PROBLEMS 73

Dependent (controlled * current source: current source whose

output current depends on the voltage or current of some other
--
circuits, the algebraic sum of the node to node
voltages for any
closed node sequence is zero for every instant of time .
element in the circuit. ,a
Node: common connection point between element . In general
Dependent (controlled ) voltage source: voltage source whose node is a connection point of one or more circuit elements.
output voltage depends on the voltage or current of some other
Node soilage; Voltage drop from a given node to the reference
element in the circuit. node.
Gaussian surface: closed curve in the plane or closed surface Parallel eireuit: Side by side connection of two- terminal cir -
- -
and outside.
-
in three dimensions. A Gaussian surface has a well defined inside cuit elements whose top terminals arc wired together and whose
bottom terminals arc wired together.
Kirchhoff 's current law (KCL): the algebraic sum of the cur-
rents entering a node of a circuit consisting of lumped elements
-
Scries circuit: sequential connection of two terminal circuit
elements, end to end.
is zero for every instant of time. In general, for lumped circuits Voltage division: each resistor voltage in a series connection
the algebraic sum of the currents entering ( leaving ) a Gaussian is a fraction of the input voltage equal to the ratio of the branch
surface is zero at every instant of time. resistance to the total scries resistance.
Kirchhoff 's voltage law ( KVL): for lumped circuits, the alge- // ( double slash ): notation for combining resistances in parallel ,
braic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path in a network for example R\ IIRi means /? ] and Ri are in parallel ; R\ IIRillRf ,
.
is zero at every instant of time. In general, for lumped connected means R\ is in parallel with R2 , which is in parallel with /?-» .

PROBLEMS
Kirchhoff 's Current Law .
3 For the circuit of figure P2.3a, determine the value of the
current / . Hint: consider using a Gaussian surface.
1. Find the value of /3 for each of the node connections in
figure P2.1.

1A /

5A
2A
3A \ 4 A /.

Figure P2.1 Figure P2.3

SCRAMBLED ANSWERS: 0.5, -3. ANSWER: 1 A. L

.
2 In the circuit of figure P2.2, each shaded box is a general cir- 4. Find the value of /1 in the circuit of figure P2.4.
cuit element. Apply KCL successively to find I \ , /2, /3, and /4 .

1A
4A
3A 4A

t' e
3
10 A
2A
3A

©
Figure P2.4
Figure P2.2 ANSWER : 15 A .
 74
K » rchhoff 's
CHAPTER 2 KIR . HHOM 'S CURRINT ANP VOLTAOR LAWS ANO SWCBS -PARAU fcl RESISTIVE Ci*f t,1T,
Volta 8<* Law
5* KCLand KVL
Find ih,
V'l , n he circuit graph of fig - P2 8 . use KCL and KVL to find hc ,
ur * P2.S w|
‘ .
Here CaCh
eu
represents «' circuit element .
H . For the art oil Of figure
across each current sou( CC and the current through each
voltage
+ 105 V - voltage source.
15 V 4 4 10 V
4 6A
4 4
05 V
55 V 55 V
1( K» V + P| 3V
4
4 I
30 V , 30 V
4

+
4

Figure P2.5
25 V - 0 7A + )4 V hv
ANSWER: 15 V.
KVL l° dc,Crminc ,hc vol ,a8c P in « hc circuit of fig - Figure P2.8
ure P26 *
the power delivered
9. For the circuit of figure P2.9, calculate
sources Verify the principle of

e
I V by each of the eight independent
.

o
5V
conservation of power.

*, i v ) 1 V x
1 Q i n
i n? i
1 S2
n % n
i «
n
^ i
0
e
x l l
i1 v 4

e e 8A

t
1 V 1 V

Figure P2.6
v 1 4V
ANSWER : 2 V.
7. For the circuit of figure P2.7. determine the voltages Figure P2.9
U| U4 - ANSWERS: 30, 0, - 8. 18 , -2, -24, -64. 50 W.
10. Four circuit elements and a dependent voltage source are
shown in the circuit of figure P2.10. The current through and
the voltage across each element are identified on the diagram.
However, one and only one voltage (or current ) value is la-
beled incorrectly. Mark the incorrect voltage ( or current ) on the
circuit diagram and give the correct value for this voltage (or
current ).

