November/December 2022

Volume 100 | Issue 11

Eurocode update:
what’s coming?

Safety of cantilever
structures
Arc de
Profile: Shalini
Jagnarine-Azan
triomphe
Natural materials, creative artistry and
technical know-how put ‘Planet’ centre
stage at the Structural Awards

pp01 Cover_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 1 02/11/2022 12:48

 Structural
rehabilitation
conference
8 December 2022

Through case studies, technical presentations Topics will include

and discussion this conference will bring together • Assessment and diagnostics
structural engineers to share best practice and
• Inspection and monitoring
advances in technology and techniques. Sessions will
focus on assessment and diagnostics, monitoring and • Strengthening
strengthening for the rehabilitation and life extension
of bridges and aging infrastructure. Who should attend?
• Practicing structural engineers
The conference will take place as a hybrid event. Delegates primarily working on bridges
and infrastructure projects
can register to attend in-person at the Institution’s London
headquarters or online and enjoy the same opportunities for • Asset managers
networking and interaction. • Contractors

Registration now open:

istructe.org/events/hq/2022/structural-rehabilitation-conference

21226_struct_rehab_conference_FP.indd
pp02-03 Contents.indd 2 1 23/08/2022 12:35
02/11/2022 pm
12:52
 Upfront
5 Editorial
6 News
8 Institution membership lists & news
12 Obituary: Keith White, 1933–2022

Feature
14 Design of efficient steel trusses to
resist progressive collapse

Professional
guidance
18 Professional indemnity insurance:
14
dealing with the ‘run-off’ risk
22 CROSS Safety Report: Reinforced
aerated autoclaved concrete planks found
on pitched roof of 1990s hospital building
24 Eurocodes evolution: preparing for the
second generation

Structural Awards
2022
27 Awards special

Technical
Volume 100 │ Issue 11 │November/December 2022

56 Structural safety of cantilever structures

Opinion
60 Profile: Shalini Jagnarine-Azan
63 Book review: The blessings of disaster:
The lessons that catastrophes teach us
27
and why our future depends on it
64 Verulam

At the back
66 Diary dates
68 Spotlight on Structures
70 Library update
73 TheStructuralEngineer Jobs
THE ARC © CHRIS MATTHEWS

60 63
3
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

2:35 pm pp02-03 Contents.indd 3 02/11/2022 12:52

 www.steel-sci.com

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pp4-5 Editorial_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 4 02/11/2022 12:53

 Editorial Upfront

PRESIDENT
Jane Entwistle
BSc(Hons), CEng, FIStructE, MICE

CHIEF EXECUTIVE
Martin Powell

EDITORIAL
HEAD OF PUBLISHING
Lee Baldwin

MANAGING EDITOR
Robin Jones
t: +44 (0) 20 7201 9822
e: [email protected]
Robin Jones Managing Editor
EDITORIAL ENQUIRIES
Will Brown

Safe and
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e: [email protected]

ADVERTISING
DISPLAY SALES
t: +44 (0) 1223 378051

sustainable
e: [email protected]

RECRUITMENT SALES
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DESIGN
CPL SENIOR DESIGNER
Kevin Reed
WITH THIS ISSUE, another year in our publication The Building Safety Act, its implications for
PRODUCTION cycle draws to a close. And as is now traditional, structural engineers in the design and maintenance
CPL PRODUCTION EDITOR
Amy Bennett
our attention turns once again to an annual highlight of higher-risk residential buildings, and the cultural
of the Institution’s calendar: the Structural Awards. change it aims to bring to the construction
EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP
Will Arnold FIStructE
This year’s Awards have a new look, with the focus sector will naturally, therefore, be key topics in
Premma Makanji MIStructE switching from categories of structure to four the coming months. The Institution has recently
Allan Mann FIStructE
Chris O’Regan FIStructE attributes that are essential to great engineering: launched a section of its website dedicated to the
Angus Palmer MIStructE
Simon Pitchers FIStructE
People, Planet, Process and Profession. Act (www.istructe.org/resources/building-safety-
Eleana Savvidi MIStructE The changes, as Tim Ibell and Will Arnold act/), and we expect to bring you a number of
Subscription prices explain on page 30, are designed both to allow articles examining its implications in more detail
Institutional (online only): £499
Institutional (print + online): £529
the judges to recognise in The Structural Engineer
Personal (print only): £125 excellence regardless of next year.
Personal (online only): £115
Personal (Student Member): £50 the type of structure, and Finally, I’d like to draw
Single copies: £25 (incl. p&p)
to reflect the increasing
importance of sustainability
THE INSTITUTION your attention to one
article, in particular, in
Printed by
Warners Midlands plc
to the Institution and the HAS LAUNCHED A this issue. On page 24,
The Maltings, Manor Lane Bourne,
Lincolnshire PE10 9PH
profession – with Planet
being the only one of the
SECTION OF ITS Steve Denton and
Mariapia Angelino provide
United Kingdom

© The Institution of Structural Engineers. four attributes that all WEBSITE an overview of the
The Structural Engineer (ISSN 1466-5123) is
published by IStructE Ltd, a wholly owned
entrants had to address. DEDICATED TO development and transition
subsidiary of The Institution of Structural
Engineers. It is available both in print and online.
Discover all the winning
projects in our special
THE BUILDING timetable for the second-
generation Eurocodes.
Contributions published in The Structural
Engineer are published on the understanding
Structural Awards section SAFETY ACT Again, we hope to provide
that the author/s is/are solely responsible for the on page 27. more updates on the new
statements made, for the opinions expressed
and/or for the accuracy of the contents. While sustainability has come increasingly codes over the course of next year.
Publication does not imply that any statement or
opinion expressed by the author/s reflects the
to the fore over the past few years as we have For full details of this issue, see page 3. As ever,
views of the Institution of Structural Engineers’ recognised the need for climate action, structural I hope you enjoy it.
Board; Council; committees; members
or employees. No liability is accepted by such safety and the safety of society have long been a
persons or by the Institution for any loss or
damage, whether caused through reliance on
priority for the Institution. Could you contribute to next year’s
any statement, opinion or omission (textual magazine?
or otherwise) in The Structural Engineer, or
otherwise. We are currently seeking articles for three of next
The Institution of Structural Engineers
year’s issues on the following themes:
International HQ | The growing role of timber as a structural
47–58 Bastwick Street
London EC1V 3PS material
United Kingdom | Designing lower-carbon concrete structures
t: +44 (0)20 7235 4535
e: [email protected] | Maintenance and rehabilitation of bridges
The Institution of Structural Engineers
Incorporated by Royal Charter
Charity Registered in England and Wales number
If you would like to propose an article for
233392 and in Scotland number SC038263 consideration, please get in touch with a brief
outline at [email protected] by 1 December. We
welcome both articles providing technical guidance
and case studies.

5
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp4-5 Editorial_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 5 02/11/2022 12:53

 Anch

Upfront News

Industry news Institution news

RICS releases latest Institution scoops three awards at membership sector celebration
sustainability report
The Institution of Structural Engineers took
Will Arnold receives his
Progress is being home first prize in two categories at the recent
Outstanding Contribution
seen in some Memcom Excellence Awards 2022, held in award
aspects of the London on 29 September.
built environment The Institution received the award for Best
on the drive to be Sustainability Initiative for The Structural
more sustainable, Carbon Tool – a carbon calculator developed
according to the in partnership with Elliott Wood & Partners.
latest annual IStructE Head of Climate Action, Will Arnold,
sustainability also received the award for Outstanding
report produced Contribution to a Membership Organisation
by RICS. However, in recognition of his leadership in driving the
the rate of advancement needs industry to address the climate emergency. Penny Gowler of Elliott
to accelerate significantly and become To cap a great evening, the Institution was Wood and Will Arnold of
IStructE collect the Best
more widespread. also highly commended in the Best Celebration
Sustainability Initiative
The 2022 RICS Sustainability Report, Event of the year category for the Structural award
which collated sentiment from almost Awards 2021.
4000 chartered surveyor contributors,
around 1200 of which are from the UK,
across commercial and construction
sectors globally, shows that some
improvement in the push for sustainability Industry news
has been made in the past year, notably CWCT launches embodied
in the commercial real estate sector, as
demand for green buildings continues
carbon calculation
to rise. methodology for facades
However, the data also shows there The Centre for Window and
has been little or no change in some Industry news Cladding Technology (CWCT)
important areas in the past 12 months. Alastair Soane recognised by has published a new guide
Indeed, in construction, a significant share ASCE for contribution to safety aiming to support the facade
of professionals say they do not measure and cladding industry in
carbon emissions on projects. Institution Fellow Alastair Soane has been reducing the whole-life
76% of professionals in the UK awarded the American Society of Civil carbon emissions of its
state that they make no operational Engineers’ Forensic Engineering Award. designs. The guide provides practitioners
measurement of carbon emissions on Alastair, who is a Principal Consultant for with the knowledge to quantify embodied
projects, which is in line with the whole CROSS (Collaborative Reporting for Safer carbon emissions of facade systems.
of Europe, but slightly higher when Structures) receives the award in recognition of This is the first embodied carbon
compared globally (72%). With more his tremendous contributions to learning from methodology that provides specific detailed
than half of the UK respondents also failures via his leadership of the CROSS scheme. guidance for facade systems in each
saying that they don’t measure embodied Alastair is a founding member of CROSS lifecycle stage.
carbon, even for those that do, less than who served as Director of CROSS and then The guide is free to download for
14% use it to select the materials they Structural-Safety from 2005 to 2021. In 2021, CWCT members and available to non-
use in their project. he became a Consultant and a member of the members to purchase.
CROSS Technical Board. He was responsible for
Download the report at www.rics. introducing CROSS in Australasia and the USA. Find out more at www.cwct.co.uk/
org/uk/news-insight/future-of- As this issue went to press, Alastair was products/how-to-calculate-the-
surveying/sustainability/. expected to be presented with the award at the 9th embodied-carbon-of-facades-a-
Forensic Congress in Denver on 4–7 November. methodology.

Industry news
Concrete industry aims to stimulate innovation in CCUS schemes
The Clean Energy Ministerial Central to the agreement GCCA, said: ‘The industry is additional projects are also in
CCUS (CEM CCUS) and the will be exploring incentives, striving to innovate at every stage the pipeline among our member
Global Cement and Concrete policy frameworks and finance of the concrete lifecycle. We see companies who operate all
Association (GCCA) have solutions at a global level that carbon capture as a vital lever around the globe.’
announced an agreement that can enable industrial-scale for the global cement industry to
will help scale up the deployment CCUS projects over the next 10 achieve its ambitious goal of net- Find out more at https://
of carbon capture, utilisation and years. The two organisations zero concrete by 2050. gccassociation.org/news/
storage (CCUS) throughout the will work together to ensure the ‘We are starting to see the first cement-and-concrete-
cement and concrete industry, in long-term deployment of CCUS, CCUS projects already emerge. industry-scales-up-carbon-
a move to stimulate innovation, beyond 2030, via both policy and We have mapped 35 projects capture-utilisation-and-
investment and increase the pace technological development. announced and under way storage-ccus-efforts-to-
of decarbonisation efforts. Thomas Guillot, CEO of the across the world and up to 100 accelerate-decarbonisation/.

6
November/December 2022 | thestructuralengineer.org

pp06-07 Upfront News_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 6 02/11/2022 12:57

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 Upfront News

Institution news
Institution election/transfer/reinstatement lists

11 March 2021 OLINSKI, Jason JENNINGS, Allan Stuart SMITH, Gregory Irving
At a meeting of the Membership OPANASIUK, Volodymyr KENDAL, Keith SUPIK, Alfred
Committee on 11 March 2021, the OZEGOVIC, Alex MCFADDEN, John TAYLOR, Ian Cameron
following were elected/transferred/ OZMERT, Cemil MOTTERSHAW, Trevor James TOBUTT, Peter John
reinstated in accordance with the PAOLINI, Fabio MURPHY, David John TOWNROW, Grahame David
Institution’s Regulations: PETHO, Mark ROBERTSON, Leslie Earl TWIST, Charles
REES, Richard SAUNDERS, Barry William VEALE, Peter
ELECTIONS RICHARDSON, Letisha Rianne SCANDLING, John Michael WARBURTON, Adrian Thomas
Graduate (134) ROBSON, Michael John SHAH, Chimanlal Hirji WHITLAM, Robert Ian
SEAH, Wei Cheng SHARPE, David John WILLCOX, Graham Vincent
Free Student (920) SOHAL, Kameldip Singh TANNER, John Arthur YORK, Brian John
STANFORTH, David WONG, Lim Chin YOUNG, Alan Malcolm
TRANSFERS TANG, Kangkang WOOD, John Martin
Member/Associate to Fellow (6) TSUI, Kwan Ting Associate (2)
ADAM, Ben William WELBIRG, Simon Huw Member (62) CHEONG, Mun Wah
BROWN, David James WOLFE, Michael AALBERSBERG, Pieter DAVIES, Russell Trevlyn
DRUMMOND, Ian Giffard WOOD, Matthew AFSHAN, Sheida
KUMAR, Ghanshyam AGUILAR, Luis Alfonso Associate-Member (9)
LAM, Tung Kiu Nelson Student/Graduate to ALI, Rashid BOOTH, Kenneth
TOVEY, Michael Alford Associate (2) BAMFORD, Paul Robert BUCHAN, Thomas Wood
GRIMWADE, Tiffany Gabrielle BANCROFT, David CORFIELD, Derrick Edward
Graduate/Associate-Member HUANG, Yuli BELLAMY, David George DUNN, Richard Alexander
to Member (58) BENFIELD, Christine Joan HAGAN, Kevin John Stephen
ABU ALHIJA, Safa Student/Graduate to BERESFORD, David Norman JORDAN, Michael
ALEXANDER, Edward David Associate-Member (1) BERRY, James Frederick SHEPHERD, Adrian John
ALI, Muhammad PHILLIPS, James BOW, Peter STANSFIELD, Dean
ALLEN, Simon Davey BRANDT, Geoffrey ZELLY, Jeffrey
BOLIVAR MUNOZ, Yaiza Student to Technician (1) BURNS, Philip John
BROWN, Michael James BARRINGTON, Nicholas Seymour BURROWS, Geoffrey Technician Member (2)
BROWNING, Harriet Jane CARR, Richard MITCHELL, Michael William
CARLIN, George Student to Graduate (78) CHARLTON, Peter WATT, Brad
CHAUDHRY, Ahmad Munir CHOI, Ki Chee Lawrence
CHEUK, Nicholas REINSTATEMENTS CLARK, Peter Leslie Graduate (50)
COOK, James Fellow (1) DODDS, Neil Macquarrie Smith ACHONG, Kimlann
CRAWFORD, Matthew CHAKRABORTY, Sudhangsu DORE, Richard David AFSHAR, Navid
DOYLE, Jennifer Margaret Sekhar ELLIOTT, Gordon BAINS, Ryan
EDGAR, Christopher Michael EVANS, Anthony Emlyn BALBIDO, Francelita
FONYO, Adam Member (7) FARMER, Michael Ernest BARRIE, Shannon
FROSTICK, Robert HUNTER, Stephen Philip FOK, Siu-Cheung BERGAMI ALVES, Filipe
GARDINER, Patrick James LEE, Yee Seng GABRIELCZYK, Jacek Robert Jakub BLACKWELL, Rodney Albert
HABEEB T.P., Fayaz MAHADEVAN, Raju GRAY, John Roger BORDIGONI, Alessandro
HAMILTON, David Edward SHAO, Fengfeng GULLON, John BROWN, Rebecca
HARRISON, Luke THOMPSON, Elizabeth Ghislaine GUY, Raymond Graham BURKE, Lyudmila Mikhaylovna
HOLNESS-DOVE, Kristian WALKER, Charles Henry HALLETT, Rex CADE, Charles William
HUMPHREY, Matthew James WHEELER, Timothy John HANDLEY, Peter Harold CHUNG, Bernard Khum Phau
HYLAND, Aidan HARRISON, Keith CLARKE, Raymond Harry
JOHNSTON, Harry Christopher Graduate (14) HOLLOW, Neil Patrick COULSON, Peter
KEANE, Conor HOLT, David Eric CZIRAK, Peter
KERKHOFF, Johan Free Graduate (44) JACKSON, Alfred Thomas DELPORT, Juan
KNIGHT, Peter KI, Yuen Wa DRAKE, Rebecca Sarah
LAMBERT, Samuel Free Student (11) LENIHAN, Peter Alan FARQUHARSON, Charles William
LAU, Goc Viy LI, Bing FARRUGIA, James
LINDE, Romelito Martinez RESIGNATIONS MALIK, Aqdas HARPER, Harry Charles
LYLE, William The Membership Committee has MARSHALL, Ian James Mackay KAMALARAJAH, Rishicca
LYONS, James Joseph accepted, with regret, the following MCCANN, Mary KAPSA, Maria
MAHMUD, Fatma-Azzahra resignations: MCLEOD, David Alistair KOPACZ, Ewa
MANMOGAN, Jeevanesh MEADOWS, Martin Keith MAGUETA, Joana Andreia Alves
MANTRI, Apurva Fellow (20) MILNER, Alan Keith MARTINS, Rodolfo Jorge Patricio
MARSH, George AIMER, Anthony David MYRANS, Richard Anthony Bacelar
MAYOR, Simon CHAWDHARY, Abdul Latif O’BRIEN, Lewis Robert ROCHA MASSARI, Elisa
MCGOWAN, Shane CRABTREE, Geoffrey OSTROWIECKI, Bogdan Stanislaw MIKALAUSKAS, Arnas
MCLEAVY, Daniel DUFFY, Patrick PANDIT, Madhav Pralhad MOHAMED KAMAL, Mahmoud
NATÁRIO, Pedro FALCON, Kenneth Christopher SAYER, Gordon John NASREDDIN, Hussam Salman
NUNNS, Joshua HAYES, Michael Charles SHEATH, David PARKER, Jeremy Roger

8
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 News Upfront

PARKINSON, Robert Harry 24 June 2021 Student to Technician (2) MAIR, Stuart Charles
PATEL, Mavji At a meeting of the Membership BRICKELL, Ryan John MASTERS, David John
PEREIRA, Diogo Committee on 24 June 2021, the WESTON, Alison MCSORLEY, William
PICKERING, Joshua Matthew following were elected/transferred/ PALFREY, Robin Anthony
RAWLIN, James Jordan reinstated in accordance with the Student to Graduate (92) PETERS, Martyn Jonathan
RAWSON, Ian Institution’s Regulations: PODD, Claire
ROBERTSON, Elizabeth Jane REINSTATEMENTS REYNOLDS, Hugh De Thierry
ROTHMAN, Alexander Lewis ELECTIONS Fellow (1) SCHNEIDER, Peter John
SCHWEIZER, Rastislav Graduate (173) NARASIMHARAJAN, Sharma SINCLAIR, Alastair Aitken
SCLAVI, Giovanni Matteo STORER, David Arthur
SIMPSON, Samuel Free Student (1154) Member (10) THOMAS, Alan Carleton
SKILLEN, Jonathan BILLINGS, Jonathan P. TOPOLSKI, Jan
THANNIPPULI GAMAGE, TRANSFERS CHOI, Ki Chee Lawrence WRIGHT, Peter Andrew
Chaminda Rohana Member/Associate to Fellow (13) CHONG, Ho Kee Keith
TOGNACCINI, Riccardo BEAGON, Una Mary JUCHAU, Robert Alfred Associate (1)
TSANGARIS, Marios BROWN, Timothy Edward KENNA, Alan Patrick CHEN, Lee Wa
TUTTOLOMONDO, Gianluca CHIANG, Chum Kong SUDHAKAR, Kommireddy (CA)
WARNER, Gemma Victoria DIXON, Peter John SUN, Kwan Associate-Member (8)
WHITE, Jonathan EVANS, Thomas Owain TEGERDINE, Eliot Mark (CA) ARCHER, Graham Harold
YUEN, Po Hung Ares FRYER, Simon Edward YU, Haiqun ENEVER, Colin
HEALY, Diarmuid Martin YU, Tao GEAL, Edward David
DEATHS HIGGINS, Richard Gerrard GURNEY, William Richard
The deaths of the following are REEVE, Leslie William Associate-Member (2) HOOD, John Michael
reported with regret: RICHARDSON, Philip DAVIS, Jonathan JOHNSON, Robert
SEEL, David MORGAN, Tony O’SHEA, Maurice Keiron
Fellow (8) SHAABAN, Ibrahim Galal WATKINS, Geoffrey
COOLEY, Eric Humphrey STROSCIO, Riccardo Graduate (30)
COOPER, Bryan Walton Technician Member (1)
ELLIS, Michael Frank Graduate to Member (28) Free Graduate (54) BELL, Colin Michael
FARRELL, Anthony Charles ABUHAMDIA, Humam
FROST, Malcolm Sabin BAGHERI SABBAGH, Alireza Free Student (30) Graduate (41)
POUNTNEY, Colin Porter BESEISO, Essam AERAN, Ashish
SPENCE, William Miller BUDD, Oliver Matthew Timothy RESIGNATIONS AYERS, Frances Rachel
WHITING, Walter Leonard COX, Daniel The Membership Committee has BAGIAS, Orestis
EDWARDS, James accepted, with regret, the following BROWN, Natasha
Member (21) GHIASSI, Bahman resignations: CARTER, Alan James
BALADAKIS, Alexander HUANG, Yingxiang CHIN, Catherine Oi Jin
BRUNSKILL, Kenneth George KHAN, Zeshan Fellow (8) CORNISH, Charles Donald
CONWAY, Gerald Ernest LI, Wei BRAMWELL, Alan Douglas CULLEN, Neil Andrew
COOKE, Brian Herbert LINEHAM, Sean CHANDLER, Ivor Stanley DAVIES, William Lloyd
DALE, John Granton MACIUCEANU, Cornelius Romeo COGAN, Keith DODDS, Andrew Richard
ELLIOTT, John Cameron MARSH, Benjamen CORCORAN, Brendan Joseph John DURKIN, Thomas
FARRANT, George Edward McMahon, Rory COX, Ian Fleming GOUDAS, Konstantinos
FUNG, Kwok Woon MORRISSEY, Christopher FRISCHMANN, Wilem William GREGSON, Samuel Stemann
GILL, Lance Avery PORTER, John William GILLESPIE, Bruce James HOBSON, Daisy Amber
HURDEN, Derek Caesar SIDI BRAHIM, Luali THOMSON, Neil HUANG, Zhaohui
JACOBSON, Frederick Sigismond B. SINGLETON, Miranda INSLEY, Samuel James
LATTER, Alan SIU, Man Chi Member (29) IPAYE, Eyitayo
PILKINGTON, Jack SU, Meini APPLETON, David Gerald JAMIESON, Ronald Gilbert
PRABHAKAR, Narasinga TAI, Yik Shing Andrew BOVEY, Alistair Michael KENNEDY, John Raymond
RICHARDSON, John Brendon TAM, Yu Wo BROOKES, David John KHAN, Ahmed
ROBERTS, Patrick Anthony THOMPSON, Matthew CAMILLERI, Donald LOGOTHETIS, Goulielmos
SCOBLING, Michael James Albert TSANG, Kwong Wing CHEUNG, Sheung On MACPHEE, Arran
TELLER, Otto George VAN ARK, Stewart Johan CHOY, Wai Meng MAHENDRAN, Prakash
WALKER, Neil Stuart WONG, Chak Lung CLINT, David MASON, Ben James
WARBURTON, Sydney WONG, Wai Chung CONISBEE, Alan MATIAS, Ana Sofia Filipe
WELLS, Kenneth James WURMLINGER, Kevin CRAIK, Norman Andrew MATTISON, Dorina
DUNN, Peter MCMANUS, Eoghan
Associate-Member (1) Student/Graduate to FRANKLAND, John NGUYEN, Nghia
THOMAS, Phillip William Associate (1) GHOSH, Partha Sarathi OKUNNUGA, Adebukola
BRONKA, Janis GIDDINGS, Patrick Francis PARISI, Fabio
HAINES, Peter Robert PERASSOLLI, Vitor
HALTON, James Gerard PHANG, Clifford Ing Kiat
KNOYLE, David Stephen PILIBOSSIAN, Reuben Sarkis

