Introduction

A nanorobots, just like its name, is a robot whose size lies in the nanoscale region. It
is an emerging field of nanotechnology which deals with design and construction of
devices at an atomic, molecular or cellular level. Nanorobots are extremely tiny and
can move inside the body’s blood. These nanorobots have special sensors for
detecting target molecules. It can be used to diagnose and treat various vital
diseases. Nanomedicine offers powerful current prospects tools for the treatment of
human diseases and improvement of human biological systems. It uses molecular
tools and molecular human knowledge to diagnose, treat, prevent disease and
trauma, reduce pain and improve human health.

Nanorobots perform specific tasks with nanoscale precision. The design of

nanorobots is derived from the biological model of bacteria. Carbon is likely to be the
main element that used in manufacturing. It may also be composed in the form of
diamonds, diamondoid (including pure diamond and crystalline allotrope of carbon)
or fullerene nanocomposites. Nanorobots can be made from mechanical
components such as bearing, gears, motors, and so on. The outer shell of nanorobot
is likely to be constructed using diamondoid material because of their excellent inert
properties, strong thermal conductivity and strength. The super smooth surface of
the material can reduce the chances of triggering the body’s immune system. The
nanoscale gears and other components designed for special purposes could be
constructed using elements like hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and so on.

The energy used to power these untethered nanorobots does not require any cables,
tethers or batteries. Moreover, numerous nanorobots are made of biocompatible
materials, which can degrade or even disappear after completing the mission. The
introduction of nanorobots in the medical field can not only reduce the cost of life
and money, but also revolutionize traditional trends. Nanorobots offer several
advantages over current medical procedures.

Reach and Accuracy of Nanorobots

 Nanorobots can freely reach places that normal human hands cannot reach
because they have nanometer size. For example, they can be used to repair the heart
valves can even be used to map pieces of the human brain for more information.
They also have precise positioning accuracy with minimal damage to the body, and
can also guarantee an accuracy rate of no less than 98%.

Targeted Therapy and Drug Delivery

Targeted therapy refers to new advances in cancer treatment. This is different

from traditional chemotherapy because it targets only the specific genes or proteins
that cause cancer. Nanorobots are often used in conjunction with chemotherapy to
help broader cancer treatment. Chemotherapy has a variety of unwanted side effects
such as anemia, fatigue and other disadvantages. But Targeted therapy using
nanobots can be eliminated all these side effects are possible and can be ensured
faster and get more effective results at low cost. The same principle can be advanced
drug delivery using computer-controlled nanorobots, fine tune the amount of drug to
be delivered to eliminate overdose, frequency and even timing of drug release.
Another advantage of other robots is that they can leave the drug in an inactive state
in unwanted areas, minimizing the possibility of undesirable side effects.

Computer Control and Automation

Nanorobots' computer-based controls can control and even view locations of

interest. This greatly helps to improve accuracy for all tasks. These features allow the
actual drug delivery to be regulated by nanorobots.

Sturcture of a Nanorobot

1. Technique used: Bottom-up manufacture is used to make nanorobots for medical

uses.

2. Size: Nanorobots typically range in size from 0.5-3 microns, while part sizes vary
from 1-100 nanometers. Anything larger than 3 microns will block the flow of
 capillaries.

3. Materials used: Diamond or fullerene nanocomposites composed mainly of

carbon because they have good strength and chemical inertness.

4. Molecular Sorting Rotor: Made of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotube sheets

form SWNT (single wall carbon nanotubes) are used to generate mechanical
motion. ※A class of nanomechanical device capable of selectively binding (or
releasing) molecules from (or to) solution, and of transporting these bound
molecules against significant concentration gradients.

5. Propellers: Bidirectional. Used to drive the front of the robot and come back.

6. Fins: Used to push the device.

7. Sensors: Used to push the device installation for receiving signals and guide
nanorobots accordingly.

8. Navigation: Blood flow is usually used to move. The factor that influences this is
the speed of blood flow.

Power Sources: Nanorobots can be used Internal and external resources. Some
power methods involve the robot utilizing the host's body as a power source, while
others are designed to work by having tiny internal power sources within the robot
itself. Finally, some designs allow robots to be controlled by external elements. The
source of power for nanorobots depends on the environment. Using glucose
molecules to power a nanorobot to move it inside is one example. Another way to
use medical nanorobots is powered by sound or radio waves emitted from the
outside. The least common method of power supply is independent power supply.

Nanobots Compared to microrobots, nanorobots are 1/1000th smaller in size.

