DAY THIRTY TWO

Photoelectric
Effect
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Photon u Laws of Photoelectric Emission Effect
u Photoelectric Effect u Energy and Momentum of Photon

Photon
A particle of light called a photon has energy E that is related to the frequency f and
wavelength λ of light wave.
hc
By the Einstein equation, E = hf = …(i)
λ
where, c is the speed of light (in vacuum) and h is Planck’s constant.
h = 6.626 × 10 −34 J-s = 4136
. × 10 −15 eV-s
Since, energies are often given in electron volt (1eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 J) and wavelengths are
in Å, it is convenient to the combination hc in eV-Å. We have,
hc = 12375 eV-Å
12375
Hence, Eq. (i), in simpler form can be written as, E ( in eV) = …(ii)
λ ( in Å)
The propagation of light is governed by its wave porperties whereas the exchange of
energy between, light with matter is governed by its particle properties. The
wave-particle duality is a general property of nature. For example, electrons (and other
so called particles) also propagate as waves and exchange energy as particles.

Particle Nature of Light

Photoelectric effect gave evidence to the strange fact that light in interaction with matter
behaved as if it was made of quanta or packets of energy, each of energy hν. Einstein
 hν 
stated that the light quantum can also be associated with momentum   ⋅
 c 
This particle like behaviour of light was further confirmed, in 1924, by the experiment of
A.H. Compton on scattering of X-rays from electrons.
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric current
l
Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of emission of
electrons (known as photoelectrons) from the surface of
ν 3 > ν 2 > ν1
metals when light radiation of suitable frequency are
Saturation
incident on them. ν3 current
l
The minimum energy of incident radiation needed to eject ν2
ν1
the electrons from metal surface is known as work function
(φ0) of that surface.
– V03 – V02 – V01 0 Collector plate
l
The frequency or wavelength corresponding to the work Stopping potential potential
function is called threshold frequency or threshold
A photon may collide with a material particle. The total
wavelength. Work function is related to threshold
energy and the total momentum remain conserved in such a
frequency as,
collision. Photoelectric emission is an instantaneous
hc
φ 0 = hν 0 = phenomenon.
λ0
V0
where, λ 0 = threshold wavelength.
hc 12400
l
In electron volt units, φ (eV) = =
eλ 0 λ (Å) O
ν0 ν
l
For photoemission to take place energy of incident light (E )
is related as, E ≥ p0
– φ0
l
According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
hν = φ0 + K max
1 Variation of stopping potential V0 with frequency ν of incident
where, K max = mv2max = maximum kinetic energy of radiation is as shown in above figure.
2
h φ
ejected photoelectron. As, eV0 = h(ν − ν 0) = hν − φ0 ⇒ V0 = ν − 0
e e
h
Effect of Intensity on Thus, V0- ν graph is a straight line whose slope is and
e
Photoelectric Emission intercept is − φ0 eV. The graph meets the ν-axis at ν 0.
For a light of given frequency ν > ν 0 (or given wavelength Photocurrent ∝ ∝ λ
1
λ < λ 0), if the intensity of light incident on photosensitive metal ν
surface is increased, the number of photoelectrons and
consequently the photoelectric current I increases. However, the
stopping potential V0 remain constant.
Energy and Momentum of Photon
l
From Einstein’s mass-energy relation E = hν = mc2
Photoelectric

hν
Kinetic mass of photon is m =
current

I 1 > I2 > I3 c2
I1 c
I2 But ν = , where λ is wavelength of the photon.
I3 λ
h c h
Saturation ∴Kinetic mass of photon, m = 2   =
Stopping
current c  λ  cλ
potential
hν h
Kinetic mass of photon, m = 2 =
–V0 O Collector plate c cλ
Stopping potential potential l
Momentum of photon,
p = kinetic mass of photon × velocity of photon
Effect of Frequency on hν
= 2 ×c =
hν
c c
Photoelectric Emission c
Also, ν =
If keeping the intensity of incident light constant, the λ
frequency of incident light is increased, then the stopping hc h
potential V0 (and hence, K max ) increases, but the photoelectric ∴Momentum of photon, p =   =
c  λ λ
current I remains unchanged.
Laws of Photoelectric Emission Effect
Lenard and Millikan gave the following laws on the basis of experiments on photoelectric effect.
l
The rate of emission of photoelectrons from the surface of a metal varies directly as the intensity of the incident light falling
on the surface.
l
The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of the incident light.
l
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons increases linearly with increase in the frequency of the incident light.
l
As soon as, the light is incident on the surface of the metal, the photoelectrons are emitted instantly, i.e. there is no time lag
between incidence of light and emission of electrons (≈ 10 −9 s).

