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Question 1
Activity code Description Predecessor Duration
A Excavate stage 1 ‐ 4
B Order and deliver steelwork  ‐ 7 
C Formwork stage 1  A  4 
D Excavate stage 2  A  5 
E Concrete stage 1  C  8 
F Formwork stage 2  C,D  2 
G Backfill stage 1  E  3 
H Concrete stage 2  E,F  8 
I Erect steelwork  B,H  10 
J Backfill stage 2  G,H  5 

From the above shown network data:
•Draw a precedence network diagram; 
•Calculate the starting and finishing times for each activity;
•Calculate total float for each activity; 
•Identify the critical path.
•What will happen to the project if the duration of activity g extends 5 days? 
•Draw a gantt chart based on early‐start schedule.
Maged El‐Hawary

ES EF 4 8 8 16 16 19 24 29
Start (D) C (4) E (8) G (3) J (5)
LS LF 4 8 8 16 26 29 29 34
0 4 14 8 16 26
D : Activity Duration A (4)
34 34
ES: Early Start 0 4 Finish
EF: Early Finish 9 4 4 9 9 11 16 24 34 34
LS: Late Start D (5) F (2) H (8)
0 0 9 14 14 16 16 24 24 34
LF: Late Finish
Start 29 24 I (10)
0 0 24 34

0 7
B (7)
17 24
Activity code Description Predecessor Duration

A Excavate stage 1 ‐ 4

B Order and deliver steelwork  ‐ 7 

C Formwork stage 1  A  4 

D Excavate stage 2  A  5 

E Concrete stage 1  C  8 

F Formwork stage 2  C,D  2 

G Backfill stage 1  E  3 

H Concrete stage 2  E,F  8 

I Erect steelwork  B,H  10 

Maged El‐Hawary
J Backfill stage 2  G,H  5 

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Calculate total float for each activity ES EF
Start (D)
4 8 24 29 LS LF
8 16 16 19
C (4) E (8) G (3) J (5)
4 8 8 16 26 29 29 34
0 4 0 0 10 5
A (4) 34 34
0 4 Finish
0 4 9 9 11 16 24 34 34
D (5) F (2) H (8)
0 0 9 14 14 16 16 24 24 34
Start 5 5 0 I (10)
0 0 24 34
0
0 7
B (7)
17 24
17

Identify the critical path 4 8 8 16
C (4) E (8)
4 8 8 16
0 4 0 0
A (4) 34 34
0 4 Finish
0 16 24 34 34
H (8)
0 0 16 24 24 34
Start 0 I (10)
0 0 Maged El‐Hawary
24 34
0

ES EF
What will happen to the project if the duration of activity “G” extends by 5 days?
Start (D)
4 8 8 16 16 19 24 29 LS LF
C (4) E (8) G (3) J (5)
4 8 8 16 26 29 29 34
0 4 0 0 10 5
A (4) 34 34
0 4 Finish
0 4 9 9 11 16 24 34 34
D (5) F (2) H (8)
0 0 9 14 14 16 16 24 24 34
Start 5 5 0 I (10)
0 0 24 34
0
0 7
B (7)
17 24 0 0 5 5
17 4 8 8 16 16 24 24 29
C (4) E (8) G (8) J (5)
0 4 8 8 16 21 29 29 34
0 4
A (4) 34 34
0 4 5 5 0
4 9 9 11
Finish
16 24 34 34
D (5) F (2) H (8) 0
0 0 9 14 14 16 16 24 24 34
Start I (10)
0 0 24 34
17
0 7
B (7) Maged El‐Hawary Critical Path will not change
17 24

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Gantt Chart

Maged El‐Hawary

Question 2
Task Identifier Description Predecessor Duration
A Task 1 ‐ 5
B Task 2 ‐ 6
C Task 3 A 2
D Task 4 A, B 5
E Task 5 B 4
F Task 6 C, D, E 4

Using the information from the precedence table, construct a network diagram and answer the following 
questions: 
a) What is the project duration 
b) What is the critical path? 
c) How much float is in Task b? d? e? 

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What is the project Duration? ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF
D : Activity Duration
5 7
C (2) ES: Early Start
EF: Early Finish
0 5 LS: Late Start
A (5) LF: Late Finish
6 11 11 15
D (5) F (4)
0 0 15 15
Start Finish

0 6 6 10
B (6) E (4)
Activity code Description Predecessor Duration

A Excavate stage 1 ‐ 5

B Order and deliver steelwork  ‐ 6

C Formwork stage 1  A  2

D Excavate stage 2  A, B  5

E Concrete stage 1  B  4 

F Formwork stage 2  C,D,E  4 
Maged El‐Hawary

What is the Critical Path? ES EF
5 7 Start (D)
C (2) LS LF
9 11
0 5 4
A (5)
0 6
1 9 6 6 11 11 15
D (5) F (4)
0 0 6 11 11 15 15 15
Start 0 0 Finish
0 0 15 15