4A

4 25 V -
+
20 V

Figure P2.7

V.
ANSWERS: 18 V. 5 V, - 11 V, I Figure P2.10
J-
"r ' '
,

75
PROBLEMS
11. Find the currents and voltages /*, Vx , ly . and Vv in the
circuit of figure P2. ll . 4
I,
25 Vr

8V *n rrVy VJ- .
4V
2/ — i n
tAAA
f igure P2.15
'

TUAL Figure P2.11

'

T 14 A ANSWER:
.
5 W.
16 Find the power absorbed by the unknown circuit element X
in the circuit of figure P2.16.

SCRAMBLED ANSWERS: 8. 6, 4, 2.
KCL and Ohm's Law 60 n
.
12 For the circuit of figure P2.12 it is known that /2 = 3 A. V +
50 | X
.
Find: Vjn /3. RL < an (1 the power delivered to the load R
^ . 0.5 A

+ 1\
'8 n
2 h Figure P2.16
12 A
© 3 a *L ANSWER: 10 W.
17. (a) Find the current IR and the voltage V'oui for the circuit
of figure P2.17.
Figure P2.12 ( b) Ifaresistorof RS2 is placed across the output terminals,
determine the current In and the voltage Vout .
13. (a ) For the circuit of figure P2.13, determine ly in terms
ofa and RL -
( b) Supposing that ly = 2 A and a = 3, determine
RL + I
and the power delivered to RL .
2V
h h h
3 vft
R
12 A 3 6 SI RL MV
Figure P2.17

Figure P2.13 18. For the circuit of figure P2.18, find the value of R
ANSWERS: (a) 2 Q, (b) 18 W.
14. Find the value of Ry so that the power delivered by the
source is 60 W for the circuit of figure P2.14.

2A
0 R , 20 £2

Figure P2.18
Figure P2.14
ANSWER: 30 fi.
ANSWER: Lies in the interval 40 S2 < Ry < 70 fl.
19. (a ) In figure P2.19a, VA 24 V. Determine / in . Vy . and R .
=
KVL and Ohm's Law ( b ) In figure P2.19b a dependent voltage source has been
added to the circuit of figure P2.19a. Determine Vy in terms
15. Find the power absorbed by the 5-Q resistor in the circuit of a and R . If / jn = 0.25 A and a = 4, determine R .
of figure P2.15.
 76
?«« « J . KitomoFF'ft CuntNi « . ,- . .
«* *« l* «•
ft K ,v M (Wt <M wWl * •,WUch
position . A
*****
winding
M«,.; ^
in the Hi
id ) The sw itch is In
blows . What is the largCM
tor shorts out. The fuse
that will cause the fjJ1 '
nlcnt resistance of the motor
blow ?
* to
ANSWERS:
(a ) ( I) RAH = 2.7 0. RBC - . Ret
0 6 fi )
= 0 25
/?motor 125 ^
.^
“

III ) RAH ~ 1 .875 W, PBC 3.75 W, />

/>
(b)
1.5625 W. />mo or = 7.8125 W; *
figure P2.19 ( Hi ) 26%;

if /, n
' =. ,hcn R = 40 n = 30/[ ( K + 32) / l 2 + al;
( b) (I )
V'moior
VAB
7
—
1 4 V. °-
= VBC 3 43 v VCD 1.43 v = - =
20. The 1
( ii ) 5.71 A:
fi urv p2.20 is a blower
a typical
*
troi the cxim
specd
V Cm ^^ ' , --
roU h a mo or thereby
motor control for
n tll S circuil resistors arc used to con
controlling the fan
-
(iii ) 59.5%;
( C ) (i ) VAB = 0 VBC =
( ii ) 8 A :
- VCD = 2 V Vmotor 0 v . =,
( iii ) 83.3%;
(d ) 0.4 n.
Ignition
switch
-
30 A / Lo o .
21 In the circuit of figure P2.21, k is a constant.
fuse + ( a ) Find an expression for the voltage v in terms of
RAB VAB the
Fan source values.
12 V speed
Mcd 1 - B
( b) Find an expression for vx in terms of resistance
and
switch + source values.
VBC (c) Determine the power supplied by the
current
Ground Med 2 - source IQ .
o C
+