9
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 Upfront News

PIWKO, Pawel 7 October 2021 PATEMAN, Alexander John RESIGNATIONS

PRYDE, Robert At a meeting of the Membership PERKS, Bradley Argyle The Membership Committee has
RAD, Taghi Committee on 7 October 2021, the POOLE, Ian accepted, with regret, the following
REYLAND, Paul following were elected/transferred/ PROTHEROUGH, James Andrew resignations:
SACLOLO, Ramon reinstated in accordance with the RAMESH, Nandisha
SCHOLTES, Philipp Institution’s Regulations: RYLANDS, Martin John Fellow (2)
STIGTER, John SANDOVAL, Daniel LAU, Chung Poh Frank
WELCH, Mimi ELECTIONS SEBASTIAN, Dilip REYNOLDS, David Edward Holden
Graduate (104) SIMPSON, James
Student (2) SINNAKKANNU, Jothy Kanna Member (2)
HELDERS, Ashleigh Free Student (358) SRISKANDARAJAH, Sanchayan MCPHEE, Iain Patterson
JENNER, Stephen Leslie SUGDEN, Joe Robert ORMSHAW, David Fallow
TRANSFERS SUN, Qi
DEATHS Graduate to Member (76) TAM, Ka Lok Michael Associate-Member (1)
The deaths of the following are ALDURI, Mahmud Akram TING, Kin Lam COOK, Philip Richard
reported with regret: ARCHER-JONES, Cameron Thomas VIDRASCU, Dan
BADRON, Munzir WALSH, Jonathan Lloyd Graduate (3)
Honorary Fellow (1) BOCKING, Harry Joseph Chant WATSON, Andrew James HUGES, Ross
DUKE OF EDINBURGH, Prince Philip BONNER, Emily Clare WILLIAMS, Robert Paul LEES, James
BRACE, Michael WONG, Gar Chai MAIN, Calum
Fellow (12) BROWN, Alexander Edward WONG, Chung Lok
ABBOTT, Michael John CARROLL, Jack WOODS, Michael James Free Graduate (1)
BACON, Roger CHAN, Toni YEO, Lian Way PERRY, Ben Anthony
BAIRD, Jack Alexander CHAN, Yun Ping YU CHUNG YIN, James
BULL, John William CHEN, Xu YUEN, Sai Kit Free Student (2)
CAMP, Ian Trevor CHOI, Hin Cheuk ZHOU, Yuyu CARMICHAEL, Ross Crawford
CONDLIFFE, Sydney John CHUI, Ho Chun REISSMANN, Ann-Cathrin
CRITCHLEY, Norman Andrew CHUNG, Wai Hung Student/Graduate to
JAMES, Harold Cecil CONLIN, Ethan James Associate (1) DEATHS
ONG, See Ho COSTA, Miguel GIERKE, David Jason The deaths of the following are
READ, Geoffrey Fitzwalter COUGHLAN, Kevin reported with regret:
THOMAS, Kenneth CULLEN, Paul Student to Technician (1)
VAUGHAN, Thomas Henry DAOUD, Nawid HALL, Jamie Paul Thair Fellow (3)
FONSECA SANTOS CARDOSO, HOLLYMAN, William Dennis
Member (16) Antonio Adelino Student to Graduate (34) PATERSON, Alastair Craig
BRIGGS, Douglas Henry FREEMAN, Jonathan James RATCLIFFE, Keith Urwin
COATES, Raymond GANESHALINGAM, Ramanan REINSTATEMENTS
COCKBURN, John Love GARRICK, Edward Nicholas Robert Fellow (1) Member (7)
DESAI, Suresh K. GILLIVER, Matthew George GILLESPIE, Bruce James JACKSON, Leslie Ralph
HEWITT, Eric GRESHAM, Thomas KNEVITT, John Michael
HOWLETT, John E. GRIFFITHS, Paul Member (6) NAG, Kishaloy
KAPOOR, Ramesh Chander HARROLD, Jack Richard BURKE, Jonathan ORSBORN, Brian John
LING, Siu Cuong HESSLENBERG, Thomas James GASPARATOS, Panagiotis PERERA, Veranja
MOSS, Herbert Henry ILIFFE, Christopher Nathan LEUNG, Cheuk Tong TOWNEND, Dennis
ORTON, Andrew Henry ISSAGHE, Taha El Nour TAN, Wai Houng WADE, Anthony Roderick
RIX, Donald Leslie JOLLY, Adam George WAN, Wai Keung
ROWDEN, John Frank KALITSILO, Farai YUNG, Chester Yuk-Man Graduate (3)
RUDD, Michael KERR, Euan Daniel DONNELLY, Andrew James
SCOTT, Frederick Hasleigh KHAN, Saqib Latif Technician (1) FORD, Graham John
TAYLOR, Gerald LAWRENCE, Matthew HARRIS, Nathan WEIGHTON, Donald Alexander
TIMSON, David John LEE, Hiu Tong
LI, Kin Lung Jason Graduate (15)
Associate-Member (2) LISAUSKAS, Aurelijus
GRANT, Ian Scott LOK, Ka Chun Free Graduate (9)
MATHARU, Mohinder Singh MAENZANISE, Nyasha Tatenda
MARKS, Steven Robert Free Student (15)
Graduate (1) MATSUOKA, Koki
MILLER, Daniel John MCGOWAN, David
MIAH, Mohammed Hussain
Student (1) MORRISON, Megan Emma
NEAL, John MURARISETTY, Hazarathaiah
NATHSARKAR, Arunangshu
NG, Chwee Meng
OLIVA MUNOZ, Adrian

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 News Upfront

2 December 2021 REINSTATEMENTS GROVES, Anita SMITH, Moro Huri

At a meeting of the Membership Member (4) HARRIS, Michael SMITH, Neal
Committee on 2 December BARKER, Roger LEUNG, David SMITH, Sinéad Eleanor
2021, the following were elected/ BROWN, Cambell Joel LOCKE, Roger James WALKER, Barnaby
transferred/reinstated in accordance GALLARDO, Cristobal LOUGHNANE, Ian Robert
with the Institution’s Regulations: LOO, Con Yuen PLACE, Anthony Neil Free Graduate (2)
PROCTOR, Peter William KEIGHLEY, Euan
ELECTIONS Graduate (10) ROWTON, John William SARAH, Kelly
Graduate (92) SCHMIDT, John Andrew
Free Graduate (5) SHIRRES, Ralph Spencer Free Student (1)
Free Student (942) STAMPER, Gordon BLACK, Amy
Student (1) THOM, Peter John
TRANSFERS WATKINSON, James Andrew Student (1)
Member to Fellow (3) Free Student (6) WHEELER, Melvyn John GEE, Kathy
MARTIN, Victoria Claire WILDE, David Edward Howard
PRICHARD, Sarah Judith RESIGNATIONS WILLIAMS, Terence Stanley DEATHS
SMITH, David The Membership Committee has WILLMORE, Michael The deaths of the following are
accepted, with regret, the following WOOLLEY, Peter Ronald reported with regret:
Associate-Member to resignations:
Chartered Member (2) Associate-Member (4) Fellow (3)
YUEN, Suet Pik Member (27) BROOKSBANK, John HALL, John Michael
SELWOOD, Craig AHAMED, Ala Uddin DENNANT, Michael Victor MACDONALD, Ian Fraser
BARNARD, David Philip DILLNUTT, Anthony George TAYLOR, Thomas Aelred
Graduate to Member (3) CAMPBELL, Allan James ROBSON, John
BYRNE, Graham CAROLAN, Edward Joseph Member (3)
GLEESON, William CLARKSON, Richard Stephen Graduate (8) DOWLING, Peter Alexander George
REDMOND, Shane COOKE, Richard Seymour AHMED, Abdurahman DUNCAN, Thomas George Stewart
CROSSLEY, Alan ELLIOTT, Andrew Michael NOBLE, Colin
Student to Graduate (73) DANIEL, John Gerard GASCOIGNE, James
FARLEY, Henry Ferdinand PUIG BARBE, Gerard

Institution news
Institution launches new Graduate GIStructE designation
Last year, the Institution undertook a review GIStructE designation. Institution’s website (www.istructe.org/
of its membership grades to ensure that Those Graduate members who have training-and-development/qualifications/
the pathways to Institution membership passed the Structural Behaviour Exam will certificate-in-structural-behaviour/).
were inclusive, flexible and recognised the have already been contacted to advise them Before applying to take the Exam, you
competence of members on their professional that they may use the designation and their are encouraged to access the Structural
qualification journey. One outcome of this records have been updated. Behaviour Quiz to familiarise yourself with the
review was the acknowledgement that To be clear, the designation may not types of question you will find in the Exam
there was a need to recognise graduate be used by all Graduate members – it (www.istructe.org/resources/exam-
achievement and competence in core is restricted to those who have passed preparation/structural-behaviour-quiz/).
structural engineering, specifically an the Structural Behaviour Exam. Further If you have any queries regarding the
understanding of structural behaviour. information on the Exam, including how to GIStructE designation, please contact
The Institution places great importance on make an application, may be found on the [email protected].
the need for members to be competent in
their understanding of structural behaviour
and in recent years has launched the
Structural Behaviour Quiz and the Certificate
in Structural Behaviour, which is awarded
to those who have passed the Structural
Behaviour Exam. The Certificate allows
graduates to show employers, clients and
the public, irrespective of where or what
they studied, that they have a fundamental
understanding of structural behaviour.
Accordingly, it has been approved that To achieve the GIStructE
designation, graduates must
Graduate members who have passed the demonstrate an understanding of
Structural Behaviour Exam may use the structural behaviour

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 Upfront Obituary

Obituary

Keith White,
1933–2022
BSc(Eng), FREng, FIStructE, FCIHT, FICE
KEITH CHRISTOPHER WHITE, WHO SERVED ‘good crunchy ballast. I wish that all foundations
as President of the Institution of Structural were like that!’
Engineers in 1987–88, has died at the age of 89. There were acts of family kindness as well.
Keith had a long involvement with the Institution, Travers Morgan had an established office in Oman.
serving on Council from 1973–79, first as an One of the resident engineers was there with his
elected member for a three-year term then as a co- family and one day one of their children cut her foot
opted member while Chairman of the Education on some glass. Keith happened to be visiting and
& Examinations Committee. In 1981, he was staying in the same place and immediately took the
co-opted to Council again as Chairman of the child to hospital.
Associate-Membership Committee, before serving Keith could also be prone mild administrative
as a Vice-President from 1983–87. oversights. On one occasion, he and the
Keith became a Fellow of the Institution in 1969, then senior partner travelled with one of the
later also being elected a Fellow of the Royal engineers to advise on an earthquake issue
Academy of Engineering in 1989. in the Mediterranean area. A hotel was booked
Born in Carshalton, Surrey, in 1933, Keith was but, although the senior partner arrived at the
educated at Glyn Grammar School, Epsom. On correct hotel, Keith and the other engineer
leaving school in 1949 at the age of 16, Keith mistakenly went to a different one. Unfortunately,
secured a trainee position at R. Travers Morgan & only one room was available, so a sofa had to be
Partners, then a small firm of structural engineers brought into action!
based in London, following an interview with senior Keith played an active role in the industry,
partner L. Scott White, who was also President of becoming a founder member of the Building
the Institution. Sorting Office for the Post Office. Industry Council, later widened to become the
Keith trained under George Kirkland (later to In 1971, Keith became a partner at Travers Construction Industry Council, of which he was
become President of the Institution in 1960) at Morgan, remaining so until the firm’s amalgamation Deputy Chairman in 1991–93.
Travers Morgan, initially studying at Brixton School first as part of the Symonds Group and then, in the He also served on the joint IStructE/Concrete
of Building on a day-release course designed to early 1990s, as part of Capita. He was Chairman of Society committees writing the reports on
lead directly to the Institution’s Part 3 examination. Travers Morgan Ltd from 1991 until his retirement ‘Falsework’ (1971) and ‘Formwork’ (1977),
However, realising that his sights were not set high in 1993. and then was a member of the code drafting
enough, he switched to Northampton Polytechnic, Former colleagues recall Keith as being firm but committee for BS 5975:1982 Falsework, as
London (eventually to become City University). On fair. As well as being the boss, he would take a well as serving on the committee drafting the
completing his A-levels, he followed straight on to keen interest in what the graduates and younger Institution’s report Communication of structural
a degree course in civil engineering, again on day engineers were doing. In fact, at least two long- design (1974) and chaired the committees drafting
release, at the University of London. serving members of staff were recruited directly reports on Stability of buildings and Design of
After graduating, Keith was required to complete from a school where Keith’s father was deputy masonry structures.
his national service, training as an infantryman with headmaster. He also continued a partnership Following his national service, Keith maintained
the Royal Norfolk Regiment, before transferring ethos of supporting the Institution and encouraging an interest in military engineering and was a Major
to the Royal Engineers at Mons. Accepted for a others to do so. Several engineers with their roots in the Engineer & Transport Staff Corps, Royal
commission, he completed training at Chatham in Travers Morgan went on to become presidents Engineers; he was also a Freeman of the City
before a posting to Malaya towards the end of the of the Institution. of London and a Liveryman of the Worshipful
emergency. Keith was very forgiving of mistakes provided Company of Paviors.
Returning to the UK in 1960, Keith up that they were taken seriously and used as learning His career involved many hospital buildings,
took the position of Assistant Resident Engineer opportunities. On one occasion, an electric and it gave him particular pleasure when, in 1982,
for the Thames crossing of Donnington Bridge overhead travelling crane designed by a young and he was invited by the Secretary of State for Wales
and Roadworks for the City of Oxford. During recently chartered engineer failed its certification to join the Board of the Welsh Health Technical
a two-year period, he obtained corporate test! The engineer was told to sort out the matter, Services Organisation, specifically to introduce
membership of the Institutions of Structural, Civil explain to the client what was going to happen and at Board level a member with knowledge of the
and Highway Engineers. who was going to pay to put it right. Keith and the construction industry.
Keith subsequently worked on a variety of other structural partners took the view that a few Away from work, Keith enjoyed cricket – being
projects with Travers Morgan, including the sleepless nights would do the miscreant no harm a keen MCC supporter – reading, walking,
Johnson & Johnson headquarters building at and provide a long-remembered lesson. swimming, golf and watercolour painting. Together
Slough, which won a Concrete Society Award in Another recollection was of a site visit where with his wife, Jenny, they had three children:
1982, the Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Keith accompanied one of the engineers to look Paul, Gill and Judy. Keith is survived by Jenny,
Hospital, and the London North West District at the excavation of foundations. ‘Ah,’ said Keith, Gill and Judy.

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pp12-13 Upfront_Obituary_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 12 02/11/2022 12:58 CARE

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12:59
 Feature Designing a transfer truss against progressive collapse

Design of efficient
steel trusses to resist
progressive collapse
Introduction
NADA ELKADY Viadux II is one of the most challenging
Graduate Engineer current projects in Manchester. Due to
Renaissance Associates Ltd, Manchester; and PhD the level of complexity associated with
Student, University of Salford, UK
this project, innovative solutions were
essential in the design process.
YASSER ELJAJEH The overall Viadux development
Principal Engineer
includes the construction of a 39-storey
Renaissance Associates Ltd, Manchester, UK
residential tower, 15-storey office
building, connecting podium structure,
KEVIN GILSENAN
Director
and the conversion of a Grade II-
Renaissance Associates Ltd, Manchester, UK listed masonry viaduct. The proposed
buildings are to be built over an existing
LEVINGSHAN AUGUSTHUS NELSON viaduct structure that dates from the late
Lecturer in Civil Engineering 1870s and was constructed as part of
University of Salford, UK Manchester Central Station.
This case study discusses the
challenges faced during the design
SYNOPSIS of the office building’s transfer truss
(Figure 1).
Nada Elkady and colleagues describe their As the project is being constructed
on top of a Grade II-listed viaduct,
research-based work to design a steel transfer minimal penetrations had to be achieved
truss resistant to progressive collapse. The project by reducing the number of columns
supporting the building. Another
won the Institution’s Research into Practice case restriction to the locations of these
study competition in 2022. columns was a tram line crossing the
site from southwest to northeast. With
these limitations in mind, 10 columns
with spans of up to 34.5m were
strategically placed. Due to the large
spans, a transfer truss was needed
to help transfer the loads from the
structure’s 15 storeys to the columns,
making it a crucial aspect of the
structure’s loadbearing system.
In addition to the reduced number
of columns, the need for heavy goods
vehicle access to Manchester Central
Service Yard dramatically increased the
risk of progressive collapse of the entire
structure. The risks associated with this
building and other high-risk structures
can be effectively mitigated by the
proposed state-of-the-art solutions.

Progressive collapse
framework
ëFIGURE 1: The first step in designing the transfer
Phase II (Block
C) of Viadux truss against progressive collapse
development was to examine the current Eurocode

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 Designing a transfer truss against progressive collapse Feature

guidance on the issue. Eurocode  FIGURE 2: Proposed | ASCE/SEI 41-13 Seismic evaluation example data acquired for the trusses
progressive collapse
guidance on progressive collapse design and retrofit of existing buildings4. from an analysis undertaken in ETABS,
design framework
for high-risk structures was found to be showing plastic hinges exceeding the
extremely limited, overlooking aspects The novelty of this framework is that immediate occupancy, life safety and
such as preventing cliff-edge scenarios it proposes a comprehensive method collapse prevention limits.
(a risk associated with key element that can be used to design progressive
design), providing recommendations collapse-resistant structures while Connection design
for the structural analysis process, and ensuring optimum efficiency and minimal One of the major assumptions
identifying failure criteria. carbon expenditure. This is because associated with the proposed framework
Renaissance’s design team, it is based on an iterative process is that non-linear deformation will
including experts in dynamics, that assesses members individually, only occur at the locations of plastic
progressive collapse and historic rather than following a set of overly hinges which are expected to form
structures, therefore decided to conservative or insufficient assumptions. within members rather than at joint
collaborate with researchers from Figure 3 illustrates the ASCE locations. This helps eliminate the
the University of Salford to develop a acceptance criteria adopted for the risk of developing a mechanism and,
framework for progressive collapse plastic hinges, while Figure 4 presents consequently, collapse.
design that could be applied to this
project while also being highly adaptable PLASTIC HINGE EXCEEDS CP
to a wide range of high-risk projects. LIMIT. TRUSS ELEMENT RE-SIZED
TO PREVENT OCCURENCE OF
This framework, presented in PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE.

Figure 2, compiles guidance from

research and international codes
including:
| BS EN 1990:2002 Basis of
structural design1 (+ UK National
Annex)
| BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 Actions
on structures. General actions.
PLASTIC HINGE ONLY EXCEEDS IO PLASTIC HINGE ROTATION EXCEEDS LS LIMIT
Accidental actions2 LIMIT. ELEMENT IS OF ADEQUATE BUT NOT CP LIMIT. ELEMENT POSSESSES
STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY. ADEQUATE STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY TO
| General Services Administration POTENTIALLY CAN BE REDUCED IN SUSTAIN LARGE DISPLACEMENTS AND AVOID
(GSA) Alternative path analysis & SIZE TO IMPROVE DESIGN EFFICIENCY. PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE.

design guidelines for progressive  FIGURE 3: Indicative force-deflection  FIGURE 4: Plastic hinge results from ETABS non-linear
collapse resistance3 backbone curve (ASCE 41-06, 20075) dynamic analysis

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 Feature Designing a transfer truss against progressive collapse

ELEMENTS ARE TO BE SPLICED

BEYOND RBS DUE TO TRANSPORTATION
CONSTRAINTS. SPLICED MEMBERS ARE TO
TRANSFER LOADS THROUGH END-PLATE
BEARING AND COVER PLATE SHEAR BOLTS.

CONTINUITY PLATES ARE

TO BE USED TO TRANSFER
LOADS BETWEEN FLANGES
OF ELEMENTS AT THE
MIDDLE CHORD.

REDUCED BEAM
WEB STIFFNERS ARE RECOMMENDED SECTION (RBS) LOCATED
NEAR RBS TO PROVIDE LATERAL AWAY FROM KNUCKLE
SUPPORT ENSURING PLASTIC HINGES JOINTS TO FORCE THE
FORM AT RBS LOCATIONS BEYOND FORMATION OF PLASTIC
THE MAIN CONNECTIONS TO PREVENT HINGES AT PRE-DEFINED
POTENTIAL FAILURE. LOCATIONS.

