rbs The verbs must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and ought (to) are modal verbs. They ‘express meanings such as obligation, necessity, certainty, ability, possibility, lack of necessity, offers, ‘Suggestions, requests, logical assumptions, permission, prohibition, advice and criticism. Modal verbs: do not take ans, -ing or -ed suffix. e.g. She must study. (NOT: She-mwele-stuey.) © are followed by a bare infinitive except for ought which is followed by a to - infinitive. ‘e.g. He may be il. (NOT: He-mey-te-be-it) She ought to listen to you. © go before the subject in questions and are followed by not in negations. e.g. Can I talk to you? He couldn't speak. © do not usually have tenses. They can refer to the present or the future. ‘e.g. You ean call now. (present) You can call tomorrow. (future) Ria 2 obligation - necessity - duty © logical assumptions ‘must = Itle your duty to do sthvyouare obliged to | a) positive lagical assumptions do sth must = | am sure/certain b) For negative logical assumptions we usually use can't. You must stop when the trafic light is red. (= You are obliged to ‘stop when the traffic light is red.) © probibition mustn’'/can’t = I's forbidden todo sth/ ‘you are not allowed to do sth/ Ite against the rules / law R) ‘arp cn (eit craked ook (5 Yovare love 1) yout pr Lakereereperiery a | eaters (1m sure they are not the boy's grandparents.) © strona advice nae =| aeonan Sivien Yom wo de sty, ‘© Must can only be used to talk about the present ‘or near future. We use have to when we need to rae “su (aera See orem, ss t= mate ett aoe mt sme = eonIYO ela CNAs Have got to © must = itis necessary to do sth ‘© mustn't = It is forbidden to do sthiyou are not We use must when the speaker decides th ‘allowed to do sth something is necessary. We use mustn't to ‘express prohibition. Tmust find @ hate to stay at night. get ‘They mustn't play on fran the raiway track fae made the (Playing on the raiway eee) track is forbidden ) have to = It is necessary to do sth ‘We use have to when ® needn't = It isn’t necessary to do sth: somebody else other We use nog fe exprans tack of neceoaty, than the speaker has fe don'y made the decision. doesn’t need to or q dom'/doesn't have to Thave to wear a for the same purpose. Lunitorm at work. (Somebody else has , The farmer needn't ‘made the decision) a doesn't need to! Questions and negations with have to are formed doesn't have to buy with do, does or did. any eggs. (= Itisnt " necessary for he farmer © Must and have to have ditferent meanings in to buy any eggs) questions. Compare the following examples: Must do my FIll in the gaps with mustn't or needn't) homework now? don't have to. (The boy wants to know 4. A: Shall help vou with vour shopping? whether his mother B: No, you ..needn't/don't have to. | can manage insists on his doing his by mysett homework rightaway) 2: You play football inside the house. Do Thave ope b: Tm sory Mg outsice tse ler? 3: Do you ant any om the supemarke? 5 No, you game anyting {he secretary wants today, hank you going out mys ater einonwteine 4 Yoo bo lato for work omorton meng Beno iit aie a fo ype me eter rom gk You Lak hese books a ‘out of the library. © Have got to has the same meaning as have to, B: L know. I's forbidden. tnd ite ually uved in everyday speech: 6 Shall make an appoinent or yous the 2g. Sorry! I've got to go now. My bus leaves in a dentist's? fowmintess ®: No, you Iie myself next weekrhs Rephrase the following sentenc using must, mustn't, needn't, has to 01 doesn't have to. e 1 You aren't allowed to park your car in the college car park ‘You muetart park your carin the college car park. 2 strongly advise you to speak to your parents about your decision 3. isn’t necessary for Emma o attend tomorcows stat meeting 4. Jack is obliged to wear a sut and a te at work because the manager says so. ‘5 I'm sure Antonio is from Milan 6 Is necessary for Roger to find a job soon 7_ Its forbidden to use mobile phones inside the hospital 8 Susan is obliged to work overtime because her boss says so. Didn't need to - INeedn t have done lack of necessity © didn’t need to + infintive = twas not necessary to do sth It shows