(HISTORY)

LESSON – 1 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

➢ Key Concepts of the lesson:- In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four
prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social Republic. During 19th
century nationalism emerged forcing many changes in Political and mental world of Europe.
➢ The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation:-
(1) Growth of nationalism in France
(2) Introduction of various measures and practices created sense of collective identity among the
people of France.
(3) Rise of Napoleon and his reforms. Revolutionaries help other peoples of Europe to become
nation.
➢ The making of Nationalism in Europe:-
(1) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into Kingdom, duchies and cantons these divisions
were having their autonomous rulers.
(2) Industrialization in England, Emergence of a working class and liberalism.
(3) After the defeat of Napoleon, the European government follows the spirit of conservations
conservative regimes were autocratic Revolutionaries at that time fight for liberty and freedom. E.g.
Mazzini,s young Italy and Young Europe.
➢ The age of Revolution (1830- 48)
Liberalism and Nationalism, occurrence of revolutions in Brussels and Greece and development of
cultural movement in Europe, Hunger Hardship and Popular revolt, Demand for constitutionalism
and national unification. Rights for women Results- Frankfurt Parliament (May 1848)
➢ Unification of Germany and Italy:- Germany and role of Bismarck and his policy unification of
Germany Unification of Italy- Role of Mazzini Garibaldi and victor Emanuel II Separate case and
condition of Britain - Glorious revolution of 1688, Act of union of 1707.

VERY SHORT QUESTION

Q.1 Who was Frederic Sorrieu?

Ans. A Painter
Q.2 Write one feature of Romanticism.
Ans. A Cultural movement.
Q.3 What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
Ans. They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.
Q.4 Who was count Cavour?
Ans. The chief Minister of Italy
Q.5 Which state lead the unification of Germany?
Ans. Prussia
Q.6 Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815.
Ans. Duke Metternich
Q.7 What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Ans. To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.
Q.8 Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?
Ans. Treaty of Constantinople
Q.9 At which places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?
Ans. At the church of St paul.
Q.10 ”When France sneezes the rest of the Europe catches cold” Who said this?
Ans. Metternich
Q.11. What is Liberalism?
Ans. For the now middle classes liberalism stood for freedom and equality of al before the law.
Q.12. Which secret society dial Mazzini found?
Ans. Young Europe and Young Italiy.
Q.13. Which country/counties defeated Neopleon?
Ans. Prussia Britain, Russia and Austria.
Q.14. What is suffrage movement?
Ans. The movement is related to “The right to vote”.

SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Q.1 Explain the concept of a nation-state.

Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a
result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.
Q.2 Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.
Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie) le citioyen (the citizen) a new French flag emphasized the
nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized
administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.
Q.3 Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.
Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of
France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given
part of Poland.
Q.4 Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?
Ans. Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad
condition of peasants.
Q.5 Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?
Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by
using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy
matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
Q6. What do you mean by Nation-state?
Ans.:-
I.Citizens of a nation enjoys a sense of collective belongingness and identity.
II.It evolved from either common history, struggles descent or action of leaders.
Note :- Ernst Renan gave the definition of nation-state.
Q7 :- Write a short note on jacobin club.
Ans :- JACOBIN CLUB
I. When the news of the French Revolution reached the various parts of Europe, people over there, started
gathering in forms of small clubs, called Jacobin clubs.
II. Their main aim was to prepare way for French army.

Note :- According to the artist of the time of the French Revolution, they personified Liberty as a female
figure.
Note :- According to the print of frederic sorrieu in 1848, the leader of the procession were United states
and Switzerland which were already nation-state at this time.

Q7 :- What were the major reasons for Napoleon losing the territories he conquered?
Ans :- There were three reasons.
I. Increased taxation.
II. Censorship. (प्रतिबंध)
III. Forced conscription. (जबरन भिी)

*The Aristocracy (सामन्ि)

I. The landed aristocracy was socially and politically dominant class on the continent.
II. They were united by a common way of life.
III.They had estates in the countryside which were cultivated by serfs and town-houses.
IV. Their families were connected by the bond of marriage.
V. They were a small groups numerically.