This is typically achieved by  FIGURE 5: case studies, codes such as GSA 20163, Additional considerations
adopting plated connections in which Adopted RBS and research, including that conducted Throughout the course of this design
the joints are significantly stronger and connections by Engelhardt (1999)6 and Dinu et al. process, the main aims of the design
stiffer than the attached members. This (2017)7. team were to ensure optimisation, cost-
type of connection is mostly used in Although a reasonable amount effectiveness and minimal embodied
transfer structures of this large scale of guidance was acquired from the carbon for the project. To achieve this,
as it possesses high strength and various sources, experimental testing further research was conducted around
stiffness achieved by adding more plates for this type of connection under the various aspects.
as required. encountered scale of forces, ranging To ensure the best optimisation for the
The drawback of this conventional up to almost 30MN of axial force, was truss members, several iterations were
method, which drove the design team yet to be performed. Thus, in further undertaken for each of the removed
to seek alternative, more advanced collaboration with BHC Ltd and the columns, producing over 600 000 data
options, is the immense amount University of Sheffield, unprecedented points in the analysis process. This data
of additional material, welding and full-scale testing of RBS connections had to be heavily processed to acquire
embodied carbon associated with it. is being planned, subject to funding. the connection forces and ensure
Furthermore, since the truss is exposed The acquired data from this testing effective communication to the wider
and acts as an architectural statement, will help simulate the predicted project team.
an aesthetically more pleasing solution performance of the connections Typically, such data would be sorted
was required. and assess their suitability for wider manually, which highly increases the
 FIGURE 6:
In collaboration with the project’s Reduction in data applications to ensure their significant probability of human error and time
contractor, Domis Construction, and processing times benefits are best employed. costs. A macro-spreadsheet was
steel fabrication team, BHC Ltd, reduced therefore initially developed to help in the
beam section (RBS) connections were process. Although some improvement
developed and adopted (Figure 5). was seen, the team wanted to achieve
The innovative concept behind RBS the maximum efficiency possible.
connections is to remove materials in Renaissance’s engineers therefore
specific locations of the beams, creating programmed an original code using
grooved sections that are weaker than MATLAB that could identify the members
joints to ensure the formation of the attached to each joint and produce
plastic hinges at the required locations. the relevant forces for each of those
The superiority of RBS connections is members under each load case. This
that the required design behaviour can resulted in fully automated extraction
be achieved by removing material, which and analysis of data, and required
can then be recycled or reused, rather only five working days to develop the
than adding a significant amount of steel MATLAB code.
as plating. This leads to remarkable
reductions in the material, cost, required
fabrication and embodied carbon of the
building. A reduction of approx. 5% in
the truss weight was achieved with RBS
connections, resulting in a carbon saving
of 370tCO2e.
The design process of RBS
connections has not yet been codified
in the Eurocodes. The design of these
connections was therefore dependent
on knowledge gathered from previous  FIGURE 7: Force output example from MATLAB code

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 Designing a transfer truss against progressive collapse Feature

This approach demonstrates how was achieved by: technology could be applied in
technology can reduce the time | compiling a progressive collapse the industry to provide innovative
associated with a task from months to resistance framework that could solutions to help achieve ground-
hours (Figure 6), resulting in increased be applied to multiple types of high- breaking improvements in structural
resource efficiency, reduced cost and risk structures. resilience, efficiency and embodied
higher carbon savings. An example | prioritising the efficiency of the carbon levels.
of the results acquired from the code structure from an embodied carbon
is presented in Figure 7, with forces perspective as well as monetary and
demonstrated in Figure 8. material savings REFERENCES
| developing RBS connections which
Summary and conclusions can result in extensive material
To address the challenges associated savings when applied to different 1) British Standards Institution (2002) BS EN
with this project, the design team at types of transfer structures, both 1990:2002+A1:2005 Eurocode. Basis of structural design,
Renaissance undertook a one-of-a-kind small and large in scale London: BSI
approach to design a transfer truss. This | exemplifying how research and 2) British Standards Institution (2006) BS EN 1991-1-
7:2006+A1:2014 Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. General
actions. Accidental actions, London: BSI
3) General Service Administration (2016) Alternate path
analysis & design guidelines for progressive collapse
resistance [Online] Available at: www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/
Progressive_Collapse_2016.pdf (Accessed: October 2022)
4) American Society of Civil Engineers (2014) ASCE/SEI 41-13
Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings, Reston,
VA: ASCE
5) American Society of Civil Engineers (2007) ASCE 41-06
Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, Reston, VA: ASCE
6) Engelhardt M.D. (1999) ‘Design of reduced beam section
moment connections’, Proc. 1999 North Am. Steel Construct.
Conf.
7) Dinu F., Marginean I. and Dubina D. (2017) ‘Experimental
FIGURE 8: Sample testing and numerical modelling of steel moment-frame
axial forces within connections under column loss’, Eng. Struct., 151, pp. 861–
middle-chord 878; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.068
connection

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 Professional guidance Professional indemnity insurance

Professional
indemnity insurance:
dealing with the
‘run-off’ risk
In this second ‘back to basics’ article, Graeme Tinney of professional indemnity brokers Griffiths &
Armour looks at the implications of the ‘claims made’ nature of PI insurance, the importance of run-
off cover and the impact of market conditions.

A question we are frequently asked be accepting any new commissions, years have been defined by a severe
is how long professional indemnity (PI) there are residual or run-off liabilities reduction in market capacity and
insurance cover should be maintained associated with the projects it has underwriting appetite, significant
for. To some extent, there is no ‘right undertaken. To protect against such increases in premium, and restrictions
answer’, particularly after the recent liabilities, the firm will typically need in the scope of cover insurers are
extension of limitation periods under to maintain run-off cover, which is prepared to offer.
the Defective Premises Act1. To make often a significant, and sometimes It has been difficult for all firms
an informed decision, it is important unbudgeted, cost. to navigate their way through those
to understand how PI insurance As mentioned, it is also difficult to challenges, but perhaps even more
operates and what happens when advise firms on the period for which so for firms or individuals who are
cover is not maintained. run-off cover should be maintained, attempting to source run-off cover;
but decisions tend to be based around particularly if the insurer on their
‘Claims made’ basis of PI factors such as the type of contracts arrangements has chosen to withdraw
insurance entered into, and it is obviously best to from the market.
A particular feature of PI insurance err on the side of caution. Where that happens or where firms
is the ‘claims made’ nature of cover. As time passes, the prospect of have ceased trading due to financial
It means that the insurance cover a claim will appear (and might well hardship, there is a clear risk that cover
provided for any claim is determined by be) far less likely, but the cost of will not be maintained and it is important
the policy in force when a claim is first maintaining PI insurance for run-off to appreciate that the absence of cover
notified to insurers and not by: liability must be viewed against the will have implications for parties other
| the cover in force when the alleged potential cost of an uninsured claim; than the firm itself. The principals and
act of negligence occurred the impact of which could prove indeed employees of the now defunct
| when the contract was entered into catastrophic, particularly in retirement. firm may have personal exposure in
| when the work was being In terms of the cost of the insurance, respect of both civil and potentially
performed. the premium in the first year of run-off criminal liability (e.g. actions brought
could be expected to be similar to the under health and safety legislation); and
Difficulties can therefore arise where premium on the expiring arrangements. clients and other claimants will inevitably
the scope of cover has changed over Although it should reduce over time, feel more exposed.
time and is no longer sufficient to the cost and availability of cover will
respond to specific risk exposures be dependent on several factors,
that have been formed previously. In including the firm’s claims experience
a worst-case scenario, where cover is and wider conditions within the PI
no longer available or is not maintained insurance market. THE COST AND
(for whatever reason), the firm will have
no protection for future claims that may Impact of conditions within
AVAILABILITY OF COVER
arise from work undertaken in the past. PI insurance market WILL BE DEPENDENT ON
This has particular implications for Most firms in the UK will be only too SEVERAL FACTORS,
firms that cease trading or for sole
practitioners who are considering
aware of the challenging conditions
that exist within the current PI INCLUDING THE FIRM’S
retirement. While a firm may no longer insurance market. The last few CLAIMS EXPERIENCE

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 Professional indemnity insurance Professional guidance

UCHAR/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM

Through the application of the

principle of joint and several liability,
there is also a very real risk to other
consultants and contractors engaged CONSIDER YOUR OPTIONS WELL
on projects in which the defunct firm BEFORE YOU CEASE TRADING
was involved.
Legislation governing civil liability AND ENGAGE WITH YOUR PI
provides that where two or more INSURANCE BROKER
parties are responsible (even to a small
degree) for the same damage, the need to make wiser decisions that or at least available on the same
plaintiff may pursue recovery against are centred on achieving greater specification. This means that gaps
any of those parties as if each were sustainability and financial certainty. can emerge between liability assumed
liable for the entire damage. | Understand the importance of and the protection afforded by PI
While the paying ‘defendant’ is contractual risk management. insurance. It underlines the importance
entitled to seek contribution from Firms that have looked to manage of making good decisions when it
other parties who have contributed their liability under contract are comes to risk management and the
to the loss, in practice, they may be undoubtedly better placed in terms placement of cover. This applies at all
left to carry 100% of the loss where of their residual exposure and their times, but could possibly be seen as
other parties are no longer around or ability to source adequate and particularly important when thinking
have insufficient assets (e.g. where PI effective PI insurance into the future. about retirement.
insurance is not being maintained). The | Agree reasonable limitation periods
risk of this occurring is eminently greater on liability to achieve greater Griffiths & Armour is a leading
during a period of economic uncertainty. clarity on residual exposure and independent insurance broker and
the period for which cover should risk management adviser specialising
Making good choices be maintained. in professional indemnity insurance
There are measures that firms can | For other parties, the existence for construction professionals.
take to protect themselves and, as is of net contribution clauses within For further information, visit
so often the case when it comes to contracts and collateral warranties www.griffithsandarmour.com.
effective risk management, this starts will offer some protection to firms Griffiths & Armour is authorised
with making good choices. that might otherwise become and regulated by the Financial Conduct
| Consider your options well before exposed due to the failure or Authority.
you cease trading and engage inability of other parties to maintain
with your PI insurance broker to PI insurance cover.
understand what the implications REFERENCE
might be. While PI insurance is annually
| Give some thought to how you renewable, professional liability is
perceive and procure PI insurance. long-tail. Claims can arise long after a 1) Defective Premises Act 1972,
If firms have learned anything from project has achieved completion and c. 35 [Online] Available at: www.
the last few years and the demise there is no guarantee that insurance legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/35/
of certain insurers, it must be the cover will be available at that point, contents (Accessed: October 2022)

19
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 World’s First Solution
for Post Tensioned
Balcony Connectors
HIT Insulated Balcony Connector
for Post Tensioning Applications

This innovative system enables balconies to be

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Imagine. Model. Make.

pp20-21 Advertorial_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 20 02/11/2022 13:01

 Supplied and sponsored by Leviat Advertising
XXXXXXXXX Industry
feature
CPD

Supplied and
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Leviat innovation creates solution

for post tensioned balconies
Leviat’s new Halfen HIT Insulated Balcony Connector System bonded or unbonded strands.
allows balconies to be cast together with the main slab and then Leviat have developed a robust, Eurocode-
simultaneously tensioned. Formwork installation and removal on compliant design methodology for the use
of Halfen HIT Insulated Balcony Connector
balconies and the main slab can therefore take place at the same elements, and can provide suitable guidance
time, driving significant efficiencies on construction sites and to specifiers on the most efficient connector
enabling a faster, more efficient build programme. layouts, taking into consideration the position of
post tensioning cables.
Post tensioning is an increasingly popular filled with mineral wool insulation for optimum When using Halfen HIT Transition Pieces,
technique for reinforcing concrete. It gives thermal efficiency and carries an REI 120 fire HIT-HP and HIT-SP, post tensioning cables
designers flexibility, allowing them to create resistance rating. can run directly through the structural thermal
original concrete components that are thinner, The Halfen HIT Insulated Connection system break at the interface between the balcony and
longer and stronger resulting in a more has recently been granted a UKTA by the British supporting slab, enabling stressing to take place
sustainable design solution. Architects can take Board of Agrément, covering compressive at the edge of the balcony rather than at the
full advantage of the plasticity of concrete in design resistance as required for post thermal break location; this considerably relieves
their designs to create truly amazing spaces. tensioning applications. Halfen HIT Transition reinforcement congestion and speeds up the
Until now, balconies on post tensioned Pieces are designed for use with all types installation process.
concrete frames are typically constructed of and configurations of post tensioning cables Matthew Gilliver, Technical Director at CCL
conventionally reinforced concrete. Although a currently available on the market, using either GB commented on the product development:
viable method, designers can encounter rebar “We worked closely with the product
congestion and clashes at the joint between the development team at Leviat to consider different
balcony and main slab. configurations seen across a broad range of
Leviat, a global leader in lifting, connecting post-tensioning projects which would benefit
and anchoring technology for the construction from this new product. Structures which will
industry, worked closely with engineering feature external concrete balconies can now
specialists, CCL, to develop the world’s first benefit from the thinner structure, and other
insulated balcony connector element for post benefits which can be achieved with post-
tensioning applications, which can be used tensioning, without compromising on efficiency
alongside its industry renowned range of Halfen of materials and coordination.”
HIT Structural Thermal Breaks.
Hervé Poveda, Leviat’s Head of Product
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21
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 Professional guidance CROSS report

CROSS Safety Report

Reinforced aerated
autoclaved concrete
planks found on
pitched roof of 1990s
hospital building
This month’s CROSS report serves as a reminder to all engineers about the problems associated
with RAAC planks and to be vigilant during any site inspections of existing buildings.

Overview Report concerning the roof date from 1991.

A building constructed in the early A reporter has confirmed that RAAC Being validated is an unrelated report
1990s has been found to contain planks have been confirmed as existing confirming structural issues with RAAC
reinforced aerated autoclaved on a building that was constructed panels that were installed as late as
concrete (RAAC) planks. This date is in the early 1990s. The reporter 1998. The reporter does not know if this
important since it is much later than considered the finding significant since is an isolated case or otherwise.
the previously thought last significant the building is about 10 years newer
use of RAAC in buildings in the UK than any other RAAC affected building Expert Panel comments
and potentially affects the scope of known to the reporter. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is
buildings that could require screening The RAAC planks were found different from normal dense concrete.
for RAAC problems. forming part of the roof structure at a It has no coarse aggregate and is
UK hospital. It was on a pitched roof made in factories using fine aggregate,
with a membrane, felt and concrete chemicals to create gas bubbles,
Key learning outcomes tile roof covering. The roof covered and heat to cure the compound. It is
accommodation that included relatively weak with a low capacity for
For building owners, managers, surveyors, and operating theatres on the top floor. developing a bond with embedded
other property professionals: Adjacent accommodation blocks reinforcement. It has been used in two
| If RAAC is suspected, a structural assessment built to a similar design, but in phases main forms of structural elements;
should be made by a chartered engineer familiar before and after the theatre block, had lightweight masonry blocks and
with the investigation and assessment of reinforced a similar concrete tile roof covering lightweight structural units (such as roof
concrete structures but no RAAC was present within the planks, walls, and floor units).
| If RAAC is confirmed, a risk assessment of the roof structure. The reporter is not clear The unit weight and compressive
building and its use is advised why RAAC appears to have been used strength of AAC vary greatly depending
| CROSS Theme Page Structural safety of reinforced over the theatre area. The hospital upon constituents and manufacturing
autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) planks was a ‘nucleus’ type layout. Drawings process, but typically, AAC might
provides further RAAC information

For civil and structural engineers:

| Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC)
panels: Investigation and assessment provides the FAILURE CAN BE GRADUAL
latest published guidance upon identification and
remediation solutions for RAAC planks
OR SUDDEN, IF SUDDEN,
THERE IS NO WARNING

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 CROSS report Professional guidance

Theme Page Structural safety of

reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete
(RAAC) planks provides a collation of all
THE BUILDING IS ABOUT 10 YEARS RAAC information published by CROSS.
NEWER THAN ANY OTHER RAAC
Share your experience
AFFECTED BUILDING For all those with experience of RAAC
planks, CROSS asks you to consider
weigh about 20% to 30% of normal of RAAC. The design of RAAC was confidentially sharing your experience
structural concrete and may have only covered in British Standard 8110 from with CROSS for others to learn from.
about 10% to 20% of the compressive 1985 to 2001, while the EU harmonised
strength of everyday structural concrete. standard EN 12602 has existed from The full report, including links to
It was used extensively because of its 2008 to date. guidance mentioned, is available
perceived advantages. The planks originally promoting on the CROSS (report ID: 1125) at
In the 1990s, there were instances concern were designed pre-1980. www.cross-safety.org/uk/safety-
of failure of RAAC roof planks installed Any planks designed, say, from the information/cross-safety-report/
during the mid-1960s and a proportion mid-1980s may have been designed reinforced-aerated-autoclaved-
of such installations were subsequently and/or manufactured differently from concrete-planks-found-1125.
demolished. In 2018, a report was earlier designed and manufactured
received via the Local Government units. Those manufactured after, say,
Association about the collapse of a 2010, when the European standard was
plank in a school and the SCOSS Alert: available and those manufactured after What is CROSS?
Failure of reinforced autoclaved aerated 2013, which would have been legally Collaborative Reporting for Safer Structures
concrete (RAAC) planks was issued in required to have been CE marked to (CROSS) helps professionals to make structures
May 2019. EN 12602, may also perform differently safer by publishing safety information based
There is a risk of structural failure of from earlier designed and manufactured on the reports it receives and information in the
RAAC planks. Failure can be gradual or units. CROSS is not aware of any public domain.
sudden; if sudden, there is no warning. evidence as to how later designed and CROSS operates internationally in the UK, US,
Structural failure can be caused by manufactured units may perform. and Australasia. All regions cover structural safety,
several mechanisms and it is now The Institution of Structural Engineers while CROSS-UK also covers fire safety.
recognised that RAAC is considerably has published updated guidance,
less robust than structural concrete and Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
ages much less well. Because RAAC (RAAC) panels: Investigation and
planks were most commonly used in assessment, that provides identification
roofs, sudden failure can be dangerous and remediation solutions for RAAC
and could potentially result in death or planks. This guidance is recommended
injury. It should, however, be noted that, as essential reading when considering
at present, reported failures of RAAC RAAC induced risk. The conclusions
are few and far between. within the guidance state:
RAAC elements were not thought to ‘Assessments of buildings with RAAC
have been incorporated into buildings panels are recommended to include
before the late 1950s or in significant a balance of risks for the continued
quantity after 1980; however, this case use of the building against the benefit
of a building constructed in the early of strengthening or replacement of
1990s and confirmed as containing the panels. The assessment should
RAAC elements, albeit that no condition include a robust risk assessment and
concerns were reported, potentially include consideration to the ongoing
increases the scope of buildings that monitoring and future management
could require screening for RAAC of the RAAC panels. The failure of the How reporting to CROSS works
concerns. Those persons responsible panels which resulted in the SCOSS The secure and confidential safety reporting system
for buildings that could potentially be Alert was a sudden failure and could be allows professionals to share their experiences to
affected by RAAC concerns are advised an indication that it was due to a brittle help others.
to take this new information into account. shear failure at or close to the bearing. Professionals can submit reports on safety issues
The finding of RAAC being Based on this a cautious approach related to buildings and other structures in the built
incorporated into a later building should, to the assessment of RAAC panels is environment. Reports typically relate to concerns,
however, not be totally unexpected. recommended and assessments should near misses or incidents. Find out
While it is not known how widely RAAC only be undertaken by a Chartered more, including how to submit
was used, RAAC has continued to be Structural Engineer with experience in a safety report, at https://bit.ly/
available as a construction option in the investigation and assessment of cross-safety. Your report will
the UK to the present day, even though reinforced concrete structures.’ make a difference.
some problems were identified in the In addition to the Alert, Failure of
UK in the 1990s. The problems found in reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete
the 1990s were in RAAC that had been (RAAC) planks, published in May 2019,
designed pre-1980. Design standards, CROSS has published a number of
however, continued to allow the use reports concerning RAAC. The CROSS

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 Professional guidance Eurocode update

Eurocodes evolution:
preparing for the
second generation
Steve Denton and Mariapia Angelino provide an overview of the background, status and
transition timetable for the second-generation EN Eurocodes that are in development.