that an action did not happen in the past because we knew it was not necessary. They didn't need to cut any more wood. (=itwasn't necessary for them to cut any more wood, so they ald’). ‘© noodn’t have + past participle = It was not nec- ‘essary to do sth, but It was done 1 shows that an action happened in the past, ‘even though it was not necessary. (You needn't have (oought me a git (= Itwasn't necessary for him to buy her a git, but he did) 10 Rephrase the following sentences using didn't need to or needn't have don Itwasn't necessary for him to wash the car. Itwasn't ity. He didn't need to wash the car. It wasn’t necessary for her to buy so many oranges, but she dia. It wasn't necessary for us to take an umbrella. It wasn't raining, wasn't necessary for us to turn on the light. hwasn't ark, Ihwasn' necessary for him to callme today, but he cid It wasn't necessary for you to make sandwiches for me, but you di. Itwasn't necessary for them to make reservations at the restaurant, but they did, Rewrite the sentences using the word in bold. Itisnt necessary for Mark to buy new clothes forthe reception, need ..Mark doesn't need tolneedn't buy new clothes for the reception. You aren't alowed to pick these flowers. must Sarah is obliged to type her compositions at unver- sity. has It wasn't necessary for Paula to make the beds. need Itis your duty to obey the law. must It wasn't necessary for Bob to wait for me, but he id need itis forbidden to throw iter on the beach must I'm sure Ronald is at home must I wasn't necessary for Alice to bake a cake for the patty need I wasn't necessary for George to stay at work late last night, but he di haveees © ability in the present © givingiretusing permission can = | am able to a) can/may = you are allowed to do sth ‘May is more formal than can. 'b) can'Ymustn'Umay not = you are not allowed to He ean fly an do sth ‘aeroplane. May not is formal and is usually used in written notices. ability in the past could = used to be able to (past repeated action) You cant see Kim tonight, but you ‘ean see her tomar: row if you lke, could ski very well when ‘Iwas young, You MAY NOT LEAVE YOUR LUGGAGE HERE. offers Can/Could/Shall | ..? = Would you like me © asking permission 10.7 ‘Can/Could/May/Might | ..2 = Do you/Would you | We use these struc- mind it. tures when we offer ‘We use these structures to ask permission todo | to do something. something. Could and may are more polite than ‘ean, Might Is formal. €an/CouldiShail get you anything a) (informal) trom the super- market? (Can Ta0 swimming? 1b) (more formal) (soa \| wr We normally reply with ‘Certainly."/Of course.’/ We canicould ‘Why not.''No, I'm afraid you can’t.” K g0 to the cinema. } 9© requests 'b) could/might + perfect infinitive = it was ‘Can/Could/will Would you ..? ble, but it didn’t happen We use these structures when we ask some- body to do something for us. Would and could ‘are more and will (~ CaniCouraiwin; Would you help me with my French home- (© work please? Yesterday, there was a tribe accident We normally reply with ‘Certainly/7OF course'/ The driver could have been kil. ‘Ym sorry, but | can't! (Luckily, he wasn't) © necatve looical assumotions Can is used in the present. Could ts the past caatt = Uae cexprperaiy Seat ath tenet us/real ‘tense of can. We use be able fo to form all the te, other tenses. 2g. I will be able to get a job when | finish school For positive logical assumptions we do not use can't; we use must. present simple: can, amlis/are able to past simple: could, wasiwere able to Present perfect: havajhas been able to past perfect: had been able fo future simple: will be able to future pertect: will have been able to Fill in the gaps with an appropriate modal verb. Then, say what they express in each sentence. a) They can't be strangers. (= 1™m sure they are rot stangers) 1. A: ..May/Can/Coult.. borrow your pen, please? ») They must know each other. (= I'm certain The speaker is aeking for permiesion. they know each other) 8: No, you so Fm sing it enaaaT 2A tmbored. hat shall we do? 1) could/may/might + present infinitive les ceacreae Oe B: Let's waich a video, then 3. A: My parents told me! goto the party