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Which of the following characteristics of photoelectric 6 The figure shows a plot of photocurrent versus anode
effect supports the particle nature of radiations? potential for a photosensitive surface for three different
(a) Threshold frequency radiations. Which one of the following is a correct
(b) Dependence of the velocity of photoelectron on statement ? j CBSE AIPMT 2009

frequency Photocurrent
(c) Independence of velocity of photoelectrons of intensity
of radiations b
(d) Instantaneous photoelectric emission c a

2 A photocell employs photoelectric effect to convert

(a) change in the frequency of light into a change in electric Retarding potential Anode potential
voltage (a) Curves a and b represent incident radiations of different
frequencies and different intensities
(b) change in the intensity of illumination into a change in
(b) Curves a and b represent incident radiations of same
photoelectric current
frequency, but of different intensities
(c) change in the intensity of illumination into a change in (c) Curves b and c represent incident radiations of different
the work function of the photocathode frequencies and different intensities
(d) change in the frequency of light into a change in the (d) Curves b and c represent incident radiations of same
electric current frequency having same intensity

3 Photoelectric emission occurs only when the incident 7 Consider a beam of electrons (each electron with energy
light has more than a certain minimum j
CBSE AIPMT 2011 E 0) incident on a metal surface kept in an evacuated
(a) wavelength (b) intensity chamber. Then,
(c) frequency (d) power (a) no electrons will be emitted as only photons can emit
electrons
4 The number of photoelectrons emitted for light of a
(b) electrons can be emitted, but all with an energy E 0
frequency ν (higher than the threshold frequency ν 0 ) is (c) electrons can be emitted with any energy, with a
proportional to j
CBSE AIPMT 2009 maximum of E 0 - φ (φ is the work function)
(a) ν − ν0 (d) electrons can be emitted with any energy, with a
(b) threshold frequency (ν0 ) maximum of E 0
(c) intensity of light
8 From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the graph of
(d) frequency of light (ν)
kinetic energy of the photoelectron emitted from the
5 What is E in the Einstein’s photoelectric equation metal versus the frequency of the incident radiation gives
E = hν − φ 0 , where ν is the frequency of incident a straight line graph, whose slope
radiations and φ 0 is the work function? (a) depends on the intensity of the incident radiation
(a) Kinetic energy of every photoelectron (b) depends on the nature of the metal and also on the
(b) Mean kinetic energy of photoelectrons intensity of incident radiation
(c) Minimum kinetic energy of photoelectrons (c) is same for all metals and independent of the
(d) Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons intensity of the incident radiation
(d) depends on the nature of the metal
 9 Light of wavelength λ falls on a metal having work 18 A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by
hc λ
function . Photoelectric effect will take place only, if monochromatic light of wavelength λ and . If the
λ0 2
(a) λ ≥ λ 0 (b) λ ≥ 2 λ 0 (c) λ ≤ λ 0 (d) λ = 4 λ 0 maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons in
the second case is 3 times that in the first case, the work
10 The work functions for metals A , B and C are
function of the surface of the material is j CBSE AIPMT 2015
respectively 1.92 eV, 2.0 eV and 5 eV. According to
Einstein’s equation, the metal (s) which will emit (where, h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light)
hc hc 2 hc hc
photoelectrons for a radiation of wavelength 4100 Å is/are (a) (b) (c) (d)
2λ λ λ 3λ
(a) Only A (b) A and B
(c) All of these (d) None of these 19 In an experiment, photoelectrons are emitted when light
11 Ultraviolet beam of wavelength 280 nm is incident on of wavelength 4000 Å is incident on it. They can be
lithium surface of work function 2.5eV. The maximum stopped by a retarding potential of 2V. If the wavelength
velocity of electron emitted from metal surface is of the incident light be 3000Å, the stopping potential will
(a)8.2 × 105 m/s (b) 106 m/s be
(c)7 × 105 m/s (d) 3 .8 × 106 m/s (a) 1 V (b) 1.5 V (c) 2 V (d) 3 V
12 A light of wavelength 5000 Å falls on a sensitive plate 20 In photoelectric emission process from a metal of work
with photoelectric work function 1.90 eV. Kinetic energy function 1.8 eV, the kinetic energy of most energetic
of the emitted photoelectrons will be electrons is 0.5 eV. The corresponding stopping
(Take, h = 6.62 × 10−34 Js) potential is j CBSE AIPMT 2011