) Ground -=-
Motor
Hi o
Ren
D
Vcn
+
VD
—-
i

R\
*
+

v fa‘3=
v
Nonlinear clement

Figure P2.20

(a ) With the switch in the Lo position , the current sup-

plied by the battery is 2.5 A . The voltage drops across the

—
resistors and motor are VAB = 6.75 V, VBC
Vet ) 0 625 V. and Vp 3.125 V. Consider the motor as
-
represented by a load resistance.
=
( i ) Determine the value of each
= 1.5 V,
KVL, KCL, and Ohm's Law Combined
Figure P2.21

resistance and the

value of the equivalent resistance representing the 22. Given that 40 mW is absorbed
motor. by the 100-« resistor, find
(ii ) Determine the power dissipated in each resistor
Vs in the circuit of figure P2.22.
and (he power used by the motor.
( iii ) Determine the relative efficiency of the circuit,
which is the ratio of the power used by ( he motor to
the power delivered by the battery. 150 « 200 «
( b ) With the switch in Med - 1 position , determine: 300 « 100 «
( I ) The voltage drop across each resistor.
( ii ) The current delivered by the battery.
( iii ) The relative efficiency of the circuit .
Figure P2.22
PROBLEMS 77

23. in the circuit of figure P2.23. find the value of R .

h

frV
I R
+
10 V

T ^ Tt 3A
Figure P2.26
Figure P2.23
—
SCRAMBLED ANSWERS: fa; 1 A. 1 A. 1 A, -6 A; fbf 12 V. - 18 V.
4 V, - 10 V; (c ) 60 W. -40 W. 24 W. 90 W.
ANSWER: R - 16 / 2 = 8 ft . 27. Find the value of the current lx in the circuit of figure P2.27 .
24. Find the power delivered by each independent source and How much power is delivered by the independent source? How
the power absorbed by each resistor in the circuit of figure much power is delivered by the dependent source? Verify the
P2.24. Check : Total of delivered power = total of absorbed principle of conservation of power for this circuit.
power.
400 a

—MA
e
7A
500 O

2tjon

5 S2 0JT
06 A Figure P2227
ANSWERS: -0.4 A, - 16 W, 192 W.
28. In the circuit of figure P2.28 , suppose VS = 20 V'. Find Vs .
Figure P2.24 NW
180 O

ANSWERS: P7 A = 217 W. P8 A = 208 W , P6A = -6 W,

P4V = 36 W. Psn = 5 W , />2« = 450 W .
25. For the circuit of figure P2.25 , find:
(a) Voltage drop Vi .
(b) Voltage drop V2 -
Figure P2.28
ANSWER: 280 V.

Voltage Division
29. Determine the value of the voltage vx for the circuit of
figure P2.29.

60

60 iso

Figure P2.25
9V
©» 0 30
>»

—
ANSWERS: (a) 2.6 V; ( b) 41.8 V.
26- For the circuit of figure P2.26 with the indicated currents
and voltages, find:
Figure P2.29
(a ) Currents I through /4 .
\
(b) Voltages V) through V .
4 - 30.
• For the circuit of figure P2.30. Vj = 70 V and VS = 20 V.
(c) The power delivered by each independent current Determine the value of R\ that is necessary to achieve these
source. voltages.

v
80
1'AHAl. m Kl slslivi ClMc oIT
^ I H n i l i o n \ ( t K H I N l A N O V o t l M .I ,
)(
CHAHTR 2
' *‘intl th ' ,
ANP M «
V
"
( , d 1 10 v« lut? of I f
4 I A \V S

IlgH 1'-
* *
I UL
"* for cnch ut tin *
or figutr P2 . .M j ) 40. I m each of
; ihc onlilw of "
1000 W

# tn 10 Q
1~A jooi
]
lit .it makes AV|

AM
»

n
o
— wv K
I
<> I 2 S ^y 0.08 S
J 20 n
HHHJ
-:
i ? ku •:
'
K \•:
J K
o - ( in
1
——
1« ) mi

0.7SK o vW
2A' J00 u

— y
KIK ) Q '1|HI u h‘
:A .(( X ) u
*
<n
bR K R 0.5 R
vw ~
( b) Figure P2.46

ANSWER: (« ) 800 £2.

