Quadrilateral ▪ isosceles

- a closed plane figure o two congruent legs

- consists of four line segments or sides o example:
and four angles ̅̅̅̅
- can be named by their vertices 𝐙𝐎 is parallel to ̅̅̅
𝐃𝐈
- can be convex or nonconvex ̅̅̅̅
𝐙𝐃 is congruent to ̅̅̅
𝐎𝐈
▪ convex ̅̅̅̅
𝐙𝐎 & ̅̅̅
𝐃𝐈 = bases
o if the diagonals intersect ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ = legs
𝐙𝐃 & 𝐎𝐈
▪ nonconvex
o if the diagonals do not ▪ non-isosceles
intersect o no congruent legs
- parts: o example:
▪ 4 sides
▪ 4 vertices ̅̅̅̅ is parallel to 𝐄𝐓
𝐆𝐀 ̅̅̅̅
▪ 4 angles ̅̅̅̅
𝐆𝐄 is not parallel/congruent
▪ 2 diagonals
- there are pairs of sides and angles that to side ̅̅̅̅
𝐀𝐓
are part of a quadrilateral
- every quadrilateral has:
▪ 2 pairs of opposite sides
▪ 2 pairs of opposite vertices
Parallelogram
▪ 2 pairs of opposite angles - two pairs of sides are parallel and
congruent
▪ 4 pairs of consecutive sides - opposite or facing sides are equal
▪ 4 pairs of consecutive vertices length
▪ 4 pairs of consecutive angles - opposite angles are equal measure
- example:
Kinds of Quadrilaterals
̅̅̅̅
𝐆𝐑 and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐌𝐀 are parallel and
congruent to each other
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐆𝐌 is parallel to ̅̅̅̅
𝐑𝐀
- kinds:
▪ rectangle
o four right angles
o opposite sides are
parallel and equal
o diagonals bisect each
other
o example:
<R, <E, <C, and <T are right
angles

▪ rhombus
o four congruent sides
o opposite sides are
parallel to each other
Trapezium o angles are not equal to 90
- no parallel sides °
- example: o example:

̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐇𝐎
𝐑𝐇, ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐎𝐌
̅̅̅̅̅ and 𝐌𝐑
̅̅̅̅̅ are congruent
̅̅̅̅̅ is not parallel to 𝐈𝐔
𝐙𝐌 ̅̅̅
̅
𝐙𝐈 is not parallel to ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐔𝐌

▪ square
Kite o special kind of rhombus
with right angles
- special kind of trapezium o considered a rectangle
- two pairs of distinct congruent because two adjacent sides
consecutive sides are equal
- one pair of opposite angles are o has 4 right angles (90°
congruent each) and 4 equal sides
- two pairs of congruent sides that meet
at two different points o sides and angles are equal
- example: o example:

̅̅̅̅ is congruent to 𝐔𝐓
𝐂𝐔 ̅̅̅̅ <S, <Q, <U, and <A are right
̅̅̅̅ is congruent to 𝐄𝐂
̅̅̅̅ angles
𝐓𝐄 ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐐𝐔
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐒𝐐, 𝐔𝐀 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐒𝐀 are congruent

• if the sides and angles are congruent,

then their measures are equal
Trapezoid • two consecutive angles of a
- exactly one pair of parallel sides parallelogram are supplementary,
- parallel sides = bases meaning equal to 180°
- nonparallel sides = legs
- kinds:
Properties of Parallelogram ̅̅̅̅
FN ⊥ IE̅
• opposite angles are equal ̅̅̅̅ ≅ IE
FN ̅
• opposite sides are equal and parallel ̅̅̅̅
FD ≅ DN̅̅̅̅
• diagonals bisect each other ̅̅̅
ID ≅ ̅̅̅̅
DE
• sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°
Theorems on Different Kinds of Parallelograms
Properties of
• all the angles of a rectangle are 90° Theorem 1
• opposite sides of a rectangle are equal - in a parallelogram, opposite sides are
and parallel congruent
• diagonals of a rectangle bisect each
other Theorem 2
- in a parallelogram, opposite angles are
Properties of Rhombus congruent
• opposite angles are equal Theorem 3
• all sides are equal and, opposite sides - any two consecutive angles in
are parallel to each other parallelogram are supplementary
• diagonals bisect each other
perpendicularly Theorem 4
• sum of any two adjacent angles is 180° - the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
each other
Properties of Square
Theorem 5
• all the angles of a square are 90° - a diagonal of a parallelogram divides
• all sides of a square are equal and the parallelogram into two congruent
parallel to each other triangles
• diagonals bisect each other
perpendicularly Theorem 6
- if a parallelogram has a right angle,
Properties of Parallelogram involving Diagonals then it has four right angles and the
parallelogram is a rectangle
Property 1 Theorem 7
- the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect - the diagonals of a rectangle are
each other congruent
- each diagonal divides a parallelogram
into two congruent triangles Theorem 8
- example:
- the diagonals of a rhombus bisects the
angles of a rhombus
̅̅̅
SE ≅ ̅̅̅̅
EA
̅̅̅̅
TE ≅ ̅̅̅̅
ER Theorem 9
∆STA ≅ ∆ARS - in a rhombus, the diagonals are
∆RST ≅ ∆TAR perpendicular to each other