This tells us that 1000 nanorobots can be used instead of a single one Micro robots.
Therefore, using nanorobots is very advantageous.

Biomedical applications of nanorobots

A. Nanorobots in Sugery
In traditional surgical methods, the surgeon makes an incision Healthy tissue
and exposed organs or sites. Due to advances in medical technology, minimally
invasive surgical methods are becoming widely available. Advantages of minimally
invasive surgery include less Scars, reduces pain, reduces infection rates and faster
Rehabilitation. With miniaturized dimensions, nanorobots can Easy access to body
cavities. After entering the cell, Surgeons can use computers to control nanorobots.
With the advent of nanotechnology, many tools are Produced at the nanoscale for
surgery.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) can scan the images in the nanoscale and finds
application in the imaging and therapeutics. AFM tips are approximately 20 nm or
less and can produce high resolution images. These AFM tips can perform local
surgery within the cellular level. The beauty of AFM robotics is that they can be
imaged and manipulated nanoscale samples. Atomic force microscopy-based
nanorobots use three Techniques to correct the limitations of traditional AFM.

1. The augmented reality interface uses joysticks for positioning and motion control.

2. The joystick receives three dimensions easy to control interaction forces.

3. Atomic force microscopy techniques It can be functionalized with a variety of

ligands and antibodies to study specific molecular interactions.

B. Nanorobots in Hematology
 The applications of nanorobotics in hematology range from non-oxygen
transfusions to perform restorative primary hemostasis. The size of the robot would
be 1000 nanometers with its components constructed at nano level. It consists of an
on-board computer with a diameter of 58 nm, oxygen and a carbon dioxide loading
rotor with a diameter of 14 nm. Nanorobots, known as respiratory cells, collect
oxygen through the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the respiratory system It is
powered by tissue and metabolic circulating glucose. This robot can carry 236 times
more There is more oxygen per unit volume than red blood cells.

Hemostasis is the second application of nanorobots. The average bleeding time

for physiologic hemostasis is nearly 5 minutes. Nanorobots can be used to solve this
problem. During platelet transfusions, patients may become infected with pathogens
and develop an immune response. While artificial mechanical platelets, "clottocyte"
nanorobots have been proposed to mimic this function. The size of the robot is two
microns with a 0.8nm grid, which has hemostatic function.

The third potential application of nanorobots in the field of hematology is the

role as phagocytic agents. Artificial mechanical phagocytes designed by Robert A.
Freitas, is a nanorobotic device that can safely eradicate blood-borne properties
pathogen. It is a flat, spherical nanomedicine device composed of 610 billion
precisely arranged structural atoms plus 150 billion gas molecules. There are many
nanorobots customizable antigen-binding sites on its outer surface and pathogens. It
is believed to have healing potential and is nearly 80 times more potent than natural
phagocytosis. Implementation of these nanorobots helps treat infections.

C. Nanorobots in Cancer Treatment

With the advancement of technology in the medical field, treatment methods

for cancer can be successfully established. Early diagnosis of cancer determines the
chances of survival for cancer patients. An important aspect of cancer treatment is
targeting drug delivery to reduce prevalent side effects cancer treatment,
chemotherapy. Nanorobots are able to move inside smaller containers and deliver
the drug at the target location. It is also possible to autonomously detect cancer cells

Challenges for nanorobots

1. Because these nanorobots are so small, the physics that govern their movement
are very unintuitive. So we have to try to find microorganisms that can overcome
these limitations, for example, by changing their shape during their life cycle.
Then it's about understanding its physics and figuring out if you have technology
that can mimic it or be "bio-inspired."

2. Many of the things nanorobots have to do to navigate complex blood vessels are
strikingly similar to those of the people who developed self-driving cars. It is
essential to map out a path and make a roadmap on how to get there. Do the
same thing when inside the organ. You have to create a roadmap of all the blood
vessels and then try to navigate through those channels.

3. Substantial funding to develop these technologies is necessary.

4. Close collaboration with doctors is needed as they will use this technology to
treat patients. Perhaps they will be skeptical and distrustful of the technology.
And there must be someone willing to put nanorobots into their bodies

Summary

Nanorobots revolutionizing the medical field, helps diagnose and treat a wide
range of diseases Including cancer. It can reduce the side effects caused by
conventional treatment techniques. It allows diseases to be diagnosed at an early
stage and improves at a low cost of treatment. The application of nanorobots in
routine diagnosis is believed to be realized in the near future.