EFFICACY OF PAPAYA SEEDS (Carica Papaya) AGAINST ROUNDWORM

(Ascaridia galli) OF FREE-RANGE CHICKEN (Gallus Domesticus)

________________________

A Thesis Outline
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology
Pampanga State Agricultural University

________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Animal Science)

By

DORADO, MC JAIRUS A.
LEOCADIO, ADRIAN B.
PANGILINAN, FRANCIS WYNFRED G.

APRIL 2023
 ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to track the emergence and progression of

ascaridia galli infection in free-range chickens. Researchers have encouraged to use

papaya seed as a protein-rich feed ingredient as well as a functional feedstuff for poultry.

Papaya seed may be utilized as a feed ingredient to lower feed costs as well as a

functional feedstuff to enhance the health and wellbeing of chickens.

 INTRODUCTION

Importance of the study

The most prevalent intestinal parasite in flocks of backyard and free-range

chickens globally is the roundworm Ascaridia galli. It is a thick, yellowish-white worm

that can reach a length of 115 mm (4.5 inches). It dwells freely inside the chicken's small

intestine. On the other hand, ascaridia galli can easily enter its avian host through

ingestion, which is why it can easily spread to poultry. According to Chartier (2022)

Chickens either pick up roundworm eggs from the coop environment that another chicken

excreted in its feces or eat an earthworm that’s carrying A. galli eggs. The use of agro-

industrial by products in chicken rations has been encouraged as a result of the

continually rising cost of conventional feedstuffs. Nutritionists are becoming increasingly

interested in agro-industrial byproducts as poultry feed ingredients. According to Beski et

al. (2015) Protein is one of the most important constituents in poultry rations as it serves

vital metabolic functions, building and constructing of body tissues, repairing of body

cells, and maintaining of good health. El-Safy et al. (2012) In vitro protein digestibility of

papaya seed meal was found to be 80.7%. This is also proven by Adesuyi and Ipinmoroti

(2011) Among agro-industrial byproducts, Papaya (Carica papaya L.) has been

extensively researched as a potential feed ingredient for poultry. The latter by-product

contains significant amounts of crude protein, fat, and ash that the chickens can use.

According to Mauazu et al. (2020) Papaya seed also contains some functional properties

that may act as growth promoters, antimicrobial and antiparasitic factors, and

immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agents for poultry. Moses et al. (2018) added

that Papaya seed meal also contains a substantial amount of minerals that may, therefore,
essential for the metabolism, body functions, and health of poultry. Because of its year-

round availability and low economic value, researchers have encouraged to use papaya

seed as a protein-rich feed ingredient as well as a functional feedstuff for poultry. In light

of these facts, papaya seed may be utilized as a feed ingredient to lower feed costs as well

as a functional feedstuff to enhance the health and wellbeing of chickens.

 Objective of the study

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the different levels of papaya seeds

to free range chicken. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the effective dosage of powdered papaya seeds that will expel the least

number of parasite eggs per chicken;

(a) Dakpogan et al. (2019) Administration of papaya seed extract 1 mg per

chicken for 5 days.

2. Identify the different parasites that will be expelled from the different levels of

powdered papaya seeds in Free range chicken.

3. Compare the profitability of using papaya seeds as organic dewormer.

4. Average feed consumption

5. Percent Mortality

6. Cost and return analysis

Time and Place of the Study

The study will be conducted at San Agustin Magalang, Pampanga From April 11 until

June 11, 2023

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Plants are generally recognized as good natural antioxidant sources that may be

beneficial to poultry. The potential of papaya seed as a natural source of antioxidants has

long been investigated. In the very recent study, Muazu and Aliyu-Paiko (2020) reported

that feeding papaya seed powder (at the levels of 0.5 and 1.0% of diets) resulted in

increased serum antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT])

and decreased lipid peroxidation in broiler chickens. Kadiri et al. (2017) clearly showed

that papaya seed contains substantial amount of phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid,

caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol-3-glucoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and

quercetin-3-galactoside. These make papaya seed be of nutraceutical importance in the

poultry industry. In accordance with the above study, Salla et al. (2016) reported that

papaya seed is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins.

Moreover, Kumar and Devi (2017) revealed that papaya seed contains lycopene, which

highly reactive against free radicals. In addition to these, papaya seed also contains

substantial amount of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and β-carotene, which are good

antioxidants. The antioxidative properties of papaya seed have also been tested in vitro,

in which Salla et al. (2016) found that papaya seed could protect the HepG2 cells from

oxidative stress. In line with this, Panzarini et al. (2014) documented that papaya seed

extract served as a potent free radical scavenger and protected the Detroit 550 fibroblasts

undergoing H2O2 oxidative stress. In accordance, an earlier study by Nakamura et al.

(2007) documented that papaya seed extracted with n-hexane inhibited the generation of

free radicals and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. The definite mechanism by which papaya seed
improved the growth performance of poultry remains unclear, but Muazu and Aliyu-

Paiko (2020) suggested that the improvement in organoleptic characteristics of the feed

due to papaya seed administration seemed to increase feed intake and thereby growth

performance of poultry. Furthermore, Nideou D et al. (2017) said that the improvement

of gastrointestinal conditions and thus increased the digestibility and utilization of

nutrients seemed to improve the production performance in poultry. Further, the

antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antiparasitic activities of the papaya seed were most

likely to improve the gastrointestinal ecology and thus improve the health conditions and

growth performance of poultry. Moreover, Kadiri et al. (2017) and Moses (2018) said

that the contents of antioxidants and minerals in papaya seed seemed also to be

responsible for alleviating the negative impact of stress and also improving the health of

poultry. The latter conditions may, therefore, improve the growth performance of

poultry. 