(a) 0.1 eV (b) 2 eV (c) 0.58 eV (d) 1.581 eV (a) 1.3 V (b) 0.5 V (c) 2.3 V (d) 1.8 V
13 The photoelectric threshold wavelength of silver is 21 Photons with energy 5 eV are incident on a cathode C in
3250 × 10−10 m. The velocity of the electron ejected from a photoelectric cell. The maximum energy of emitted
a silver surface by ultraviolet light of wavelength photoelectrons is 2 eV. When photons of energy 6 eV are
2536 × 10−10 m is (Take, h = 4.14 × 10−15 eVs and incident on C, no photoelectrons will reach the anode A,
c = 3 × 108 ms −1 ) j
NEET 2017 if the stopping potential of A relative to C is j NEET 2016
(a) ≈ 6 × 105 ms −1 (b) ≈ 0.6 × 106 ms −1 (a) + 3 V (b) + 4 V (c) – 1 V (d) – 3 V
(c) ≈ 61 × 103 ms −1 (d) ≈ 0.3 × 106 ms −1
22 A certain metallic surface is illuminated with
14 When the energy of the incident radiation is increased by monochromatic light of wavelength λ. The stopping
20%, the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted potential for photoelectric current for this light is 3V0. If
from a metal surface increased from 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV. the same surface is illuminated with light of wavelength
The work function of the metal is j
CBSE AIPMT 2014 2λ, the stopping potential is V0. The threshold
(a) 0.65 eV (b) 1.0 eV (c) 1.3 eV (d) 1.5 eV wavelength for this surface for photoelectric effect is
15 For photoelectric emission from certain metal, the cut-off j
CBSE AIPMT 2015
frequency is ν. If radiation of frequency 2ν impinges on the λ λ
(a) 6λ (b) 4λ (c) (d)
metal plate, the maximum possible velocity of the emitted 4 6
electron will be (where, m is the electron mass) j NEET 2013 23 Photons absorbed in matter are converted to heat. A
hν hν 2hν hν source emitting n photon/s of frequency ν is used to
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
(2m) m m m convert 1kg of ice at 0°C to water at 0°C. Then, the
time T taken for the conversion
16 If a surface has a work function 4.0 eV, what is the
(a) increases with increasing n with ν fixed
maximum velocity of electrons liberated from the surface
when it is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of (b) increases with n fixed ν increasing
wavelength 0.2 µm? (c) remains constant with n and ν changing such that,
nν = constant
(a)4.4 × 105 m/s (b) 8.8 × 107 m/s
(d) increases when the product nν increases
(c)8.8 × 105 m/s (d) 4.4 × 107 m/s
24 When a monochromatic point source of light is at a
17 Light of two different frequencies whose photons have
distance r from a photoelectric cell, the cut-off voltage is
energies 1eV and 2.5 eV respectively, illuminate a
V and the saturation current is I. If the same source is
metallic surface whose work function is 0.5eV
placed at a distance 3 r away from the photoelectric cell,
successively. Ratio of maximum speeds of emitted
then
electrons will be j
CBSE AIPMT 2011
(a) no change in saturation current and stopping potential
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 4
 (b) saturation current will decrease and stopping potential (a) 9 × 1017 (b) 3 × 1016
will not change (c) 9 × 1015 (d) 3 × 1019
(c) saturation current will increase and stopping potential 28 A radiation of energy E falls normally on a perfectly
will decrease
reflecting surface. The momentum transferred to the
(d) None of the above
surface is (where, c = velocity of light) j CBSE AIPMT 2015
25 A 200 W sodium street lamp emits yellow light of (a)
E
(b)
2E
wavelength 0.6 µm. Assuming it to be 25 % efficient in c c
converting electrical energy to light, the number of 2E E
(c) (d)
photons of yellow light it emits per second is c2 c2
j CBSE AIPMT 2012 29 Photon and electron are given same energy (10−20 J).
Wavelength associated with photon and electron are λ p
(a) 1.5 × 1020 (b) 6 × 1018 (c) 62 × 1020 (d) 3 × 1019
and λ e , the correct statement will be
26 A source S1 is producing 1015 photons/s of wavelength
(a) λ p > λe (b) λ p < λe
5000 Å. Another source S 2 is producing1.02 × 1015 λ
(c) λ p = λe (d) e = c
photon/s of wavelength 5100 Å. Then, λp
(power of S 2 )/ (power of S1 ) is equal to j CBSE AIPMT 2010
30 The wavelength λ e of an electron and λ p of a photon of
(a) 1.00 (b) 1.02 (c) 1.04 (d) 0.98
same energy E are related by j NEET 2013
27 Monochromatic light of wavelength 667 nm is produced
(a) λ p ∝ λ2e (b) λ p ∝ λe
by a helium-neon laser. The power emitted is 9 mW. The
1
number of photons arriving per second on the average at (c) λ p ∝ λe (d) λ p ∝
λe
a target irradiated by this beam is j CBSE AIPMT 2009