*The New Middle Class

I.New type of commercial classes was emerged with the industrial growth after 1850s.
II. Their existence was based on production for the market.
III. A new social groups as a working class population called middle class.
IV. They were Industrialists, businessman and professionals.
V. They were also educated & liberal by ideas.
VI.They wanted national unity and was against aristocratic privileges.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1. What were the various steps taken by the French revolutionaries to promote the idea of
nationalism/collective belongingness/ collective identity?
Ans:- Following various steps were taken by the French revolutionaries to promote the idea of nationalism.
I.The ideas of La patrie and le citoyen emphasised.
II. A new tricolour French flag was introduced.
III. A new Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and was renamed as the National
Assembly.
IV. New hymns were composed and oaths were taken, martyrs commemorated (शहीदों को याद करना), all in
the name of the nation.
V. Uniform laws were formulated for all the citizens.
VI.Internal customs duties and dues where abolished.
VII. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
VIII. French was promoted as national language.

Q2 :- What was Napoleonic Code?

OR What do you understand by the Civil Code of 1804?
OR What were the changes made under the Civil Code of 1804 by Napoleon?
Ans :- Napoleonic Code/ Civil Code of 1804
I. Also known as Civil Code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon to maintain its control.
II. He removed all privileges based on birth.
III. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasents from
serfdom and manorial dues.
IV. Transport and communication facilities were improved.
V. Guild restrictions were removed from towns.
VI. He established equality before the law.
VII. He secured the right to property.
VIII. Common national currency was introduced.
IX. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Q3 :-"Ideas of national unity in the early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
liberalism". Support this statement with arguments.
/OR What did liberal nationalism stand for?
Ans :- Liberalism
I. Socially, it stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
II. Politically, it stood for government by consent.
III. Economically, it stood for free movement of goods and capitals.
IV. It derived from Latin word 'Liber', means free.
V. In a broad sense, we can say that Liberalism means all kinds of freedom to all the citizens like equal
political rights, a democratic representative govt. through parliament under constitution and freedom of
market.

Q4 :- What was Zollverein? Why was it formed?

/OR What was Zollverein? How did it solve the problem of economic exchange?
Ans :- Zollverein
I. Germany was a confederation of 39 States.
II. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures.
III.These conditions were obstacles to economic exchange.
IV. In 1834, a customs union was introduced by Prussia and later joined by other states.
V. It abolished tariff barriers.
VI.They reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
VII.They created a network of railways to stimulated economic growth.
VIII.They also promoted the idea of nationalism.

Q5 :- What do you mean by conservatism? highlight the main features of the beliefs.*
Ans:- Conservatism
I.Conservatism was a political philosophy that emphasised the importance of the tradition and Customs.
II. It also preferred gradual development to quick change.

● Features of the believers of conservatism

▪They believed in established, traditional Institutions of state and Society.
▪They believed monarchy, the Church, property and family should be preserved.
▪They did not propose a return to the society of Pre-Revolutionary days.
▪In fact,They wanted the modernization and strengthen the traditional institutions.
▪They also wanted to modernise the Army, Bureaucracy and economy too.

Q6 :- How did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) come into being?

OR Describe the main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
OR Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the 'Vienna treaty'?
Ans :- Treaty of Vienna
▪Britain,Russia, Prussia and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815.
▪They met to draw up a settlement for Europe at Vienna.
▪The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich.
● The main clauses (Objects) of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were :
▪They undid most of the changes that had done during Napoleonic wars.
▪The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
▪France lost the territories which had annexed under Napoleon.
▪Some states were setup to prevent French expansion in future.
▪German confederation of 39 States was left untouched.
▪The main intention was to restore the monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Q7 :- What kinds of conservative regimes was setup in 1815? What did liberal think about them?
Ans :-
▪Conservative regimes were autocratic set up in 1815.
▪They sought to repress activities that was against monarchical government.
▪Most of them imposed censorship on newspapers, books and songs.
▪They repressed the ideas of liberty and freedom of French Revolution.
● View of liberal-nationalists for conservatives.
▪The memory of the French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
▪They criticized conservatives for banning freedom of press.

Q8 :- Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?*
Ans :- Giuseppe Mazzini
▪He was an Italian Revolutionary.
▪He played an important role in promoting the idea of unification of Italian state.
▪He was born in Genoa in 1807.
▪He became a member of a secret society of the carbonari.
▪He was sent into exile in 1831 at the age of 24.
▪He founded two secret societies, first young Italy in Marseilles and young Europe in Berne.
▪Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.

● Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy.

▪He believed that God had intended Nations to be the natural units of mankind.
▪So,Italy could not continue to be a Patchwork of small states and kingdom.
▪He wanted to be forged Italy in a single unified. republic.

Q9 :- Explain the statement "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold."
Ans :-
▪This was the statement of Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
▪This statement shows the importance of France over the world.
▪The first uprising took place against the Bourbon kings in France in July 1830.
▪It sparked an uprising in Brussels.
▪Result was that Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
▪So, once Metternich remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold."