tonight B: Never mind, 1 g0 either. We slay at home together, though 4 & Sir, | speak to you for a moment, L 4 please? John i ate B: Certainly, but later today; Im busy now. 5 A: Excuse me? B: Yes? a A... you tell me where the post office is. please? fe could be B: Certainly. t's on the main road, next to the school. (stuck in traffic. - 6 A: Is anyone sitting on that chair? B: No, you take aif you want ioCould = Was able to © ability in the past We use was/were able to (= managed to do) to show that someone had the ability to do some- thing in a particular situation in the past (past single action). He was able to climb to the top of the mountain, He managed to Climb to the top of the mountain.) ‘® We use could to show that someone had the ability to do something repeatedly in the past (past repested action). 24g. He could run very fast when he was young. (He had the ability to do this repeatedly in the ast.) ‘© We use could rather than was/were able to with, the verbs see, hear, feel, smell, taste, under- stand, remember and guess, e.g. They could see the storm coming. (NOT: Fhey-wore-ableto-cee-..) ‘© We use the negative form couldn't for both cases. 2.9. My litle sister couldn't wash herself when she was two. (past repeated action) ‘Mark tried, but he couldn't find out what was wrong with the computer. (past single action) cscose tne coectanmwer 1 "Todd was a very talented child” ‘know. He .. ©. play the piano well when he was seven.” A couldnt Bcould CG can 2 ‘ve just taken a loaf out of the oven, “Oh, that's why | ‘smell fresh bread when came home. ‘A was able to B can't © could 3. "How was the test?” ‘Easy. All the children. pass it. Awereableto B could cant 4 "What are you doing this summer?’ hope ti {90 on holiday with my friends. A could B beableto C can Mo. Rewrite the sentences using the words in bold. 1. Do you mind it leave the door open for a while? ean ..Can | leave the door open for a while?. 2. You're obliged to take notes during the lecture. have 3. I'm sorry, but you aren't allowed to enter this room. must 4 Jack managed to unlock the door. able 5 Itwasnt necessary for Ann to cook dinner, but she i. need 6 Let's play a game of chess. could 7. tim certain Sarah is bored with her work must 8 | strongly advise you to take up spor. must 9 I'm certain Liz isnt interested in your ideas. can 10 You may take the car tonight if you want can - Study the situations and respond to each ‘one using an appropriate modal verb. 1. You want to go on holiday with your friends this year. Ask your parents for permission. Can | go on holiday with my friends this year?. 2 You are at a job interview. You type fast, you use ‘computers and you speak two foreign languages. Tell the interviewer about your abilities, 3 Your brother is trying to decide what to buy your moth- er for her birthday. You suggest a box of chocolates, 4 Your jacket is dirty and you want to wear it next Week. itis necessary to take it to the dry cleaners. 5. You want to have a day off work next week. Ask for your boss’ permission. 6 You are in the car with your uncle. I's hot and you want him to open the window. Make a request. 7. Your mother is going to the shops, She asks you it you want anything, You tell her it Isn't necessary 10 get anything for you. élbs, Ce We use must to make positive logical assumptions. We use can't to make negative logical assumptions. They can't be at work (= I'm sure they are not at work.) ‘They must be on holiday. (= I'm sure they are on holiday.) He can't have done the ''m sure he is Spanish. ''m sure you aren't a doctor. ''m certain they're hiding. ''m sure they won't be leaving tomorrow. {'m certain she has left. 