0 6 6 10
B (6) E (4)
0 6 7 11
06 7 1

Critical path
6 11 11 15
D (5) F (4)
0 0 6 11 11 15 15 15
Start 0 0 Finish
0 0 15 15

0 6
B (6)
0 6
0 Maged El‐Hawary

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Example:
D (4)
0

W “Waiting for 
A (3) B (5) E (3) Hardening of  I (2)
conc” (7)
0 0 5

C (1) F (5)
9 5

Project start date: 1st November 2015

All days are working days except Fridays.
All durations are “working-days” except “waiting for hardening of concrete”.
A) Using the AON network and calendar given above carry out necessary network calculations to answer the below given questions.
Calculate the “finish date” of the project. Show all the Early and Late time calculations on the network. Show the Critical path(s).
B) What happens to the project duration under the below given scenarios:
Scenario 1: C is delayed by 1 day; I is delayed by 1 day
Scenario 3: F is delayed by 3 days; F is delayed by 1 day
Maged El‐Hawary

Finish Date

All days are working days except Fridays.

3 7
D (4)
4 8 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 8 8 11 11 18 18 20
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 8 8 11 11 18 18 20
0 0 0 0
ES EF
3 4 8 13 Start (D)
C (1) F (5) LS LF
7 8 13 18
D : Activity Duration
4 5
ES: Early Start
EF: Early Finish
Critical path
LS: Late Start
LF: Late Finish
0 3 3 8 8 11 11 18 18 20
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 8 8 11 11 18 18 20
0 0 0 0

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Finish Date
ES EF
All days are working days except Fridays.
Start (D)
3 8
LS LF
D (4) All durations are “working-days” except “waiting for hardening of concrete”.
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 21 21 23
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 12 21 21 23
0 0 0 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 21
5 6

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 21 21 23
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 12 21 21 23
0 0 0 0

Maged El‐Hawary

Finish Date

ES EF All days are working days except Fridays.

Start (D) 3 8
LS LF D (4) All durations are “working-days” except “waiting for hardening of concrete”.
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

1
19 20
0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 12 13 1 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 19
4 4

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Finish Date

ES EF All days are working days except Fridays.

Start (D) 3 8
LS LF D (4) All durations are “working-days” except “waiting for hardening of concrete”.
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 19
4 4

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

Maged El‐Hawary

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

• Is “W” on the critical path?

• Can the Critical path be disconnected or has to be continuous?

• “Critical Path” & “Total Float”

• “Critical Path” Vs “Longest Path”

Maged El‐Hawary

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From Primavera

Maged El‐Hawary

From Primavera

Maged El‐Hawary

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From Primavera
Schedule Log File

Maged El‐Hawary

From Primavera
Schedule Log File

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From Primavera
Schedule Log File

Maged El‐Hawary

From Primavera
Schedule Log File

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Finish Date All days are working days except Fridays.

ES EF
All durations are “working-days” except “waiting for hardening of concrete”.
Start (D) 04‐Nov 08‐Nov
LS LF D (4)
05‐Nov 09‐Nov Waiting for Hardening of conc.

01‐Nov 03‐Nov 04‐Nov 09‐Nov 10‐Nov 12‐Nov 13‐Nov 19‐Nov 21‐Nov 22‐Nov
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
01‐Nov 03‐Nov 04‐Nov 09‐Nov 10‐Nov 12‐Nov 14‐Nov 20‐Nov 21‐Nov 22‐Nov
0 0 1 0

04‐Nov 04‐Nov 10‐Nov 15‐Nov

C (1) F (5)
09‐Nov 09‐Nov 15‐Nov 19‐Nov
4 4

Maged El‐Hawary

Scenario 1: C is delayed by 1 day, I is delayed by 1 day ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF

3 8
D (4)
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 19
4 4

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 20 22
0 0 0

Maged El‐Hawary

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Scenario 1: C is delayed by 1 day, I is delayed by 1 day ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF
3 8
D (4)
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 23
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (23)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 23
0 0 1 0

3 5 9 15
C (12) F (5)
7 9 14 19
4 4

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 20 23
A (3) B (5) E (3) I (23)
0 3 3 9 9 12 20 23
0 0 0

Maged El‐Hawary

Scenario 3: F is delayed by 3 days ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF
3 8
D (4)
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 19
4 4

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 20 22
0 0 0

Maged El‐Hawary

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Scenario 3: F is delayed by 3 days ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF
3 8
D (4)
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

3 4 9 18
C (1) F (58)
8 9 15 19
4 1

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 20 22
0 0 0

Maged El‐Hawary

Finish Date

ES EF All days are working days except Fridays.

Start (D) 3 8
LS LF D (4) All durations are “working-days” except “waiting for hardening of concrete”.
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 19
4 4

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

Maged El‐Hawary

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Scenario 3: F is delayed by 7 days ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF

3 8
D (4)
4 9 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 13 20 20 22
0 0 1 0

3 4 9 15
C (1) F (5)
8 9 15 19
4 4

Critical path

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 20 20 22
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 9 12 12 20 20 22
0 0 0 0

Maged El‐Hawary

Scenario 3: F is delayed by 7 days ES EF
Start (D)
LS LF
3 8
D (4)
7 11 Waiting for Hardening of conc.

