’ Coding For Beginner aes alae) Inside Jargon-free Step-by-step | Clear Full Tips & Advice Tutorials Colour GuidesWant to master your Code? Then don't miss our NEW Programming & Coding magazine on Ei Readly now! NOW ABOUT PI! The Future Is Code (EW Even vou NEED TO Ki di The unimate Raspberry Pe Special 7 Program, / [is | Build, 7 [= rt , Packed with OVER Top Pi coding tips and guides is the Pico really 2 Dive deep into Raspbian coding game changer? Lear which model PI and learn it all! is the right one for you Click our handy link to read now: https://bit.ly/30cL1zxCoding For Beginners Coding For Beginners is the first and only choice if you are new adopter and want to learn everything you'll need to get started with coding and programming. This independent manual is crammed with helpful guides and step-by-step fully illustrated tutorials, written in plain easy to follow English. Over the pages of this new user guide you will clearly learn all you need to know about coding your own amazing apps. With this unofficial instruction manual at your side no problem will be unsolvable, no question unanswered as you learn, explore and enhance your programming skills. Papercut www.pclpublications.comas 34) Coding with C++ 8 _ Being a Programmer 36 Your First C++ Program 10 ABrief History of Coding 38 Compile and Execute 12 Choosing a Programming Language 40. Using Comments 14 Creating a Coding Platform 42 Variables 44 Data Types 18 WhycH? 48 C++ Maths 20 C++ Facts & Figures ence 22 _ Equipment You Will Need 24 Structure of C++ Code 52 ) Introducing Python 26 How to Set Up C++ in Windows 28 Howto Set Up C++ ona Mac 30 Howto Set Up C++ in Linux 32 Other C++ IDEs to Install 54 Why Python? 56 What Can You Do with Python? 58 Python in Numbers 60 Equipment You will Need 62 Getting to know Python 64 Howto Set Up Python in Windows 66 Howto Set Up Python in Linux Python on the Pi Starting Python for the First Time Your First Code 76 Saving and Executing Your Code 78 Executing Code from the Command Line 80 Numbers and Expressions Using Comments’ - _ a ° . | _ elm) great coding titles Miele mst) TAA pclpublications ncryption;-Aljegamingyasci ae eel Pe eatin ae ft bute ne Jey ci , help May Wien Er Faas et ain omg =~ BEIR alah lt aby BTR Lapel eb PoE 1On4n41 etna eee ee De a] fe 1.09301 001101 o0 o1 anne jos) als he he hehe PPP Tee CLEC ERAN, |e) sheets ean Nala: Aenea eb ee): rT ERR kala ee ee ee Lan by 2A ee ee ee potas , ay eee Mears Ot pa i 103, OH 1 oK 002201 OO 01 @0 oo i EA ot Aya B Le PLE eK e 7 oN oy 1 Breen y aie! ae By afb eeo oo(Welcome, Future Coder fp Welcome, Future Coder Everything you do online, every time you DUR UEC R CUR Ly your in-car GPS, use your phone, play a game ona tablet, console or PG, it's all been coded Ree use pee Rey a ek rue uae a Re ree Rune Pe eee eee ULL ee Mukul aac ai ee Ce Se eke Ae oa eae ete Ue erWelcome, Future Coder Being a Programmer‘Times have changed since programming in the ‘80s, but the core values still remain, “It's up to you how far to take your coding adventure!” Being able to follow a logical pattern and ‘see an end results one ofthe most valued ‘kills ofa programmer. a (Being a Programmer Be MORE THAN CODE For those of you old enough to remember the ‘80s, the golden era of home ‘computing, the world of computing was a very iferent scene to how its today. 8-bit computers that you could purchase asa whole, as opposed to being in kit Form and you having to solder the parts together, were the stuff of dreams; and getting your hands on one was sheer bliss contained within a large plastic box. However, it wasn't so much the new technology that computers then offered, moreover it was the Fact that forthe first time ever, you could control what was being viewed on the ‘television’ Instead of simply playing one of the thousands of games available atthe time, many users decided they wanted to create their own content, their ‘own games; or simply something that could help them with their homework (or home finances. The simplicity of the 8-bit home computer meant that. creating something from a few lines of BASIC code was achievable and so the First generation of home-bred programmer was born, From that point on, programming expanded exponentially. t wasn't long before the bedroom coder was a thing ofthe past and huge teams of designers, coders, artists and musicians were involved in making a single ‘game. This of course led to the programmer becoming more than simply someone who could fashion a sprite on the screen and make it move at the press of akey. "Naturally ime has moved on and with it the technology that we use. However, the fundamentals of programming remain the same; but what exactly does it take to be a programmer? ‘The single most common trait of any programmer, regardless of what they/re doing, isthe ability to see a logical pattern. By this we mean someone who can logically Follow something from star to finish and envisage the intended outcome. While you may not feel you're such a person, its possible to train your bran into this way of thinking. Yes, ft takes time but once you start to think in this particular way you willbe able to.construct and Follow code. Second tologicis an understanding of mathematics. You dont have to be at a genius level but you do need to understand the rudiments of maths. "Maths is all about being able to solve a problem and code mostly falls under the umbrella of mathematics, Being able to see the big picture is certainly beneficial for the modern programmer. Undoubtedly, as a programmer, you will be part ofa team of other programmers, and more than likely part of an even bigger team of designers all of whom are creating a final product. While you may only be expected to create a small element of that Final product, being able to Understand what everyone else is doing wil help you create something that’s ultimately better than simply being locked in your own coding cubicle. Finally, there's also a level of creativity needed to be a good programmer. ‘Again though, you don't need to be a creative genius, just have the imagination to be able to see the end product and how the user will interact with ‘There is of course a lot more involved in being a programmer, including learning the actual code itself, However, wth time, patience and the determination to learn, anyone can become a programmer. Whether you want to be part of a triple-A video game team or simply create an automated routine to make your computing life easier, i's up to you how Farto take your coding adventure!A Brief History of Coding (eto at Ca eur en Lee eee P ete CeCe is a modern concept that's only reallyyhappened in the last Fifty years or so. However, that assumption is quite wrong, coding has actually been around for quite some time. Cee Re RTO MORRO eek keg Essentially all Forms of coding are made up of ones and zeros, on or off states. This works for a modern computer een toca tC 7c Petree ieee ord Peet its Fe ne Cet end eeu aee Cie pcre Peete oe See ee ens and orrery used to predict Petree Dee ey Peon te De gees Book oF Ingenious Devices in around Cone ec eet Bit eres oe eres eee es See eer cary Deu oa ee a punched holes to create the textile design. Pea ese design on a previous automated weaving Dre SRL es eee ey eee pee eee cee Ree Certs ero aa Red ac) Preece program, Not bad, considering there were eure Tecra cooDesa Pee Rao Cerca Cee at) eye Pere) eee artery) nen’ rs ee nein ese ee Seren eter ae CC Ug Regional Assembly Language. eraser eee a Cee eT Seu eg Peis oer eee mo) and ALGOL 58 were developed teen eee Classes (C+4), MATLAB, Common