Introduction and understand what is happening, evolution programme has been

The Institution of Structural Engineers, why and when. The purpose of this Mandate M515 issued by the European
in its report to the then Office of article is therefore to explain the Commission (EC) at the end of 2012.
the Deputy Prime Minister in 2004, objectives and status of the Eurocodes Crucially, this mandate unlocked the
described the implementation of the evolution programme. It focuses on potential for financial support for the
Structural Eurocodes (EN 1990–EN activities at a European level, with the evolution programme from the EC
1999) as ‘the biggest change to codified intention that future articles will cover and European Free Trade Association
structural design ever experienced in national implementation. (EFTA). It also affirmed the high level of
the UK’1. importance that the EC and EFTA place
The first generation of the EN Responsibility for Eurocodes in the Eurocodes and set expectations
Eurocodes were published between Responsibility for the Eurocodes resides for the work to be done.
2002 and 2007 and represented with CEN Technical Committee 250 The mandate recognised that long-
the culmination of over 30 years of (CEN/TC 250). CEN, the European term confidence in the Eurocodes
collaborative international development. Standardisation Body, has 34 full relies upon their ability to evolve.
Since the withdrawal of conflicting NSB members, including BSI. All As such, they must embrace new
British Standards in March 2010, the CEN members are bound by CEN methods, new materials, new regulatory
Eurocodes have become the primary rules and all CEN standards are requirements and new societal
suite of standards used for structural developed in accordance with CEN needs, fostering more economic and
and geotechnical design in the UK. internal regulations. sustainable design and construction.
Following the introduction of these CEN/TC 250 is highly active, The total funding provided by the EC
new standards across Europe, many with approaching 100 formal and EFTA to support the evolution of the
countries sought a period of stability subcommittees, working groups and Eurocodes was over €11M, making it
for practising engineers. For this task groups. National representation on the largest standardisation programme
reason, there have been very few major these committees and working groups ever of its type by funding level.
amendments to the first-generation is provided through NSBs, with NSBs
suite. There has, however, been a very generally having mirror committees to CEN/TC 250 work programme
substantial international programme to help establish national positions. In the In response to Mandate M/515, CEN/
develop the second generation of the UK, the key national mirror committees TC 250 established a panel to prepare
EN Eurocodes. This major, coordinated are BSI B/525, covering building and its technical response detailing the
revision of all Eurocode parts will include civil engineering structures, and BSI overall planned work programme.
significant updates and new parts. B/526, which covers geotechnics. This programme was split into four
The first of the second-generation Each CEN Technical Committee has overlapping phases to enable the
standards has now been released to a secretariat provided by one of the interdependencies between standards
National Standardisation Bodies (NSBs). NSBs. The secretariat of CEN/TC 250 and drafting work to be managed and
Work is well advanced to ensure that is provided by BSI. This is a crucial role coordinated effectively.
the complete second-generation and the support provided by BSI is In addition, CEN/TC 250 undertook
suite will be released by early 2026. exemplary. Coupled with the Chair of formal ‘systematic reviews’ of all
A backstop date of early 2028 has CEN/TC 250 being from the UK, and existing Eurocode parts, through
been set by which time all countries UK representation and engagement which all CEN members had the
are obliged to withdraw their first- across all CEN/TC 250 activities being opportunity to comment on and
generation documents. strong, the UK has been an influential recommend changes to the existing
Although changes to most of the voice in the evolution of the Eurocodes. standards. This important and extensive
standards that are used in day- feedback was integrated into the
to-day practice will therefore likely Evolution programme detailed CEN/TC 250 work programme
be some way off, it is important to Mandate M515 EN and helped shape the scope of updates
start to prepare for the transition A major stimulus for the Eurocodes and new developments.

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 Eurocode update Professional guidance

CEN/TC 250’s response to Mandate and has led the reporting required to the be agreed to guide all those authoring
M/515 contained clear descriptions EC and EFTA. Working in tandem with Eurocodes. This primary target
of the standards to be reviewed in BSI, NEN has thus made a significant audience was defined as ‘Practitioners
each phase, together with associated contribution to the programme. – Competent engineers: Civil, structural
background, reasons for the change, and geotechnical engineers, typically
key benefits and outputs. Key updates CEN/TC 250 objectives qualified professionals able to work
in the work programme included At the outset, CEN/TC 250 unanimously independently in relevant field’. In
extension of current rules for the agreed two overarching objectives to addition, nine further categories of users
assessment of existing structures, guide its decisions and priorities for were identified and, for each category,
strengthening of requirements for the evolution work: first, to enhance a statement of intent to meet users’
robustness, and considerations of the ease of use of the Eurocodes; and needs was agreed (Table 1).
relevant impacts of climate change on second, to achieve an exemplary level CEN/TC 250 adopted a series of
structural and geotechnical design. of international consensus. governing principles and priorities to
New developments included a new guide drafting. These included general
Eurocode on structural glass, new CEN Enhancing ease of use aims like enhancing understandability,
Technical Specifications for design of CEN/TC 250’s vision for the second navigation, consistency between the
fibre-polymer composite structures generation of Structural Eurocodes is Eurocodes, and avoiding fundamental
and tensile surface structures, and new ‘to create a more user-orientated suite changes to design approach or
Eurocode parts on atmospheric icing of design standards that are recognised structure unless adequately justified.
and actions from waves and currents on as the most trusted and preferred in the More specific aims included providing
coastal structures. world’. clear guidance for common design
To help deliver the work programme, To support this vision, in 2013, the cases, providing adequate freedom for
over 70 funded project teams Chair of CEN/TC 250 established a innovation, and improving consistency
containing five or six experts were Chair’s Advisory Panel (‘CAP on ease of with product standards.
established, working to a defined brief use’) to develop recommendations for Additionally, CEN/TC 250 put in
under the direction of CEN/TC 250 and the approach to be taken to enhance place a broad array of innovations and
the relevant CEN/TC 250 subcommittee ease of use. The 15 members of this activities to promote enhancements
or working group. The leadership and CAP provided a balance between in ease of use. These have included:
membership of these project teams Eurocodes stakeholders, with a strong establishing the role of M/515 Technical
was decided through open international representation from practitioners. The Reviewer to scrutinise evolving
competitions. Three calls for experts recommendations of this CAP were drafts and make recommendations
were held: in 2015 for phase 1, in unanimously endorsed by CEN/TC 250 to enhance clarity and consistency;
2016 for phase 2, and in 2017 for and have been instrumental to CEN/TC developing comprehensive guidelines
phases 3 and 4. The Netherland’s NSB, 250’s efforts to meet users’ needs. and examples to augment CEN’s
NEN, organised the call for experts, The CAP recommended that a drafting rules; and holding multiple
administered the associated contracts clearly defined primary target audience ‘informal’ enquiries on drafts to collect

Table 1: Categories of Eurocode users and CEN/TC 250 statements of intent

Category of Eurocode user CEN/TC 250 statement of intent to meet users’ needs

Practitioners – Competent We will aim to produce Standards that are suitable and clear for all common design cases without demanding
engineers disproportionate levels of effort to apply them

We will aim to produce Eurocodes that can be used by Graduates where necessary supplemented by suitable
Practitioners – Graduates
guidance documents and textbooks and under the supervision of an experienced practitioner when appropriate

We will aim not to restrict innovation by providing freedom to experts to apply their specialist knowledge and
Expert specialists
expertise

Working with other CEN/TCs we will aim to eliminate incompatibilities or ambiguities between the Eurocodes and
Product manufacturers
Product Standards

We will aim to provide unambiguous and complete design procedures. Accompanying formulae will be provided
Software developers
for charts and tables where possible

We will aim to use consistent underlying technical principles irrespective of the intended use of a structure (e.g.
Educators
bridge, building) and that facilitate the linkage between physical behaviour and design rules

National regulator We will endeavour to produce standards that can be referenced or quoted by National Regulations

Private sector businesses We will continue to promote technical harmonisation across European markets in order to reduce barriers to trade

We will produce Eurocodes that enable the design of safe, serviceable, robust and durable structures, aiming to
Clients
promote cost-effectiveness throughout their whole lifecycle, including design, construction and maintenance

Other CEN/TCs We will engage proactively to promote effective collaboration with those other CEN/TCs that have shared interests

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 Professional guidance Eurocode update

Key
SC – Subcommittee AFNOR – French National Standardisation Body
WG – Working Group ENQ – CEN Enquiry
CCMC – CEN Management Centre FV – CEN Formal Vote
DIN – German National Standardisation Body

feedback from users via NSBs, through  FIGURE 1: officially comment on the draft prEN standards made available to NSBs, by
which thousands of constructive Eurocode standard. Prior to ENQ, the prEN draft early 2026.
development process
comments have been received. is checked by the CEN/TC 250 Chair In parallel with this intensive period of
and Secretary, reviewed by the CEN finalisation and formal acceptance of the
Exemplary levels of consensus editorial team and translated into French second-generation Eurocodes, CEN/TC
Achieving consensus is fundamental and German. 250 is initiating communication activities
to CEN/TC 250’s ambitions and In addition, as noted previously, to help with the transition to the new
a real challenge given the scale, to support ease of use and consensus- standards. For example, general
complexity and international impact building objectives, during the presentations have been prepared
of the Eurocodes and the evolution project team drafting stage, CEN/ outlining the key changes to each of the
programme. Many specific initiatives TC 250 undertook multiple additional Eurocodes. These are available from
have been enacted to help build informal enquiries for all Eurocode the JRC Eurocode website (https://
consensus, including CEN/TC 250 parts to collect and respond to eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/2nd-
unanimously agreeing behavioural comments on interim drafts. generation).
expectations and a five-step process to After ENQ, comments made by In addition, a series of ‘Eurocodes
help resolve differences of view. NSBs are addressed by the relevant Evolution Explained’ videos is
Ultimately, the formal votes taken subcommittee or working group, which being produced and plans have
by NSBs on the final drafts of the prepares the final EN draft. After further been developed for detailed
Eurocodes will confirm whether or not checks, editing and translation, the CEN technical briefings.
the exemplary levels of consensus Formal Vote (FV) is launched. This is At a national level, new national
achieved are indeed exemplary. Current when NSBs submit their final vote on annexes need to be developed and
indications are encouraging, however. whether they agree the draft standard. transition plans enacted by relevant
During hundreds of formal decisions authorities, and these topics will be
taken by CEN/TC 250 through NSB Where we are now? covered in future articles. But in the
voting associated with the execution CEN/TC 250 has developed a meantime, the current suite of first-
of the work programme to date, of comprehensive publication schedule generation Eurocodes remain the
the many, many thousands of votes and planner to track progress at all applicable standards for structural
cast, direct negative votes have been stages of the Eurocode development. and geotechnical design and should
measured in single digits. The 78 Project Teams appointed for the continue to be used.
four phases of the work programme
Development process have all completed their work. CEN Dr Steve Denton MA, PhD, FREng,
The development process for each ENQs and FVs are happening twice a FICE, FIStructE is Head of Civil and
Eurocode part is based on CEN rules year: March and September for ENQ; Bridge Engineering at WSP UK,
and consists of a series of stages April and October for FV. Chairman of CEN/TC 250, and Visiting
(Figure 1). After the finalisation of the The first ENQ was launched in Professor at the University of Bath.
work by the Project Teams, the relevant 2019 for EN 1996-1-1. In the same Dr Mariapia Angelino MEng(Hons),
subcommittee or working group starts year, the first FV was launched for CEN/ PGDip(Hons), EngD, CEng, MICE is a
the preparation of the standard for TS 17440 on assessment of existing Consultant at WSP Italy, as well as a
CEN formal enquiry (ENQ), when NSBs structures. To date, 26 ENQs and 15 Technical Reviewer and Member of the
FVs have been launched. Management Group for CEN/TC 250.

IStructE Eurocode manuals What’s next?

Don’t forget that the Twenty-five Eurocode parts are REFERENCE
IStructE’s suite of expected to go to ENQ in 2023,
Eurocode manuals remain including most parts of EN 1991, EN
1) Institution of Structural
current for as long as the 1993, EN 1995 and EN 1998. Eleven
Engineers (2004) National strategy
first-generation standards Eurocode parts are expected to go to
for implementation of the structural
are in use. Buy yours at FV in 2023, including the new CEN/ Eurocodes: design guidance.
www.istructe.org/shop/ TS 19102 on tensioned membrane Report prepared for the Office of
manuals/. structures. As noted in the introduction, the Deputy Prime Minister, London:
all FVs will be concluded, and the new IStructE

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 AWARDS SPECIAL

27
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 thestructuralengineer.org/jobs
The Structural Engineer Jobs is the official jobs board
for The Institution of Structural Engineers.
The perfect place to find the latest
structural engineering vacancies.
350
jobs posted on
average
every month

pp28-29 AWARDS CONTENTS__ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 28 02/11/2022 13:07

 Pai
Contents Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

43
30 The Structural Awards 2022 –

32
a new approach for a new era
Judging panel 45
Winners
35 1 Triton Square
37 Expo 2020 Dubai Sunshades
39 HYLO
40 Rankine Brown Library
41 Stadtbahnbrücke
43 London South Bank University –
London Road Building
45 The Arc, Green School
47 The Gramophone Works
49 Tianfu Agricultural Expo Main Hall
51 U
nited Nations New Office Building

Supreme Award winners

53 HYLO
51
54 The Arc, Green School

41
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 Structural Awards 2022 A new approach

The Structural Awards

2022 – a new approach
for a new era
This has been a particularly exciting year for The Structural engineering enabled entrants and judges
Awards, with the introduction of a completely new format to focus on what is most important.

leading to a brilliant spread of winners. Tim Ibell (Chair ‘Planet’ attribute

of the Judging Panel) and Will Arnold (IStructE Head of Only one of the four attributes was
Climate Action, and Judging Panel Member) reflect on compulsory for entrants to respond to:
Planet. Since 2019, the Institution has
the changes, most notably in response to the Institution’s treated sustainability on a par with life
ongoing commitment to climate action. safety, and in the same way that we
would not expect an unsafe structure
to be entered into the awards, we
The structural engineering industry a wider pool of entrants and a more would also not expect to receive an
is continually evolving, and so in 2021 diverse range of great engineering to entry in which the engineers were not
the Institution set up a task group to be celebrated, as demonstrated by able to demonstrate an understanding
undertake a review of the format of the shortlisting of projects such as the of the sustainability implications of
The Structural Awards, with the aim People’s Pavilion and the Folkestone 51  their scheme.
of better reflecting the Institution’s  skatepark (Figure 1). We asked entrants to consider
vision and values. The backdrop Second, the task group then set aspects such as efficiency of design, 
was the equal footing on which the out a definition for great engineering.  sustainability, resilience, response to
Institution has placed structural safety We developed four key attributes: local conditions, regeneration, circular
and sustainability. People, Planet, Process and Profession economy principles, and alignment with
Following this review, the task group (Figure 2); four areas that all engineers the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
made two significant changes to  should aspire to excel in, across all In addition, all entries were required to
strengthen and enrichen the awards. of their projects. More information on submit quantification of the embodied 
First, there are no longer entry these can be found at www.istructe. carbon footprint of the structure using
categories – the awards have been org/structural-awards/shortlist/new- a version of The Structural Carbon Tool
decategorised. This was done because, criteria/. that we provided.
under categories, the judges were Entrants had to outline their project’s  What was interesting to discover
required to choose just one winner excellence in reference to at least was that in demonstrating excellence
from each (no matter how many award- one of these four attributes; although FIGURE 1: in this category, entrants were typically
Shortlisted projects
worthy projects are entered into it), demonstrating greatness across multiple such as the People’s also able to demonstrate excellence
and had to overlook entries that fell attributes did not automatically increase Pavilion or Folkestone in another – highlighting the increased
between categories. the chances of shortlisting. 51 might not have ability to reduce the environmental
found a place in the
Decategorisation makes the awards We believe that decategorisation and categories of past impact of a structure when designing
more inclusive and fairer, as it enables a focus on our four attributes of great years for societal benefit, utilising exemplar 
engineering processes, and sharing as
part of the wider engineering community.

Shortlisting
Each judge was allocated a ‘random’ 
set of submissions to consider, with any
conflicts of interest being eradicated at 
this early stage. Every submission was
initially read by five judges. Each judge 
was asked the simple question for each
submission: Can excellence be found in
any of the four attributes? If the answer
was yes, then that project would be
earmarked by that judge for shortlisting.
On average, it turned out that each
HUFTON+CROW

judge recommended about half a

dozen projects for shortlisting from their
personal list of around 20 projects.
This allowed the first judging meeting 
to concentrate discussion on projects

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 A new approach Structural Awards 2022

which received recommendations chosen as the eventual award winners

FIGURE 2: Four attributes for the new-look Structural Awards
for shortlisting, and to create a final  for 2022, with five out of the 10 award 
shortlist. In the end, we had a list winners declaring a SCORS A-rating
of 41 projects which the judges felt or better.
exhibited excellence. An A-rating on SCORS equates 
As part of the shortlisting process, to A1–A5 upfront embodied carbon
the judges considered the self- emissions (across the superstructure
reported carbon footprint of the plus substructure) of less than
projects in addition to reviewing the 150kgCO2e/m2, less than half of the
entrant’s insights across the attributes business-as-usual average referenced People Process
that they chose to describe. As the above. This is also in the range of what Collaborative design and Technical achievement and
procurement, adding value for innovation, influencing briefs,
carbon footprint numbers were self- the average structural design is required  the client and stakeholders, and and the appreciation of craft and
reported, the numbers were only to exhibit in 2030 if the structural impact on communities. artistry.
treated as indicative of climate impact, engineering community is to play its part
but they enabled the judges to gain in helping the world stay below 1.5°C
a general insight to the impact of the global warming1.
submitted projects. It’s also worth reflecting on the 
The indicative nature of the self- prevalence of reuse and retrofit projects 
reported numbers also means that the among this year’s award winners – five 
numbers and the SCORS ratings will not of the 10 projects. This came from a
be shared for any of the entrants. recognition of the fact that creative reuse
However, this information meant of existing structures will play a key role
that, for the first time ever, the  in reducing emissions – particularly in the
judges understood each project’s richer, more damaging countries of the
environmental impact alongside its world which already have an abundance
technical prowess. Several projects of existing buildings and infrastructure.
with notably high carbon footprints, Planet Profession
even allowing for inaccuracies in Supreme Award Efficiency of design, Inspiring others, raising standards
of design and execution, and
sustainability, resilience, circular
specific carbon quantities, were  One of the most difficult decisions  economy and alignment with UN enhancing the reputation of the
removed from the shortlist as the judging each year is choosing the winner of Sustainable Development Goals. profession.
panel felt that the ‘value for carbon’ of the Supreme Award. It is a cliché, but
these projects could not be justified.  it really always is a nearly impossible
This step felt transformative to the decision. And it was no different this 
judges, unanimously. year. So, what are the additional things
Out of the 41 shortlisted projects, we look for which elevate a project from
about half achieved a SCORS C-rating a winner to a Supreme winner?
or better, meaning that they had carbon The Supreme winner must have a
footprints less than 250kgCO2e/m2 – a message for all structural engineers.
number 30% lower than the ‘business It must say, ‘So, this really is indeed of positive outcomes on society and the
as usual average’ reported by Arnold et possible to achieve, after all.’ This year, environment flourish in coming years, as 
al.1, and work undertaken by IStructE, we have chosen two Supreme Award we start to see more and more entries
LETI and RIBA to review a set of industry winners. It isn’t becoming a habit, that were conceived and designed in
targets in 20212. despite this being the second year in the 2020s.
a row that we have awarded two. The We look forward to celebrating
Winners judges genuinely had a perfect split-vote structural engineers playing a core role in
All unconflicted judges proceeded to  tie in their deliberations. collaborative design for societal benefit, 
consider the shortlisted projects at the One project oozed creative biomimetic unlocking the abundance of what is
finalists’ meeting, looking for excellence innovation using local material already present through a focus on place
in structural design through reference (bamboo in this case), while the other and reuse, and utilising our unique set 
to the four attributes. There were no demonstrated how far retrofit can go  of skills to leave a positive impact on the
quotas for any of the attributes in any  when we extract every ounce from the environment and all living things.
sense. The judges were asked to identify existing structure. Both pushed the
what was truly outstanding about boundaries in different ways, and both 
potential winners and to vote for these provide inspiration for our community, REFERENCES
projects through explicit reference to particularly in showing how the value of
at least one key attribute. Usefulness the structural engineer can be enhanced
to users, ingenuity of design, advocacy still further when engaged at the very 1) Arnold W., Cook M., Cox D.,
of our profession, collaboration and earliest stage. Gibbons O. and Orr J. (2020) ‘Setting
carbon targets: an introduction to the
co-creation, and stretching as thinly as
proposed SCORS rating scheme’,
possible the precious use of carbon Looking to the future The Structural Engineer, 98 (10), pp.
– these and more were discussed at While the judges may have been 8–12
length until the judging panel had settled looking at this year’s awards entries
2) LETI, Royal Institute of British
on their winning projects, of which there in a new light compared with previous
Architects, Whole Life Carbon
were 10 this year. years, we recognise that most entries
Network and Institution of Structural
The judges never chose winners to the awards were designed during Engineers (2021) Embodied Carbon
purely based on their carbon footprint, the late 2010s, when the term ‘climate Target Alignment [Online] Available
but it was clear where engineers were emergency’ wasn’t even in the common at: www.leti.uk/_files/ugd/252d09_
touching the ground lightly. This was lexicon. We expect to see the trend a45059c2d71043cdbcffc539f942
inevitably reflected in the projects  towards thinking about our work in terms e602.pdf (Accessed: October 2022)

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 Structural Awards 2022 Judges

Judging panel

Chairman
Prof. Tim Ibell Will Arnold Louisa Brown Dr Michael Cook Kayin Dawoodi Prof. Jiemin
Tim was President As Head of Climate Action, Louisa is a Senior Mike is a consultant to Buro Kayin is co-lead of Tyréns Ding
of the Institution of Will leads the Institution’s Structural Engineer at Arup Happold, having been a Sweden’s Concept Design Professor Ding is the Chief
Structural Engineers response to the climate in Amsterdam with over partner of the practice since Department, championing Engineer of Tongji Architectural
in 2015, and is emergency, bringing this 10 years’ experience in the 1994 and Chairman from creative design collaboration Design (Group) Co., Ltd.
a Fellow of the action into all aspects of our UK and Europe. Working 2011 to 2017. He is well and education. Prior to moving Throughout his career, he
Royal Academy of work, including the publication predominantly within the known in the industry for his to Sweden, he worked at has demonstrated dedication
Engineering. He has a of best-practice emergency healthcare, science and significant contribution to Arup for close to 10 years. to excellence in structural
passion for celebrating guidance. Prior to his current industry sectors, she designing innovative buildings. He has a background in engineering design. Professor
creativity within our role, he was a practising has built up expertise in Mike is a former Vice- architectural and structural Ding specialises in steel
profession, and for structural engineer at Arup for delivering functional specialist President of the Institution and design of unusual design- structures, super-high-rise
using this creativity to over 10 years, where he was buildings in an efficient and is now Chair of its Climate led projects worldwide buildings and long-span
inspire students. responsible for key aspects sustainable way. Emergency Task Group. He as well as connections at complex structural systems.
Tim has been of ambitious architectural Louisa is a chartered was awarded the Institution’s leading universities. He has completed the
Professor of Structural projects across the world from structural engineer and Gold Medal in 2020. He is the current structural design for more
Engineering at the the UK to Taiwan and Rwanda. an active member of the In 2009, Mike received IStructE Representative in than 10 high-rise buildings
University of Bath Will is Chair of the CIC’s Institution of Structural the IABSE Milne Medal for Sweden, co-founded the above 250m and more
since 2003, including 2050 Group, and helps Engineers as a member of the his contribution to structural Bridges to Prosperity UK than 80 sports buildings.
a year’s interlude lead the Institution’s Climate Technical Products Panel and design, and in 2017 he Charitable Trust and was Professor Ding is a council
as the Sir Kirby Emergency Task Group. In former Council member and received an honorary the 2014 winner of the member of the Institution of
Laing Professor of 2017, he was presented Young Members Panel Chair. Doctorate of Engineering Young Structural Engineering Structural Engineers and he
Civil Engineering with the Institution’s Young from the University of Bath. Professional Award. was awarded the IStructE Gold
at the University of Structural Engineering He is a Fellow of the Royal Medal in 2018.
Cambridge in 2017/18. Professional Award for his Academy of Engineering and
design work while at Arup. Adjunct Professor of Creative
Design in the Department of
Civil Engineering at Imperial
College, London.