Property 2 The Midline Theorem

- the diagonals of a rectangle are • the segment that joins the midpoint of
congruent and they bisect each other a triangle is parallel to the third side
- example: and half as long
• example:
̅̅̅̅ ≅ BD
AC ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅
AE ≅ ̅EC̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ED
BE ̅̅̅̅

Property 3
- in a rhombus, the diagonals are
perpendicular and they bisect each
other Trapezoid
- example: - a quadrilateral with exactly one pair
of parallel sides
̅̅̅̅
TK ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
AE - base = parallel sides
̅AS
̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅
SE - legs = nonparallel sides
- base angles = pair of angles formed by
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
TS ≅ SK the legs and a base

Altitude of Trapezoid
Property 4 - is any segment from a point on one base
- the diagonals of a square bisect each perpendicular to the line containing
other and are congruent and the other base
perpendicular - is basically the height of the trapezoid
- example:
Median/Midline of Trapezoid
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ IE
FN ̅ - is the segment that joins the midpoints
of the legs
̅̅̅̅ ≅ IE
FN ̅ - example:
 bases: CO ̅̅̅̅ and IV ̅ • any lower base angle is supplementary
̅ and ̅̅̅̅ to any upper base angle
legs: CI OV
base angles: <C, <O,
<V, and <I TURO is an isosceles trapezoid
altitude: ̅̅̅̅ ET <T and <U are the upper base
midline: ̅̅̅̅ DN angles
<R and <O are the lower base
̅̅̅̅ ≅ DI
CD ̅̅̅ and ON̅̅̅̅ ≅ NV
̅̅̅̅ angles

Properties of Trapezoid m<R + m<T = 180° m<R + m<U = 180°

m<O + m<T = 180° m<O + m<U = 180°
• bases are parallel by definition
• the diagonals are congruent
TRAP is a trapezoid
̅̅̅̅
TR and ̅̅̅̅
PA are the bases DIAG is an isosceles trapezoid
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
TR ∥ PA ̅̅̅̅ and IG
DA ̅ are the diagonals
̅̅̅̅ ≅ IG
DA ̅

• each lower base angle is supplementary

Theorems on Isosceles Trapezoid
to the upper base angle on the same side

JAYL is a
trapezoid Theorem 1
<J and <A are the - the base angles of an isosceles
upper base angles trapezoid are congruent
<Y and <L are the
lower base angles Theorem 2
m<L + m<J = 180° - opposite angles of an isosceles
m<Y + m<A = 180° trapezoid are supplementary

Theorems on Trapezoids Theorem 3

- the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid
Theorem 1 are congruent
- the median of a trapezoid is parallel Trapezium
to its bases
- a quadrilateral with no parallel sides
Theorem 2
- the median of a trapezoid is equal to
Kite
the half the sum of the lengths of the - a special kind of trapezium
bases - two pairs of adjacent sides that are
congruent
Properties of Isosceles Trapezoid
Properties of Kites
• the bases (upper and lower) of an
isosceles trapezoid are parallel

BASE is an isosceles
trapezoid
̅̅̅̅
BA and ̅̅̅ ES are the bases
̅̅̅̅ ∥ ES
BA ̅̅̅

• the legs are congruent by definition

ACES is an isosceles
trapezoid • two pairs of adjacent sides are
̅AS
̅̅̅ and ̅CE̅̅̅ are the legs congruent
̅̅̅̅ ≅ CE
AS ̅̅̅̅
̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
JA AG
̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
JR RG
• the lower base angles are congruent
• it has exactly one pair of congruent
DICE is an isosceles trapezoid opposite angles
̅CE
̅̅̅ is the lower base
<E and <C are the lower base < AJR ≅< AGR
angles
< E ≅< C • diagonals are perpendicular

• upper base angles are congruent ̅ ⊥ AR

JG ̅̅̅̅
<JTA, <GTA, <JTR, and <GTR are right
angles
MAZE is an isosceles trapezoid
̅̅̅̅̅
MA is the upper base • one of the diagonals is a bisector of
<M and <A are the upper base the other
angles
< M ≅< A ̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
JT TG
 • one of the diagonals bisects a pair of
opposite angles

< JAT ≅< GAT

< JRT ≅< GRT

• note that ̅̅̅̅

AR is a segment bisector and
angle bisector
• we can further observe that two
congruent right triangles are formed

∆JTA ≅ ∆GTA
∆JRT ≅ ∆GRT

Theorems on Kites

Theorem 1
- in a kite, the perpendicular bisector
of one diagonal is the other diagonal

Theorem 2
- the area of a kite is half the product
of the length of its diagonal

Symbols Meaning
̅ line segment
° degree
≅ congruent to
∆ triangle
< angle
𝑚< measurement of angle
⊥ perpendicular to
∥ parallel to