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 A photosensitive metallic surface has work function h ν 0. 3 When a piece of metal is illuminated by a monochromatic
If photons of energy 2hν 0 fall on this surface, the light of wavelength λ, then stopping potential is 3Vs .
electrons come out with a maximum velocity of When same surface is illuminated by light of wavelength
4 × 106 ms −1. When the photon energy is increased to 2 λ, then stopping potential becomes Vs . The value of
5 hν 0, then maximum velocity of photoelectrons will be threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission will be
4
(a) 2 × 106 ms−1 (b) 2 × 107 ms−1 (a) 4 λ (b) 8 λ (c) λ (d) 6 λ
(c) 8 × 105 ms−1 (d) 8 × 106 ms−1 3

2 Photoelectric effect experiments are performed using 4 Two identical photocathodes receive light of frequencies f1
and f2 . If the velocities of the photoelectrons (of mass m)
three different metal plates p, q and r having work
coming out are respectively v1 and v 2 , then
functions φ p = 2 eV, φ q = 2.5 eV and φ r = 3 eV,
1/ 2
(b) v1 + v 2 =  (f1 + f2 )
respectively. A light beam containing wavelengths of 2h 2h
(a)v12 − v 22 = (f1 − f2 )
m  m 
550 nm, 450 nm and 350 nm with equal intensities
1/ 2
(d) v1 − v 2 =  (f1 − f2 )
illuminates each of the plates. 2h 2h
(c)v12 + v 22 = (f1 + f2 )
The correct I-V graph for the experiment is m  m 
I I
p 5 In a photoelectric experiment, it was found that the
q
(a) r (b) q stopping potential decreases from 1.85 V to 0.82 V as
p r
the wavelength of incident light is varied from 300 nm to
V V 400 nm. Planck constant from this data is
(a)6.634 × 10−34 eVs (b) 4.12 × 10−15 eVs
I p I
q p (c)2 × 10−30 eVs (d) 6.63 × 10−15 eVs
(c) r (d) q
r
6 A horizontal cesium plate (φ = 1.9 eV) is moved vertically
V V downward at a constant speed v in a room full of
radiation of wavelength 250 nm and above. The minimum
 value of v, so that the vertically upward component of 10 What will be the number of photons emitted per second
velocity is non-positive for such a photoelectron. by a 10 W sodium vapour lamp assuming that 90% of the
−1 −1
. × 10 ms
(a)104 6
(b) 3 × 10 ms 4 consumed energy is converted into light?
(c)2 × 103 ms −1 (d) None of these [Take wavelength of sodium light is 590 nm and
7 A totally reflecting mirror placed horizontally h = 6.63 × 10−34 J-s]
faces a parallel beam of light as shown in (a) 0. 267 × 1018 (b) 0. 267 × 1019
figure. The mass of the mirror is 20g. (c) 0. 267 × 1020 (d) 0. 267 × 1017
Assume 30% of the light emitted by the 11 When the light of frequency 2ν 0 (where, ν 0 is threshold
source passes through the lens frequency), is incident on a metal plate, the maximum
unabsorbed. The power of the source velocity of electrons emitted is v1. When the frequency of
needed to support the mirror the incident radiation is increased to 5ν 0, the maximum
(a) 104 W (b) 10 2 W (c) 10 8 W (d) 10 −1 W velocity of electrons emitted from the same plate is v 2 .
8 Ultraviolet light of wavelength 66.26 nm and intensity The ratio of v1 to v 2 is j NEET 2018