Martin Knight Eric Kwok Michelle Toby Maclean Dr Andrew Angeliki Palla
Martin is one of the leading Eric is a Technical Director McDowell Toby is a structural engineer Minson Angeliki Palla is a Structural
UK architects specialising at Goldwave Steel Structure Michelle is a Principal and and established Allt Engineer at O’Connor Sutton
Andrew is Director of
in the design of bridges Engineering and is passionate Chair of Civil & Structural environmental structural Cronin (OCSC). Originally
Concrete and Sustainable
and transport infrastructure about structural engineering. Engineering at BDP, with engineers in 2020, a from Greece, she studied
Construction at the Global
and is a Fellow of RIBA He received his professional over 35 years’ experience of firm concentrating on Civil Engineering at the
Cement and Concrete
and the Institution of Civil training in the UK and has design and delivery of many addressing the urgent National Technical University
Association. He is currently
Engineers and an Honorary over 23 years of experience challenging, innovative and need to decarbonise the of Athens, before completing
chair of the Design Practice,
Fellow of IStructE. in major international practice. award-winning projects. built environment with a postgraduate studies in
Risk and Structural Safety
He founded international He is a chartered structural In 2010, Michelle was particular emphasis on carbon General Structural Engineering
Committee of the Institution
bridge designers Knight engineer and a Fellow of the awarded an MBE for services embodied in structures. at Imperial College, London.
of Structural Engineers and a
Architects in 2006 and his IStructE, and has extensive to the construction industry. Toby’s career so far has She began at OCSC in
member of the Engineering
practice has completed design and construction She is a fellow of the Royal been one based on providing 2017 and has played an
Leadership Group.
more than 50 bridges in experience across projects in Academy of Engineering and practical yet technically integral part in residential and
He had 10 years with Arup
the UK and internationally, Europe, the Middle East, the in 2011 was named Veuve sophisticated and holistic commercial projects. Angeliki
in building engineering where
including the award- Americas, South East Asia and Clicquot Business Woman of solutions to diverse projects is an active member of the
he worked in multidisciplinary
winning Merchant Square the PR of China. the Year. In 2012, she was in the built environment and Institution, former Chair of our
teams on international
Bridge in London, the His work includes the named the ACE’s Engineering concentrating on design Young Members Panel and a
projects, before 14 years
iconic Lower Hatea River HZMB-Passenger Clearance Ambassador of the Year from first principles. Having STEM Ambassador.
leading The Concrete Centre
Crossing in New Zealand, Building roof structure. and in 2020 was given a served a stint with Arup after
in the UK.
and the 270m-long Other master works include: Lifetime Achievement Award graduation, Toby spent five
Ulm Kienlesbergbrücke Wembley Stadium, Sutong by Women in Construction years based in the studio
in Germany. Bridge, HAECO Hanger No. and Engineering. She is of an architect/artist, before
3A, Marri Processing Plant, currently leading the Palace of establishing TALL Engineers
Olmsted Dam Development, Westminster Restoration and in 2005. After merging TALL
KWH Hospital Steel Renewal project for BDP. with Entuitive in 2016, Toby
Structure and Yuen Long remained as UK Director until
Footbridges erection. leaving to concentrate on Allt.

32
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 Judges Structural Awards 2022

Paul Fast Ian Firth Tanya de Hoog Susan Giahi- Tristram Hope Dr Katherine
Since establishing his own Ian is a leading expert Tanya is a founding director of Broadbent Tristram is a chartered Ibbotson
structural engineering in bridge design and Thornton Tomasetti’s London Susan is a Senior Divisional structural engineer and Kat is Director for WSP in
consultancy in 1985, Paul construction. During his career office. Her professional Director working with Fellow of the Institution of the UK’s Strategic Advisory
Fast has worked on iconic he has been involved with experience spans Europe, Jacobs since 2016. She is Structural Engineers, with Net Zero team. With over
buildings in North America, world-famous bridge projects the Middle East, Southeast a chartered engineer, Fellow 35 years of experience 10 years’ experience in
Europe, Asia and the like the strengthening of Asia and Australia, where of the Institution of Structural in multidisciplinary building leading carbon reduction
Middle East. the Severn Bridge, Erskine she has worked on a diverse Engineers and the Chartered engineering design and strategies and net-zero
With offices in Frankfurt, Bridge and West Gate Bridge, range of projects that focus Institution of Highways & management, having services within infrastructure,
New York, Seattle and and the concept design of on engineering creativity and Transportation. She is an worked with several of the Kat’s net-zero leadership
Vancouver, his firm has Stonecutters’ Bridge in Hong innovation with an intent to active member of both UK’s leading practices, and experience is rooted in
become a leader in the design Kong, as well as many smaller foster good design. institutions, contributing including BDP, Buro taking a holistic approach to
of hybrid structures, which pedestrian bridges such as Celebrating the to councils, committees Happold and Arup. He is complex systems, bridging
include the Grandview Heights the Inner Harbour Bridge in contribution structural and panels. Founder and Director of the gap between policy and
Aquatic Centre, winner of the Copenhagen, Taplow Bridge engineering can make to Susan has accumulated independent construction embedding practical action,
2016 Supreme Award, the near Maidenhead and the Sail society, promoting continued three decades of technical consultancy Thisolutions facilitating and enabling the
18-storey TallWood House Bridge in Swansea. education and the application expertise and leadership roles Ltd, where he works with connections across sectors
at the University of British Ian is also a leading of sound engineering on a variety of challenging a wide variety of clients, and technical disciplines.
Columbia, and the 2010 advocate of bridge-building principles to emerging high-profile infrastructure and principally in investigative and Kat has supported
Richmond Olympic Oval. charity Bridges to Prosperity technologies are of significant building projects in the UK, advisory roles. clients across several
Paul was the recipient of and a Past President of importance to Tanya. Asia and Africa. The majority Tristram chairs the sectors, delivering a
the 2021 Gold Medal, the the Institution of Structural of her work over recent years Industrial Advisory Board for variety of services from
IStructE’s highest accolade. Engineers. has involved multidisciplinary the Department of Civil and infrastructure resilience and
transportation schemes with Structural Engineering at the net-zero transformation,
more focus on bridges. University of Sheffield. through to target setting
and quantification, whole-
life carbon management,
assurance, and review.

Sam Price Roger Ridsdill Nick Russell Kristina SawTeen See Peter Terrell
Sam founded Price & Myers Smith Nick is a Consultant at Perega, Scheibler-Frood President of See Robertson Peter is Chairman of the
with Robert Myers in 1978. Roger is the Head of the an 80-strong consulting Kristina is a Chartered Civil Structural Engineers Board of the Institution of
He has structured many Structural Engineering team organisation specialising in and Structural Engineer SawTeen See is President Structural Engineers. He is
award-winning new buildings, at Foster + Partners. He is civil and structural engineering, at AECOM working in the of See Robertson Structural founder and President of
with a particular interest in a Fellow of the Institution of glass engineering and London structures team. Over Engineers and provides Terrell Group Consulting
theatres and concert halls. Structural Engineers and a building surveying. His the last eight years she has consulting design services; Engineers. After early years
He has advised on a licensed Professional Engineer extensive experience spans been involved in the design she is partly retired. with Ove Arup, Peter set
number of cathedrals, and is and Structural Engineer in many sectors, including and construction stages of SawTeen was the up as sole practitioner in
a member of the Cathedral the USA. expert witness, commercial, major projects, specialising Managing Partner of Leslie E. 1982 in Paris, building
Architects Association. He He was awarded the Royal retail, industrial, education, in retained facades, Robertson Associates (LERA) a practice that is today
has lectured at Cambridge, Academy of Engineering residential and major losses. listed buildings and deep from 1991 to 2017. She recognised as one of the
Glasgow, Trieste, Bergen, Silver Medal in 2010, and the Nick’s primary role at Perega basements. Projects have has extensive experience leading structural engineering
Hong Kong, and Vancouver. IABSE Milne Medal in 2017. is in advising on training included No 1 Palace Street, a in the structural design of consultancies in France, with
He was for 12 years a of staff. luxury residential development the full spectrum of building over 100 employees.
member of the Architectural Nick has a passion for and North West Cambridge, a types, with particular expertise He has been at the
Panel of the National Trust. conceptual design and in highly sustainable new suburb in tall building design and forefront of many successful
making structures as effective of Cambridge. long-span structures. SawTeen projects, including the Doha
as possible. He is a Past Kristina is also committed was the partner-in-charge Tower (CTBUH Best Tall
President of the IStructE and to engaging with students of the structural engineering Building Worldwide 2012)
a Fellow of the Institution of all ages and the wider of iconic structures including and the DR Byen Concert Hall
of Civil Engineers and the community to promote the Shanghai World in Copenhagen.
American Society of Civil the engineering industry. Financial Center, the Lotte
Engineers. He also holds In recognition of her work, World Tower in Seoul and the
visiting professorships at the Kristina was awarded the Merdeka PNB 118 Tower,
universities of East London IStructE’s Young Structural Kuala Lumpur.
and Surrey and is immediate Engineering Professional
past chair of the Joint Board Award 2019.
of Moderators.

33
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp32-33 JUDGES__ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 33 02/11/2022 13:13

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 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location London, UK

1 Triton Square
Awarded for: Showcasing the power of circular economy principles
across all aspects of a project.

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: Arup
➜ Client: British Land
➜ Principal contractor: Lendlease
➜ Architect: Arup

IN BRIEF…
| The client and design team saw
the potential to increase this 1990s
building’s size and transform it for
today’s workstyles – opting for
refurbishment to save time, money
and carbon.
| The original 1990s scheme was a
72m × 72m square building with
six storeys above ground and a
single-storey basement, following
a 9m × 9m grid.
| The new scheme involved extensive
modifications to the existing
structure, including part in-filling
the central and entrance atria and
adding three new floors on top,
resulting in a near doubling of the
office area.
| As well as minimising the actions
on the structure through lightweight
new construction and optimised
loading allowances, the new scheme
introduced a range of innovative
strengthening solutions to steel and
concrete columns, stability elements
and the existing piled foundations.
ì 3D view showing

JUDGES’ COMMENTS
proposed new Find out more
structure in blue,
Read more about this project
An excellent project-wide approach existing structure
in grey in the March 2021 issue of
to minimising carbon and negative
The Structural Engineer:
impacts. The structural team adopted
bit.ly/3fLBXpf
a comprehensive raft of measures
and demonstrated a noteworthy
willingness to minimise strengthening
of the existing building through precise
í Completed building
investigation and analysis. sets benchmark for
As a result, the project is a valuable environmental targets
reference to the industry at large for
reuse of buildings and the profession
will benefit greatly from the lessons
learned.
The completed building sets a
benchmark for the environmental
targets that can be reached now and ì FRP-wrapped
improved upon in the future. concrete column

35
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

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pp36-37 Expo 2020_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 36 02/11/2022 13:16

 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Expo 2020 Dubai Sunshades

Awarded for: Innovative form-finding and detailing in response to
complex environmental conditions.

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: Webb Yates
Engineers
➜ Client: Bureau Expo Dubai 2020
➜ Principal contractor: Pfeifer
➜ Architect: Hopkins Architects
➜ Cost consultant and project
manager: Turner & Townsend
➜ Main works contractor: AFC
➜ Wind tunnel testing: RWDI
➜ Mechanical engineering consultant:
Eadon
➜ Programme management:
CH2MMace

IN BRIEF…
| Expo 2020 Dubai Sunshades
comprises 50 shading structures on a
small but visible site for the expo, which
ran from October 2021 to March 2022.
| The structure was formed by
suspending a thin steel cable-net from a
steel mast and pulling it tight to the base.
From this net, thin perforated aluminium
panels were hung, carefully balanced to
follow the shape of the net, and form the  Expo 2020
shading element of the structure. Sunshades viewed
from below
| The cable-net was form-found and
tensioned to create an efficient and
stiff structure, meaning the panels
pivot out of the way of strong winds,
reducing the design wind pressure on
the structure.
| The design called for an easy-to-install
pivot that would be tolerant of repeated
panel swinging when subjected to
loads in various directions, panel flex,  Construction
cable movement and wear over the sequence
structure’s life.
 Panels were
JUDGES’ COMMENTS rigorously tested
to understand
These simple and elegant structures wind effects
served many aesthetic and practical
functions and are beautifully detailed.
The rigorous testing, analysis and
design of the aerodynamics of the
swinging panels required high levels
of analysis and wind-tunnel testing to
investigate and understand wind effects.
These complex dynamic issues were
successfully dealt with, offering the benefit
of dynamic analysis for future projects.

37
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp36-37 Expo 2020_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 37 02/11/2022 13:16

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pp38-39 HYLO_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 38 02/11/2022 13:18

 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location London, UK

HYLO
Awarded for: Full exploitation of an existing structure
to maximise retrofit potential.

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: AKT II
➜ Client: CIT Group
➜ Principal contractor: J Coffey Group
and MACE
➜ Architect: Horden Cherry Lee
➜ M&E consultant: RHB Partners
➜ Quantity surveyor: Arcadis
➜ Planning consultant: DP9

IN BRIEF…
| HYLO absorbs and transforms the
former mid-rise Finsbury Tower
to become a modern, high-rise
development; the existing building
extends upwards by 70%, with 13

FRITZIE MANOY/AKT II
new storeys added to its existing
16 floors, and all while reusing its
existing frame and foundations.
| A significant volume of concrete
was saved through the substantial
reuse of the existing structure.
The site’s leasable area doubled
(from approx. 12 000 to 25 800m2)
 HYLO after project
while saving just over a third of the completion
‘upfront’ carbon (around 35%) in
comparison with the equivalent
new construction.
FRITZIE MANOY/AKT II

| In-depth finite-element modelling

was performed on the existing
structure, using a time-dependency
analysis, to assess the structure
at every stage of its lifecycle, from
 Former mid-rise
its original construction through Finsbury Tower before
to the proposed demolition, the project start
new loading, and the long-term
settlements and creep. requirement for creating sustainable
| The existing superstructure was cities and communities.
enhanced with targeted column Enormous amounts of works were
strengthening made of high-strength required to carry out inspection,
concrete, together with steel investigation and analysis of the
jacketing, to help minimise their condition of the existing building and,
required area within the tower’s as a result, the existing structure and
floorplates. The steel jackets are foundations could be utilised.
also exposed to form a striking Through a granular analysis of the
interior feature. existing structure, most of the new loads
were strategically directed into areas
JUDGES’ COMMENTS with spare capacity, allowing a minimal
A highly intelligent, well-integrated intervention of column strengthening
retrofit-first extension of city office and additional foundations. This saved
AKT II

 Targeted column
space. This project is a fantastic around 35% in ‘upfront’ carbon when strengthening using
example of how we can meet the compared with an equivalent new build. steel jackets

39
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

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 Structural Awards 2022 Winner

Location Wellington, New Zealand

Rankine Brown Library

Awarded for: A technically impressive and well-communicated response
to save a public building after earthquake damage.

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: Beca
➜ Client: Te Herenga Waka – Victoria
University of Wellington
➜ Principal contractor: LT McGuinness
➜ Architect: Athfield Architects
➜ Steelwork subcontractor: MJH
Engineering Ltd
➜ Building services: Beca
➜ Quantity surveyor: RLB
➜ Fire engineering: Holmes Fire

IN BRIEF…
| After New Zealand’s Kaikōura
earthquake (magnitude 7.8) an
assessment of Te Herenga Waka
– Victoria University of Wellington’s
10-storey Rankine Brown library
building was undertaken. The
building’s north and south lift shafts
were noted as seriously damaged,
with cracks easily big enough to fit a
cricket ball. The design implemented improvements  Rankine Brown
| Prompt installation of temporary beyond code requirements under library remained
open during post-
supports secured the damaged lift severe working constraints as the library earthquake repair
shafts as soon as possible after the remained in use throughout. works
main shake – further damage could There was impressive communication
have seen the building written off. of the engineer’s role in the process at
| Undertaking construction in an a digestible level for everyone involved
occupied building while supporting to understand. This communication of
eight storeys of reinforced concrete the complex works to building users
lift shafts demanded a particularly throughout the project stands out as a ì Damaged lift shafts
innovative approach. The lift pits good example of the importance of our during engineering
inspection in hours
were widened to accommodate profession: teamwork, communication, after Kaikōura
new steel-framed lift shafts supported collaboration and responsiveness. earthquake
on six super-low-friction slider
bearings, which move laterally with
the building while continuing to
support gravity loads.
| Construction waste was
minimised by reusing the temporary
steelwork needle beams and ì Left: shows
temporary propping frames for the construction of steel-
perimeter columns. framed lift shaft on
six super-low-friction
slider plates. Right:
JUDGES’ COMMENTS shows temporary
Great pains have been taken to restore supports removed
and load transferred
this library following earthquake damage to permanent
and the efforts to justify the building structure. Highlighted
through repairs and upgrade are blue are temporary
supports, red
admirable, providing enormous savings indicates permanent
on the alternative of new construction. structure

40
November/December 2022 | thestructuralengineer.org

pp40 Rankine Brown Library_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 40 02/11/2022 13:19

 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location Stuttgart, Germany

Stadtbahnbrücke
Awarded for: Research-informed innovation of novel high-performance materials.

SBP – ANDREAS SCHNUBEL

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer and architect:
schlaich bergermann partner
➜ Client: SSB Stuttgarter
Straßenbahnen AG
➜ Principal contractor: Adam Hörnig
Baugesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and
MCE AG
➜ Carbon hangers: Carbo-Link AG and
Fehraltdorf
➜ Component testing and carbon
expertise: Empa (Federal Laboratories
for Materials Testing and Research
Institute)
➜ Structural checking: Consortium
Nellingen
➜ Geotechnical engineering: VEES | ì Stadtbahnbrücke
PARTNER in use
➜ Geotechnical reviewer: Moormann
Geotechnic Consult
➜ Further cooperation: Material Testing
Institute

IN BRIEF…
| A new double-track crossing of the
A8 highway was built in an exposed
elevated position. The light rail arch
bridge, Stadtbahnbrücke, consists
of a central main span and two  Roll-in of network
approach spans. The main span is arch bridge
connected by an 80m network arch
and two protruding truss frames, superstructure via concrete dowels.
which continue the swing of the In addition, head bolts were arranged
slender arches – the span between near the edge and dimensioned for
the footings is 107m. the load transfer of the hanger forces.
| The three most important design
objectives were minimal disruption JUDGES’ COMMENTS
of traffic, an appealing design as A worthy demonstration of new materials
SBP – ANDREAS SCHNUBEL

well as a robust and long-lasting and new applications. The resulting

structure. The network arch bridge design embodies a combination of well-
was chosen to ensure a subsequent known techniques and new cutting-edge
‘roll-in’ could be realised from the technology to provide a graceful, highly
construction site beside the highway. efficient take on the classic cable-hanger
| The light rail line features hangers arched bridge.
made entirely of carbon-fibre The development of the bonded
polymer composite. The use of carbon-fibre composite members was
elaborate cushioning measures the result of material science research
becomes unnecessary due to the ì Carbon-fibre means of built-in components, which and a very rigorous testing regime,
higher tensile and fatigue strengths polymer composite are integrated into the edge girder of involving over a million stress-test
hangers were used
of carbon tension members, and the arch segment as upright sheet cycles, to demonstrate the suitability
couplings are no longer required. metal disks. The hanger forces are of this hybrid material for use in these
| The hangers are connected by transferred to the edge beam of the circumstances.

41
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp41 Stadtbahnbrücke_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 41 02/11/2022 13:20

 MAKE CONNECTIONS
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pp42-43 LSBU_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 42 1 28/10/2022 13:55:58
02/11/2022 13:45
 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location London, UK

London South Bank University

– London Road Building
Awarded for: Transformative sustainable design through minimal intervention.

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: Eckersley
O’Callaghan
➜ Client: London South Bank University
➜ Principal contractor: Wilmott Dixon
Interiors
➜ Architect: Wilkinson Eyre Architects
➜ MEP engineer, combined services,
acoustic, town and country planner:
BDP
➜ Fire safety consultant: Tenos
➜ Landscape architect: Churchman
Landscape Architects
➜ Building control consultant/
approved inspector: JHAI Ltd

SIMON YEUNG
➜ Carbon fibre subcontractor/
designer: CCUK Composites
Construction
➜ Drainage and facade: Eckersley
O’Callaghan

 Retrofit of London
IN BRIEF… Road Building
sought to minimise
| London Road Building is a carbon footprint of
refurbishment and extension project construction
of an existing four-storey reinforced
concrete-framed building from the
1970s with an overall internal area of
20 000m2.
| The new design includes lecture
theatres, library, sports facilities
and catering areas and is part of a
wider campus redevelopment. The

ECKERSLEY O'CALLAGHAN
building originally had an extremely
cellular layout unfit for modern use.
| Existing structure verification,
carbon-fibre strengthening, further
modifications and new structural
additions were performed to justify  Large hanging
floor infill over sports
and reuse the building’s original hall: new library area
concrete frame. with feature stairs
| The structural embodied carbon
value of the project per gross team enabled minimal intervention
internal floor area is five to six times based on detailed analysis of the existing
lower than that of an equivalent structure, extending its design life by
new-build concrete-framed structure another 50 years and also achieving a
of this scale. great visual improvement.
Great care was taken to minimise
JUDGES’ COMMENTS the carbon footprint of construction
A retrofit-first approach to sustainable by refurbishing and saving as much of
building design has transformed an the existing materials as possible. The
 Carbon-fibre shear
outdated concrete building into a strengthening to SCORS A+ rating is fantastic for such a
vibrant new student centre. The project existing waffle slab major project.