Lisp and more came tothe fore. The 80s was undoubtedly the golden age ofthe home: ‘computer, a time when silicon processors were cheap enough eee ea aU See nse) Peruse ree Computer programming was Reson eer) See pee es Sener mics Carta the development of BASIC eee Peete Sacer Denese emai Tee) Peseta etry Poem eae ny Eee re a hhow to code but they could Freely share their code and source other code to Ci Crna read the team that developed the UNIVAC Rem eer eat) developed a compiler frit. n time, erect COBOL (Common Business-oriented rere easter ny Poet perce) "Choosing a Programming Language It would be impossible to properly explain every programming language in a single book of this size. New languages and ways in which to ‘talk’ to a computer elms (Ue E-IneRs1aeaaieatae (oa e-1c2 ole) invented almost daily; and with the onset of quantum computing, even more complex methods are being born. Here isa list of the more common languages EC Te Renae aie e oea cece Cee hee ee ee (American National Standards institute) standard, there ae differen versions oF ee eee eee eee ee ese ee eee ga BN Ce ae JavaScript (often shortened to J) isa lightweight, interpreted, object-oriented language with frst class Functions. JavaScript runs on the client side ofthe web, that can be used to design ‘or program how the web pages behave on the occurrence of an event. JavaScript is an easy to learn and also powerful scripting language, widely used for controlling Reese & Pw Java Is the foundation for virtually every type of networked Ber a eee ere ec and ee aS PTT ishaetosierredslia irate taarep actdidakirtiLarhedelaa Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that translates Java code into machine language. itis an elegant object-oriented language that enables developers to build a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the NET Pete ee tte ten ast ee aes client server applications, database applications and much more. The curly-brace syntax of C# wll be instantly recognisable to anyone familar with C, C++ or Java, POPU <0) Peceutetern deter eeeedand Peston eecinpnaicsnngee net ote See ee ene een peter Dee ea ee Su Ce ek eu abe pret eerie te ace ett eet C#+ (pronounced cee plus plus) is a general purpose programming ee ee ee ar) Features. It was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and Flexibility of use asits design highlights. a Rubyis a language of careful balance. Its creator, Yukihiro "Matz" Peer en ee ree eee ae cls Se our ee ari CO ee ree tea parts of Ruby can be removed or redefined, at wll Existing parts can be added to, i - Seeereeetoemneete trices ‘ toe enicuny sneer Poremeretenkately tment Son eee beifebtsicieil oregonian ie dbelnuee salou powerful builtin support for text pracessing and has one of the most impressive eons ‘Swifts a powerful and intuitive programming language For macOS, EZ 05, watchOS and tvOS, Writing Swift code is interactive and fun, Cee ese ee et eed Cee re ee eee Lightning fast. A coding tutorial app, Swift Playgrounds, is available forthe iPad,Welcome, Future Coder Creating a Coding Platform pep eieertrenrsrnnrre Bair eenpeinineneer hcg tnn reee einen ee peabrenmrnernen Wee ar cee ee Ce ceria peer eeeiente Cena pia heen geet ae pia EORTC ere Tegner peepee eS oes eee foe as Thankfully, coding at the cass ayy foundation level doesn’ hydrogen-cooled PC. IF you own a computer, no matter how basic you can begin to learn how to code. Naturally, ifthe computerin question isa ‘Commodore 64 then you may have some difficulty following a modern language tutorial, but some of the best programmers ‘around today started on an 8 bit machine, so there's hope yet. You will need access to the Internet to download, install and Update the coding development environment, alongside @ computer with Windows 10, macOS, or Linu, installed. You canuse other operating systems, but these are the ‘big three! and you wil find that most code resources are written with fone, oral, ofthese in mind, vwvnvpcgubiatenscom CeO et ed Pre enero a Gee tnt Cir huge amount of third-party software to consider. n addition, by accessing the internet, you will discover that there are countless. lable forthe language in which you've decided enone ere eee ST eee eins SI ee EL nes eek into coding. Like all good projects, you need a solid foundation ee ete eee ee este Peer eee ea ace ora try Creating a coding platform comes in a twill be your learning Foundation while you begin to take your Firs tentative steps into Pei) In terms of sofware, most ofthe development environments have tools that allow you to code, compile the code and executeit, Freely ‘avaliable tools avallable that w Over time, you may find yourself progressing From the: mainstream development environment and using a collection ‘of your own, ciscovered, tools to write your code. It's al personal preference in the end and as you become more experienced, you will start to use different tools ta get the job done,OPERATING SYSTEMS \windows 10s the most widely used operating system in the world, so i's natural that the vast majority of coding tools are written for Microsoft's leading operating system. However, don't discount macOs and especialy Linux ‘mac users enjoy an equal number of coding tools to their windows counterparts. n act, you will probably Find that a lot of professional coders use a Mac over a PC, simply because of the Fact that the Mac operating system is but on top of Unix the command-tine OS that powers much ofthe world's filesystems and servers). This Unix layer lets you test programs Inalmost any language without using a specialised IDE However, Linux's, by farand away, ne of the most popular and important coding operating systems avalable. Not only does ithave a Unixike backbone, t's also free to download, install and use and comes with most of the tools necessary to start learning how to code. Linux powers most of the servers that make up the Internet. It’ used on nearly al oF the top supercomputers, as well as specifically n organisations such Eas NASA, CERN and the miltary, tals forms the base of £ android-powered devices, smart TVs and incar systems, Linux, as a coding platform, is an excellent idea and it can be installed inside a virtual machine without ever affecting the instalation (of Windows or macOS. Baa If youhaven't already heard ofthe Raspberry, then we suggest you head overto www.raspberrypl.org and check tout. In shor, the Raspberry Pits a smal Fully functional computer. It comes with its own customised, Linux based operating system that's preinstalled with everything you need to start learning how to code in Python, C++, Scratch and more. Costing around €35, it's incredibly cheap andallows you to utilise different hardware, in the form of robotics and electronics projects, as well as offering a complete desktop experience. Although not the most powerful computing device in the world, the Raspberry Pi has alot going For it especialy n terms (of being one ofthe best coding platforms available. } The advantage of a virtual machine isthat you can work with Linux, For example, without it affecting your currently installed host OS. This means that you can have Windows 10 running and launch your virtual machine client, Boot into Linuxand use all the functionality oF Linux, while still being able to use Windows. YOUR OWN CODING PLATFORM Creating a Coding Platform Be AU ela 9 ‘Avirtual machine sa piece of software that alowsyou toinstalla fully working operating system within the confines of the software itselé. The installed 05 vil allocate user-defined resourcesfrom the host computer, providing