( a ) Let Rx
=
Figure P2.43
44. Consider the circuit of figure P2.44.
Ry = oo and find RCq
.
tiers of resistors, as illustrated
(a) Find the equivalent
have models that are infinite lad -
47 Some physical problems figure P2.47.
in
resistance R c q at terminals « /> jn
_
( b ) Let Rx
= Ry =
0 £2 and find Rcq . the resistive network is infinite,
figure P2.47a. Hint: Since
.
( c) Let Req = 10 £2 Ry = oo and find Rx . . the equivalent resistance seen
at terminals a -b is the same
( d ) If Rx 4 £2 and Ry = I £2 , can Rcq be computed
= to the right of terminals c </ .
as the equivalent resistance b for the ladder network of
using the series-parallel method ? (b) Find Rcq at terminals
a-

/W
figure P2.47b.

ao
— AM
R
R
c
WM
R
R
WM
R
R
2 QS Rcq
d
b o-
(a )
/W — 1

Figure P2.44 ao AM
5 £2
MM
5 £2 c
AAA
5 £2
VW
5 £2
—
SCRAMBLED ANSWERS: 3.75 £2 22 £2
, 4 £2 . . 10 £2 10 £2
45. For the circuit of figure P2.45:
( a ) Calculate RAC ~ the equivalent resistance
seen at termi- d
an ohmmeter b o-
reading on
nals A and C , which would be the ( b)
A and C , respectively.
if the two probes were connected to
parallel combinat ions of
Use the formulas for series and Figure P2.47
resistors. 48. Find the value of lx in the circuit of figure P2.48
be calculated using
tb> Can the equivalent resistance RAB
the series-parallel formulas? How
about Rue ? State your
reasons without performing any calculations
.
3 £2

(®
\ 6 k £2

36 mA
r *

Figure P2.48
9 k £2

i 18 k £2

Figure P2.45 ANSWER : 3 mA.

 pjaBirM'’ 81

49. Suppose the voltage in the circuit of figure P2.49 is 30 V 53. Consider the "ladder network" of figure P2.53.
Find R ( a ) Find successively the equivalent resistances
j vW- vW- Re* 2’ an^ ^cqV
^cqlUsing
• )
soon * -
too n ( hi the voltage division formula find successively
\'a . Vh. and V , .
,

150 mA ‘
200 n
^ ( c ) Using the current divisioo formula
and
find / and then Ij, jn

Figure P2.49
i, ion
50. (aI For the circuit of figure P2.50. find the smallest per-
missible value of RL 2 SO that the fuse will not blow. Each
resistor could represent an electric appliance in a typical
ln
—W
5n 0
+
6 fi
A
+
— i
+
home .
( b) Repeat part (a ) for the case of
(c ) Repeat part ( a ) for the case of
RLI = 40 SI .
RL t = 15 fi .
Vn
-
= 100 Vv . fl ion va_ 5 fi
* eqi
ion K

120 V
-vw
0.5 £2

— RL| = 20 fi
—
15- A fuse

30 n 40 n
*L2
Figure P2.53

54. Consider the circuits of figure P2.54. In figure 2.54a

t>in (0 = 120sin ( 377/ ) V and in figure 2.54b. iia ( t ) =
I 20sin ( 377/ ) A.
Figure P2.50 - -
(a) Find tout tout and the instantaneous power absorbed
by each of the indicated output resistors in the two circuits
SCRAMBLED ANSWERS: 20 Q , 40 S2, 120 Q . of figure P2.54.
51. In the circuit of figure P2.51 , switch 5 i closes at / = 5 s, (b) For the circuit of figure P2.54b. does Rs affect the cur-
S2 closes at t = 10 s. and S3 closes at t = 15 s. Plot uout ( / ) for rent through the other resistors in the circuit?
0 < t < 20 s.
40 n
.* 1 . 5n 20 n
VVA
WO
3 *2 S
'
+

a
Th
220 V (*
65 n 130 n 260 n 260 n
30
* WO

Figure P2.51
300 n

^ 50 n
j
ANSWER : The u0m vs. t curve consists of line segments connect- (a)
ing: (0. 190.7 ), ( 5, 190.7 ), (5, 168.2), ( 10, 168.2), ( 10, 136.2) ,
( 15, 136.2), ( 15, 98.6), ( 20, 98.6 ).
52. Consider the circuit of figure P2.52.
(a)
( b)
Findi i (f ) .
'