'm sure she didn't lie. {'m certain he hadn't phoned. ''m sure they were waiting, ''m certain she has been crying. I'm certain he hadn't been trying hard. ‘She can't be doing her homework. (= I'm sure she isn't doing her homework) ‘She must be writing a letter. (= I’m sure she is writing a letter.) The drivers can't have ‘been driving slowly. (I'm certain they weren't driving slowly.) The drivers must have been driving too fast. (= I'm certain they were driving too fast.) He must be Spanish. ‘You can't be a doctor. ‘They must be hiding. ‘They can't be leaving tomorrow. ‘She must have left. ‘She can't have lied. He can't have phoned. ‘They must have been waiting. ‘She must have been crying. He can’t have been trying hard. ©) corre me sentences using mst or cant {1m certain they go to bed early on Sunday nights. They ...nust 40 to bed early on Sunday nighte. I'm sure John dich’ stay late atthe office. Jonn I'm certain he hasn't arrived yet. He ''m certain they are working together. They ''m sure Amy hasn't finished her homework, Amy ''m sure he hasn't won the prize. He ''m sure she is looking for a new house, She ''m certain Paul didn't invite Linda to the party. Paul 1 2 3 4 5 6 I'm certain she was having a bath when I rang. She 7 a 9 10. I'm certain you have been planning the project. You 11. I'm sure she was writing a letter. She 12 I'm certain they hadn't paid the bill They 13. I'm sure he had been fixing the pipe. He 62 ‘can't have stayed late at the office.Rare © possibilty (presentituture) ‘may/mighticould + present infinitive = Itls possible/t is likely/perhaps. She mayimighticould > til be at work (= I's possible that she's still at work.) © possibilty (past) may/might/could + perfect infinitive = Iwas possible, perhaps 2) We use these structures to refer to a past action which was possibly true. e.9. ‘The lights are stil on.” ‘Helen mayimighticould have forgotten to tum them oft” (Perhaps Helen forgotihas forgotten to turn them off) b) We also use them to refer to things which were possible but did not happen. May is not normally used in this case. 9. Why did you run across the road? You might/could have been killed. (Luckily, you weren't killed) ‘Study the following negative sentences: ‘2) She may/might not know about these changes. (Perhaps she doesn't know about the changes. + expresses possibilty.) ‘She can'ticouldn't know about these changes. {itis certain that she doesn't know. - expresses certainty.) 'b) He mayimight not have left yet. (Perhaps he hasn't et yet. - expresses possibilty, He can'ticouldn't have left yet. (I'm certain that he hasn't left yet. - expresses certainty.) Me © asking permission ‘May/Might ...2 = Would you mind it. We use these structures to ask permission when we do not know the other person very well. (— May/Might ask you another | (question? Study the following examples: 2g. ‘Can | take this book?” “Yes, of course.’ (informal) “Could | talk to you for @ minute?" ‘Certainly.’ (more polite than can) © givingiretusing permission 18) may/can = you are allowed to do sth ‘We use may and can, but not might or could, to give permission. May is very formal and is not used in everyday speech. e.g. You can sit here if you like. (everyday speech) Passengers may take only one item of hand luggage on board. (writen notice) Note: We use Could I..? to ask permission, and can or may, but not could, to reply. 9. Could I leave a litle eartior? "Yes, you can.'Yes, you may.” 'b) can'timay not = you are not allowed to do sth. We use can't and may not, but not couldn’, to refuse permission. e.g. Students may not wear outdoor shoes on the basketball court. (= Students arent allowed to...) 1'm sory, but you can't park here. NOT: Fon noma tat yor ate pat ee © requests ‘May/Might/Can/Could | ..2 We use these structures to ask for something politely. Might I...? Is more formal than May !...? and is not often used. (may/Can/Coula! |r have a pen and} | some paper, (please? 63rbs, ] rorne ntti sree many He tee Perhaps Laura has left the phone off the hook. ...aurai may/might/could have left the phone off the hook. ‘Surgeons are obliged to scrub their hands before operating on patients, Do you mind if| open the window? It wasn't necessary for Peter to wash the dog, so he didn’. : Emily managed to reach the top shelf, even though she didn't have a ladder. I's forbidden to copy files without the manager's permission. Why don't we spend this evening at home? 8 I'm certain Patrick misunderstood my instructions. 