43
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

3:55:58 pp42-43 LSBU_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 43 02/11/2022 13:45

pp44-45 The Arc Green School_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 44 02/11/2022 13:23
 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location Bali, Indonesia

The Arc, Green School

Awarded for: Advancing the structural application of low-carbon materials.

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: Atelier One
➜ Client: The Green School, Bali
➜ Principal contractor: PT Bamboo
Pure
➜ Architect: Ibuku
➜ Bamboo master craftsman: Jorg
Stamm
➜ Lighting: Studio Nimmersatt
➜ Photographer: Tommaso Riva
➜ Testing coordinator: James Wolf

IN BRIEF…
| The Green School was looking
for a replacement for its existing
gymnasium that had reached
the end of its life, and the new
structure was required to utilise the
existing foundations.
| In response, the Arc was designed: a
14m high × 19m span roof consisting
of a series of bamboo bundle arches
connected by bamboo lattice  The Arc’s roof
anticlastic saddles, topped with a structure rests on
existing foundations
bamboo mat surface. The structure’s
strength would come from its form,
with the arches and saddle surfaces
acting compositely.
| For the Arc, whole culms harvested
from near the site were used. This  Structurally driven
meant that the emissions due to form reduced quantity
of bamboo required
processing and transportation were
minimal. The quantity of bamboo
required was drastically reduced
due to the structurally driven form,
with the arches and saddle surfaces
 Locally harvested
all contributing to the strength. bamboo was used for
Combined with the use of existing structure
foundations, the resulting carbon
footprint of the building is negligible. breathtaking use of sustainable, locally
| Developing relationships with local harvested bamboo. The project was
craftspeople in Bali – and learning from beautifully detailed following years of
the bamboo expertise that has been research into the material’s unique
handed down through generations – properties. The result is a very low-
the team was able to introduce new carbon structure superbly executed,
typologies and structural principles showcasing the fantastic artistry and
to them. This two-way information workmanship of the engineers in the
exchange was a hugely satisfying varied structural forms.
experience for all involved. The project demonstrates the exciting
potential of bamboo as a mainstream
JUDGES’ COMMENTS building material. Architects and
This dramatic roof structure is a engineers alike should be inspired.

45
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp44-45 The Arc Green School_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 45 02/11/2022 13:23
 IMAGES SHOW PROJECTS BY WALKER DENDLE TECHNICAL RECRUITMENT CLIENTS SHORTLISTED FOR THE STRUCTURAL AWARDS 2013 – 2022
HYLO TIFFANY GALLERY GLASS STAIRCASE

HOMERTON DINING HALL WOOLBEDING GLASSHOUSE

AKT II GL&SS

BLAVATNIK SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT STRAND EAST TOWER

STRUCTURE WORKSHOP ECKERSLEY O’CALLAGHAN

A HOUSE FOR THEO & OSKAR SELFRIDGES DUKE STREET

PELL FRISCHMANN EHRW & WOOD BETON SPA

RED BRIDGE HOUSE THE GRAMOPHONE WORKS

ENGENUITI EXPEDITION

ALFRISTON SCHOOL SWIMMING POOL 800 FULTON MARKET

LYONS O’NEILL HEYNE TILLETT STEEL

HOBHOUSE CAMBRIDGE HOUSE

ELLIOTT WOOD SOM

THORNTON TOMASETTI WEBB YATES ENGINEERS

Proud sponsors of The Structural Awards

for the tenth year since 2011
WDTech_AWARDS_ad_2022_PRINT.indd 1 2022.indd 46
pp46-47 The Gramophone Works_ISE Nov Dec 18/10/2022
02/11/2022 13:01
13:24
 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location London, UK

The Gramophone Works

IMAGES SHOW PROJECTS BY WALKER DENDLE TECHNICAL RECRUITMENT CLIENTS SHORTLISTED FOR THE STRUCTURAL AWARDS 2013 – 2022

Awarded for: Exemplar use of timber at scale in a retrofit project.

HTS

PROJECT TEAM  3D model of timber

structure
➜ Structural designer: Heyne Tillett
Steel
➜ Client: Resolution Property
➜ Principal contractor: Graham
➜ Architect: Studio RHE
➜ Quantity surveyor: Quartz Project
Services
➜ Surveyor: Anstey Horne
➜ Sustainable timber contractor: B&K
Structures

IN BRIEF…
| The Gramophone Works is a new
landmark canal side commercial
scheme comprising a mix of
refurbished, extended, and new-
build contemporary office spaces in 
West London.
| The low-carbon development has
successfully refurbished an existing
building and extended it from
two to six storeys, adding a further
60 000sq.ft (5500m2) of commercial
office space. It is believed to be the 
biggest mass timber office structure 
constructed in the UK.
| The building has also been designed  Exterior of building
showing extension  Exposed timber
to promote reuse within a circular from two to six connections
economy through the design of storeys inside building
connections facilitating future
disassembly, allowing for members
and floorplates to be recycled for 
future developments.
| High levels of insulation are
incorporated into the design to
mitigate heat loss, along with solar
reflective glazing, shading fins and 
louvres. On the roof, photovoltaic
solar panels contribute to the
building’s energy supply.

JUDGES’ COMMENTS
HTS

This major reuse project champions the

use of mass timber in the commercial
sector to create an adaptive space which Specifying timber as opposed to a
is responsive to the end user’s needs. heavier building material such as steel
TIM CROCKER

A lightweight CLT and glulam or concrete has allowed for minimal

structure has been used to extend the strengthening to the existing foundations
existing concrete frame, increasing the which have been reused to support the
building from two to six storeys and additional four storeys.
adding 60 000sq.ft. Exemplar low-carbon thinking.

47
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

13:01 pp46-47 The Gramophone Works_ISE Nov Dec 2022.indd 47 02/11/2022 13:24
 GSA model: Sea Shell Aquarium roof,
Phu Quoc island, Vietnam

oasys-software.com Oasys Software

[email protected] @Oasys_Software
+44(0) 207 755 4515 TheOasysSoftware

pp48-49 Tianfu Agricultural Expo_Nov Dec 2022.indd 48 02/11/2022 13:25

 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location Chengdu, China

Tianfu Agricultural Expo Main Hall

Awarded for: Structural elegance through integrated design and construction.

GUANGYUAN ZHANG
PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer (roof vault
structures): StructureCraft
➜ Structural designer (base building):
China Architecture Design & Research
Group
➜ Client: Sichuan Tianfu Agriculture
Expo Investment Ltd
➜ Principal contractor: Beijing Urban
Construction Group Co Ltd
➜ Architect: China Architecture Design
& Research Group
➜ Parametric design consultant:
Mule Studio
➜ Manufacturer: Hasslacher Norica
Timber

IN BRIEF…
| At over 75 000m2, the Tianfu
Agriculture Exposition is the largest
timber project in Asia, and one of  Exposition is
the largest timber projects in the surrounded by
agrarian land
world. This series of five vaults uses
unique Vierendeel-inspired trusses –
a hybrid of timber chords and steel
webbing – achieving clear spans up
to 110m and heights up to 44m.
| The wave of the building provided
challenges for the engineering
team on a very tight schedule.
Housing museums and displaying
agricultural products from the region,
the roofs of these halls are clad with
ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
but are open-ended, encouraging
a direct connection with the
surrounding farmland.
| The result is a unique series of  Design of glulam techniques, including use of SaaS key connection is innovative and able to
long-span timber structures, roof structure with platforms, enabled a ‘living’ shop withstand seismic force.
steel trusses
created through cooperation of drawing process. This ensured Computational design aided
team members on three different engineers could track the status, the geometry design process. An
continents in a year and a half quality and accuracy of each pre- integrated workflow enabled the
throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, assembled piece throughout its design data to be directly used by
showcasing a sustainable solution construction lifecycle. the manufacturer, streamlining the
and a world-class attraction through processes of fabrication ensuring clear
innovative engineering and design. JUDGES’ COMMENTS communication. The CNC manufacturing
| An additional challenge was that The design of the Vierendeel-inspired process further increased the accuracy
engineers were unable to visit timber chord and steel webbing of assembly of all components and
China throughout the duration of structure with ETFE membranes is ensured an efficient erection process
the project, due to the pandemic. aesthetically pleasing and seemingly with minimised wastage.
Remote working, quality control/ melts into the surrounding environment. Efficient, thoughtful and collaborative
assurance, and structural inspection Thoughtful detailing of the unique shear- engineering at its best.

49
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp48-49 Tianfu Agricultural Expo_Nov Dec 2022.indd 49 02/11/2022 13:25

 Structural Awards 2022

pp50-51 UN office_Nov Dec 2022.indd 50 02/11/2022 13:26

 PaiWinner Structural
Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location Geneva, Switzerland

United Nations New Office Building

Awarded for: Creative sustainable design at scale that responds to the unique environment.

ALL IMAGES: UNOG/SOM/DAVE BURK

PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: Skidmore,
Owings & Merrill
➜ Client: United Nations
➜ Principal contractor: Implenia
➜ Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
➜ Local architect: Burckhardt+Partner
➜ Local structural engineer: INGENI
➜ Lighting consultant: Nulty Lighting
➜ MEP consultant: RAPP Technique du
Bâtiment SA
➜ AV/IT/Security: Shen Milsom & Wilke
LLC
➜ Landscape architect: Oxalis
Architectes Paysagises
➜ Accessibility: Handicap Architecture
Urbanisme
➜ Wood supplier: JPF Ducret
➜ Facade supplier: Sottas SA
 New UN office
building built into
IN BRIEF… slope
| Strategically responding to a sloping
site, the new UN administrative
building is perceived as a series of
cascading terraces discreetly placed  Exterior was
into the Parc de L’Ariana. A careful designed to not
compete with nearby
balance was struck to not compete Palais des Nations,
with the historic Palais des Nations. the first UN building
Two inner courtyards add to the in Geneva

overall effect of a building working in

harmony with the natural context of  Stairs use
the lake and mountains. unadorned
structures to
| The new building creates an express architectural
additional area of approx. aesthetics
24 000m2 to accommodate 1400
staff. Open-plan, activity-based of sophisticated engineering go
neighbourhoods offer staff a new well beyond providing a safe
way of collaborating, working and commodity structure.
sharing knowledge. Courtyards and
roof terraces, accessible from every JUDGES’ COMMENTS
floor, ensure that green, outdoor This project has a clear focus on both
areas are available to all staff. the environment and the end user. An
| The project brings elegant structural innovative hybrid timber and concrete
engineering front and centre, structural slab and beam system
showcasing structural timber solution was adopted and significantly
detailing as an integral part of reduced the embodied carbon
the architectural expression. By emissions. The timber landscape stairs
utilising visually exposed structural and the perimeter columns directly use
members and elegant details unadorned structures to express the
throughout, the building becomes a architectural aesthetics.
celebration of structural engineering A fantastic example of timber-concrete
and demonstrates that the benefits composite being used at scale.

51
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp50-51 UN office_Nov Dec 2022.indd 51 02/11/2022 13:26

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pp52-53 SUP HYLO_Nov Dec 2022.indd 52 02/11/2022 13:28

 Supreme Award for Structural Engineering Excellence Structural
Pai Lin Li Travel Awards
Award 2018 Feature
2022

Location London, UK

HYLO
Awarded for: Full exploitation of an existing structure to maximise retrofit potential.

JAN FRIEDLEIN/AKT II
PROJECT TEAM
➜ Structural designer: AKT II
➜ Client: CIT Group
➜ Principal contractor: J Coffey Group
and MACE
➜ Architect: Horden Cherry Lee
➜ M&E consultant: RHB Partners
➜ Quantity surveyor: Arcadis
➜ Planning consultant: DP9

IN BRIEF…
| HYLO absorbs and transforms the
former mid-rise Finsbury Tower
to become a modern, high-rise
development; the existing building
extends upwards by 70%, with 13
new storeys added to its existing
16 floors, and all while reusing its
existing frame and foundations.
| A significant volume of concrete
was saved through the substantial
reuse of the existing structure.
The site’s leasable area doubled
(from approx. 12 000 to 25 800m2)
while saving just over a third of the  External view of building, with only the most essential
‘upfront’ carbon (around 35%) in HYLO strengthening works necessary to the
comparison with the equivalent existing frame and foundations. This was
new construction.
| In-depth finite-element modelling
achieved through redirecting load paths,
and allowed the designers to exploit the
A QUITE
was performed on the existing inherent spare capacity in the original BRILLIANT
structure, using a time-dependency structure – in essence, they cashed in EXAMPLE OF
analysis, to assess the structure
at every stage of its lifecycle, from
on the previous carbon footprint to save
carbon on the extension. A quite brilliant
STRUCTURAL
its original construction through example of structural retrofit. RETROFIT
to the proposed demolition, the
AKT II

new loading, and the long-term

settlements and creep.
| The existing superstructure was
enhanced with targeted column
strengthening made of high-strength
concrete, together with steel
jacketing, to help minimise their
required area within the tower’s
floorplates. The steel jackets are
also exposed to form a striking
interior feature.

JUDGES’ COMMENTS
HYLO could only have been
achieved through masterful structural  Retained
floorplates from
engineering. A 13-storey building was former Finsbury
added on top of an existing 16-storey Tower

53
thestructuralengineer.org | November/December 2022

pp52-53 SUP HYLO_Nov Dec 2022.indd 53 02/11/2022 13:28

 Structural Awards 2022 Supreme Award for Structural Engineering Excellence

Location Bali, Indonesia

The Arc, Green School

Awarded for: Advancing the structural application of low-carbon materials.

PROJECT TEAM
 Structure's strength
comes from arch
➜ Structural designer: Atelier One
and saddle surfaces
➜ Client: The Green School, Bali working together
➜ Principal contractor: PT Bamboo
Pure
➜ Architect: Ibuku
➜ Bamboo master craftsman: Jorg
Stamm
➜ Lighting: Studio Nimmersatt
➜ Photographer: Tommaso Riva
➜ Testing coordinator: James Wolf

IN BRIEF…
| The Green School was looking
for a replacement for its existing
gymnasium that had reached
the end of its life, and the new
structure was required to utilise the
existing foundations.
| In response, the Arc was designed:
a 14m high × 19m span roof
consisting of a series of bamboo
bundle arches connected
by bamboo lattice anticlastic  The Arc utilises
saddles, topped with a bamboo existing foundations

MARVELLOUS
mat surface. The structure’s of previous gym

strength would come from its

form, with the arches and saddle DEMONSTRATION
surfaces acting compositely.
| For the Arc, whole culms harvested
OF ARTISTRY,
from near the site were used. This TECHNICAL
meant that the emissions due to KNOW-HOW AND
processing and transportation
were minimal. The quantity of A DRIVE TOWARDS
bamboo required was drastically NET ZERO
reduced due to the structurally
driven form, with the arches and
saddle surfaces all contributing to JUDGES’ COMMENTS
the strength. Combined with the The Arc Gymnasium is an extraordinary
use of existing foundations, the project. It brings together local materials,
resulting carbon footprint of the fundamental research and creativity-
building is negligible. charged structural engineering expertise
| Developing relationships with local to produce something of pure delight.
craftspeople in Bali – and learning Not only does it demonstrate how we
from the bamboo expertise that might consider the spectacular use
has been handed down through of natural building materials for major
generations – the team was able projects, but it also lays out the path,
to introduce new typologies and via research, which can lead to the
structural principles to them. This confident use of such materials. This is
two-way information exchange a marvellous demonstration of artistry,
was a hugely satisfying experience technical know-how and a drive towards
for all involved. net zero.

54
November/December 2022 | thestructuralengineer.org

pp54-55 SUP The Arc Green School_Nov Dec 2022.indd 54 02/11/2022 13:29
 Upcoming CPD
courses

Online Online Online Online

Conceptual design Historic timber Conceptual design Exam preparation

for structural structures: for structural day
engineers: an assessment and engineers: 15 December
introduction reuse advanced 10:00-17:30 GMT
3-24 November
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Standard: £395 + VAT • Describe the general
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Members: £295 + VAT principles and techniques
Learning outcomes Learning outcomes to successfully complete the
Learning outcomes examination
• Explain the design process as • Characterise the design
• Recognise timber as an • Demonstrate these
a series of discrete steps process and describe
engineering material principles by discussing real
• Describe the characteristics how each stage requires
and explain the inherent questions on a bridge, steel
of a good design brief and different skills and
strengths and weaknesses building, concrete building
use it to write your own brief attitudes
of this organic material and a ‘general’ building
• Describe and use techniques • Describe how conceptual
• Identify the structure • Assess the requirements
for idea generationis design differs from
of timber in relation of the exam and what the
available in the public detailed design and the
to softwoods and examiners expect to see
domain consequences of these
hardwoods, and
differences for how
appreciate the species
design is carried out
identification strategies
• Use techniques for
available
understanding the
• Appreciate the
underlying need behind a
timber grading rules
client brief
to softwoods and
• Describe a model for idea
hardwoods, and employ
generation and use this
the strategies in assigning
to lead a design team
strength classes to timber
through the creative
process
• Describe strategies for
building an effective

Book your place

istructe.info/courses
pp54-55 SUP The Arc Green School_Nov Dec 2022.indd 55 02/11/2022 13:29
 Technical Safety of cantilever structures

Structural safety of
cantilever structures
KEITH LAM
INTRODUCTION
CEng, MIStructE, MICE
A review of the Collaborative Reporting for Safer Structures Structural Engineer, Walsh Associates Ltd,
London, UK
(CROSS) website (www.cross-safety.org) shows that there
have been numerous incidents involving the collapse of
Current guidance
cantilever structures (Table 1 and Figure 1). There is a range of applicable guidance currently
This article, prepared on behalf of the IStructE Design available for the design and appraisal of
cantilever structures on buildings:
Practice and Regulatory Control Committee, focuses
mainly on canopies and balconies. It aims to identify Derivation of snow load
gaps in Eurocode and IStructE guidance, and make 1) British Standards Institution (2003) BS EN
1991-1-3:2003+A1:2015 Eurocode 1:
recommendations on additional considerations that Actions on structures. General actions. Snow
engineers should take into account when designing or loads, London: BSI
2) Institution of Structural Engineers (2012)
assessing cantilever structures. ‘Technical Guidance Note (Level 1, No. 5):
Derivation of snow load’, The Structural
Engineer, 90 (3), pp. 22–24

Design
1) British Standards Institution (2004) BS EN
1992-1-1:2004+A1:2014 Eurocode 2: Design
of concrete structures. General rules and
FIGURE 1: Illustrations of cantilever failures in CROSS reports rules for buildings, London: BSI
2) Institution of Structural Engineers (2010)
ALL IMAGES: CROSS

Practical guide to structural robustness

and disproportionate collapse in buildings,
London: IStructE Ltd
3) Institution of Structural Engineers (2021)
Standard method of detailing structural
concrete (4th ed.), London: IStructE Ltd [NB
Cantilever slab (continuous slab) details and
cantilever beam (continuous beam) details
can be found on p.69 and p.84 respectively]
4) British Standards Institution (2020) BS EN
1993-1-1. Eurocode 3. Design of steel
structures. General rules and rules for
a) Canopy collapse due to snow (report ID: 181) b) Cantilever canopy failure under snow loading (report ID: 197) buildings, London: BSI
5) Institution of Structural Engineers (2006)
Manual for the design of concrete building
structures to Eurocode 2, London: IStructE Ltd

Structural assessments
1) Institution of Structural Engineers (2010)
Appraisal of existing structures (3rd ed.),
London: IStructE Ltd [NB There is no specific
chapter for cantilever structures]
2) Institution of Structural Engineers (2008)
Guide to surveys and inspections of
buildings and associated structures, London:
IStructE Ltd
c) Cantilever walkway collapse at block of flats (report ID: 341) 3) British Standards Institution (1969) CP 114:

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 Safety of cantilever structures Technical

The structural use of reinforced concrete in Table 1: Key CROSS reports on horizontal cantilever structures
buildings, London: BSI (withdrawn) (mainly canopy and balcony failures)
4) Cormie D. (2013) Manual for the systematic
risk assessment of high-risk structures Report ID Subject of report
against disproportionate collapse, London:
IStructE Ltd 109 Balcony collapses (news)
126 Precast concrete canopies in housing
Gaps in guidance
The following considerations specific to 181 Canopy collapse due to snow
cantilever elements in building structures 197 Cantilever canopy failure under snow loading
should be addressed in order to fill gaps in the
available guidance: 341 Balcony collapse at block of flats
435 Balcony construction defects of residential flats
Design of reinforced concrete cantilever
structures 616 Balcony collapse in France (news)
Design considerations
Both strength and deflection requirements in 620 Steel balconies fixed to precast hollowcore floor planks
the design have to be fulfilled. All actions and 632 Concerns over risky new buildings?
resistances (bending, shear, axial and torsional)
should be considered. The supporting beam to 672 Poor quality of construction and lack of supervision on a block
the rear may need to be checked for torsion. of flats
Particular care should be given to estimating
694 Dangerous balcony construction
the load from finishes and activities such as
waterproofing materials, ponding of water, and 1128 Unsafe design of retrofit cantilever balconies
access for inspection and maintenance.
Safety Alert Safety issues associated with balconies
An appropriate Young’s modulus for creep
calculation should be selected in the design.
Additional guidance on a suitable value could
be provided.
The span-to-depth ratio of cantilever
elements should be ≤7 based on the IStructE
Manual for the design of reinforced concrete A LIMIT ON NATURAL FREQUENCY
building structures. SHOULD BE INTRODUCED, ESPECIALLY
A fail safe – giving warning before failure of
the cantilever – should be considered in the
IF THE BALCONY IS LIKELY TO BE USED
design. This warning refers to the existence of FOR ENTERTAINING
any significant cracking.
An additional design check by another
competent structural engineer is required during construction details and the design should be for cantilever slabs and beams. Figure 2 gives
the design stage, focusing on detailing and undertaken with care and according to the examples of details for a cantilever slab under
construction aspects. guidelines provided by manufacturer. Design different support cases.
A limit on natural frequency should be considerations include: Reinforced concrete details for a cantilever
introduced, especially if the balcony is likely to | compression, moment and shear at the beam (supported at the wall, supported by a
be used for entertaining. A factor for lightweight balcony connection cross-beam, or a continuous beam with level
canopies should also be introduced to account | fire protection method difference) will be similar to those presented
for vibration comfort. | cantilever span limit in Fig. 2.
Particular care and attention must be given to | position and length of tension bars
those cantilevers exposed to weathering, and | lapping between site-installed rebars Design of steel cantilever structures
waterproofing treatment should be undertaken. and tension bars from the thermal Both strength and deflection requirements in
The minimum concrete cover should be break connection the design have to be fulfilled. All actions and
≥40mm. Also, drainage systems should be | height and thickness of insulating element resistances (bending, shear, axial and torsional)
considered and properly provided to ensure no | concrete strength – there may be different should be considered. The supporting beam to
water accumulation. concrete strengths for the balcony and the rear may need to be checked for torsion.
Service voids need to be coordinated interior slabs. The weaker concrete strength An adequate support connection is required,
with the M&E design and positioned so they should be adopted for the connection design particularly if a steel balcony is used in
do not affect the structural design, with the | arrangement and maximum expansion association with a concrete or masonry building.
structural design to account for all necessary joint spacing for different thermal Particular care should be given to estimating
voids. Embedded pipes should be avoided break connection types around the the load from finishes and activities such as
in cantilever structures. Furthermore, any cantilever support waterproofing materials, ponding of water, and
services close to the cantilever support | additional deflection or camber due to the access for inspection and maintenance.
– particularly rainwater or drainage pipes – thermal break connection. An additional design check by another
should be avoided. competent structural engineer is required during
To deal with the issue of cold bridging, Detailing the design stage, focusing on detailing and
thermal break connections need to be provided. It would be helpful if available guidance included construction aspects.
Different types of systems have different more recommended reinforced concrete details A limit on natural frequency should be