memory, hard drivespaceet, aswell as, sharing the host computer's internat connection, ‘This, of course, makes it a fantastic coding platform, as you can have different installations of operating systems running from the host computer while using different coding languages. You can test your code without fear of breaking your host OS {andit's easy to return to a previous configuration without the need to reinstall everything again Virtualisation fs the key to most big companies nove You. will probably Find, rather than having a single server with an installation of Windows Server, for example, the IT team have instead opted fora virtualized environment whereby each Windows Server instance isa virtual machine running from several powerful machines. his cuts down on the number ‘of physical machines, allows the team to better manage resources and enables them to deploy an entire server dedicated toa particular task ina Fraction of the time, ‘Whichever method you choose, remember that your coding platform will probably change, as you gain experience and Favour one language over anather, Don't be affaid to experiment along the way, as ‘you willeventually create your ‘own unique platform that canhandle all the code By: you enter into it ea reIntroducing ty i 10h uy ah I 0) uy oO uu i a i oD 10 oe i CnCUrueo Eirias i) Caste cea RCo ts iY Pte cari Ceetauc Cin tar 7 using Windows, macOS or Linux, is created }0 Pen Kemer ecru een ud RCRA ee eens Pca earer een elses Pee eee ee mare eie Pum eeu teT RIP Tee CL ee cue applications, games and much more. It’s used in Ree ae une a cae mee eels aca space industry, and much more. pn el call academy bee relate er er Sot tee 7<4 Introducing C++ ; Why C++? C EVERYTHING Due to both the complexity of the language and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs, device drivers, and even entire operating systems. Dating back to 1979, the start ofthe golden era ofhome computing, C#4, or rather C with Classes, was the brainchild oF Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup, while working on his Ph.D. thesis Stroustrup's plan was to Further the original C language, which had been widely used since the early seventies. C++ proved to be popular among the developers ofthe 80s, since Tewas a much easier environment with which to get to grips, ‘and, more importantly, It was 99% compatible wth the original C language. This meant that, beyond the mainstream computing labs, regular people who didnt have access to the mainframes and large computing data centres could use it. C++'simpactin the digital world isimmense. Many ofthe programs, applications, games, and even operating systems are coded cos cadets uch atria ober OD Saco nen Using C++. For example, all of Adobe's major applications, such as. Photoshop, InDesign and so on, are developed in C++. You will Find that the browser you use to surf the Internet is written in C++, a5, well as Windows 10, Microsoft Office, and the backbone to Gcogle's search engine. Apple's macOSis written largely in C++ (with some ‘ther languages mixed in depending on the function), and the likes ‘of NASA, SpaceX, and even CERN use C++ for various applications, programs, controls, and umpteen other computing tasks. Aswell as being an easier addition to the core C language, C+ is also extremely efficient and performs well across the board. This, higher level of performance over other languages, such as Python, BASIC and such, makes itn ideal development environment for ‘modern computing; hence the aforementioned companies using i so widely.tind, intempo Unpupe ps ee ~ stp detopmen ith cont ees a = Liens a — a ‘Microsoft's Visual Studio is a great, free ‘environment in which to learn C++. ‘C¥+ puts the developer ina much wider world of coding. By mastering C++, you wil Find yourself being able to develop code for the ikes of Microsoft, Apple and so on. Generally, Cr+ developers ‘enjoy a higher salary than programmers of some other languages, ‘and, due to its versatility the C++ programmer can move between {obs and companies without the need to relearn anything speci You will discover, as you become a more advanced coder, that many ‘oF the developersin various coding jobs around the worid tend to use pre-designed development engines. For example, when creating ‘games, the likes of Bethesda, the team behind Oblivion and Skyrim, utilse 8 3D game engine called The Creation Engine. This enables the team to quickly create animations, characters, tems, terrains, ooms, and just about everything else you'd se inthe game. The ‘engine itself has been modified to make the most of the current ‘graphics card hardware, and computer or console processing ower These engines are mostly written in C++, and when making Indeed, the operating system you're using is written in C+. Windows 10 debian Improvements to the engine, or when creating anew game, if the developers want to add something that the engine can't do, they wil use C++ to create the new content of link between two different engines. The end result, of course, is 8 game that contains the latest graphical technology, while being seamlessly bound together with some pretty clever C++ coding. Getting to use C++is quite easy, all you needs the right set of tools in which to communicate with the computerin C++, and youcan start yourjoumey. A C#+ IDEs Free of charge, even the immensely powerful Visual Studio from Microsoft freely avalable to ‘download and use. You can get into C++ from any operating system, bbeit macOS, Linux, Windows, or even mobile platforms. So, to answerthe question of Why C++, the answer is because it's Fast, efficent, and developed by most ofthe applications you regularly use. lt cutting edge, and a fantastic language ta have mastered. Mac ubuntubh Introducing C+ : C++ is one of the top programming languages in the industry. It's quick, powerful, and used by nearly every major tech and gaming company in the world. Here’s some interesting Facts about the rather wonderful C++. 2 C++is one of the predominant programming languages for the development of all kinds of technical and commercial software. NASA, CERN, 4 microsort, ORACLE, PAYPAL, ¥ LINKEDIN, AMAZON AND “Ly THE MILITARY USE C++. C++ has e ih IN E influenced other programming 3D ANIMATION, Gagesgeeuehae MODELLING, C# and Java. AND SIMULATIONS SSF LSE es eeeeeees Alot of the Linux operating system is coded using C++, therefore you could say that most of the world's Internet hosting servers are available thanks to C++. r SUPERCOMPUTING USES C++ CODE More than 70% of all ‘Y- TOCALCULATE VAST AMOUNTS OF fee noe q> 4 DATA, INCLUDING THE NASA-BASED (HET), and the software 4 SUPERCOMPUTING FARM THAT RUNS responsible is written in f SIMULATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE. See tomake use cf i y high speed.Soures "obsWatch, my Google, Quor, Stock ( C++Facts & Figures Eg ae a bce fecs | wha stachoverton atta, ES thextax Avpoynanies ‘operating system Uses C++ as its backbone. Gaming is one of the biggest users of C+. Ithandles the Many database applications complexities of 3D games, are built using Ce, such supports multiplayer coogle chrome, MacKis as MySQL. it's also used options, and enables Firefox, and even MicrosoR’s by Wikipedia, Yahoo and intensive CPU and Edge web browsers are YouTube. GPU hardware coded in ++. Functions. THE CHis tr used in computer networking as the nm main code behind the Programmable Logic PERCENTILESALARY i mossrecaes Controller, connecting FORAUKBASED Cr+ sable of products servers, processors, other DEVELOPER IS erenpeit: hardware, and Using C+. even robotics. MRI