9 I'm sure Helen didn't know about her surprise party. Sea Perhaps she is a nurse. It's possible he will come early. Perhaps they are having a break. It's likely we will be moving house soon. ‘She may be a nurse. He might come eariy. ‘They could be having a break. We may be moving house soon. 64 Perhaps he left yesterday. Its possible she has locked the door. It's likely he had gone out. Its possible they were sleeping. Perhaps it has been raining there. Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possible, 1 Perhaps they are at work. They ..may/might/could be at work. 2. Perhaps he is waiting outside, He 3. Its possible she will work late tonight, 4 It's likely he was driving too fast He 5 It's possible they made a mistake. They 6 Perhaps he has missed the bus. He 7 i's possible she has been playing in the snow. She 8 It's likely we wil be leaving tomorrow. We 9 It's likely he wil stay there. He 40. Perhaps she had been trying to call you. She 11 It's tkely they had seen the film already, They It’s possible he is studying in the library. He 2 He might have left yesterday. ‘She could have locked the door. He may have gone out. ‘They might have been sleeping. It could have been raining there. By insertion the comct wort) in bo Good morning. How 1) ean/must |help you, sir? 1'd ike to book a room for tonight, please, Certainly sit. How much does a single room cost for one night? £35, sir. Payable in advance. ‘What! 2) Do I have to/Could | pay right now? ‘Yes, I'm afraid you 3) need/must pay in advance, sr. Really. Well! 4) Do I have to/Shall I pay in cash? No, you §) mustn't/needn't pay in cash. You 6) couldican't pay by credit card if you prefer. B: This is a bit unusual. | 7) mayimust look in my wal- let to see if | have enough cash with me. ‘A: You) couldn'tidon't have to hurry, sir. Take your time. A: Good morning, Here's the key. 9) Could/Must | leave ‘my luggage here until twelve o'clock, please? B: Ofcourse. 10) May/Need | ask if you enjoyed your stay? ‘A: Oh yes. 111) canimust write down the phone num- ber, so that | can stay here again. B: You 12) mustn'tidon't need to do that, si. 113) have tojean give you our card ‘A; Oh, thank you very much. Goodbye, B: Goodbye, BBR OROrerCaniCouldiShalt 1 help you choose © suggestions Shall/Can/Could we ..2 = Why don’t we..2/ How about ..2/What about ..?/Let's .. We use these ‘structures to make a ‘suggestion. ShalliCan/Could |we go to the mar. © asking for suggestions or instructions We use shall when we Whore shall we 3 90 tonight? —_— We canicout go {0 the theatre. © requests ‘wiliWould/Can/Could you ..2 We use these ‘structures when we ask ‘somebody else to do Compare the following examples: 2.9. CaniWill you post ths letter? (informal, less polite than could or would) Could/Would you post ths letter? (more polite than ‘can or will) We often reply with: Yes, 'd (would) be heppyiglad to." or ‘Certainy.” .g- Can you call Jack for me?” ‘Certainy.” Should/Ought to © advice ‘should/ought to = | advise you to/you had better do sth ‘Must expresses strong advice. Compare: You should talk to your lawyer. (= It would be a {900d idea to...) You must talk to your lawyer. (= | strongly advise youto...) © criticism ‘ought to/should + perfect Infinitive = It would hhave been better if you had... We use these structures to show that somebody did the wrong thing in the past. You all should) ‘ought to have @ wemonsoon 1 ...Shall.. Unelp you with the washing-up? 2 .. we have pizza for dinner tonight? 3 you carry this for me, please? 4 we buy for Bob's birthday? 65rbs 5 you answer the phone, please? 6 Where we sitin the classroom? 7 {YOU take the rubbish out for me, please? 8 we have a barbecue next weekend? Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possible. ae 1. You had better book your flight early You ought to/should/must book your fight early 2. Would you like me to draw the curtains for you? 3. Why don't we go to a Japanese restaurant for a change? 4. strongly advise you to see a doctor as soon as possible. 5. Can you call Greg for me, please? 6 You ought to have checked the battery betore youlet 7 Everybody is obliged to pay taxes 8 You don't need to go to the supermarket today, 9 Itwasn't necessary for Betty to calla taxi because | ‘gave her a lift. 10 They managed to get to the theat the heavy trafic in time, despite 11. You aren't allowed to keep pets in the building. 