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 Technical Safety of cantilever structures

introduced, especially if the balcony is likely to the UK too. Design should take account of the
Box 1. Recommended hold be used for entertaining. A factor for lightweight need for weather protection of the timber and
and witness points during canopies should also be introduced to account the vulnerability of the interface between the
construction of reinforced for vibration comfort. cantilever beams and the main structure.
concrete cantilever structures Pre-loaded bolts (i.e. with a specified
construction torque) are recommended to Construction of reinforced concrete
Hold points remove the elongation and rotation due to strain cantilever structures
| Review of structural plans, and also to remove the potential for failure due Adequate and properly installed reinforcement
construction details, construction to fatigue. Large steel canopies may need to spacers should be provided so that the
sequences of cantilevered elements consider shouldered bolts to limit slippage to tension reinforcement is kept at the correct
| Setting-out and levels check the back structure. level in the tension zone. Construction joint
| For interfaces at supporting elements, location requirements should be given to
check to ensure sufficient rebar Design of timber balconies ensure that all cantilever elements are built
anchorage or bolt embedment Timber is often used for balcony construction, monolithically with the supports. Removal of
| Time period of prop removal check particularly in the USA, Australasia and other props to cantilevers should only be carried out
countries with warm climates. There have been 14 days after concreting.
Witness points many sudden failures of such structures from
| Concrete slump check overloading, rot, or a combination of the two. Construction of precast cantilever structures
| Cleaning of formwork Increasing use of timber-framed buildings Particular care should be given to construction
means they may become more common in details at connections between the cantilever

FIGURE 2: Reinforced concrete details for cantilever slab Legend

T.A.L. = tension anchorage length

Case 1: Supported at beam top Case 2: Supported at wall

Case 3: Supported at soffit of Case 4: Continuous slab with

beam level difference

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 Safety of cantilever structures Technical

span and back span, such as thermal bridging be clearly defined in the manual (Box 1).
elements and anchorage of the reinforcement. A construction report for reinforced concrete Box 2. Checklist of
Installation of thermal bridging elements and cantilever structures, showing all the information recommended items for
construction sequencing should be done in required – e.g. method statement, structural assessment of reinforced
accordance with the guidelines provided by the drawings, inspection record, photo record concrete cantilever structures
manufacturer. For thermal break connections, (before and after concreting), as-built record,
inspection should be performed during location, member size, drainage system, design | Check existing cantilever structures
construction by competent persons. loading, construction joint, material strength, against building records
concrete cover, reinforced concrete details and | Check whether there are any
Site supervision of reinforced concrete date of concreting – should be prepared after overloading issues (change of use or
cantilever structures construction by the principal contractor. thickened finishes) and unauthorised
When constructing cantilever structures, construction works (altered barrier) at
an appropriate frequency of inspection by Structural assessment of reinforced cantilever elements
competent persons, before and during concrete cantilever structures | Opening-up inspection of cantilever
concreting, is recommended to ensure quality Structural assessment of reinforced concrete structures
control. The competent person should be a cantilever structures should be carried out by | Check finishes, rebar diameter, concrete
chartered engineer or other individual who is competent persons. Regular inspection and cover and condition of reinforcement
deemed to be suitably qualified, e.g. who has maintenance should be scheduled for old | Check whether there is any ponding,
completed five similar structures within the past structures to prevent future failure. A checklist water seepage or defective drainage
three years. of recommended items is given in Box 2. systems
On-site design changes found to be | Check whether there are any cracks,
necessary should be referred back to the Conclusion defects, honeycomb, spalling or
designer for verification. Reports on the CROSS website demonstrate exposed rebars
A site supervision manual including the importance of ensuring the structural safety | Take photos, record and prepare
supervision checklists should be prepared by of cantilever structures. The suggestions made structural assessment report
the principal contractor to ensure construction in this article should help designers to avoid | If necessary, draft repair proposal
quality. Hold points and witness points should failures of canopies and balconies.

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 Opinion Profile

Shalini
Jagnarine-Azan
projects, she decided to pursue a you’re not good enough, like you did the
Assessing disaster-hit healthcare Master’s qualification abroad. Again, she wrong thing! It took me a long time to
facilities and improving their resilience was diverted from her chosen path when brush that off.’
against future events makes a varied her applications to study environmental She returned to Trinidad to work with
engineering at both McGill University and Murray, but only as an interim measure,
day job for Jamaica-based structural Imperial College London were turned having got a taste for life elsewhere.
engineer Shalini Jagnarine. She talks down. Undaunted, she called Imperial, She relocated to Jamaica as a newly-
hoping to persuade them otherwise, wed, and despite encountering a certain
to Helena Russell about its challenges and ended up accepting a place on the amount of sexism in her search for a
and rewards. structural engineering Master’s course. job, she found work at Peter Jervis
Having made the move to study & Associates as a senior structural
overseas, Jagnarine planned to engineer, where she remained for several
NEXT TIME YOU ARE MUSTERING seek work in the UK after finishing. years. Although she got a chance to
ALL YOUR DIPLOMACY in a meeting Unfortunately, timing was not on her work on larger projects, just as in her
with an awkward client or doing the side, and the recession hit just as she previous job with Murray, she was one
umpteenth iteration of a particularly graduated in 2008. Although she had of only two properly qualified structural
irksome connection detail, spare a managed to secure a job offer, by the engineers in the firm; ‘Because of the
thought for the structural engineers time she got her visa the economic level of education in Jamaica, most
whose work takes them to disaster-hit downturn had put paid to her plans. She graduates of engineering courses are
places which lack even the basics such recalls it as a tough time emotionally: more like technicians,’ she explains.
as electricity or a functional toilet. ‘You spend all these years studying, ‘I literally got dropped in the deep end.
There’s no typical day for Shalini trying to improve your skills, and when I think I can handle a lot of stress, but I
Jagnarine – in the aftermath of natural nobody wants you, it makes you feel like wasn’t sleeping well. Sometimes I would
disasters in the Pan-American region, wake in the early hours and something
she might be found chasing up the would be bothering me, so I would go
equipment needed to remove debris and crunch a few more numbers just
from a battered hospital so she can
assess the condition of the roof;
HER ROLE IS TO ASSESS to check things.’ Reliability is high up in
her list of priorities. ‘Deadlines are very
organising delivery of a shipping THE TYPE AND EXTENT OF important to me and I am my own worst
container to serve as a temporary THE DAMAGE, AND critic, putting a lot of pressure on myself
store for medical supplies; or stringing
tarpaulins over a damaged building so it IDENTIFY WHAT KIND OF to make sure things are right. There’s
probably nothing I send out that I haven’t
can be used for treatment. REPAIRS ARE NEEDED checked three or four times.’
This rigour proved invaluable when
Finding her way she decided to become a chartered
A career in structural engineering was structural engineer. ‘If you want to be the
very much accidental for Jagnarine; she best at what you are doing, you have to
wanted to study architecture but that aim to be a chartered engineer, there’s
would have meant leaving her Trinidad no other option – even though it’s not
home, as it was not an option at the necessary in the Caribbean in terms of
island’s university. Initially driven towards getting a job, or being paid more.’
pure science as an alternative, she was She recalls IStructE Fellow Esam Al
persuaded by a family friend to consider Kelaby coming to the Caribbean to lead
civil engineering on the grounds it would a course for those wanting to apply,
be a good basis for architecture. and subsequently coaching them with
At university, ironically, she was not sample papers. ‘I kept doing more and
inspired by her structural engineering more practice – I probably did about 10
lecturers, and it was only after papers! – and eventually Esam just told
graduation when she joined a small firm me: ‘Shalini, you are ready. Don’t send
in Trinidad that her interest in structures me any more papers, just go and do the
was finally piqued. It crept up on her exam and you will be alright!’’
gradually through the support and
inspiration of her boss Clifford Murray, Disaster response
who is still a trusted adviser and friend. The same year she became chartered,
After a couple of years working with FIGURE 1: Disaster response opened new chapter in Jagnarine’s career,
Jagnarine found herself moving into a
Murray on small structural engineering assessing damaged structures such as after Hurricane Joaquin in Bahamas, 2015 completely different field of work, where

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 Profile Opinion

CAREER
MILESTONES
2005 Graduated from
University of the West
Indies St Augustine,
Trinidad with BSc in
Civil and Environmental
Engineering
2005 Joined CG Murray
Ltd as graduate civil/
structural engineer
2008 Graduated from
Imperial College,
London with MSc
(Merit) DIC in General
Structural Engineering
2009 Joined CG Murray
(Trinidad) as associate
civil/structural engineer
2010 Joined Peter Jervis &
Associates (Jamaica)
as consulting senior
structural engineer
2011 Qualified as a
professional engineer
in Jamaica
2013 Became a Chartered
Member of the
structural engineering was just a part of Institution of Structural
a much wider role. The Pan American Engineers (IStructE)
Health Organization (PAHO) was looking 2013 Joined Pan American
for a structural engineer to support its Health Organization
disaster relief teams and longer-term as chartered structural
projects (Figure 1) and an IStructE engineer/disaster risk
colleague in Barbados recommended reduction specialist
her as a candidate. 2015 Qualified as a
Jagnarine’s first experience, professional engineer
unsurprisingly, proved a baptism of in Trinidad
fire; she was posted to the Philippines 2018–19 Chair of IStructE
for six weeks to support disaster relief Caribbean Regional
in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan. ‘It Group
was like an apocalypse!’ she recalls. 2019–21 Board member and
‘Total, complete devastation. Officially trustee of IStructE
about 6000 people died – unofficially 2022 Awarded the
it was probably more like 10 000. It IStructE Keith Eaton
was a very difficult response, because International Award
we had nothing – no food, no water, 2022 Became a Fellow of
no electricity. But we did what IStructE
we had to. It’s all about trying to re-
establish healthcare services as quickly
as possible.’
Her role is to assess the type and telecommunications, water, electricity FIGURE 2: slice of toast with peanut butter and
extent of the damage, and identify what and so on. ‘This classification enabled Post-hurricane retrofit some prunes; every day. You just have
of central medical
kind of repairs are needed to bring the regional unit to call for assistance supply store in to deal with it – get out there and get
facilities back into use. She not only from around the world, to mobilise a Dominica to withstand the job done. We worked from 6am
looks at the immediate measures that whole lot more resources, call on other future events until 11pm every day, and had to do
are required, but also the medium and units such as UNICEF, UNHCR and an internal report every day to the
longer term, so that proposals can be so on, and seek a lot more funding,’ headquarters in Manila, and a public
made for repairs to roofs and other parts Jagnarine explains. report that would be sent to the rest of
of the building, as well as improvements ‘Again, it’s one of those situations the agencies for distribution to funding
to the resilience of the structure to where stress is something you have to agencies. It was important to identify
mitigate against future damage. be able to cope with. You’re seeing a something that you could achieve each
Typhoon Haiyan was classified as a level of devastation and human suffering day, and make sure all the logistics
WHO ‘level three’ emergency – one of that you have never seen before – and were covered to enable it to happen;
the few that the region has ever seen – you still have to be able to function. We get vaccines to a vaccination hub;
based on the extent of devastation, and would get up at 5 or 5.30am, breakfast re-establish telecoms to a facility
the fact that everything was impacted: would be a handful of almonds, or a and so on.’

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 Opinion Profile

In the first weeks of disaster response, capital was impacted, losing all water FIGURE 3: usually use smaller ones.’ We were
the focus is on emergency repairs to supply, and had no electricity for a year Smart retrofit of standing up on the scaffolding and I
Princess Alice Hospital,
keep the elements out of buildings and afterwards. The PAHO subsequently Grenada to improve just said, ‘yes, well have a look around
keep floodwater at bay. Donor funds for worked with another NGO to coordinate structure’s resilience to you, are any of those roofs still there?’’
emergencies can only be used for things retrofitting and repairs to 14 healthcare extreme natural events In addition to her disaster response
and climate change
like tarpaulins, not for permanent repairs centres on the island, making them work, Jagnarine is just coming to
to buildings. ‘You wouldn’t get to buy functional, and increasing their resilience the end of a 10-year programme to
timber or galvanised sheets or such like,’ to future events. develop a ‘smart hospital’ approach,
Jagnarine explains. Jagnarine designed a new central which has been applied to the retrofit
‘We re-establish services – bring medical supply store for the island of more than 50 facilities in the region
a generator in, buy fuel and get the (Figure 2); a simple building with a (Figure 3 and 4). The purpose of
electricity going again. Clean-up is a big cylindrical shell roof that was quick the programme is to ensure that
thing – dealing with debris and so on is to build, had geometry that was easy healthcare facilities are resilient if such
a huge part of disaster relief that doesn’t to understand, and could withstand natural disasters recur, and also that
often get considered,’ she adds. hurricanes and earthquakes. they are adapted to deal with other
Sometimes it’s necessary to challenge climate challenges.
Resilient facilities traditional procedures. Jagnarine recalls ‘We need to ensure that hospitals
In 2017, Jagnarine was involved in going to site to check on construction are safe and that they are green,’
relief efforts on the island of Dominica, of one of her designs, and being asked says Jagnarine. ‘For example, that
following Hurricane Maria. While it wasn’t about the size of the timbers. ‘The the predicted rise in temperatures/
classified category three due to the builders said, ‘these are really big, are frequency of droughts does not make
island’s relatively small population, the you sure you wanted to use these? We it impossible to use the facility because
it’s too hot, or they don’t have any
water. We make simple changes such
BEFORE as installing rainwater harvesting and
PV panels, adding insulation, improving
ventilation, and so on, to make them
more resilient to climate change.’
In addition to this, her team
has produced illustrated technical
documents that explain to local
builders how to properly design and
detail roofs to resist category five
hurricanes – a loading way above what
is in the current codes.
With this work coming to an end,
Jagnarine feels herself ready for
AFTER something different, but is waiting
for fate to step in. ‘I’ve been here 10
years and I think I’m ready for the next
challenge, except I don’t know what
that is!’ she says candidly. ‘I do like
humanitarian work and the fact that it
benefits people immediately. If I had
to do massive commercial projects,
I wouldn’t find it as gratifying. But life
tends to just happen to me – I am like
a piece of driftwood that goes with the
flow. Something will come up, right?
FIGURE 4: Smart retrofit of home for elderly in Richmond, Grenada Or I will take a holiday.’

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 Book review Opinion

Review
Citing case studies from the Kobe and Christchurch earthquakes in 1995 and 2011,
respectively, as well as category five hurricanes in the USA’s south, this book will appeal to
both engineers and the general public, writes Alex Hu.

The blessings of THE BLESSINGS OF DISASTER

is not only a book that engineers will
existential threats will be addressed – be
it monetary collapse, climate change,
disaster: enjoy reading, it is also a book that
engineering firms might consider giving
overpopulation, nuclear holocaust. This is
done while weaving the entire story into a
The lessons that to all their clients. First, I would say this coherent narrative that connects disasters

catastrophes is an entertaining book for the general

public written by a world-renowned
with crooks, cows, hijackers, the Three
Little Pigs, movie reviews, scapegoats,
teach us and scholar in seismic engineering. Second,
and most importantly, the book provides
trading stamps, estate agents, Chinese
hockey sticks, and many more.
why our future a comprehensive review of many hazards Engineers are some of the ‘silent

depends on it our modern infrastructure is exposed

to and many factors that contribute to
heroes’ mentioned throughout the book,
working behind the scenes to create
creating disasters. a more resilient world. Yet, over the
Author: Michel Bruneau According to the first canon of centuries, as well documented through
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield engineering codes of ethics worldwide, the book, engineers have generally had
Price: £22.99 engineers shall hold paramount the to decide what could be considered
ISBN: 978-1-63388-823-4 health, safety and welfare of the public. adequate levels of safety on their own.
However, when it comes to extreme In the daily fight against gravity, this
events, this sometimes seems like was resolved centuries ago, but against
protecting the public against something it lesser-known phenomena, particularly
does not know exists. Rare are the clients extreme events, this has evolved by trial
who ask what level of protection they and error and quite slowly. As a result,
should purchase against extreme events. there is still a major disconnect between
Everyday functionality is the priority, and what engineers and the public see as
understandably so, but not every day is a appropriate, although this is not typically
sunny day. A more knowledgeable public realised until after a disaster.
is a more resilient public, and the book A case in point cited in the book
goes to work here. is that engineers saw the thousands
The first part of the book ‘seeks to of damaged buildings that did not
explain why John and Jane bought a collapse during the 2011 earthquake in
bungalow straddling the San Andreas Christchurch, New Zealand as a success
Fault, Jim and Janet retired to a beach story: the buildings behaved exactly as
villa that will fly away in the next hurricane, they were supposed to, given that the
Julio and Juliet reside on the slope of building code philosophy for seismic
Mount Vesuvius, and Jack and Jill went design is one of life safety and not one of
down the hill and built their dream home asset protection. This is quite a contrast
there, in a flood zone. It may not make with a surprised and stunned public
sense, but at the same time, it makes that watched more than 1000 damaged
perfect sense.’ buildings being demolished as they were
The second part reviews the multiple deemed too expensive to repair.
factors that contribute to explain this In short, The blessings of disaster is
behaviour in depth, including human a must read by all – engineers and non-
behaviours, how the brain works, engineers alike – as it is a story of our
shortcomings of probabilities and relationship with disaster.
statistics, political constraints, as well
as limitations of building codes and self-
regulating industries. It also demonstrates Alex Hu
that most extreme events might not be PEng, StructEng, PE, SE, CEng,
‘black swan’ events – even pandemics FIStructE, FSEI
– and debunks the myth that calling
everything resilient will save the day. Alex Hu, a Fellow of both IStructE and
Finally, making the book unique SEI/ASCE, and a vice-president at
and thought-provoking, the third part Thornton Tomasetti, is an experienced
advances the view that the way society structural engineer who serves on
deals with current disasters can provide multiple engineering code/standard
clear and direct insights into how future committees in the USA and Canada.

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 Opinion Letters

Verulam
Send letters to…
All contributions to Verulam should be
submitted via email to: [email protected]

Contributions may be edited on the grounds

of style and/or length by the Institution’s
Readers’ letters, comments and queries publishing department.

‘spoiler’ but assume the new publication enclosed car parks because of concerns
does not address this matter? about the risks of prolonged fires.
I am involved in numerous projects in For these reasons, the authors have
the rail sector including multistorey and not been able to give definitive advice in
basement (enclosed) car parks serving the new guide. We have discussed the
stations where EV parking and charging issues involved and recommend that those
facilities need to be provided. There responsible employ a suitably competent
appears to be a lack of authoritative fire engineer to advise on measures
industry guidance on the associated EV appropriate to the particular car park.
fire issues (generally perceived to be a
greater risk than conventional petrol/diesel
vehicles, especially when charging). In Scottish
my experience, the findings of bespoke
commissioned fire risk assessments
standards
(FRA) for existing enclosed car parks vary JEREMY YOUNG
Shorthand considerably, seemingly being dependent
on the personal views of the fire engineer
I refer to CROSS report 66 (September
2022), ‘Concern that structural design of
calculations who wrote the assessment. In basements
and on intermediate decks, the FRA may
some recent buildings may not have been
checked’ and would suggest that the
ROGER FAIRES require installation of a sprinkler system Structural Engineers Registration (SER)
With computer analysis so common, it’s or another form of fire protection to scheme deals with the points raised.
not surprising hand calculations can get the structure to increase the fire rating. In 2004, Scottish ministers approved
a bit rusty and the basis of shorthand Wherever possible, I circumnavigate the a scheme for Certification of Design
methods hazy in the mind. I was pleased problem by siting the EV parking on the (Building Structures) and Scottish Building
to stumble across a letter from the roof of multistorey car parks, so if you drive Standards (BSD) appointed SER to
archive (September 2000) on tie force, an EV to a rail station and have to park on administer the scheme.
which derives the shorthand method of the roof in pouring rain or 2ft of snow to Ensure there is a project engineer
calculating the tie force on a ceiling that charge your vehicle, I may be responsible. who has overall responsibility for project
I’ve now filed for when I next need an I am aware of only one design guidance design. Under the SER scheme this is the
aide-memoire. I wonder what other useful document for EV parking/charging in certifying engineer. The certifying engineer
letters or pages from the archive members enclosed car parks, which I understand is responsible for ensuring all aspects
hang on to? was commissioned by an insurance of design of the structure of a project
company, but it appears to me this satisfy requirements of Building Standards
There is a tendency by some to document is overly conservative, perhaps Scotland Regulations. The certifier may
disparage ‘hand calculations’. There is deliberately so. EV vehicle numbers in the or may not be the designer. Certifiers can
nothing wrong with these and all UK recently reached a landmark figure only certify projects where a significant
designers need to retain the of 5%. Given the certainty of future huge proportion of work falls within their
appropriate skills, plus every designer increased demand for EV parking and knowledge/expertise. Level of competency
should understand the basis from charging, I suggest there is an urgent need of new applicants to the scheme is
which code rules are derived. for the Institution to produce a guide for assessed against their declared level prior
assessing EV parking/charging in existing to acceptance.