Q10 :- How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feeling among the educated elite
across Europe?
Ans :- Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
▪The Greeks were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe.
▪They started a struggle for their Independence in 1821.
▪Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in different countries.
▪Even the West European countries sympathised with the Greek and their ancient culture.
▪Poets and artists also admired Greece as the cradle of the Europe.
▪They also mobilised public opinion to support Greek struggle against a Muslim empire.
▪Finally, Greece became an independent Nation through a treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
● Note :- The English poet Lord Byron organised funds for the Greek War of independence and later he
went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

Q11 :- How did romanticism seek to develop a particular form of Nationalist sentiment during 18th
century?
/OR Explain the role of romanticism in national feeling.
/OR "The development of nationalism did not come about only through war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation." Elaborate upon the statement.
Ans :- Romanticism : A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment.
▪Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation apart from war and
territorialexpansion.
▪Art and poetry, stories & music. They all helped us to express nationalist feelings.
▪Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage.
▪It criticised glorification of reason and science.
▪It focused on emotions and mystical feelings.
▪It also emphasised on vernacular language and collection of folklore to carry the nationalist message.

Q12 :- Explain the ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th
centuries.
/OR How were the feelings of nationalism kept alive by the people of Poland?
Ans :-
▪Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by the great powers- Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
▪It lost national identity and didn't exist as an independent state.
▪In such situations, Polish people used their culture, music and language to keep alive their nationalist
feelings.
▪Karol Kurpinski staged his Polish operas and music for national struggle.
▪The Polish people used dances like "polonaise" and "mazurka" making them nationalist symbols.
▪The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russia dominance.

Q13 :- Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Ans :-
▪Language played an important role in developing nationalist feelings.
▪In Russian dominance, Russian was imposed everywhere and Polish was forced out of schools.
▪After this, Many clrgys started using Polish as a weapon of national protest.
▪Popular traditions too played an important role in creating the idea of nation.
▪Art, poetry, stories and music all helped us to express and shape nationalist feelings.

Q14 :- Describe any three Economic Hardship faced by Europe In the 1830s.
/OR Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s.
/OR The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Explain how?
/OR "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe." Support the statement with
arguments.
Ans :- Economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s
▪There was enormous increase in population all over the Europe.
▪In most countries there were more job seekers than employment.
▪Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of work.
▪In towns, small producers faced tough competition of cheap machine-made goods from England.
▪In some regions of Europe, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues.
▪The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in town and countryside.

Q15 :- What conditions prevailed in 1848 France?

Ans :-
▪It was food shortage and widespread unemployment in 1848.
▪It brought the population of Paris on the roads.
▪Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee (run away).
▪A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
▪It granted right to vote to all adult males above the age of 21 and right to work.
▪National workshops were set up to provide employment.

Q16 :- Describe the Silesian weavers' uprising.

Ans :- Silesian weavers' uprising.
▪In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors.
▪Contractors supplied raw materials to the weavers and got finished goods.
▪But suddenly, they reduced their payments.
▪A crowd of weavers marched toward the houses of contractors.
▪They smashed their window glasses and looted the supply of cloth.
▪As a result, the contractors fled away from their houses.

●Note :- Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the
Czech Republic and Germany.

Q17 :- Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals?*

Ans :-
▪The idea of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism in 19th century Europe.
▪A revolution led by the educated middle classes started in the year 1848.
▪People rejected monarchy and established a republic based on universal right to vote.
▪In other parts of the Europe, people were demanding constitution with national unification.
▪They wanted a nation-state based on parliament, constitution and freedom of the press and association.

Q18 :- Write down the significance of Frankfurt parliament.

/OR Write a note on Frankfurt parliament.
Ans :- Frankfurt Parliament
▪In German regions, associations of liberal middle class professionals came together in the city of Frankfurt.
▪They decided to vote for the all German National Assembly.
▪831 elected representatives marched towards Frankfurt parliament on 18th May,1848.
▪They drafted a constitution for a German Nation.
▪This nation was a monarchical based on Parliamentary rule.

Q19 :- How did women retaliate for their rights in Germany?

/OR Writhe a note on "The role of women in nationalist struggle."
Ans :-The role of women in nationalist struggle
▪An important role was played by women in the national struggle all over the world.
▪A large number of women participated activitely in the liberal movement.
▪They formed their own political associations and founded newspapers.
▪They took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Despite that, they were denied the right to vote.
▪Though they were given either very little or no political rights.
▪For example, women were admitted only as observers standing in visitors' gallery in the Frankfurt
parliament.