2 W/m 2 falls on potassium surface by which (a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1

photoelectrons are ejected out. If only 0.1% of the 12 When a metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of
incident photons produce photoelectrons and surface wavelength λ, the stopping potential is V. If the same
area of metal surface is 4 m 2 , then the number of surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2λ, the
electrons are emitted per second V
stopping potential is . The threshold wavelength for the
(a) 2.67 × 1015 (b) 3 × 1015 (c) 3.33 × 1017 (d) 4.17 × 1016 4
metallic surface is j NEET 2016
9 In a photocell, with exciting wavelength λ, the faster
5
electron has speed v. If the exciting wavelength (a) 5λ (b) λ (c) 3λ (d) 4λ
2
is changed to 3λ / 4, the speed of the fastest electron
will be 13 Monochromatic radiation emitted when electron state on
1/ 2 1/ 2 hydrogen atom jumps from first excited state to the
(a) v   (b) v  
3 4
ground state irradiates a photosensitive material. The
 4  3
1/ 2 1/ 2 stopping potential is measured to be 3.57 V. The threshold
(c) less than v   (d) greater than v  
4 4
frequency of the material is j
CBSE AIPMT 2012
 3  3
(a) 4 × 1015 Hz (b) 5 × 1015 Hz
. × 1015 Hz
(c) 16 (d) 2.5 × 1015 Hz

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (a,b) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (a) 19 (d) 20 (b)
21 (d) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (a) 27 (b) 28 (b) 29 (a) 30 (a)
SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (c) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (c)

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 the intensity of illumination into a 3 By the concept of threshold minimum
change in photoelectric current. frequency needed for photoelectric
1 Threshold characteristics of A
photoelectric effect supports the particle emission.
Photoelectric current