Find / 2(0'
R ,= 1239 n
vW
20 n
AV =WR
0 1 son

«|(0 9 kn
'
30 n

7 kn 2 kn 3 kn > 6 kQ
10(0
<in(0
0 300 n
$
so n Wo
+
< IOO n

+ ) 3 cos( 2/) V
9 cos( 2/) V (+ (b )
8 kn
AAA Figure P2.54
Figure P2.52
 RMi

82
A N SCKII „
S I’AKAI. I El . RBSISTlVli C| -
OuprtR 2 KIRHIIIOM SCURRINT ANI > VOITA ^ LAWS
.
F
. X .
, ,r Home P2.59 determine A so that ttlc „
ConUin
55. Consider
(0 )
tt> )
^ |
n /" , ’
^ illinl,
, B'lrCP2-55
hC CiKUUOr
Ca1cu' . 11, otal power
’ supplied by the V source
0
, , 60 -
uncos

.
circuit

'
, 59 tTithcdrcui
to the 2'»
.
delivered

source.
yfiR
resistor is IO /'in . where / > X
by the 4 £2 and I 8. * - n"

2 5 - p rcMstV
,

?
trsisior " 8 U1,
resistors '
.
" HVol ap sou vc is replaced a
by
and hc indent current source by a 5 «
0

P vcr nhsorbed by each of the four

°'
- Nonldenl
source
:
:
«2
+
+
60 V
'• I ion
t <P $5 Si Figure P2.59

ANSWER: 0.777 S.
611. For the circuit of figure P
2.60:
Figure P2.55 (a ) Determine the output
voltage and output current .

56. In the circuit of figure P2.56. find the power in watts

( b) Determine the voltage gain |Pout / Pinl -
absorbed by the load K . , h
' oul

son 5n
'tovJL
111 O Q + 4 P| 4.5 /2 l
+
+

'4
+
6 n ‘
Pi
snn on '
ion
vm
(*

^
tOO mV Ison 20 kn
/?t = 200 « j
Figure P2.60

Batteries
Figure P2.56
57. Find the equivalent resistance RCq “seen ” by the current
. .
A 61 With the car engine turned off you have been listening to
- the car radio. While the radio is on, you turn the ignition to
source in the circuit of figure P2.57. start the engine. You noticed a momentary silence of the ra -
dio. The following circuit analysis explains this effect quan-
+ titatively. Assume that with the car engine not running, the
? -
12 V car battery is represented by the model shown in figure

•Mv
Rcq
- 2 £2
i n
+
Vx
Vx
P2.61 . The load due to the car radio is represented by an equis -
alent resistance of 240 £2 . The starter motor draws 150 A of
current when the ignition is turned on and before the engine
starts. Find Vout at the moment when the ignition switch is
turned on . Compare this to the voltage V0ut before the igni -
tion switch is turned on . Why do you think the radio goes silent
momentarily ?
Figure P2.57
Ignition
58. For the circuit of figure P2.58, write one node equation that i 0.04 « switch
allows you to find lm / Pin - Model for ;
r-WW-
+
car battery ;
' in
with engine ; 12 V
+
P«u . Radio

.
not running !
+ and Starter
3 £2 P 6« clock
M-

Figure P2.58
Clutsis
ground ——=
i r

ANSWER : /in / Pin — -1.5 S. Figure P2.6 I

Maas
 pjaBirM'’ 81

49. Suppose the voltage in the circuit of figure P2.49 is 30 V 53. Consider the "ladder network" of figure P2.53.
Find R ( a ) Find successively the equivalent resistances
j vW- vW- Re* 2’ an^ ^cqV
^cqlUsing
• )
soon * -
too n ( hi the voltage division formula find successively
\'a . Vh. and V , .
,

150 mA ‘
200 n
^ ( c ) Using the current divisioo formula
and
find / and then Ij, jn

Figure P2.49
i, ion
50. (aI For the circuit of figure P2.50. find the smallest per-
missible value of RL 2 SO that the fuse will not blow. Each
resistor could represent an electric appliance in a typical
ln
—W
5n 0
+
6 fi
A
+
— i
+
home .
( b) Repeat part (a ) for the case of
(c ) Repeat part ( a ) for the case of
RLI = 40 SI .
RL t = 15 fi .
Vn
-
= 100 Vv . fl ion va_ 5 fi
* eqi
ion K