42. Do you mind if! take the rest of the day off? By nserine 0 coroct word 1. You mayimustn't run in the corridors. t's dangerous. 2 Can/Should | ask you a question? 3. WilliShall we go out for lunch today? 4 You mustishouldn’t stay at home if you are il 5. Tommy cant/couldnt tell the time when he was a baby. 6 My book can't/mustn't be in the house. I've looked everywhere. 7. You might/needn't clean the windows. 've already done them. Will/Shall | help you? ‘You needn'timustn't do the shopping. I'll do it later. ‘Sam left late forthe airport this morning. He should could have missed his fight, Look at the pictures and answer the questions using mustican't, as in the example. e.g. Yeo. They must be friende, rere fren Poti yer rd crite CI Pererrre tc) Pry ferret GD) crooee the mont spropite response 41 Will you open the door for me, please? A Yes, may B Conainiy 2 Could | speak to you for a moment, please? A Yes, course. B No, you couldn't 3. Shall carry that bag for you? {A No, ouwon". 8 No, I's okay. 1ean manage. 4 Could goto the cinema tonight, please? A Not at all B Yes, you tke '5 We could go to the theatre tonight A That's anice idea. B No, we might not 6 Can! borrow your pen, please? A Not at al. B Ofcourse. 7 Can you pick the children up fom schoo! fr ma? No, may nt. B No problem 8 Would you please dive me othe airport tomorrow? My caris being serviced A’ I'd be happy to 9 Cant help you, si? No, you can't. B No, thank you. ™m just looking. 40 Could you hold this fr me, please? B Yes, | would. A Yes, | could, B Ofcourse, 11. Shall take you to work tomorrow? A Yes, please. B No, you won'tunctions of Modal Ver obligation/duty/necessity 4) You must sign the contract. (You are obliged tofYou have tolYou need tol is nec- essary) ) J must sign the contract. (| have decided) ©) have to sign the contract. (Someone else has decided) lack of necesshy — 4) He doesn't need toldoesn't have to/needn't get a ta I give him a itt isn't necessary) 'b) He didn't need to get a taxi because ! gave him a it. (ttwasn't necessary for him to get a tax!) ©) He needn't have got a tax. wasn't necessary for him to get a tax, but he did.) advice 4) You ought to/should revise for your test. (advise you tolyou had better) ') You must revise for your test. strongly aise you to) ‘suggestions - 2) We canicould go out for a meal later. 'b) Shall we go out for a meal iater? (Let'..Why dont we... How about.21What about..2) ty 4). Kim is five years old. She can read and wrt. (reser) ) When she was three, she could count fo ten. (past repeated action) ) Tony was able to win the race. managed to do; past single action) lack of ability a) Ann can't play the piano. (present) 'b) She couldn't swim fast when she was young. (past repeated action) «) She couldnt reach the top she. even though she td. (ast singe action) asking permission 4) Can I open the window, please? (informal) ) Could I open the window, please?(more polite) (©) MayiMight | open the window, please? (formal) (Do you mind i...2/Would you mind i..2) ‘ving permission 2) You ean leave your luggage here. (you are allowed to do sth; informal) ’) You may leave your luggage inthis area. (you are allowed to do sth; formal - probably writen) refusing permission 4) You can'timustn't park hero. (you are not allowed to do sth; informal) ) You may not park in this area, (you are not allowed todo sth; formal - usually writen notice) requests 2) Can/Will you help me with this exercise? (informal) ') Could/Would you help me with this exercise? (more poite) (6) May | have one of those leaflets? (formal) ) Might | have one of those leaflets? very formal) prohibition You mustn'tcan't lie in court. (i's forbiddenlyou aren't allowed foli's against the rules) asking for suggestions or instructions When/How shall I contact you? possibility 42) She couldimayimight finish her work by si o'clock. (itis possibleit is ikely/perhaps) ) She couldimight have been late. (.. Luckly, she wasn't late.) otters ‘Shall/Can/Could | help you cross the road? (Would you like me to help you cross the road?) logical assumptions a) She must be on holiday. (positive; I'm sure she Is.) ) She can't be working (negative; m sure she it) ) He must have