nature of radiations. 4 Independent of frequency (ν) of light, it

only depends on the intensity of
2 Using the incident radiations of a fixed incident light. If intensity increases,
frequency, it is found that the
number of photoelectrons increases.
photoelectric current increases linearly
with intensity of incident light as shown 5 In the Einstein’s photoelectric equation
in figure. Hence, a photocell employs (E = hν − ω 0 ), E is maximum kinetic
photoelectric effect to convert change in O Intensity energy of photoelectrons.
 6 Photocurrent 11 From Einstein’s equation, Maximum Kinetic energy of liberated
hc 1 hc
= φ + mv 2max electron, (KE) max = −W
λ 2 λ
1 hc
2 − φ mv 2max = −W
hc
 λ  2 λ
L1 v max = 1
b a m . × 10−31 v 2max
× 91
2
2  − 2.5 eV 
1242 meV
6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
c
 280 nm  = − 6.4 × 10−19
= 0.2 × 10−6
9.1 × 10−31
Retarding potential Anode potential = 9.9 × 10−19 − 6.4 × 10−19 = 3.5 × 10−19
2 × 1.9 × 1.6 × 10−19
=
Since, in the graph, retarding potential is
9.1 × 10−31 3.5 × 10−19 × 2
same in curves (a) and (b) and ∴ v max =
photocurrent is different, so for curves, = 8.2 × 105 m/s . × 10−31
91
they have same frequency, but different 7
12 From photoelectric equation, E k = E − W = × 1012 = 8.8 × 105m/s
intensity of light. 91
.
where, E k is kinetic energy of emitted
7 When a beam of electrons of energy E 0 photoelectrons, 17 Kinetic energy, KE = φ − φ0
is incident on a metal surface kept in Here, KE1 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5 eV
W is the work function and E is the
an evacuated chamber, electrons can
energy supplied. KE 2 = 2.5 − 0.5 = 2 eV
be emitted with maximum energy E 0
hc KE 1 0.5 1 v2 1
(due to elastic collision) and with any E = hν = ∴ = = or 1 =
energy less than E 0 , when part of λ KE 2 2 4 v 22 4
incident energy of electron is used in 6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
∴ E = v1 1 1
liberating the electrons from the 5000 × 10−10 or = =
v2 4 2
surface of metal. = 3.96 × 10−19 J
8 From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, Also, 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J 18 According to Einstein’s photoelectric
KE max = hν − φ 0 equation, K max = E − φ = hν − φ
−19
3.96 × 10 hc
Comparing with the equation of straight ∴ E = = 2.48 eV K max = −φ …(i)
1.6 × 10−19 λ
line y = mx + c
Similarly, in second case, maximum
Hence, E k = 2.48 − 1.90 = 0.58 eV
KEmax kinetic energy of emitted electron is 3
13 Applying Einstein’s photoelectric times that in first case, we get
equation, we have hc
1 3K max = −φ …(ii)
E = K + φ 0 ⇒ hν = me v 2 + hν 0 λ
2 2
ν 1 1 1  Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get work
⇒ me v 2 = hν − hν 0 = hc  − 
⇒ Slope is h which is same for all 2  λ λ 0
function of an emitted electron from a
metals and independent of the intensity metal surface.
∴Velocity of electron hc
of the incident radiation. φ=
2hc  1 1  2λ
9 The energy of photon, E = hc v =  − 
λ me  λ λ 0  19 hc − ω 0 = eV1 , hc − ω 0 = eV2
hc λ1 λ2
Work function of metal, W =
λ0 2 × 4.14 × 10−15 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 3 × 108 1 1 
Hence, e ( V2 − V1 ) = hc  − 
= 9.1 × 10−31 λ
 2 λ
For photoelectric effect, 1
hc hc  3250 − 2536 
E>W ⇒ > ⇒ λ ≤ λ0    λ − λ2 
λ λ0  3250 × 2536  = hc  1 
≈ 0.6 × 106 ms −1 ≈ 6 × 105 ms −1  λ1 λ2 
10 Work function for wavelength of 4100 Å This gives, V2 = 3 V
is 14 KE = hν − φ ⇒ 0.5 = hν − φ ...(i)