120 V
-vw
0.5 £2

— RL| = 20 fi
—
15- A fuse

30 n 40 n
*L2
Figure P2.53

54. Consider the circuits of figure P2.54. In figure 2.54a

t>in (0 = 120sin ( 377/ ) V and in figure 2.54b. iia ( t ) =
I 20sin ( 377/ ) A.
Figure P2.50 - -
(a) Find tout tout and the instantaneous power absorbed
by each of the indicated output resistors in the two circuits
SCRAMBLED ANSWERS: 20 Q , 40 S2, 120 Q . of figure P2.54.
51. In the circuit of figure P2.51 , switch 5 i closes at / = 5 s, (b) For the circuit of figure P2.54b. does Rs affect the cur-
S2 closes at t = 10 s. and S3 closes at t = 15 s. Plot uout ( / ) for rent through the other resistors in the circuit?
0 < t < 20 s.
40 n
.* 1 . 5n 20 n
VVA
WO
3 *2 S
'
+

a
Th
220 V (*
65 n 130 n 260 n 260 n
30
* WO

Figure P2.51
300 n

^ 50 n
j
ANSWER : The u0m vs. t curve consists of line segments connect- (a)
ing: (0. 190.7 ), ( 5, 190.7 ), (5, 168.2), ( 10, 168.2), ( 10, 136.2) ,
( 15, 136.2), ( 15, 98.6), ( 20, 98.6 ).
52. Consider the circuit of figure P2.52.
(a)
( b)
Findi i (f ) .
'

Find / 2(0'
R ,= 1239 n
vW
20 n
AV =WR
0 1 son

«|(0 9 kn
'
30 n

7 kn 2 kn 3 kn > 6 kQ
10(0
<in(0
0 300 n
$
so n Wo
+
< IOO n

+ ) 3 cos( 2/) V
9 cos( 2/) V (+ (b )
8 kn
AAA Figure P2.54
Figure P2.52
 RMi

82
A N SCKII „
S I’AKAI. I El . RBSISTlVli C| -
OuprtR 2 KIRHIIIOM SCURRINT ANI > VOITA ^ LAWS
.
F
. X .
, ,r Home P2.59 determine A so that ttlc „
ConUin
55. Consider
(0 )
tt> )
^ |
n /" , ’
^ illinl,
, B'lrCP2-55
hC CiKUUOr
Ca1cu' . 11, otal power
’ supplied by the V source
0
, , 60 -
uncos

.
circuit

'
, 59 tTithcdrcui
to the 2'»
.
delivered

source.
yfiR
resistor is IO /'in . where / > X
by the 4 £2 and I 8. * - n"

2 5 - p rcMstV
,

?
trsisior " 8 U1,
resistors '
.
" HVol ap sou vc is replaced a
by
and hc indent current source by a 5 «
0

P vcr nhsorbed by each of the four

°'
- Nonldenl
source
:
:
«2
+
+
60 V
'• I ion
t <P $5 Si Figure P2.59

ANSWER: 0.777 S.
611. For the circuit of figure P
2.60:
Figure P2.55 (a ) Determine the output
voltage and output current .

56. In the circuit of figure P2.56. find the power in watts

( b) Determine the voltage gain |Pout / Pinl -
absorbed by the load K . , h
' oul

son 5n
'tovJL
111 O Q + 4 P| 4.5 /2 l
+
+

'4
+
6 n ‘
Pi
snn on '
ion
vm
(*

^
tOO mV Ison 20 kn
/?t = 200 « j
Figure P2.60

Batteries
Figure P2.56
57. Find the equivalent resistance RCq “seen ” by the current
. .
A 61 With the car engine turned off you have been listening to
- the car radio. While the radio is on, you turn the ignition to
source in the circuit of figure P2.57. start the engine. You noticed a momentary silence of the ra -
dio. The following circuit analysis explains this effect quan-
+ titatively. Assume that with the car engine not running, the
? -
12 V car battery is represented by the model shown in figure

•Mv
Rcq
- 2 £2
i n
+
Vx
Vx
P2.61 . The load due to the car radio is represented by an equis -
alent resistance of 240 £2 . The starter motor draws 150 A of
current when the ignition is turned on and before the engine
starts. Find Vout at the moment when the ignition switch is
turned on . Compare this to the voltage V0ut before the igni -
tion switch is turned on . Why do you think the radio goes silent
momentarily ?
Figure P2.57
Ignition
58. For the circuit of figure P2.58, write one node equation that i 0.04 « switch
allows you to find lm / Pin - Model for ;
r-WW-
+
car battery ;
' in
with engine ; 12 V
+
P«u . Radio