scanning machines and _ ‘Windows 95,98, 2000, Computer Aided Design The Unreal 4 Engine, XP, 7,8.1 and 10, as well as all use C++ to help with which is coded in C++, icrosoft Office, use C++ the enhanced imagery is used for hundreds asthe backbone programming produced by these of games, including language of choice. systems. Fortnite. RADAR aes ise) ote) Panay ADVANCED eae plate] SS aoe dee e cece eeeeeeeeeeees | FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS IN MODERN AIRCRAFT, INCLUDING MILITARY AIRCRAFT, USE C++.Bp Introducing C++) Equipment You Will Need Noe ol aurtreReoM te Mue eee OM Uo A Re cod CG ee D TOL) feleyaNen t-te alee Reo Ul eiiven R=] Mol mel iores-) Elen R Tene R CANE modern computer, everything else is freely available. C++ SETUPS ‘As most, if not all, operating systems have C++ at their code, it stands to reason that you can learn to program in C++ no matter what OS you're currently using. [| computer Unless you fancy wring out your C++ code by hand ona sheet of paper (ich is someting many oder cers used todo), then 3 computer isan absolute mast nave component. Pc users canhave any recent Linuxaltro or Windows OS, Mac users the tatestmacos. |_| AN IDE ‘An IDE is used to enter and execute your C++ code. Many IDEs come with extensions ‘and plugins that help make it work better, or add an extra level of Functionality ‘Often, an IDE will provide enhancements depending on the core OS being used, such as enhancements for Windows 10. |_| COMPILER ‘A.compiler is @ program that converts the C++ language into binary that the ‘computer can understand, While some IDEs come with a compiler built in, others don't. Code:Blocksis cur Favourite IDE that comes with a C++ compiler as part of the package. More on this later. [_] TEXT EDITOR Some programmes much prefer to use text eo to assemble ther C+ code before runing trough a compiler Essent, you can se ary ext editor to write ce stsavett witha cop extension However, Notepads one ofthe best code texteditorseviable |_| INTERNET ACCESS. ‘while it's entirely possible to learn haw to cade on a computer that’s not attached tothe Internet, i's extraordinarily difficult, You will need to install the relevant software, keep it up to date, install any extras or extensions, and look For help when ‘coding. All of which require access to the Internet. TIME AND PATIENCE You're going to need to set aside significant time to spend on learning how to code in Ce. Sadly, unless you'r a genius, it's not going to happen overnight, or even ina ‘week. A good C++ coder has spent many years honing their craft, so be patient, start small and keep learning.Equipment You Will Need OS SPECIFIC NEEDS C#+ will work in any operating system; however, getting all the necessary pieces together can be confusing to a newcomer. Here's some OS specifics For C+, ray ’As we've mentioned previously, one good IDE is Microsoft's Visual Studio, However, a better IDE and compiler is Code:Blocks, whichis Kept regularly up to date with anew release twice yearly, or sa, Otherwise, Windows users can enter their code in Notepad++ then compile it with MinGW — wich CodeBlocks uses Linux users are lucky in that they already have a compiler and text editor builtinto their operating system. Any text editor il allow you to type out your C++ code, when its saved with 2.cpp extension, use ge= to compile it 1a ‘The Raspberry P's operating system is Raspbian, whichis Linux based. Therefore, you're able to write your code out using atext editor and then compile ewith g++, as you ‘would in any other Linux distro, Mac owners willneed to download and install Xcode, in orderto compile their C+ code natively Other ‘options for the macOS Include Netbeans, Eclipse or Coderlocks. Note: the latest Code: Blocks isnt available for Mac, due toa lack oF Mac developers. asBD inc) Structure of C++ Code eee eee TMT CMete cd Me TR eco sce ee designer, or work at the cutting edge of science or engineering technology, then being able to code in C++ is a must. Remember, you're never too old to learn how to code. #INCLUDE ‘As you learn the basics of programming, you will begin to understand the structure of a program. The commands may be Fferent, but you will start to see how the code works. a #INCLUDE 7 ane Te strucure of + program ae a Danish student Bjarne can look complex, but once you ieee ee Stowtrupimentedcesin £ getfomtarwthtyouibegh to 1979,asapartorhisPhO. | seehowitfows Every Cr+ cade thesis inoly Cre was called beginewtha directive, ncude | = ‘Cwith Classes, which added =. Thedirective instructsthe ¢”) *newcode.cpp FAUSERSEENESTIM: preprecesoriobcinies C programming language ‘section of the standard C++ #include vite making a more tock, For eral itu Userfriendyenafonment. ? indudes the stream header suppor: Bjarne Stroustrup, inventor ‘input/output operations. ofr. INT MAIN() 2 areas 3 int main( initiates the a Documents 4 2 declaration of a Function, which pee st View, poms Bee isa group ofcodestaterents underthe name maint All (C++ code begins at the main function regardless of where _(¢") #neweode.cpp_ ilies within the main body of the code, bower sinclude (A. int main() BRACES . newcode.cpp (-/Documents) 2 The open brace is File Edit View Search Tools Documents Help something that you may fnothave come across before, especially if ‘you're used to other coding languages. The ‘open brace indicates the beginning ofthe main function, and contains allthe code belonging to that function [ci *newcode.cpp x #include int main() { 24COMMENTS Lines that begin with a double slash are comments. This means they ‘won't be executedin the code and are ignored by the compiler. Why {are they there? Comments are designed to help you, or another programmer [ooking at your code, explain what's going on. There ‘are two types of comment: * covers multiple ine comments, // 3 single tne. . snewcode.cpp (Documents) Fle Edit View Search Tools Docunens Help ‘include dint main() (/ 7 Best Coe program! STD In C++, STD means Standard. t's a part ofthe Standard Namespace in C++, which covers a numberof different statements and ‘commands, You can leave the std part out of a code, but it must be declared atthe start with: using namespace std. . *newcode.cpp (-/Documents) Fle Edt View Search Tools Documents Help ‘€)tnewcodecpp % include using namespace std; int main() ( {1 7 Firat coe progrant COUT In this example we're using cout, whichis apart ofthe Standard Namespace hence why it's there, as you're asking C++ to use itfrom that particular namespace. Cout means Character OUTput, which ‘displays, or prints, something to the screen. Fwe leave stds: out we have to declare it atthe start ofthe code; as mentioned previously . snewcode. int main() 1 My first Ces program! std::cout y K! Structure of C++ Code Be << “The two chewons used here are insertion operators. This means that, whatever follows, the chevrons are tobe inserted into the std=cout statement. this case, they are the words ‘Hello World’, “which are to be displayed on the screen when you compile and execute the code, . “newcode-epp (-/Documents) Fle Edt View Search Tools Documents Help (€trewcode cpp l#include Ant main() UL My first Ces program! Std: icout << ("Hello World!\n") OUTPUTS Leading on, (Hello World!) is the part that we want to appear on. the screen when the code is executed. You can enter whatever you like, 2s long asi’ inside the quotation marks. The brackets aren't needed, but some compilers insist-on them. The \n pat indicates a new line i to be inserted, 7/ My first C++ program! cout << ("Hello World!