hc 6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 Again, 0.8 = 1.2 = hν − φ ...(ii) 20 Stopping potential
W = = = Maximum kinetic energy
λ 4100 × 10−10 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
φ = 1 eV KE max
= 4.8 × 10 −19
J eV = KE max or V =
15 As, mv max = hν ⇒ v 2 max = 2hν ⇒
1 2 e
4.8 × 10−19 Here, KE max = 0.5 eV
= eV = 3 eV 2 m
1.6 × 10−19 2hν 0.5eV
v max = ∴ V = = 0.5V
Now, we have W A = 1.92 eV, m e
W B = 2.0 eV, WC = 5 eV
16 Work function, W = 4 eV 21 Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
Since, WA < W.
= 4 × 1.6 × 10 −19
J = 6.4 × 10 −19
J We know that, E = (KE) max +
and W B < W , hence A and B will emit
Work function (φ)
photoelectrons. Wavelength of incident radiation, 1
λ = 0.2µ m = 0.2 × 10−6m (KE ) max = mv 02
2
 ⇒ ( KE ) max = hν − φ 27 Here, λ = 667 × 10−9 m, 2 K p = E p − φp = 1240 − 2 = 0.2545 eV
⇒ 2 eV = 5eV − φ (given) −3 550
P = 9 × 10 W
⇒ φ = 3 eV 1240
∴ Power =
energy (E ) nhc Nhc
= = Kq = Eq − φq = − 2.5 = 0.255 eV
Thus, Vcathode − Vanode = 3 V 450
time (t ) λt λ
⇒ Vanode − Vcathode = − 3 V
 E = hc ,  K r = E r − φr =
1240
− 3 = 0.543 eV
22 From photoelectric equation,  λ  350
hν = W + eV 0  n = total number of photons,
 N = number of photons  K has maximum kinetic energy of
(where, W = work function)  n 
hc emitted per second = photoelectrons and E is the energy of
So, = W + 3eV 0 …(i)  t 
λ P ×λ incident radiation.
hc So, N =
Also, = W + eV 0 hc From above equation, it is clear that,
2λ 9 × 10−3 × 667 × 10−9
= |V r| > |Vq | > |V p|
hc
⇒ = 2W + 2eV 0 …(ii) 6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 their intensities are equal, but energy of
λ
= 3 × 1016 individual photon of r is maximum.
Subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii),
we get 0 = W − eV 0 ⇒ W = eV 0 28 The radiation energy is given by Hence, number of photons incident on r
hc can be assumed to be least. Hence,
From Eq. (i), we get E =
hc λ saturation current of r is minimum.
= eV 0 + 3eV 0 = 4eV 0 Initial momentum of the radiation is
λ Hence, option (c) is true.
h E
The threshold wavelength is given by pi = =
4eV 0 λ λ c 3 According to Einstein’s photoelectric
hc
λ th = = = 4λ The reflected momentum is 1 1 
W eV 0 h E equation, eV = hc  − 
pr = − = −  λ λ0 
λ c
23 Energy spent to convert ice into water So, the change in momentum of light is 1 1 
= m L = (1000 g) × (40 cal / g) = 80000 cal Case I 3 eVs = hc  −  ...(i)
2E
∆p light = p r − p i = −  λ λ0 
Energy of photons used c
1 1 
Thus, the momentum transferred to the Case II eVs = hc  −  …(ii)
= n T × E = n T × hν [QE = hν] 2λ λ
surface is  0
mL
∴ n T hν = m L or T = ∆p light =
2E From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get λ 0 = 4 λ
n hν c
∴ T ∝ 1/n when ν is constant; T ∝ 1/ ν 4 Photon energy, hf = hf 0 + 1 mv 2
29 Wavelength of photon will be greater 2
when n fixed; T ∝ 1/nν. Thus, T is
than that of electron, because mass of 2hf1 2hf 0
constant, if nν is constant.
photon is less than that of electron.
Hence, v 12= − ,
m m
24 When the distance is increased, ⇒ λ p > λe 2hf2 2hf 0
frequency of incident light and hence v 22 = −
the stopping potential does not change, 30 Wavelength of electron, λe = h m m
2mE 2h
but the intensity and hence saturation ∴ v 12 − v 22 = ( f1 − f2 )
and proton, m
current decreases nine times.
h h2 h
λ p = c ⇒ λ2e = or E = c 5 Change in stopping potential,
25 Efficient power, E 2mE λp hν1 φ  hν φ