According to the researcher Flores TG (1997) Papaya seeds as dewormer for

native chickens. Different dosages (1/4 and 1/2 tsp) of papaya seeds infusion (Trial 1)

and varied amounts (50, 40, and 30) of whole papaya seeds (Trial 2) were given orally as

dewormer to groups of native chickens which were infected naturally with gastro-

intestinal parasites. Results of trial 1 showed that there was a significant (P0.01)

reduction in the number of ova in the chicken excreta 2 weeks after the treatment period.

Chickens which were given 1/4 tsp of the seed infusion have two adult roundworms and

6 adult tapeworms, while those chickens which were given 1/2 tsp of the seed infusion

had one roundworm and four tapeworms. The control chickens had numerous

roundworms and tapeworms. In trial 2, there was a significant (P0.01) reduction in the
number of ova in the excreta after the treatment period. Chickens which were given 50

seeds of whole papaya seeds had no ova and adult gastrointestinal parasite in the excreta,

while those chickens which were given either 40 or 30 whole papaya seeds had two and

four tapeworms present in the excreta, respectively.

According to the results of the studies, Dakpogan et al. (2019) says that the

administration of papaya seed extract (1 mg per chicken for 5 days) was able to control

the populations of A. galli and Eimeria sp. in free-range local breed chickens. On the

other hand, Ammeen et al. (2012) proved that the administration of papaya seed extract

both in powdery (300 mg/day/bird) and aqueous (1:10 ml water required/day) reduced the

fecal egg counts of Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, and Trichostrongylus tenuis in

commercial layers.

Also, Ozaraga et al. (2017) says that papaya seed powder (6 g/kg body weight of

chickens) reduced the egg per gram counts of roundworms of darag native chickens.
Local Literature

According to the researchers of Capiz State University (CapSU) Field (nd) The

seeds from papaya contain a unique anthelmintic alkaloid called carpaine that has been

shown to be very effective at killing parasitic worms and amoebas. Birds treated with

6g/kg bodyweight of the papaya seed dewormer composition was found to be comparable

with the birds treated with commercial dewormer drug. The traditional practices on

animal health care and management could lessen high livestock and poultry production

costs through decreased dependence on drugs and biologics.

According to Castro (2019) who conducted a research of The Efficay of Carica

Papaya Seeds as an Additive in Making Chicken Feeds. Based from the results, it is

revealed that in a span of two weeks there was a change in their weight. It was recorded

that there was 50g increase in the feed intake of the chicken after a week of feeding it

with the chicken feeds with dried Carica papaya seeds. In the results of the study it was

discovered that the group of chickens that were taking 10g and 15g of the feeds got the

most weight gain after 14 days. The data's showed that there was a correlation between

the amount of dried Carica papaya seeds added in the chicken feeds and weight gain of

the broiler chicken as well as the feed intake of the chicken.

 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental animals

A total of ninety (90) heads of Rhode Island Red (20-days-old) will be used in

this study. Rhode Island Red chicken is an American dual purpose chicken breed. They

have rectangular, relatively long bodies, typically dark red in color. They have red-orange

eyes, reddish-brown beaks. Rhode Island Red chicks are a light red to tan color. On an

average, a male Rhode Island Red weights about 3.9kg and a female weight about 2.9kg.

Experimental design

The Rhode Island Red will be assigned into three treatments following a

Complete Random Design (CRD). The treatments will be replicated three (3) times.

Each replication will have ten (10) heads.

Factor A

T1 – Powdered Papaya seeds

Factor B

R1 – (control) 100% commercial feeds

R2 – 5% Powdered Papaya Seeds

R2 – 10% powdered Papaya Seeds

Experimental treatment

T1R1 – (control) 100% commercial feeds

T1R2 – 5% of Powdered papaya seeds + 95% Commercial feeds

 T1R3 – 10% of Powdered papaya seeds + 90% Commercial feeds

Experimental Layout

T1R3 T3R2 T2R1

T2R2 T1R1 T3R3

T3R1 T2R3 T1R2

Number of treatments = 3

Number of replications = 3

Number of animals/treatments = 30

Number of animals/ replications = 10

Total number of animals = 90

Space requirements = 1m / animal

 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Housing

Pyramid poultry wire cage will be used as the cage or housing for the Rhode

Island red.

Feed and Feeding

The Birds will be fed twice a day with commercial feeds supplement with

different level of powdered papaya Seeds, from 8:00am and 4:00pm.

Sanitation

Removal of manure will be done everyday to avoid discomfort to the birds and

Prevent bad odor and neighbor complains.

Provision of drinking water

Birds will be Provided with fresh and clean water every morning and evening.
Data to be gathered

1. Total feed Consumed – This will be taken by subtracting the total amount of

feed offered by the feed refused

Formula: Total feed offered – Feed refusal

2. Water Consumption – This will be measured by getting the volume of the

water left in the water through and subtracting it from the amount given

Formula: water given – water refused

3. Percent Mortality- this will be computed by dividing the total number of dead

birds by the total number of Birds at the start of the study and then multiplied

by 100

Formula: Total dead Birds x 100

Total birds

4. Cost and Return Analysis – This will be taken by adding all the cost of the

production from the start until the end of the study, Gross income, Net

income, and return on investment were also computed

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