PSYCHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

Name – Akash
Course - B.O.T
Semister - 1st
Batch- 2022-23

Counselling
• It is the process of helping individuals or a group of people to gain self understanding in
order to be themselves. Counseling is a reflection of a professional relationship between a
trained counsellor & client.
• It is a process whereby a person is helped in a face to face relationship & also as an
enlightened process by people help others by encouraging their growth.
• It is a process to hell client understand & clarify personal views of their life space and to
learn to reach their self determined goals through meaningful, well informed choices and
a resolute problems of an emotional or interpersonal nature.
• It believes that every human being has the potential for self growth, self development and
self actualization.

1. Hence, counseling is a process between two persons.

2. A professional job of professionally trained person.

3. A process to help the person in solving his problems independently.

Characteristics of Counselling
• The aim of counseling is to help a student make a decision, choice or seek direction.

• It helps a conselli to acquire independent and develops a Sense of responsibility explore & utilise

his potential.

• It is more than simple advice giving the progress comes through the thinking that a person with a

problem find solution for himself rather than accepting solution referred by the counselor.

• It is function is to produce change in the individual that will enable him to separate himself from

his difficulties.
 • Emotional rather than intellectual attitude are the raw material of the counseling process.

• It helps an individual to know himself better, to give him confidence encourage his self

directedness and provide him with new vision to grow.

• It develops mutual relationship between two people.

Aims of Counselling
• Some of the different goals that are adopted either explicitly or implicitly by counselors are listed:

•Insight: The acquisition of an understanding of the origins and development of emotional

difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions

(Freud: ‘where id was, shall ego be’).

•Relating with others: Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying

relationships with other people: for example, within the family or workplace. School of Distance

Education Counseling Psychology

•Self-awareness: Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or

denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others.

•Self-acceptance: The development of a positive attitude towards self, marked by an ability to

acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self-criticism and rejection.

•Self-actualization or individuation: Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an

integration of previously conflicting parts of self.

•Enlightenment: Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening.

•Problem-solving: Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to

resolve alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem- solving.

 •Psychological education: Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to

understand and control behaviour.

•Acquisition of social skills: Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as

maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations, assertiveness or anger control.

•Cognitive change: The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or maladaptive thought

patterns associated with self-destructive behaviour.

•Behaviour change: The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive patterns of

behaviour.

•Systemic change: Introducing change into the way in that social systems (e.g. families) operate.

•Empowerment: Working on skills, awareness and knowledge that will enable the client to take

control of his or her own life.

•Restitution: Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behaviour. School of

Distance Education Counselling Psychology

•Generativity and social action: Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and

pass on knowledge (generativity) and to contribute to the collective good through political

engagement and community work.

Areas of counselling
Educational Counselling : Educational counselling is a process of rendering services to pupils
who need assistance in making decisions about important aspects of their education, such as the choice
of courses and studies, decisions regarding interests and ability, and choices of college and high school.
School of Distance Education Counselling Psychology.

Personal/Social Counselling: Personal counselling deals with emotional distress and behavioural
difficulties, which arise when individuals struggle to deal with developmental stages and tasks. Any
aspect of development can be turned into an adjustment problem, and it is inevitable that everyone
encounters, at some time, exceptional difficulty in meeting an ordinary challenge. For example,
Anxiety over a career decision, Lingering anger over an interpersonal conflict, Insecurities about
getting older etc.

Vocational Counselling: Vocational counselling is defined as individual contacts with those

counselled, in order to facilitate career development. This definition and category encompasses
counselling situations such as helping students become aware of the many occupations to consider,
interpreting an occupational interest inventory to a student, assisting a teenager to decide what to do
after school etc.
Child Counselling: This area of counselling encourages children to bolster their existing strengths
through different therapy techniques so as to overcome their difficulties and prevent future problems.

Community counselling: This area centres around helping clients work through their mental health
concerns, drawing on leadership skills and resources to institute community-wide changes.

Marriage and Family Counselling: Marriage and family counsellors observe how people behave
within the family, and identify relationship problems, and come up with treatment plans.

Genetic counselling: the process, by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are
advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it,
and the options open to them in management and family planning.

Rehabilitation counselling: Rehabilitation counselling deals with helping the disabled achieve
personal and professional goals, and lead their lives more freely.

Substance abuse counselling: These counsellors diagnose and assess addiction problems, and treat
clients in a variety of ways.

Types of counselling
Directive Counselling:
In this counselling the counsellor plays an active role as it is regarded as a means of helping people
how to learn to solve their own problems. This type of counselling is otherwise known as counsellor-
centred counselling. Because in this counselling the counsellor does everything himself i.e. analysis,
synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, prescription and follow-up.

Indirect Approach:
In this type of counselling the counselee or client or pupil, not the counsellor is the pivot of the
counselling process. He plays an active role and this type of counselling is a growing process. In this
counselling the goal is the independence and integration of the client rather than the solution of the
problem. In this counselling process the counsellee comes to the counsellor with a problem. The
counsellor establishes rapport with the counsellee based on mutual trust, acceptance and understanding.

Eclectic Counselling:
Eclectic counselling is a combination of directive and non-directive technique depending upon the
situational factors. This approach in counselling is best characterised by its freedom to the counsellor to
use whatever procedures or techniques seem to be the most appropriate to any particular time for any
particular client. This counselling is one where one who is willing to utilize any procedures which hold
promise even though their theoretical bases differed markedly.

Counselling Skills
1. Non Judgement attitude
2. Acceptance & self control
3. Genuineness & warmth
4. Confidentiality
5. Listening

Counselling of children and parents with special needs

Children with special needs include a lower level of intellactual functioning & developmental delay
• Vision problem
• Hearing and speech problem
• Damage to limbs
• Problems of visual motor co-ordination
Challenges face by children with special needs:
 Stigmitisation.
 Emotional problem.
 Problem in interpersonal of social adjustment.
 Communication problem.
 Negative problem.
 Behavioural problem.
 Problems in employment.

Counselling of parent of children with special need:

Parenting is a difficult task and being a parent of child with disability is challenging. Parents may face many
challenges because of child disability and lack of Awareness about disease. It has great psychological
effect on parent’s life. Thus purpose of writing this paper is to know how counseling can change the life of
parents and children. There are multiple factors which influences the stresses in parents life and
furthermore studies shows that mothers are more affecting from Child disability as she is the sole care
giver of child. Especially in Pakistan Women are more affecting from child disability. Child disability is
leading cause of Anxiety and depression in parents. If counseling of these parents is done they will be able
to face these challenges and it will help them to cope. Cognitive behavioral counseling will help to change
the negative emotions, thoughts, and behavior. In this paper I have discussed different methods of
counseling such as Existential counseling, Gestalt counseling, B.F. Skinner concept of classical and
operant condition, Family therapy, and Interpersonal therapy (IPT). When counseling of parents being they
pass through six stages of adjustments. Thus through counseling parents are able to do better care of
child, and will be able to lead a quality of life.