\n")| ; AND} Finally you will notice that lines within a Function code block (except comments) end with a semicolon. This marks the end of the statement, and all statementsin C++ must have one at the end fr the compiler wil Fall to build the code. The very last line has the closing brace to indicate the end of the main Function.Bp Introducing C++) How to Set Up C++ in Windows Windows users have a wealth of choice when it comes to programming in C++. There are loads of IDEs and compilers available, including Visual Studio from Microsoft. MMe a cana ene Pack Tamer ect sel cre ce CODE::BLOCKS CodeBlocks is a free C++, Cand Fortran IDE that is Feature rich and easily extendible with plugins. It's easy to use, comes with ‘a compiler and has.a vibrant community behind it too. BRPEED starts visting the Code:Blocks download ste, at IBPEMS when you've located the fie, click on the www.codeblocks.org/downtoads. From there, click Sourceforge.net link atthe end of the ine and a ‘on the ‘Download the binary releases’ nkto be taken tothe latest download notification window appears; click on Save File to start downloadable version for Windows. the download and save the executable to your PC. Locate the downloaded Code:Blocks installer and double lick to start. Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the instalation. (@ coaesdocis naa Wolcome to CodeBlocks Setup Sup tes thas ert fests, eereconmede at yuo peng ‘iresarag Sau Taran pss ope ‘Seton er tettorg erent es ru acne canoe ESTEE There you can see, there are several windows ESTeeE RD Once you agree to the licencing terms, a choice of versions available. The one you want to download installation options becomes available. You can opt has mingw-setup.exe atthe end ofthe current version number. At_ For a smaller install missing out on some of the components but we the time of writing this is: codeblocks-17.12mingw-setup.exe. The recommend that you opt fo the Full option, as default difference is that the mingw-setup version includes a C++ compiler and debugger from TDM-GCC (a compiler suite). eananieeieties ew Congrats Beeman Comes ore eet ea —— "| Sep teem nee ns sr et ose Ye seecenpectenat tien siese stewing | vs | Sigmar ym ame peaveneneee renee Soxcerened: 251446( Howto Set Up C++ in Windows Next choose an instal tcaton for the Coderslols There's ak you can doin Codelocks 30 you need supe files. It's your choice but the default is generally Suet to dig in and Find a good C++ tutorial to help you suffiden(nlessyouhave ay spec requirements ofcourse. _getthe mostfrom k However, to begin with, cicon File» New > Whensou cle, hes begins; hen sisted Empty Fle. Tiscrestes new, bank window for youto type n natfcaton pops psig you you wane tart Code-Blcksrow, ‘so click Yes. sae eae era csr advo Roane cent ronsstt Melos! Pcseseseasessee ci asnceasnenaen aaecancas asa] ere oi a m7 rs ener iUnadnastaanne cesar Meu The first time Coder:Blocks loads feruns an ‘autodetect For any C++ compilers you may already have installed on your system. If you don't have any click on the First detected option: GNU GCC Compiler and click the Default ai button to sett asthe systemis Cr+ compiler Click OK whenyou'e ° ready to continue. #include /MMy Siest CH peogean Stdzrcout << “Hello World! \n"; totes cn entre eset ep eect eee " neo Notice how CodeBlocks auto-inserts the braces and speech quotes. FETED The program starts and another message appears RETESET lick File > Save as and save the code with a Informing you that Code:Blocksis currently not pp extension (helloworld.cpp, for example) the default application For C++Files. You have two options, toleave CodeBlocks changes the view to colour code according to C++ everything as itis or allow CodeBlocks to associate all C++ lle standards. To execute the code, click on the Bulld and Run icon types. Again, we would recommend you opt For thelast choice, to along the top of the screen, It's a green play icon together with a associate Code:Blocks with every supported filetype. vellow cog,Introducing C++ How to Set Up C++ ona Mac To begin C++ coding on a Mac you can use Apple's own developer platform: Xcode. This is a free, Full featured IDE that's designed to create native Apple apps. However, it’s also able to be used to create C++ code relatively easily. Xcode is primarily designed for users to develop apps For macOS, iOS, tvOS and watchOS applications in Swift or but we can use it for C++ too, FTTEEEDD 21ty opening the App Store on your Mac, Apple STEM when you're ready click onthe Getorcloudicon Menu App Store Inthe Search box enter Xcode, button which wil install the Xcode app. Enter your and press Return. There wilbe many suggestions filing the App "Apple D, and Xcadewilbeginto download and instal. may take ‘Store window, but I's first option, Xcode, that you need to clickon, some time depending on the speed of your internet connection, as Xcode is in excess oF 1168. ESTEE Tekea moment to browse through the app's FETS DD When the installation is complete, click on the Open Information, including the compatibility to ensure button to launch Xcode. Click Agree to the licence you have the correct version of macOS. Xcode requires macOS tess, and enter your password to alow Xcode to make changes. 10.12.6 or laterto install and work. to the system. When you've done that, Xcode will begin to instal, additional components.FETED With everything now installed including the additional components, Xcode wil launch displaying the version number along with three choices and any recent projects that you've worked on although Fora fresh instal ths willbe blank How to Set Up C++ on a Mac 9p BETeeE DD The next step asks where to create a Git Repository For allyour Future code. Choose a location on your IMac, ora network location, and click the Create button. When you've done allthat, you can start to code. The leftshand pane details the Files used in the C++ program you're coding. lick on the rmain.cpp file thelist ‘Start by clicking on Create New Xcode Project, this SUES ‘opens a template window to choose which platform: Youre developing code for ick the macOs tab, then cick he Command Line Tool option, Clkext to conve Fill inal the fields, but ensure that the Language ‘option at the bottom is set to C++. Simply choose it from the drop-down list, when you've filled in the fields, and made sure that C++ isthe chosen language, clck on the Next button to continue, Yeuvil notice hat codehas automaticaly Guar) completed a basic Hello World program for you. ‘The iferences ere aretha the nt main uncon now contans rule funtion andthe yout sight ferent. This Xcode utilising the content that’s available to your Mac. BETS Whenyou want to run the code, click on Product > Run. You may be asked to enable Developer Mode ‘on the Mac, this to authorise Xcode to perform functions without needing your password every session. When the program executes, the output willbe displayed at the bottom of the Xcode window.Ep Introducing C++ ) How to Set Up C++ in Linux LINUX++ ‘There are many different versions of Linux available, For this example we're using one of the more popular distributions: Linux Mint. However, these steps will work in any Debian-based Linux. FETED The firststep with ensuring Linuxis ready foryour EPI Amazinaly,thatsit. everything is allready For you Cr codels check the system and software are tostart coding, Here's how to get your first C++ upto date. Open a Terminal and enter: sudo apt-get update program upand running In Linux Mint the main text editor is Xed 66 sudo apt-get upgrade. Press Return and enter your canbe launched by clicking on the Menu and typing xed