0 3 3 9 9 12 12 19 23 25
A (3) B (5) E (3) W (7) I (2)
0 3 3 9 11 15 15 23 23 25
0 0 2 4 0

3 4 9 23
C (1) F (512)
8 9 9 23
4 0

Critical path
0 3 3 9 23 25
A (3) B (5) I (2)
0 3 3 9 23 25
0 0 0

9 23
F (512)
9 12
9 23 Maged El‐Hawary
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Crashing Example:
The network and durations given below shows the normal schedule for a project. You can decrease (crash) the durations at an
additional expense. The Table given below summarizes the time-cost information for the activities. The owner wants you to
you to finish the project in 110 days. Find the minimum possible cost for the project if you want to finish it on 110 days.
(Assume that for each activity there is a single linear, continuous function between the crash duration and normal duration
points).

Normal duration / days Crash Duration / days Normal Cost Crash Cost

Activity (ND) (CD) (NC) (CC)
A 120 100 12000 14000
B 20 15 1800 2800
C 40 30 16000 22000
D 30 20 1400 2000
E 50 40 3600 4800
F 60 45 13500 18000
Maged El‐Hawary

Solution:

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

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Solution:

 STEP1:
 Calculate Crash Cost Slope for each activity: Normal duration / Crash Duration / Normal
SA days days Cost Crash Cost

Activity (ND) (CD) (NC) (CC)
A 120 100 12000 14000
SA
= $100 / day B 20 15 1800 2800
SB = $200 / day C 40 30 16000 22000
D 30 20 1400 2000
SC = $600 / day
E 50 40 3600 4800
SD = $60 / day F 60 45 13500 18000
SE = $120 / day
SF = $300 / day

 Calculate project normal cost:

Sum all normal cost of all activities = $48,300

Maged El‐Hawary

Cost Vs. Duration

• Dur.= 120
A • Cost=
• Dur.= 130
B‐F‐E • Cost=
• Dur.= 140
B‐C‐D‐E • Cost=

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Solution:

 STEP 2:

 Choose an activity on the critical path and has the least cost-slope  SD ($60 / Day)
A maximum of 10 days can be reduced if we reduce “D” from 30 days to 20 days

Overall duration became 130 days
Multiple critical paths (B‐F‐E and B‐C‐D‐E) generated. 
Total project cost at this duration is the “normal cost” plus the cost of crashing the activity D by 10 days 
Total project cost = 48300 + (60 * 10) = $48900.

Maged El‐Hawary

Solution:

 STEP 3:

 Choose next activity to be crashed from the critical path  SE (Least cost-slope per day $120 /day)
A maximum of 10 days can be reduced if we reduce “E” from 50 days to 40 days

Overall duration became 120 days

Multiple critical paths (A / B-C-D-E / B-F-E) generated.
Total project cost at this duration is the “Total project cost” after first crash plus the cost of crashing the activity D by 10 days
Total project cost = 48900 + (120 * 10) = $50,100.

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Solution:

 STEP 4:

 To crash the overall project duration, reducing durations of multiple activities in the different critical paths has to take place.
 Activity A + Activity B = $ 300 /day
Activity A + Activity C + Activity F = $1000 / day
Activity A + Activity B shall have the least combined cost-slope
 A maximum of 5 days can be reduced if we reduce “B” from 20 days to 15 days
 Accordingly, 5 days can be reduced from “A” to go from 120 to 115 days.

Overall duration became 115 days

Same critical paths (A / B-C-D-E / B-F-E) maintained.
Total project cost at this duration is the “Total project cost” after second crash plus the cost of crashing the activities “A” & “B”
by 5 days Maged El‐Hawary
Total project cost = 50,100 + (300 * 5) = $51,600.

Solution:

 FINAL STEP :

 To crash the overall project duration, reducing durations of “A”, “C” & “F” simultaneously has to take place.
 Accordingly, 5 days can be reduced from “A”, “C” & “F” to go from 115 to 110 days.
 Activity A + Activity C + Activity F = $1000 / day

Overall duration became 110 days

Same critical paths (A / B-C-D-E / B-F-E) maintained.
Total project cost at this duration is the “Total project cost” after third crash plus the cost of crashing the activities “A”, “C” &
“F” by 5 days
Total project cost = 51,600 + (1000 * 5) = $56,600.

Maged El‐Hawary

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Schedule Crashing

• How to chose crashing path
• Lowest cost
• Critical
• Common bet. 2 paths
• Is there a limitation of crashing? Why?

Maged El‐Hawary

Crashing Curve
58000

57000

56000

55000

54000

53000
Cost

52000

51000

50000

49000

48000

47000
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
Duration
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Schedule Relaxation

• Solve the same example but Backward Path 

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Schedule relaxation

• How to chose relaxation  path
• How to relax/Why
• Resource leveling

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