.
not running !
+ and Starter
3 £2 P 6« clock
M-

Figure P2.58
Clutsis
ground ——=
i r

ANSWER : /in / Pin — -1.5 S. Figure P2.6 I

Maas
 pROBLFM'S 83

62. Tlio volume nl a car radio is not

^ state much affected hy the on /off
of the headlights. The following circuit analysis explains
charged at a 50 A rate? - part 7
.
(c) What is the power delivered by the charger in
this phenomenon quantitatively. Assume that with the eftr en • |low much of the power is lost in the battery us heal .
cine running, the 12-V car battery is represented hy the model ‘
65 An electric energy transmission line hus a rated power
.
shown in figure P2.62 . Notice that the effective voltage of the capacity of 50 MW A commercial electrical code requires
that
car battery increases due to the effect of the alternator while the line carry at most W* of its rated capacity . The source
the engine is running The load due to the car radio is tvp voltage driving the line is 750 kV. Determine the. load ol
resented by an equivalent resistance of 240 Si , At 12 V de. minimum resistance that this energy transmission system can
each headlight consumes 35 W on low beam and 65 W on high handle.
beanv A 66 A nonidcal constant voltage source an ordinary resistor.
.
( at Find the equivalent resistance of each headlight on low
beam .
and a nonidcal constant current source have the v i char- -
acteristics given in figure P2.66. Determine the values of
( b ) Find the equivalent resistance of each headlight on
high the source voltage or current , the value of the source in -
beam .
ternal resistance , and finally the value of the resistance for
( c ) Find Vout when the headlights are turned off .
figure P2.66c.
< d > Find 1 out when the low beams are turned on.
( e ) Find lout when the high beams are turned on .

Headlight

Model for I
car batters ; |4 jv +
—
_-
vW
—
0.04 « ;
I
I +
switch

1000"
i. A
4000
with engine ; \ vM
ffi
Radio
running ;
: and
: clock
Headlights 60
40
Chasis
ground — 20
Figure P2.62 i, A /, A
0.5 1
(b )
v 63. The circuit of figure P2.63 shows a simple scheme to deter-
.
mine «0 the internal resistance of the battery model. The loading Figure P2.66
effect due to the digital voltmeter may be neglected (consider that
the meter is represented by an infinite resistance). With the switch
open, the meter reads 12 V. With the switch ( briefly ) closed , the 67. A 6-V 10-Ah ( 10-h rated battery is used to pros ide emer-
reading drops to 11.96 V. Find the value of RQ . ^ gency ,

lighting that draws a total of

)
8 A. Determine the duration
for which the battery can supply the needed dc voltage . Assume
that a = 4/ 3 and n = 10 in equation 2.9 of the text .
: ANSWER: 37.5 min. However, with all the uncertainty involved,
HVf 4 we probably should only operate for 30 min.
Switch
Model for a !
;+ .
A 68 In testing a fully charged 6- V emergency lighting batters ,
it
12 V battery !I 12 V .
is found that with a constant drain of 12 A the terminal voltage
; V0
: _ Digital
voltmeter
15 Si
% dropped to the final value (at which the load is cut otT) in 55 min.
Determine the 10-h rated capacity of the same type of batterv .
:
: Assume that a = 4/ 3.
ANSWER: 20 Ah.
A 69. The capacity of a certain battery is 50 Ah at 20
Figure P2.63 - h rating.
(a ) What is the maximum constant current
the battery can
supply for a 10-h period ?
.
' 64 A 50-cell lead storage battery has an open-circuit voltage of ( b ) What is its capacity at the 10
-
h rate? Assume that
102 V and a total internal resistance of 0.05 £2. a = 4/ 3.
(a ) If the battery delivers 80 A to a load resistor, what is ANSWER: ( a ) 4.2 A ; ( b ) 42 Ah.
the terminal voltage?
fb) What is the terminal voltage when the battery is being
 84 tam C ,,
c»*n •« CMWHT ANI > VOLTAGE LAWS ANP Sw* ** * *
MATLAB Problems
2 Kmc
% graph as follows ph )
:
^
, Rl
70. ( a Find the plot ( RL, IL *1000 "
^ * ,
s s direction?),
output voltage V|o,K), the output current ( what
% The motivated
student might
’ ' ami the power absorbed by the load ( 8 - fi
resistor ) for the circuit of ligurc P2.70. % investigate
using the 'hold * command