into the password. These commands updates the entire system and any search ba. Click on the Text Editor button in the right-hand pane to installed software. open Xed. File Edit View Search Terminal Help Ere eran ee [sudo] password for david: Mf ERTSSER Most Linux distros come preinstalled with all the PEED 10 Xed, or any other text editor you may be using necessary components to start coding in C++. enter the lines of code that make up your C++ Hello However, t's always worth checking to ee iFeverything s present, World program, To remind you, i's: sostill within the Terminal enter: sudo ape-g: 11 #include build-sesential and press Return. f you have the right components, nothing is installed butif you're missingsomethen int main() they are installed by the command, ; TS Fie Est Vow Ser Teal Hop sae a ¢ | samy rat cn poaran b( How to Set Up C++ in Linux Ee PEP) when youve entered your code, click File>save As RNMPNPBS sofore you can execute the C++ file youneed to {and choose a folder where you want to save your compile it In Linux t's comman to use g++, an open program. Name the file as helloworld.cpp, ar any other name justas source C++ compiler and as you're nowin the same Folder asthe long as it has.cpp as the extension, Clck Save to continue. C++file,goto the Terminal, enter:g#+ hel press return, [ davidemi: | Fie edie View Search Terminal Help rrr Pras ac errerrseerey nT ‘The first thing you can seeis that Xed has FEED there willbe a brief pause asthe code is compiled ‘automatically recognised this asa Cr+ file, since the by gs+ and providing there are no mistakes oF File extension is now set to.cpp. The colour cading ispresentinthe _errorsinthe code yauare retumed to the command prompt. The code and iF you open up the file manager you can also see that the compiling of the code has created a new file, you enter 1s into the file's icon has C++ stamped ont. Terminal you can see that alongside your C++ files a.out aaa File Edit View Search Terminal Help e reece Freestar eT) ts Poets) tprenirenstsy PEPER with vourcode now saved, drop into the Terminal EPMIM) The acutfileis the compiled C++ code. Torun the ‘again. You need to navigate to the location of code enter: ./a-out and press Return, The words the C+ file you've just saved, Our example isin the Documents Hello World appears on the screen, However, a.out isnt very Friendly Folder, so we can navigate to it by entering: cd. Docunients. Toname it something else post-compiling, you can recompile with: Remember, the Linux Terminalis case sensitive, soany capitals must g++ helloworid.cpp ~2 hellowor1d. Ths creates an output be entered correctly file called helloworld which can be run with: /hel Lower ld. Fle Et View Search Terinal_Hep File Edit View Search Terminal Help CEC COMO tieyOther C++ IDEs to Install ICU ccc econ hn C meade Aen cei plenty of options available to you. Windows is the most prolific platform For C++ IDEs eserer ea cus ious ur eaten DEVELOPING C++ Here are ten great C++ IDES that are worth looking into. You can install one oral of them ifyou like, but Find the one that works best for you. ESTED EicseisahuoelypopuiarC++iD€ that offers PRINTS Codelite sa free and open source IDE that's the programmer 2 wealth of Features, It has a regularly updated and available for Windows, great, clean interface, is easy to use and available for Windows, Linux and macOS. It’s lightweight, uncomplicated and extremely Linux and Mac. Head over to www.eclipse.org/downloads/ to. powerful. You can find out more information as well as how to ‘download the latest version. If you're stuck clckthe Need Help link download and install tat www-codelite.ora/. For more information. lvikibivwrlcelue®’ ‘The GNAT Programming Studio (GPS] is powerful ‘Another popular choice is NetBeans. This ‘and intuitive IDE that supports testing, debugging 's another excellent IDE that's packed with ‘and code analysis. The Community Editon is free, whereas the Features and a pleasure to use. NetBeans IDE includes project based Pro version costs; however, the Community Editions available for templates for C+# that give you the ability to build applications with ‘Windows, Mac, Linux and even the Raspberry Pi. You can find it at dynamic and static libraries. Find out more at www.netbeans.org/ Features/epp/index html. Tes TEERECTOR Microsoft's visual studio isa mammoth C+ IDE that allows you to.create applications for Windows, Android, iOS and the web. The ‘Community version s free to download and install but the other versions allow a free trial period. Go to wwwvisualstudio.com/ to ‘see what it can do for you. Other C++ IDEs to Install Be “The Anjuta DevStudio sa Linux-only IDE that Features some of the more advanced Features you ‘would normally Find ina paid software development studio. There's @ GUI designer, source editor, app wizard, interactive debugger and ‘much more. Go to wwww.anjuta.org/ for more information. een This cross-platform IDEis designed to create C++ applications for desktop and mobile environments. It comes with a code editor and integrated tools for testing and debugging, as wel as deploying to you chosen platform, t's not free but there is atrial period on offer before Fequiring purchasing: wwrw.qt.io/qt-Features-libraries-apis-tools- Bloodshed Dev C++, despite its colourful name, isan older IDE thats for Windows systems only. DEV C++ However, many users praise its clean interface and uncomplicated ‘way of coding and compiling. Although there's not been much ‘updating for some time, i's certainly one to consider if you want something different: www.bloodshed.net/devepp.html, eRe Ths excellent DE allows developers towrite C++ code for desktop and \web applications acrosallthe major platforms. There's an advanced text editor, integrated debugger and a configurable workbench to help you create your code.’ avalable for Windows, Mac and Linux ands Fee to downlead and use: www.monodevelop.comy. tH ine FYFE Utimaters isa cross-platform C++ IDE that boats arapid development of code through the smart and aggressive Use of C++. For the novice it's a beast of an IDE but behind its complexity isa beauty that would make 2 developers knees go ‘wobbly. Find out more at wwwultimatepp.org/index. html(Gereliare with C++ Reese Rue E ea Cee ak ee) execute your first C++ code, through to CC Rec esrtedUMeey ace) Reheat dure caren ear tricks will lead you in the right direction. era era hk ee languages in this book, and it’s continually SES uCr cli tacos Ed mR cee LU Sas CONTR gee sought-after coder and a vital member of the eo RTs 35BD eirssance) Your First C++ Program SEM aco Cece Mercato Treg svi Cath col working exclusively in Windows and Code::Blocks from here on. Let's begin by writing oN Ask Coes cele Eee date a eure nner meee ae HELLO, WORLD! Ws traditional dates back to 1968 using a language called BCPL. programming for the First code to be entered to output the words ‘Hello, World!’ to the screen. interestingly, We're going to use Windows 10 and the excellent IDE Code:locks forthe rest of the C++ code and tutorialsinthis book. Begin by launching CodeBlocks. When open, ‘dick on File> New > Empty File or press CirShift+N onthe keyboard, AB Cox:20:h8 we o—e—9— ir" ‘Atte moment it doesnt look like much, and it makes even less sense, but well get to that in due course. Now click on Fle > Save File As, Create or find @ suitable location on your hard drive andin the File Name box, call ithellowori.cpp. Click the Save as type box and select C/C++ fils. Click the Save button, Now you cin see a blank screen, with th tab labelled *Untitiedt, andthe ndmber one in the top left ofthe(inain Code:logks window. Begin by clicking inthe main. | window, so the cprsorisnextto the numbef one, andentering: 0 1 finetide dlostzeam9 O11 1 10 1 ¥ 0 0 100 0.0 | [wis cocaine ie Ed Vw Sah Piet al Dg aan th To ese Pgs Soot ine [Pm 0 0 1 _-o- aaa Sotican see that CodeBlcks has ndw changed thetolour coding, recognising thatthe ies now Crricode. This meats thatcode canbe auto selected from the 0 Code: Blocks repository. plete the tnclude ostream line and) | 0 9 reenterit; Youcan seethe autoselect boxes appeating. 