Q20 :- Briefly trace the process of German unification.

/OR Examine the 'Nation State Building' process in Germany after 1848.
Ans :- German Unification
▪ Nationalism moved away with the ideas of democracy and revolution in Europe after 1848.
▪Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state
governed by an elected parliament in 1848.
▪This nation-building process was repressed by monarchy supported by the large landowners (called
Junkers) of Prussia.
▪After this, the chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck took the leadership of German unification.
▪Bismarck was the architect of this process and took the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
▪Prussia won three wars against Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and completed the
process of unification.
▪The Prussian king, William I was declared German Emperor in January 1871.

Q21 :- Briefly explain the process of unification of Italy.

/OR Examine the 'Nation State Building' process of Italy.
Ans :- Unification of Italy
▪Political Fragmentation :- Italy was also politically fragmented like Germany. Italy was divided into seven
states, of which only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian Prince during middle of 19th century.
▪Role of Mazzini :- Giuseppe Mazzini tried to unite Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called
'Young Italy' to achieve his goal.
▪Role of Count Cavour :- He was the chief minister who led the movement of Italian unification. He
formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces.
▪Role of Garibaldi :- A large number of armed volunteers joined the war under the leadership of Garibaldi.
They defeated the Spanish rulers in South Italy in 1860.
▪At the end, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the King of United Italy in 1861.

Q22 :- How was the history of national unification in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
/OR Write down the Unification process of Britain.
Ans :-
▪The formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden revolution in Britain.
▪It was a long process of unification.
▪British were divided into different ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scottish & Irish.
▪All they had their own cultural and political traditions.
▪English nation steadily grew its wealth, importance and power and was able to dominate other nations of
the islands.
▪The English parliament had taken power from the monarchy in 1688 and started the process of unification
of Britain.
▪By the Act of Union 1707, Scotland merged with Britain which formed Great Britain.
▪A revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in 1798 was repressed by Great Britain and Ireland
forced to be a part of United Kingdom.
▪A new 'British Nation' was came with the domination of English culture.
▪Union Jack as the British Flag, God Save Our Noble King as national anthem and English language were the
symbols of the new Britain or UK.

Q23 :- What do you understand by the term 'allegory'? How did the female figure become an allegory of
a nation?
Ans :- Allegory :- When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. It is called an allegory.
▪It is the personification of a country.
▪It is difficult to give a face to a nation in comparison to represent a ruler through a portrait or statue.
▪Artist in the 18th and 19th centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.
▪They represented a country as if it were a person.
▪Nations were then portrayed as female figures.
▪The female form to personifying the nation did not stand for any particular women in real life.
▪This is how the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

Q24 :- Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans :-
▪The most serious nationalist tension in Europe came after 1871.
▪The inhabitants of this region were known as the Slavs.
▪A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
▪After the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Nationalism in Balkans made it very explosive.
▪The nationalities in the Balkans were struggling to win back their independence.

Q25 :- What conditions of Balkan areas led to World War First?

Ans :-
▪The different slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and freedom.
▪This made the Balkan area most explosive.
▪The Balkan states were jealous of each other tried to dominate others by territorial expansion.
▪During this period, European powers became rivals over trade and colonies.
▪These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded.
▪This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Q26 :- Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans :- The people of Balkans aspired to nationalism. This one is the main reason for the tension.
▪Ethnic Variation:- The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
Their inhabitants were known as slaves.
▪Disintegration of Ottoman Empire :- A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire. Spreading of nationalism & disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region vere explosive.
▪Subjugation :- Soon many foreign powers attempted to subjugate these newly independent states.
▪Jealousy :- There was a jealousy among the Balkan states and each tried to expand their boundaries.
▪Power Struggle :- Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Britain, the European powers were very
interested to expand their own imperialism.

Note :-
●Imperialism :- Subjugation by a nation of other nation/ Government/ territories economy and cultural
power by force.

●Nationalism :- Feelings towards our nation and its political, economic and cultural system by promoting
common interests.

Q27 :- Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were
portrayed?
Ans :- Marianne & Germania
▪Both were female allegories invented by artists to represent the nation in the 19th century.
▪In France, Marianne is a popular Christian name means the idea of people's nation.
▪Both were characterised for Liberty and the Republic.
▪Germania was the allegory of German nation. She wore a crown of oak leaves.