% instead.
in sn -
parallel circuits with numer .
U 71. The analysis of series with only two types of
done
element values can be
50V 25 V: : adding two numbers and taking the rcci '
48 n § v, + 1« Q
> > Vj +\J 2 n
, VI*I
metic operations
, is an extremely
of a number. As such MATLABresistances and
° CoPr
50 mV
R *8n cal
nient tool for finding the
equivalent the
*
7
ages and currents throughout a series-parallel circuit . This
*
01
of MATLAB. For the circuit
Figure P2.70 lem illustrates such a use
figure P2.71:
lb) Using MATLAB or equivalent, compute and plot with (a ) Find /?«) •
appropriate labels the power absorbed by the load , de - ( b) Find Foul -
noted by R , as R [ varies from 8 to 64 Q in incre
^ -
ments of 1 Q. Also plot the current, again using MAT -
.
LAB as a function of RAt what value of Ri is the Rb = 18 «
absorbed power a maximum ? Knowing this is important ,
for example, when matching loudspeaker resistances to
the output resistance of your stereo. For this problem you
should read Appendix A 2. You should also read about
Rc
GDI
/?3 = 9 n :
*a
«4 = 2 «
graphing in the student edition of MATLAB. It is strongly , = 15 £2

^
20 A R
*s = 8 n
suggested that you (at least begin ) to work through the
MATLAB tutorial. You will need to turn in an original
! * = 4 £2
2
o«

printout ( no copies permitted ) of your code and plots. Figure P2.71

( Hint: Begin your program with the commands listed be -
low. ?? indicates that you should insert the proper number or
formula. Beginning your MATLAB solution :

f RL = 8:1:64;
% This command generates an array of
% numbers for RL beginning at 8 and
% ending at 64 in increments of 1. If
% you do not end it with a semicolon
% it will list every entry of
% the array.
% Define element values.
Rl = 15; R 2 = 4; R 3 = 9; R4 = 2; R 5 =
8; R6 = 18;
% To find Req start from right side.
Ra = R4 + R 5;
Ga = 1 / Ra;
V2 = ?? Gb = Ga + 1 / R 1;
% This value should be precomputed. Rb = 1 / Gb;
IL = ??; % Continue these additions and
PL = RL .* IL .A 2; % reciprocals until obtaining Req.
% Note that . because IL and RL are % To find Vout requires repeated use of
% arrays of numbers .A means to % voltage and current division
% square each number in the array IL % formulas.
% and means to multiply each number Geq = 1 / Req;
% in IL by the corresponding number IRc = 20 *Gc /Geq;
% in the array for RL. VRb = IRc * Rb;
plot ( RL, PL) % Now write down the MATLAB expression
grid % for finding Vout.
% Plot IL in mA
plot(RL, IL* 1000) ANSWERS: (a ) 3 fi; ( b) 24 V.
grid U 72. Use MATLAB to find Rjn and Voul for the circuit of fig-
% Typing grid adds a grid to your plot. ure P2.72. Turn in your MATLAB code with your answers. Hint'
% Always add a grid. Label the equivalent seen at each node to facilitate computation
% You can put both plots on the same of VQUI .
 85
2 in no
•/A*—r —V2 / - U 74. Use MAT1.AB to find Min in the circuit of figure P2.74.

jnOnt41

r .
I 13 :> 2 210
^ !UJ

r?
*
ton
•
800 52
[~vW~j
—W— I 600 «
rson-
2f > n i io ft I 30 fi

Figure P2.72 «j n -\W -

L-W/J
,
-W\H

^
VJS«^R-s:
‘
tipore P2.73
-
MATI AB
.
591.2 £2 8.869 V.
to find /<fm. Voui, and
win
/ ) for the circuit of
ion v

fez ns 50 u j w n S WOfl
' -
'

r-vW-i Figure P2.74

|Jt—AV—* i ori
^
"
4-
15012 2oo n wn ANSWERS: 50.53 Q , 133.8 mA .

Figure P2.73

.
hi