Adapting car enclosed car parks if the much-vaunted

IStructE leadership in this sector is to be
Over-reliance on Building Standards
(the verifier). SER is appointed by BSD
parks to electric maintained. (and also audited by it) and this allows
SER-certified projects to be accepted
vehicles Response from Mark Pundsack and by the verifier without the need for
Chris Whapples, on behalf of the Car detailed scrutiny.
ROBERT BRICKWOOD park design contributor group: Client employs non-qualified engineers.
I note and welcome the Institution’s The new guidance does cover adaptations The client has a choice of routes to obtain
publication in December 2022/January to existing car parks and also discusses structural certification, either the SER
2023 of a revamped Car park design the fire risks associated with car parks scheme or non-registered firms, which are
guidance document. The current burning generally, and EVs specifically. not precluded from certifying, although it
question, however, is not how to design Robert is right in that there is no definitive generally takes longer.
new car parks to accommodate electric guidance, and the reason is that the risks Checking of design. Certifiers undertake
vehicles (EV) and their charge points; are not well defined and are changing a risk assessment for the project to
it is how to adapt the huge stock of rapidly as battery technology evolves. determine the appropriate risk group for
existing multistorey and basement car When Part S of the Building Regulations the project, which in turn defines the extent
parks to accommodate EVs and their was published, the government specifically of the review/checking required. Certifiers
charge points. I am not requesting a removed requirements for EV charging in must also assess competency of checkers.

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 Letters Opinion

Start of construction on site. Only work is being carried out by ‘non-chartered professions. This would give designers and
certified work is allowed to start on site. engineers’, work which should be done insurers confidence in reusing components
For larger projects, staged certification may by ‘chartered engineers’. These designers in future just as ‘hallmarks’ are respected
be used. Often preliminary discussions have already been paid for their work, now. Condition and corrosion, etc., would
(including verifier) are agreed in advance which you now somehow have to justify. also need to be considered carefully,
depending on procurement route, so this Yes, there may be a claim/complaint of course, but this would be a good
may also involve the contractor. process; the client may try but if the starting point.
Widening of scope. The scheme ‘engineers’ are not part of any institution –
requires certifiers to assess the what then? How do we stop this? For efficiency and to assist in dealing
whole building not simply the primary with the climate emergency, one
loadbearing elements. Steve raises a question that has aspect is to reuse as much as possible
External scrutiny. The certifier and annoyed members for a long time. A and that includes whole buildings. We
associated approved body (firm) are review of CROSS reports will provide should all pay more attention to
subject to periodic audit. plenty of examples of poor work and ‘durability’ in our current design work
Summary. Initially I struggled with concerns over designs prepared by to eliminate waste from premature
certification but now find it assists me people who don’t truly understand decay.
to undertake certification of projects in a what they are doing. Perhaps we can
methodical fashion. resurrect the issue under the context
of the Building Safety Act? Structural affinity
Note from CROSS in response: ‘Competency’ and a ‘demonstration of DOUG JACKSON
Although not explicit in the CROSS report, competency’ are major issues, and I was interested to read the CROSS report
the reporter is referring to their experiences being a chartered engineer is one (October 2022) on a faulty design for an
in the UK (outside Scotland and Jersey) means of demonstrating competency. add-on balcony, mechanically fixed to
where a scheme for Certification of Design brickwork.
does not exist. CROSS notes the contents
of this correspondence and acknowledges Edge beam data I agree that the design was not safe,
relying as it did on the leaf of facing brick
the work carried out by the SER.
CROSS intends to clarify this in its
request to hold it up, but I wondered about the
CROSS comment about fixings into
report. CHRIS LEE brickwork being unsuitable as they would
We are currently undertaking some inevitably deteriorate due to thermal and
Verulam notes the CROSS answer. The research into the correlation between other effects, with the implication that
general message is that all design and theoretical and as-measured movements mechanical fixings into brickwork (resin
construction work requires a measure of buildings. We are particularly interested or expansion) are unsuitable for any
of supervision, checking and in edge beam/slab deflections and kind of permanent duty. Surely not what
verification. differential foundation settlements. This is was meant?
for the purpose of assessing the effects On another point, the design illustrated

Showing that these movements may have on the

designed movement tolerances for several
a basic lack of affinity for structures.
Assuming that the designer had a degree
competency facade systems.
Do any Verulam readers have access
accredited by the Institution, perhaps the
standard of education and the rigour of
STEVE COCKAYNE to such data or have you been involved in accreditation needs to be looked at.
What does the term ‘consulting structural similar research? If so, then we would really
engineer’ mean to you? I’m perhaps value any advice or information you may be Perhaps the general point is the one
preaching to the converted as everyone able to provide. made in response to David Brett’s
reading this should know. But what if you Contact: [email protected] letter above: in all our designs we
are a lay person and you get a company really need to pay close attention to
letter heading with this title on? Would you Verulam is always happy to pass on durability and to the longer-term
think, or be led to think, you are employing information requests to our readers: demands of assuring safety by
a properly qualified structural engineer? just contact Chris if you can help. ensuring all vital components can be
Well, anyone can use this term. inspected through life. This may be
This week I have had three enquiries
about design work where it has been Reuse hallmarks especially important in masonry where
rust expansion from embedments can
pointed out by building control that designs DAVID BRETT cause splitting.
should be carried out by a chartered Further to my letters about environmental,
engineer. Bravo them. These enquiries, social and governance issues – particularly
of course, came after building had been the use of recycled structural components
completed. Work has been done under – to enable the recommended 200-year
a building notice and the poor building lifespan to be achieved, it may help if we
control office only sees design piecemeal, can agree on the equivalent of ‘hallmarks’
not the whole picture until it’s too late. for jewellery and chassis plates for cars.
You are now in the position of a Ideally, we need to be able to assess the
checking engineer and the client, structural performance of the components
dissatisfied with their previous engineer, concerned so that they can be reused
expects you to make it all right. Remedial safely in new buildings. IStructE could
works are highly likely and unpleasant. So, take the lead in this respect – to develop
you make all the right statements about and recommend an identification system
the institution, qualifications, indemnity for structural components which can be
insurance, etc., agree a fee and get on recycled, for review by all the relevant
with it, but the fact still remains that design construction industry organisations and

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 At the back Diary dates

Most events run by IStructE

HQ are being delivered online.
For in-person events, a
location will be given.
History Study Group meetings
start at 18:00 and are free of
charge to attend. Registration

Diary dates
is not typically required.
Meetings may be online or in
person.
For Regional Group events,
check the website for the
latest information. Note that more current information may be available from
the Institution website: www.istructe.org/events

CONFERENCES HISTORY STUDY GROUP CPD COURSES

17 November 13 December 18 November
fibUK: Developments in structural concrete Tony Hunt: High tech’s magician Historic timber structures: assessment and
conference 2022 Speaker: Mark Whitby reuse
Speakers: Chris Hendy, Dr Janet Lees, IStructE HQ 10:00–17:30
Dr Christian Glaeser and Dr Rachel Capon From 18.00 Online
13:30–16:30 Contact: [email protected] Price: Member: £295 + VAT; Standard: £395 +
Online VAT
Price: fibUK members: 5 free places per member Booking: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/
organisation (first come, first served); £45 + VAT SPONSORED WEBINARS historic-timber-structures-assessment-and-
thereafter; Standard: £75 + VAT reus-(1)
Booking: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/fibuk- 16 November
structural-concrete-conference Integrated workflows with Oasys 1 December
GSA and Oasys AdSec SER Certification workshop
22–24 November 14:00–15:00 09:45–16:00
Modern uses of steel e-conference Online Online
Speakers: Various including Price: Free Price: £150 + VAT
Graham Couchman, Penny Gowler, Register: www.istructe.org/events/ Booking: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/ser-
Matthew Shimwell, Danielle Densley Tingley hq/2022/integrated-workflows-with-oasys certification-workshop-dec01
and Ella Warren
14:00–18:00 (each day) 1 December REGIONAL GROUPS
Online Building Safety Act – an overview for Note that events are subject to change.
Price: Members: £175 + VAT; Standard: £275 + structural engineers with Birketts Please visit www.istructe.org/get-involved/
VAT; Student members: £45 + VAT Speakers: Daniel Irving, James regional-groups for up-to-date information
Booking: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/ Humphreys and Derryn Rolfe and registration details.
modern-uses-of-steel 09:00–10:00
Online AUSTRALIA
8 December Price: Free
Structural rehabilitation conference Register: www.istructe.org/events/hq/ 14 November
Speakers: Lila Tachtsi, Akram Malik, building-safety-act-webinar Reception and lecture: Successful
Ash Parmar, Roozbeh Shirandami and engineering of mass timber buildings
Thomas Eckhart 6 December Adam Jones
09:30–17:00 Changing the way we build for 18:00–20:30
IStructE HQ and online resource-efficient buildings with Monash Conference Centre 30 Collins Street
Price: In person from £199 + VAT; Online from Farrat Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
£155 + VAT; Student discount available 09:00–12:00 Price: Free
Booking: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/ Online Register: www.eventbrite.com/e/reception-
structural-rehabilitation-conference Price: Free lecture-successful-engineering-of-mass-
Register: www.istructe.org/events/ timber-buildings-tickets-444935162047
LECTURE hq/2022/new-resource-efficient-built-
30 November achieving-high-perfor Visit the Australia Regional Group
Bourse de Commerce: conservation and webpage for new state events in Victoria
reinforcement of the cast iron structure and Queensland (www.istructe.org/get-
supporting the glass dome WEBINAR involved/regional-groups/australasia/
Speakers: Bernard Vaudeville, Helene Huang 7 December australia)
and Rubis Trinh CROSS – Expanding into fire safety
18:00–19:30 09:00–10:00 CHESTER & NORTH WALES
Online Online
Price: Free Price: Free 15 December
Register: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/ Register: www.istructe.org/events/hq/2022/ Visit by the President and Deputy Chief
bourse-de-commerce cross-breakfast-briefing Executive

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 Diary dates At the back

Speakers: Jane Entwistle and Darren Byrne Bristol University, Lecture Theatre 1.15, Queens
18:00 SOUTHERN Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR
Chester Zoo Price: Free
Price: Free 16 November Register: www.istructe.org/events/western-
Contact: James Drew Quiz evening counties/agm-and-presentation-ukcric-soil-
([email protected]) 18:00 foundation
Hotel VOCO Orchard Singapore, (Former Hilton
EAST ANGLIA Hotel), Grand Ballroom, 581 Orchard Road, 8 December
238883 Airbus Strong Wall & Floor
12 December Price: £6 per person; £2 for students Speakers: Richard Wade and Felix Summers
East Anglian Regional Group AGM and talk Contact: Neil Fraser ([email protected]) 18:00–19:30
by the President Bristol University, Lecture Theatre 1.15, Queens
Speakers: EARG Chair Tom Morris, President THAMES VALLEY Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR
Jane Entwistle and DCEO Darren Byrne Price: Free
17:30–20:30 23 November Register: www.istructe.org/events/western-
Park Farm Country Hotel & Leisure, Hethersett, President’s Visit, site tour and Dinner counties/airbus-strong-wall-floor
Norwich NR9 3DL 16:30–21:00
Price: Free Eton Town Council Office, 102 High Street, Eton
Contact: www.istructe.org/events/east-anglia/ SL4 6AJ Regional Group Committee members
east-anglian-regional-group-agm-and-talk Price: Free should submit details of forthcoming
events to: [email protected]
Register: www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/presidents-
HONG KONG visit-site-tour-and-dinner-tickets-445551846567

8 December WESTERN COUNTIES INTERNATIONAL

Talk by Naeem Hussain 2022 IStructE Gold CONFERENCE
Medal recipient 17 November Malaysia (online)
Naeem Hussain AGM and presentation on the UKCRIC 5–8 December
17:00–18:30 Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction 15th International Conference on
Bauhinia Room, 4/F Marco Polo Hongkong Hotel Laboratory Concrete Engineering and Technology:
Harbour City, Kowloon, Hong Kong Speakers: Samuel McCourt de Sanchez and Innovation and Resilience in Concrete
Price: Free Kiron House Construction
Contact: Daniel Wood ([email protected]) 18:00–19:30 Web: https://concet2022.com

Invisible Connections_HPH.indd 2 19/10/2022 14:16

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 At the back Spotlight on Structures

All articles in Structures

are available free of
charge to paying-
grade members of
the Institution as one
of their membership
benefits. The journal
is available online at:
www.structuresjournal.
org

Volume 43
Volume 43 of Structures (September 2022) is now available to read
at www.sciencedirect.com/journal/structures/vol/43.
Associate Editor, Pedro Silva, has chosen an article focused
on the use of reclaimed concrete blocks for a 10m-long arch
footbridge, and how a lifecycle assessment of the structure showed
that the process reduced its global warming potential by 71%
compared with a recycled concrete alternative.
The article will be available free of charge for six months.

Editor’s Featured Article

Re:Crete – Reuse of concrete blocks from obsolescence rather than of technical structural behaviour is verified with a finite
cast-in-place building to arch footbridge deficiency. Current practice for treating element analysis model and validated
Julie Devènes, Jan Brütting, Célia Küpfer, end-of-life concrete is to landfill it or crush by load testing. A comparative life cycle
Maléna Bastien-Masse and Corentin Fivet it into aggregates used in new concrete assessment shows that the arch construction
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne mixes. Instead, a little-explored strategy presents a significantly lower global
(EPFL), Structural Xploration Lab (SXL), consists in extending the service life of warming potential then recycled concrete
Fribourg, Switzerland concrete elements by reusing them in new (−71%) or steel (−74%) alternatives and is
constructions. Following this paradigm, this very competitive to a timber one (+9%). In
paper presents a proof-of-concept prototype conclusion, the project proves the feasibility
About 9% of anthropogenic greenhouse that reuses blocks cut out of obsolete cast- of a new circular economy application for
gas emissions worldwide are due to the in-place concrete walls for a new structural the construction industry, in which new and
production of cement, a key constituent application: a 10m-long post-tensioned reliable concrete structures are built with little
of concrete. Concrete also contributes segmented arch footbridge. The paper to no cement inputs.
to a large share of demolition waste, details the design, material sourcing, and
usually coming from building structures construction processes while highlighting | Read the full paper at https://doi.
that are discarded because of functional the unusual features of the approach. The org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.07.012

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 Spotlight on Structures At the back

Volume 44
Volume 44 of Structures
(October 2022) is now
available to read at www.
sciencedirect.com/journal/
structures/vol/44.

Associate Editor, Hua Yang,

has selected an article based
on the critical temperature
method (CTM) used in
Eurocode 3 and Chinese
standard GB 51249-2017 and
how this can be used as the
basis for an advanced CTM
for H-shaped steel beams
under different fire scenarios.
The article will be available
free of charge for six months.

Editor’s Featured Article

Advanced critical temperature method is a type of easily measured parameter in beams. Based on the numerical analysis,
for steel beams exposed to different fire fire condition, and can reflect the ultimate guidelines for confirming the positions of
scenarios state of structural members to some extent, characteristic temperature points (CTP) and
Tian-Yi Songa, Xing-Yu Qua, Hongyuan Zhoua, therefore it has the application potential to values of refined critical temperatures (RCT)
Kai Xiangb indicate the failure of structural members in on H-shaped steel beams were proposed,
a
Key Laboratory of Urban Security and fire. The traditional critical temperature method and parametric analysis results indicated that
Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, (CTM) in Eurocode 3 or Chinese standard the longitudinal fire scenario, perimeter of
Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China GB 51249-2017 has been widely used in beam section and beam load ratio were the
b
Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry the fire safety design of steel members, but key influencing parameters. Finally, a design
of Public Security, Tianjin, China it cannot be extended to the early-warning table was proposed to determine the positions
of fire-induced failure directly. Based on of CTPs and values of RCTs of simply
the traditional CTM, this paper presents supported H-shaped steel beams with two-
The early-warning of fire-induced failure of an advanced CTM for simply supported hour fire rating time, which can be used in the
structural members is becoming more and H-shaped steel beams under different fire early warning of fire-induced failure directly.
more attractive to the fire department since it scenarios. Finite element analysis models
can provide warning signal to the firefighters were established and validated to investigate | Read the full paper at https://doi.
at the scene of a building fire. Temperature the critical temperatures of H-shaped steel org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.08.019

Register for alerts

If you’d like to receive regular updates about new content in Structures, register for email alerts at www.sciencedirect.com/.

Enter a sketch in the next competition – deadline 1 December 2022

The Drawing Board Sketches must be: To take part, submit your
is The Structural • hand drawn (no CAD, except for ‘guided free- entries to: [email protected]
Engineer’s quarterly hand’)
Each published entry will
sketching competition, • from a real project or assignment
receive a free single e-book
judged by Ron Slade • at a suitable scale for publication (i.e. not too
from the Institution’s current
FIStructE of WSP. intricate/detailed).
list of titles.
Please also submit a short description (150 words)
to put the sketch into context.

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 At the back Library update

Curated by qualified librarians, the

IStructE collection of structural
Library update:
Tackling the
engineering literature spans more
than 250 years, making it one of
the UK’s most comprehensive

climate emergency
specialist engineering resources.
Both print and electronic titles
are available (print titles can be
requested via postal loan).
www.istructe.org/library
A recent member donation has enabled the Library to extend
its collection of books on topics around the climate emergency.

The Institution Library already held a have and the breakthroughs we need, as and design: a framework for evolving
collection of titles on climate change and well as works by perhaps lesser-known sustainability*
sustainability, such as: thought leaders such as Paul Hawken’s | Kimmerer’s Braiding sweetgrass:
| Wallace-Wells’ The uninhabitable earth: Drawdown: the most comprehensive plan indigenous wisdom, scientific
a story of the future ever proposed to reverse global warming knowledge and the teachings of plants*
| Raworth’s Doughnut economics: and the late environmental scientist | Diana Schumacher’s Small is beautiful
seven ways to think like a 21st-century Donella Meadows’ Thinking in systems: a in the 21st century: the legacy of E. F.
economist primer* which shows us how to problem- Schumacher*.
| Cheshire’s Building revolutions: solve on a personal and global scale.
applying the circular economy to the Other titles on topics such as the Titles marked with an asterisk (*) are
built environment and The handbook to environment, sustainability and net zero available in the E-library.
building a circular economy* include: The Library welcomes suggestions
| Baker-Brown’s The re-use atlas: a | Ichioka & Pawlyn’s Flourish: design for other titles in this area that could
designer’s guide towards the circular paradigms for our planetary be added.
economy* emergency*
| Ashby’s Materials and the environment: | Romm’s Climate change: what Contact
eco-informed material choice. everyone needs to know* Rob Thomas or Laura Cooper
| Lonergan and Sawers’ Supercharge Tel: +44 (0)20 7201 9105
New additions me: net zero faster* Email: [email protected]
Following suggestions from Will Arnold, | Pelsmakers and Newman’s Everything Web: www.istructe.org/resources/
the Institution’s Head of Climate Action, needs to change: architecture and the library-services
and reference to the Institution’s climate emergency*
Climate Emergency Task Group and | Polman and Winston’s Net positive:
recommended reading lists, the Library how courageous companies thrive by IStructE bookshop
has added a number of important books giving more than they take* While visiting the Library, why
to this collection. | Mann’s The new climate war: the fight not update yourself on the latest
This now includes well-known titles to take back our planet* Institution publications? These
such as David Attenborough’s A life on | Farr’s Sustainable nation: urban design include Design for zero and the
our planet: my witness statement and a patterns for the future* second edition of How to calculate
vision for the future and Bill Gates’ How to | Wahl’s Designing regenerative cultures* embodied carbon.
avoid a climate disaster: the solutions we | Regenesis’ Regenerative development

70
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SINCLAIR JOHNSTON

FLUID STRUCTURES MOMENTUM AKT II

STRUCTURE WORKSHOP
TECHNIKER SOM HEYNE TILLETT STEEL
PELL FRISCHMANN WEBB YATES ENGINEERS SINCLAIR JOHNSTON

TECHNIKER SOM HEYNE TILLETT STEEL

CONISBEE EXPEDITION ENGENUITI

Walker Dendle
Dendle Technical
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24 Greville Street, Farringdon

knowledge
knowledge based
basedrecruitment
recruitment 9 Long
London Street,
24EC1N 8SSShoreditch,
Greville London
Street, Farringdon E2 8GS
knowledge
in structural
based
in structural recruitment
engineeringconsultancy
engineering consultancy TT 020 London
07971 EC1N 8SS
3457 980043
0797
in structural engineering consultancy EE [email protected]
[email protected]
T 020 3457 0797

uualkerdendle.co.uk
uualkerdendle.co.uk
E [email protected]

uualkerdendle.co.uk
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 Modern uses of
steel e-conference
22–24 November 2022
Virtual

Attend this eConference to learn how to use steel in an effective and Topics will include
sustainable way in changing times.
• Designing efficiently with steel –
The climate emergency is one of a number of drivers forcing professions design solutions
across the built environment to consider how to design in an effective and • Fabrication & execution
sustainable way, while also delivering good design to the steel structures
they design and build. • Reuse and refurbishment

The IStructE’s Using steel in changing times eConference will help structural
engineers understand how to deliver good designs that can be fabricated, Who should attend?
executed, refurbished, and demounted for reuse while also considering • Structural engineers
how to assess, source and reuse steel. The conference will cover real life
examples of how material and design efficiency can be achieved. • Designers
• Build and demolition contractors
• Material engineers

Registration now open:

istructe.org/events/hq/2022/using-steel-in-changing-times

21226_steel_conference_FP.indd 1 Nov Dec 2022.indd 76

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02/11/2022 pm
13:40