Been on holiday. (posve) {) Ho cant have been at home. (negative) criticism, He ouaht to/should have told her the {itwoutd have been beter ithe had fold her the tah.) 67@ 10 " 2 13 “ rbs Match the items in column A to their synonyms in column, A B You should/ought to, You aren't allowed to You must tt wasn't necessary for ; usto ... (but we did) coe © Why don't we ..? You needn't 4 He managed to We neednithave... | @ It wasn't necessary for We didn't need to ee You had better You mustn't 9 I'm sure she's He was able to fh Do you mind it ..2 She must be 1 You are obliged to Neco be | Itisn't necessary for you to Could | ..? kim sure he isn't He may be 1 Perhaps he's Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possibl | advise you to buy this book You should/ought to buy this book. Itism’t necessary for him to take the exam again. {'m sure Terry isn't atthe ofice. {tis possible that Janet will cal me ths evening You arent allowed o eat and tink inthe classrooms. We are obliged to clock in and out every day. ''m sure the boys weren't upset withthe result. ‘Would you like me to do anything to help? Perhaps we wil o for a picnic on Sunday afternoon. ‘Sam managed to reach the top of the mountain after climbing for several hours, How about throwing a party on your birthday? Itwasn’t necessary for John to attend the seminar. They are obliged to go to a meeting every week How about visiting some friends on Saturday? @ Undertine the corect word(s. ‘A: Could/May/Shail you tell me the time, please? B: Yes. I's a quarter past ten. ‘A: Would/Shall/Will we go shopping tonight? B: Yes. We need to buy some food. A: May/Should/Would |help you, madam? B: Yes, please. Can/ShallWould | have these shoes in black, please? Would/Shoula/Shalt | get you another cup of tea? No, thank you. 've had enough. Can/ShalliMay you post this letter for me, please? Certainly. do it on my way home from work. ‘ShallfWould/Could | speak to Jenny, please? 1'm sorry, she's not here at the moment. ‘Oh. Must/Shail/Would | call ater, then? ‘May/WilliWould | have a glass of water, please? Yes, I'l get you one. Could/May/Shall you put ice in it, please? Did you call Jane? No, I didn't need toineedn't because | saw her at work Shall/May/Could you help me, please? Yes, of course. You mustn'tineedn't/couldn't lock the door. ‘Oh, will you do it when you leave? QD, nderine ne comect wort) Dear Victoria, '’m writing to tel you about the play 'm going to be in. I's called ‘Only for You’, and I've got the leading role, | have a lot of lines and | 1) must/might learn them all before opening night We're pertorming the play for the fist time on Friday right. We've been told that a TV company 2) must/may ‘come to fim it, So | 3) could/must be on television. | 4) needn'umight even become famous! We 5) might/have to rehearse the play every night. Until Friday, because everything 6) mustshall be per- {ect forthe performance. We 7) couldn'timustn't make any mistakes. 8) Can/Must you come to see the play, (+ will you be at work? | hope you'll be able to come. i ‘ot, write and tell you how it went 119) could/must go and learn my lines now. See you soon. BPR ORRBPOEOe 10 BR orQQ, crvcse in comet anewe 1 "You ..C...be late for work.” ‘Iknow. I'm leaving now.’ A neednit —B must ¢ mustn't 2 ‘im lose some weight. His doctor said so, ‘Then he must go on a diet.” ‘A musint Ban C has to 8 Voss. G00 the bank today. I have enough money. ‘Well il go alone, then.” A neednt —B have to © must 4 ‘Did you deliver that parcel for me?” "No, |... ind the house, sol've come back to geta map.” A can B could € couldn't 51 clean the house today. I's dirty. ilhelp you.” A needn't B must © muste't 61 feed the dog at lunchtime. My brother did ‘tin the morning.” "You can do i this evening, then. ‘A didn't need to B needn't have need 7 ‘Do youneed any help?” "Yes. ‘open the window. I's stuck, A could Bamableto C can't at ‘swim until | was ten, ‘Well | didnt learn until | was eleven.” A can B cant © couldn't 9 ‘Can | talk to you, please?” ‘Sorry, | {90 now. I'm late for a meeting.” A musint-B hasto © must 10 ‘Is Tom good at languages?” “Yes, he already speak French, German and tralian.” A cant B can © could 11. ‘The test was too difficult for me. ‘Oh dear, | do it quite easily, ‘A wasable to B can't can 12 "Where's Tom? He's not at work, so he be atthe library. A must B cant © can 13° we go shopping today?" 