0 (toned pce Ti Fie Est nw Sach Pijed Bald Deg Fonte woth Ta Tee Pgs oy [eager xmalagiorsonYour First C++ Program Ba ERTISERD vto-election of commandsis extremely handy and [RPM Nove acain the colour coding change. Press Return at cuts out potential mistyping, Press Returnto get to the end ofthe previous steps ne, and then enter: line 3, then enter: ut << “Welle, world!\n"7 etd int main() Note: there's no space between the brackets. Pa ‘include = oe ce tai, worna!\an| ESTEE onthenest ine belowintmaind,entera cury bracket: ENMAIPM Just as before, code:Biocks auto-completes the ' ‘ode you're entering, including placing a cosing speech markas soon as you enter the First. Dont Forget the ‘This can be done by pressing Shiftandithe key tothe right of Ponan semicolon at the end of the line; this sone of the most important English Uk keyboard layout. elements toa C++ program and well tell you why inthe next section. For now, move the cursor down tothe closing curly bracket and press Return, ‘xm alaalo> so ok al> ‘Finclude @ ¥irv 1 ni ] ant main 00 1 a 0 10 | sta: reout << "Hello, world! 1 0 i 0 0 0 1 4 0 ] 1 1 " 1 11 ESTEE Notice that Code:stocks has automaticalveréated | ERTIEABR) That's all you need to door the moment. tray corresponding closing culy bracket a couple of 0 not look erribly amazing but C++ isbest absorbed 0 0 1 ines below, lipking thepap agwellasa slight indentThisisdueto _insmall chunks. Dont execute the code at the moment asyouneed | the structyre of C++andit’s where the meat of the code isentered. — tolookathow a+ program s structured first; then you can bull 0.0) Nowenter: 4 |» 9 1 andrug the code, For now, click on Save, the single Floppy dsc icon. Fiwy first C++ program ) 01 ° wa 1 10 0 0 M4 0 ° sn masa) ) o )Sp Coding with c++) Compile and Execute You've created your first C++ program and you now understand the basics behind the Stier oo Mee Lente mane UTC CE Keele Rea NCoDU Demerol 0) om GREETINGS FROM C++ Compiling and executing C++ code From Code::Blocks is extraordinarily easy; the result. Here's how it's done. Si ‘Open Code::Blocks if you haven't already, and load up the previously saved Hello World code you ‘created, Ensure that there are no visible errors, suchas missing semicolons at the end of the std:cout ine. just a matter of clicking an icon and seeing Start by clicking on the Build icon, the yellow cog, [At this point, your code has now been run through the CodeBlocks compiler and checked for any errors, You can see the results ofthe Buld by ooking ta the bottom window pane. Any ‘messages regarding the quality ofthe code are displayed here, Sis} ESTEE "your code is looking similar to the one in our screenshot, then look to the menu bar along the top ‘of the screen, Under the Fortran entry in the topmost menu you can see. group of icons: yellow cog, green play button and a cog/play button together. These are Build, Run, Build and Run Functions, eject Bull Debug Fortan waSmith Tools Tooke Plugins DowBloy xmaliaior soc fe T_ finclude 2 using namespace sta: 3 4 _ int ming 5 It é FM || cont, using namespace stdi cout << ay cout << "\n"y int main() }——— fiocloce t sing naneapece =? The cout <<"\n's part simply placesa nev line between the output of toands, 1 Ie: Finclude basing namespace sta, tnt main) ac , ER TeeED St2rt simple by creating twovariables,aand>, with ENTSSIMM Naturally you can declare anew variable, callit ‘one having a value of 10 and the other 5. You can result and output some simple arithmetic: use the data type int to declare these variables. Within the curly, brackets, enter: int results result = a +b: int a: int b: cout << result; — sissies: Geescene: Insert the above into the code as per the screenshot b=: sme main qthis, instead: 1 int b= 5; int result =a + bs You can assign avalue toa variable as soon as you declare it The code you've typed in could look lke cout << result declare them: int a) (10)? int b (5); ‘Then, from the C++ 2011 standard, using curly brackets Specific int result (a4b); Hinclude You can create global variables, which are variables that are declared outside any Function and used in any Function within the entire code. What you've used so far are local variables: variables used inside the Function, For example: using namespace sta main () startLives = st cout 3 (C++, you can also use the following to assign values to a variable as soon as you The previous step creates the varabe States, Suz? which is a global variable. Ina game, for example, 2 player's go up or down depending on how wellor how bad theyre doing When the player estate game the Star es returns tots default states ere we've asgned 3 ves, then subtracted 1,leoving2 vest FEED the modern c++ compiler i far more intelligent than most programmers give it credit. While there are numerous data types you can declare for variables, you canin Fact use the auto Feature: Hinclude using namespace stds auto pi = 3.141593; int maing) i double area, radius = 1.51 area = pi * radius * radius: cout << areas ESTED DD ® courte of new elements here: fist, auto won't work unless you go to Settings > Compiler and tick the box labelled Have G++ Follow the C++11 ISO C++ Language Standard [std-c++1]. Then, the new data type, double, which means double-precsion floating point value. Enable C++11, then build and run the code, The result should be 7.06858.codingth cos Data Types Variables, as we've seen, store information that the programmer can then later call up, ETM Tal oO Lea mete Ue eM TC ed PETES PLAIN TORU Daya Lele Cea eco} EenTAvel Ueda aod Ngee] clan aime eife Rene ae Konan Kelle B aye Ailey THE VALUE OF DATA “There are many different datatypes available forthe programmer in C+, such as an integer, floating point, Boolean, character and so on. It's widely accepted that there are seven basic data types, often called Primitive Bultin Types; however, you can create your own data types should the need ever arise within your code, “The seven basic data types are a So De CGe ade “These basic types can aso be extended using the Following modifiers Long, Shor, Sianed and Unsigned. Basically this means the modifiers can expand the minimum and maximum range values for each data type. For example, the int data type has a default value range ofF 2147483648 to 2147483647, afairvalue, you would agree, Now, iFyou were to use one of the modifiers, the range alters: Unsigned int =0 to 4294967295, Signed int =-2147483648 to 2147483647 ‘Short int =-32768 to 32767 Unsigned Short int = Oto 65,535 Signed Shi 32768 to 32767 Long int =-2147483647 to 2147483647 ‘Signed Long int =-2147483647 to 2147483647 Unsigned Long int = to 4284967295 Naturally you can get away with using the basic type without the moaifer, as there's plenty of range provided with each data type However, it's considered good C++ programming practise to use the ‘modifiers when possible. “There are issues when using the modifiers though. Double represents a double-floating point value, which you can use for incredibly accurate numbers but those numbers are only accurate Upto the fifteenth