N hc Vs 1 − Vs 2 = − − 2 − 
P = × = 200 × 0.25 h2 h2 e e  3 e
∴ λ2e = , λ2e = λp
t λ λc 2mλc
2m hc  1 1 
λp = −
N
= 50 ×
λ e  λ1 λ2 
t hc ⇒ λ2e ∝ λ p e ( V s 1 − Vs 2 )
h=
50 × 0.6 × 10−6  1 1 
= = 1. 5 × 1020 SESSION 2 c − 
6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108  λ1 λ2 
1 Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be 1.03 eV
26 Number of photons emitted per second is written as =
3 × 10 ×  × 107 
8 1
given by 1
mv 2 = hν − W 0  12 
P  where, P = Power  2
n=  = 4.12 × 10−15 eVs
= Energy 
hc 1
 hc    ⇒ m × (4 × 106 ) 2 = 2hν 0 − hν 0 …(i)
   λ 2
 λ 
1
6 Energy, E (N ) = 1242 = 4.97 eV,
nhc and m × v 2 = 5h ν 0 − hν 0 …(ii) 50
So, P = 2 (KE) max = 4.97 − 1.9 = 3.07 eV
λ
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get 1
So, for two different situations, mv2 = 3.07 × 1.6 × 10−19
n λ v2 4 hν 0 2
P2
= 2 1 =
P1 n1 λ2 (4 × 10 )
6 2 hν 0 3.07 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 2
⇒ v =
1.02 × 1015 × 5000 or v = 4 × 16 × 10
2 12
= 64 × 10
12
9.1 × 10−31
= =1 −1
1015 × 5100 ∴ v = 8 × 10 ms
6
= 1.04 × 106 ms −1
7 Weight, F = 2P = mg 10 Energy of photon, 12 In first case, when a metallic surface is
c hc 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 illuminated with radiation of
2(03
. P) E = = wavelength λ, the stopping potential is
⇒ = 20 × 10−3 × 10 λ 590 × 10−9
3 × 108 V.
6.63 × 3
= × 10−18 So, photoelectric equation can be
3 × 108 × (0.2) 59
⇒ P = = 108 W written as
0.6 Light energy produced per second hc hc
90 eV = − …(i)
8 Number of photons falling on metal = × 10 = 9 W λ λ0
100
surface, In second case, when the same surface
Intensity × Area Number of photons emitted per second
np = 9 × 59 is illuminated with radiation of
Energy per quanta = wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is
6.63 × 3 × 10−18 V
(2 Wm −2 ) (4 m2 ) . So, photoelectric equation can be
np = = 2.67 × 1019 = 0. 267 × 1020 4
 (6.62 × 10−34 ) (3 × 108 )
  written as
 66.26 × 10−9  11 According to the Einstein’s eV hc hc
photoelectric equation, = −
n p = 2.67 × 10 per second
18 4 2λ λ0
1
K max = mv 2max = hν − φ 0 4hc 4hc
ne = 01
. % of n p 2 ⇒ eV = − …(ii)
2λ λ0
=
01
.
× 2.67 × 1018 = hν − hν 0 …(i)
100 When incident frequency of light, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= 2.67 × 1015 per second ν = 2ν 0 ⇒
hc
−
hc
=
4hc
−
4hc
λ λ0 2λ λ0
9 According to Einstein’s photoelectric Substituting the value of ν in Eq. (i), we
1 1 2 4
equation, get ⇒ − = −
1 λ λ0 λ λ0
hc 1 m v 12 = h(2 ν 0 ) − hν 0
= W 0 + mv 12 2 ⇒ λ 0 = 3λ
λ1 2
= 2hν 0 − hν 0 = hν 0 …(ii)
hc 1
13 Concept When an electron in hydrogen
and = W 0 + mv 22 If incident frequency of radiation, atom jumps from first excited state
λ2 2 ν = 5ν 0 (n = 2) to ground state (n = 1), energy is
These expression show that, Substituting the value of ν in Eq. (i), we released and is given by
v 2 ∝  
1 get E = E( n = 2 ) − E( n = 1 )
 λ 1 13.6
mv 22 = h(5ν 0 ) − hν 0 where, E n = − eV
2 n2
 1 
  = 5hν 0 − hν 0 = 4hν 0 …(iii)
v1  λ1  Energy released from emission of
∴ = On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq (iii), we get electron is given by
v2  1  1
  mv 12 E = − 3.4 − (−13.6 )
 λ2  2 hν 0
= = 102. eV
λ2 1
mv 22 4hν 0 Now, from photoelectric equation,
= 2
λ1 work function,
v 12 1 φ = E − eV = hν
3λ / 4 ⇒ =
= v 22 4 E − eV (102 . − 3.57 )e
λ ν= =
1 /2
or
v1 1
=
h 6.67 × 10−34
v 2 = v 1  
4
∴ v2 2 6.63 × 1.6 × 10−19
 3 ⇒ν = = 1.6 × 1015Hz
∴ v1 : v2 = 1 : 2 6.67 × 10−34