y= cos(t);
z= zeros(size(x));
plot3(x,y,z,'r','linewidth',2)
hold on
Nero's
z= abs(sin(10*t)./(10*t)); crown
plot3(x,y,z,'b','linewidth',3)
axis off
hold off
 5. 3D Line Graphs: Plot3
Meshgrid
X is a 2D grid coordinate matrix where each row is a
copy of x, and Y is a matrix where each column is a
copy of y.
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x,y) % transforms the domain
specified by vectors x and y into arrays X and Y
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x) % same as the above(y= x)
z y

x x
 6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
>> x= 1:3; y= -1:1;
>> [X,Y]= meshgrid(x,y)
>> Z= X.^2+Y.^2

X=1 2 3 Y= -1 -1 -1
1 2 3 0 0 0
1 2 3 1 1 1 10

z
5
Z= 2 5 10
1 4 9 0
1
2 5 10 0
3
y 2
-1 1
x
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
Mesh
Draws a 3-D mesh surface
mesh(Z) % plots 3D mesh surface of Z
mesh(X,Y,Z) % plots 3D mesh surface of Z at X and
Y(color is proportional to mesh height)
meshc(X,Y,Z) % plots 3D mesh surface with 2D
contour of Z at X and Y
meshz(X,Y,Z) % plots 3D mesh surface of Z at X and
Y with curtain
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
0.5
% For example 0
x= -2:0.2:2; 0.5
2
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x); 0 0
2
-2 -2
F= X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
subplot 311 0.5

mesh(X,Y,F) 0
0.5
2 2
subplot 312 0
-2 -2
0

meshc(X,Y,F)
0.5

subplot 313 0

meshz(X,Y,F) 0.5
2
0 2
0
-2 -2
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
Colormap
colormap % displays the color look-up table of the
current window
map= colormap % retrieves the current colormap,
which is a 643 matrix whose column means RGB
color intensities in the range of 0~1.
colormap(map) % sets the current figure's colormap
to map
 6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
Color Intensities

>> colormap

0 0 0.5625
0 0 0.6250
0 0 0.6875
…
0.8125 1.0000 0.1875 [0 0 0] is black,
0.8750 1.0000 0.1250 [1 1 1] is white,
0.9375 1.0000 0.0625 [1 0 0] is pure red,
R G B [.5 .5 .5] is gray
 6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
Built-in Colormaps
 autumn varies smoothly from red,
through orange, to yellow
 bone is a grayscale colormap with
a higher value for the blue
component
 cool consists of colors that are
shades of cyan and magenta. It
varies smoothly from cyan to
magenta
 copper varies smoothly from
black to bright copper
set to the minimum of Z set to the maximum of Z
 6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
% For example
x= -2:0.2:2; hsv cool
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x); 0.5 0.5

F= X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2); 0 0
0.5 0.5
subplot 311 2
0
-2 -2
0
2 2
0
-2 -2
0
2

mesh(X,Y,F)
0.5 0.5

subplot 312 0 0

0.5 0.5
meshc(X,Y,F) 2
0 0
2
2
0
-2 -2
0
2
-2 -2

subplot 313 0.5 0.5

meshz(X,Y,F) 0
0
0.5
colormap cool 0.5
2
0 0
2
2
0
-2 -2
0
2

-2 -2
 6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
Example 1: Draw the graph of Torus equation:
x=cos(u)(R+rcos(v))
y=sin(u)(R+rcos(v))
z=rsin(v) (0  u,v  2)
where R is the distance from the
center (major radius) and r is the minor radius (tube)
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Mesh
% For example
R= 1; r= 0.5;
u= linspace(0,2*pi,30);
[U,V]= meshgrid(u);
X= cos(U).*(R+r*cos(V));
Y= sin(U).*(R+r*cos(V));
Z= r*sin(V);
mesh(X,Y,Z)
axis equal;
axis off
view(55,40)
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Trimesh
Trimesh
TRI= delaunay(x,y) % returns a set of triangles that
define one such triangle and contain indices into
vectors x and y
trimesh(TRI,X,Y,Z) % displays a trianglular mesh
plot defined in the M-by-3 face matrix TRI as a mesh.
% For example
x= 1:20;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x);
TRI= delaunay(X,Y);
Z= peaks(20);
trimesh(TRI,X,Y,Z), axis off
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Stem3
Stem3 Graph
stem3(Z) % displays a 3D stem plot of Z
stem3(X,Y,Z) % displays a 3D stem plot of Z at X
and Y
stem3(X,Y,Z,'filled') % displays a 3D stem plot of Z
at X and Y with filled markers
% For example 1