decimal place. There's also the problem when displaying such numbers in C+ using the cout function, in that cout by default only outputs the first five decimal places. You can combat that by adding a cout precision () function and adding a value inside the brackets, but even then you're stil imited by the accuracy of the double data type. For example, try this code: #include using namespace std double PI = 3.1415926535897932384632 se main cout << PIs 1 include i 1592653589793238463; using namespace double PI = 3 int main) (cout precision (22): cout << PIs Starthere _% DataTypescpp ere using namespace std; double FI = 6 6 cout precision (22); cont << PI: ‘Again, build and run the code; as you can see from the command, line window, the number represented by the variable Ps ifferent tothe number you've told C++ to use in the variable. The output reads the value of Pas 3.1418926535897931 15998, wth the numbers going awry from the Fifteenth decimal place. Cateulator ce Scientific D 15.142857142857142857142857142857 Dec HYP ORE Memes x a sin cos tan V1 og Mod + | ce] c + tr i ON WO ‘hiss mainly due to the conversion from binary in the compiler and that the IEEE 754 double precision standard occupies 64-its of data, of which 52-bits are dedicated to the significant (the significant digits ina Floating-point number) and roughly 3.5-bits are taken holding the values Oto 9. IF you divide 53 by 3.5, then you arrive at 15.142857 recurring, whichis 1S-cigts of precision. Tobe honest if you're creating code that needs to be accurate to ‘more than fifteen decimal places, then you wouldn't be using C++, you would use some scientific specific language with C++ asthe Connective tissue between the bwo languages. You can create your own data types, using an aliascike system called typedet: For example: aod #include using namespace stdi typedef int metres; int main) metres distance: distance = 15 cout << “distance in metres is This code when executed creates a new int data type called metres. ‘Then, in the main code block, there's @ new variable called distance, \hich isan integer; so you're basicaly telling the compiler that there's another name forint. We assigned the value 15 to distance and displayed the output: distance in metres 15. Itmight sound alittle confusing to begin with but the more you use C++ and create your own code, the easier it becomes.BD einsvance) Strings Strings are objects that represent and hold sequences of characters. For example, you could have a universal greeting in your code ‘Welcome’ and assign that as a string to be called up wherever you like in the program. STRING THEORY ‘There are different ways in which you can create a string of characters, which historically are all carried over from the original language, and are still supported by C++. To create a string you use the char function. Open a new C++ file and begin with the usval header: Si Hinelude using namespace std int main 1) pert S8)o> + oom [resell ICE © Finclude using namespace stdy Its easy to confuse a string with an array. Here's an artay, which can be terminated with a nul character: int main 0) 1 char greet [a] = (0W", "2", sor} ‘cout << greet << “\n"y S108 Build and run the code, and Welcome’ appears, on the screen, While thisis perfectly Fine it's nota string. Astring is a class, which defines objects that can be represented as astream of characters and doesn't need to be terminated like an array. The code can therefore be represented 2s: ‘include using namespace std int main () ‘ char greet} = “welcore", cout << great << *\n"7 Int there's alsoa string Function, which works in _much the same way. Using the greeting code again, STEP 4 you can enter: Hnclude using namespace std int main 0) ‘ string greet = “Welcome”; cout << greet << "\n"?PEPER) There are also many different operations that you can apply withthe string Function For instance, to getthe length ofa string you can use: ti using namespace stdi dude int main 1) { string greet = “Helcone”: cout << “Me length of the string cout << grect.size() << “\n" You can see that we used areet size) to output the lenath, the number of charactersthere are, of the contents ofthe string. Naturally, if you call your string something other than greet, then you need to change the command to reflect this, k's always stringname.operation. Build and un the code to see the results Hinclude using namespace stdi You can of course add strings together, or rather combine them to form longer strings: int main 4) ( string greet3 = greet] + greet2; cout << greets << "\n"y ) example, we created int length, which stores the result of string. size() an Hci: int ma nl eu sei Siar) Just as you might expect, you can mixin aninteger, {and store something to do withthe string, In this outputs i to the user: de namespace std: e engths ring greet = “Hello”; ring greet2 =“, world! ring greet = greetl + 91 egth = grest3.oize(); wot <€ “the length of the combined strii << length << *\n"? Using the avalable operations that come with the string function, you can manipulate the contents of string. For example, ta remave characters from a string you could se! finciu: using Ant ma string strg inthe st right, so theresul namespace std; ng eteg ("Here Se a long sentence in a aa << etrg ce ‘nly erase (10,5); << stig << ‘aly erase (strg.begin() +8) << strg << ‘nl erase (strg.begin()+9, strgvend()=9); << strg << "\at? It'sworth spending some time playing around with the numbers, which ae the character postions ing. Occasionally, it can be hit and miss whether you get i practice makes perfect. Take a look atthe screenshot to see tof the code.C++ Maths Oe Sette en en Me aed cao built-in scope for some quite intense maths. C++ has a lot to offer someone who's Pray) ale ae Ma nn eel Maer (a eo ali meee ma ee] oR TT eo) aol rota eluaTe om C++ = MC? ‘The basic mathematical symbols apply in C++ as they do in most other programming languages. However, by using the Cr+ Math Library, you can also calculate square roots, powers, trig and more. ESTERID C**’smathematical operations follow the ESTEE DD Multipiation and division can be applied as suc: same patterns as those taughtin school, that multiplication and civision take precedence over adcition and es subtraction. You can alter that though. For now, create anew Fle ares and enter: int main () ( Hinclude aoe eee ee) float numbers = 1007 numbers = nurbers * 107 // Tais multiplies 100 int main 0) by 10 i Y float nunbers = 100; cout << numbers << “\n"y numbers“ nunbers + 10; // This adds 10 to the numbers = nunbers / 10; // And this divides initial 100 1000 by 10 cout << numbers << “\n"s cout << numbers << “\n"? nonbers = numbers = 107 // This subtracts 10) from the new 110 cout ce mumbere #include using namespace sta int main () ES TeeRD St2rt by getting the square root of a number: finelude finclude using namespace stdi int main) t float number = 1347 cout << “the square root of * << nunbor << * ist” << sqrt (number) << “\n"7 BETISE RD ere we created a new fat called number and sed the sart(aumber) Function to display the square root of 134, the value ofthe variable, number. Build and run the code, and your answer reads 11.5758, PETER) The interesting maths content comes when you call ‘pon the C++ Math Library, Within this header are FERED calculating powers of numbers can be done with Hinclude #include using namespace std; int main 0 i float number = 127 cout << nunber << * to the power of 2 is ™ 2) << “\n"s nunber <<" to the power 3) #include using namespace std: int main 0 i double area, radius = 1.51 area = M.pr* radius * radiuay cout << area << ™\n"s