'No. 'd prefer to go tomorrow.” A Ought B Shall c wil 14 “Sorry Mum. I've broken a plate, You ‘be more careful” A may B should © might 18 ‘Where's your father?” He . be in the garage. A might B can © mustn't Flt in can, can't, must, mustn't, needn't or have to. 1. A: Is Matthew very rich? B: He..must... be. He drives a Ferrari M Would you like to come shopping with me? B: Yes, but | v ‘do my homework this afternoon, |s Tom interested in music? ‘Oh yes. He the saxophone, Is Katie at home? play the guitar and No, she be. Her car is not here. 5 A: Can go to the cinema tonight? Yes, but you be late home, Hurry up. You'll be late for school! dont 'g0 to schoo! today. It's Saturday. 7 A: | bought you this present. Oh, you have, I's not my birthday! Excuse me, I'm looking for Barkwest Bank, I'm afraid | hhelp you. | don't live here Complete the sentences, as in the example. Sometimes more than one answer Is possible. Modal Use 1 .Shall..we gotothe 200? making a suggestion 2 You 7 harder. giving advice 3 Youn take photographs here. ‘expressing prohibition 4 Tear bag ieryour |") making an offer Ss you tur off the lights, please? making a request 6 You have been more caretul ‘expressing criticism 7 make phone call, please? asking for permission Thm ma ereang ae pets niyaic moan osm Shar, Se ae us a card. etietbor a” hel = a seatbelt while driving. rene Seen 11 They wu be tired. pee 12 Fm ony, Bay = ae Ta ees eee 13 He wn BO | Oe oa assumption Esiuiicn cape eee ovarnnean 69rhs GB), creose tne comect answer 10 70 letter arrives at your house. You are sure it is from Paul A it might be from Paul @ it must be trom Paul It may have been from Paul You have toothache. Your mother gives you some advice. A You may go to the dentist. B You should go to the dentist. © You might go to the dentist ‘You are looking for your scart. You think ts upstairs. A Itcan't be upstairs. B It should be upstairs. € It could be upstairs. ‘Your father told you to do your homework. You tell ‘your friends, A will do my homework. B I have to do my homework. € I might do my homework You want your neighbour to babysit for you tonight. ‘A Would you babysit for me tonight? 8 Shall you babysit for me tonight? ‘© Must you babysit for me tonight?” ‘You did the washing-up for your mother, but she didn't expect you to. ‘A You mustn't have done the washing-up. B You might not have done the washing-up, C You needn't have done the washing-up. There was a good film on TV. You are sure John. didn’t wate it ‘A John should have watched it B John might have watched it. € John can't have watched it. You want to have a petin your flat, but your landlord tells you it isn't allowed. A You mustn't keep pets in the fat B You needn't keep pets in the flat. € You will not keep pets in the fat. {An old lady is trying to open the door. You offer to 40 it for her. ‘A Couldn't | open the door for you? B Must | open the door for you? Shall | open the door for you? You offer to do the shopping, but your mother says, itisn't necessary. ‘A You must do the shopping. B You needn't do the shopping. € You could do the shopping, CB, croose ne correct answe 1 You .6.. do your homework betore you watch TV. A can't B should C shall 2 | come in? it's rather cold out here, A Should = B May © Must 3 You water the plants this weekend; they look ary A areableto Bneednt —€ ought to 4 you collect the children from school, please? A Must 8 will c May 5 ‘you play the piano? A Can B Must © Should 6! buy some milk. There isn't any lef, A musin't = B may © must 7 When | call you? A shall B must © needn't a ‘swim before | was able to walk. A might B could © can 9 You walk to work. Il give you a lit A must Boneednt © may 10 Tim be out. There are no lights on. A shall B should © must Look at the pictures and answer the questions using modal verbs, as in the ‘exampl 2g. No, he can't be playing. He must be doing his error ae as re Pe ae What can she do? at oe Cod err) Pernod Has she grown the flowers in ord renin