X= linspace(0,2*pi,50); 0.5

Z= cos(X); 0

-0.5
stem3(Z) -1
2
60
1 40
20
0 0
6. 3D Mesh Graphs: Stem3
Example 2: Draw the 3D stem graph of the
following equations:
x= cos(t), y= sin(t),
z= |sin(4t)/4t| (-  t  )
7. 3D Surf Graphs: Surf
Surf Graph
surf(X,Y,Z) % plots a 3D colored surface of Z at X
and Y
surfc(X,Y,Z) % displays a 3D colored
surfacesurf/contour plot
surfl(X,Y,Z) % plots a 3D colored surface with
lighting
shading interp/flat/faceted % controls the color
shading of surface(faceted: default)
 7. 3D Surf Graphs: Surf
For example, draw the mesh, surf, surfl graphs of the
equation on the 31 tiled axes
z= -5xyexp(-x2-y2) (-4  x, y  4)

x= -4:0.2:4;
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x);
Z= -5*X.*Y.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
subplot 311
mesh(X,Y,Z)
subplot 312
surf(X,Y,Z)
subplot 313
surfl(X,Y,Z)
7. 3D Surf Graphs: Surf
Example 4: Draw the surf, surfl graphs of the
following equation on the 13 tiled axes with
interp/flat/faceted shadings
y= -5xyexp(-x2-y2) (-4  x, y  4)
7. 3D Surf Graphs: Trisurf
Trisurf & Cylinder
trisurf(TRI,X,Y,Z) % plots a 3D colored triangular
surface of Z at X and Y
[X,Y,Z]= cylinder(r) % generates the unit cylinder
based on the generator curve in the vector r
[X,Y,Z]= cylinder(r) % generates the unit cylinder
based on the generator curve in the vector r with n
points around the circumference
7. 3D Surf Graphs: Trisurf
For example, draw the trisurf graph of the following
equation
y= -5xyexp(-x2-y2) (-4  x, y  4)
x= -4:0.25:4;
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x);
Z= -5*X.*Y.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
TRI= delaunay(X,Y);
trisurf(TRI,X,Y,Z)
axis off
8. Other 3D Graphs: Cylinder
For example, draw the mesh, surf cylinder graphs of
the following equation on the 21 tiled axes
r= cos(t)+1 (0  t  2)

t= linspace(0,2*pi,30);
r= cos(t)+1;
[X,Y,Z]= cylinder(r);
subplot 121
mesh(X,Y,Z), axis([-2 2 -2 2 0 1])
subplot 122
surf(X,Y,Z),axis([-2 2 -2 2 0 1])
8. Other 3D Graphs: Sphere
Sphere & Other 3D Graphs
sphere(n) % produces a unit sphere
[X,Y,Z]= sphere(n) % generates three (N+1)(N+1)
matrices for a unit sphere
fill3(x,y,z,'c') % fills the 3D polygon defined by
vectors x, y and z with color c
bar3(Z) % displays 3D bar graph
pie3(Z) % displays 3D pie graph
8. Other 3D Graphs: Sphere

% For example
x0= 1; y0= 1; z0= 1;
r= 2;
[X,Y,Z]= sphere(20);
X= r*X+x0;
Y= r*Y+y0;
Z= r*Z+z0;
surf(X,Y,Z)
axis equal
colormap summer
9. Other Commands
Other Commands
view(az,el) % specifies 3D graph viewpoint. az is the
azimuth and el is the elevation(degree unit)
colorbar % displays color bar (color scale)
whitebg % changes axes background color(toggle
type)
alpha(v) % sets an alpha property to v of 0~1 (e.g., 0-
clear, 1- opaque)
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax]) % sets the
scaling for the x-, y- and z-axes
9. Other Commands

% For example
x= -2:0.2:2;
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x); 0.4

F= X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2); 0.5
0.2
surf(X,Y,F)

z=f(x,y)
0 0
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');
-0.5 -0.2
zlabel('z=f(x,y)'); 2
2
0
colorbar y -2 -2 x
0 -0.4

colormap jet
 9. Other Commands
% For example
x= -5:1:5;
[X,Y]= meshgrid(x);
Z= X.^2-Y.^2;
subplot 121
surf(X,Y,Z)
view(-23,8), axis off
subplot 122
surf(X,Y,Z) opaque= 0.5
view(-23,8),alpha(0.5)
axis off
colormap jet
Q&A