Designation: B 456 – 03

Standard Specification for

Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus
Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope B 253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-

1.1 This specification covers requirements for several types troplating2
and grades of electrodeposited copper plus nickel plus chro- B 254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on
mium or nickel plus chromium coatings on steel, nickel plus Stainless Steel2
chromium coatings on copper and copper alloys, nickel plus B 281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper Base
chromium coatings on Type 300 and 400 series stainless steel Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings2
and copper plus nickel plus chromium coatings on aluminum B 320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-
and its alloys and zinc alloys for applications where both plating2
appearance and protection of the basis metal against corrosion B 368 Method for Copper-Accelerated Acetic Acid-Salt
are important. Five grades of coatings are provided to corre- Spray (Fog) Testing (CASS Test)2
spond with the service conditions under which each is expected B 380 Test Method of Corrosion Testing of Decorative
to provide satisfactory performance: namely, extended very Electrodeposited Coatings by the Corrodkote Procedure2
severe, very severe, severe, moderate, and mild. Definitions B 487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
and typical examples of these service conditions are provided Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of a
in Appendix X1. Cross Section2
1.2 This specification does not cover the requirements for B 489 Practice for Bend Test for Ductility of Electrodepos-
the plating on plastics, see Specification B 604. ited and Autocatalytically Deposited Metal Coatings of
1.3 The following hazards caveat pertains only to the test Metal2
methods portions, Appendix X2, Appendix X3, Appendix X4, B 490 Practice for Micrometer Bend Test for Ductility of
and Appendix X5 of this specification: This standard does not Electrodeposits2
purport to address all of safety concerns, if any, associated B 499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard nesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and Magnetic Basis Metals2
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to B 504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Me-
use. tallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method2
B 530 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
2. Referenced Documents nesses by the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited Nickel
2.1 ASTM Standards: Coatings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substrates2
B 183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for B 537 Practice for Rating of Electroplated Panels Subjected
Electroplating2 to Atmospheric Exposure2
B 242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for B 568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
Electroplating2 by X-Ray Spectrometry2
B 252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings for B 571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
Electroplating and Conversion Coatings2 Coatings2
B 602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and
Inorganic Coatings2
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on B 604 Specification for Decorative Electroplated Coatings
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee of Copper Plus Nickel Plus Chromium on Plastics2
B08.08.03 on Decorative Coatings.
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally B 659 Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as B 456 – 95. Inorganic Coatings2
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 B 456 – 03
B 697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection 4.3.3 A number indicating the minimum thickness of the
of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings2 copper coating in micrometres (if copper is used),
B 762 Test Method of Variables Sampling of Metallic and 4.3.4 A lower-case letter designating the type of copper
Inorganic Coatings2 deposit (if copper is used) (see 4.4 and 6.2.3),
B 764 Test Method for Simultaneous Thickness and Elec- 4.3.5 The chemical symbol for nickel (Ni),
trochemical Potential Determination of Individual Layers 4.3.6 A number indicating the minimum thickness of the
in Multilayer Nickel Deposit (STEP Test)2 nickel coating, in micrometres,
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3 4.3.7 A lower-case letter designating the type of nickel
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging4 deposit (see 4.4 and 6.2.4),
E 50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Precau- 4.3.8 The chemical symbol for chromium (Cr), and
tions for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related 4.3.9 A letter (or letters) designating the type of chromium
Materials5 deposit and its minimum thickness in micrometres (see 4.4 and
G 85 Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing3 6.2.5).
2.2 ISO Standards: 4.4 Symbols for Expressing Classification—The following
ISO 1456 Metallic coatings—Electrodeposited coatings of lower-case letters shall be used in coating classification num-
nickel plus chromium and of copper plus nickel plus bers to describe the types of coatings:
chromium6 a —ductile copper deposited from acid-type baths
b —single-layer nickel deposited in the fully-bright condition
3. Terminology d —double- or triple-layer nickel coatings
r —regular (that is, conventional) chromium
3.1 Definitions: mc —microcracked chromium
3.1.1 significant surfaces—those surfaces normally visible mp —microporous chromium
(directly or by reflection) that are essential to the appearance or 4.5 Example of Complete Classification Numbers—A coat-
serviceability of the article, or both, when assembled in normal ing on steel comprising 15 µm minimum (ductile acid) copper
position; or that can be the source of corrosion products that plus 25 µm minimum (duplex) nickel plus 0.25µ m minimum
deface visible surfaces on the assembled article. When neces- (micro-cracked) chromium has the classification number: Fe/
sary, the significant surfaces shall be specified by the purchaser Cu15aNi25d Cr mc (see 4.3 and 6.2 for explanation of
and shall be indicated on the drawings of the parts, or by the symbols).
provision of suitably marked samples.
5. Ordering Information
4. Classification
5.1 When ordering articles to be electroplated in conform-
4.1 Five grades of coatings designated by service condition ance with this standard, the purchaser shall state the following:
numbers and several types of coatings defined by classification 5.1.1 The ASTM designation number of this standard.
numbers are covered by this specification. 5.1.2 Either the classification number of the specific coating
4.2 Service Condition Number: required (see 4.3) or the substrate material and the service
4.2.1 The service condition number indicates the severity of condition number denoting the severity of the conditions it is
exposure for which the grade of coating is intended: required to withstand (see 4.2). If the service condition number
SC 5 extended severe service is quoted and not the classification number, the manufacturer is
SC 4 very severe service, free to supply any of the types of coatings designated by the
SC 3 severe service, classification numbers corresponding to the specified service
SC 2 moderate service, and condition number, as given in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table
SC 1 mild service. 4, or Table 5. On request, the manufacturer shall inform the
4.2.2 Typical service conditions for which the various purchaser of the classification number of the coating applied.
service condition numbers are appropriate are given in Appen-
dix X1. TABLE 1 Nickel Plus Chromium Coatings on Steel
4.3 Coating Classification Number—The coating classifica-
tion number comprises: NOTE 1—When permitted by the purchaser, copper may be used as an
4.3.1 The chemical symbol for the basis metal (or for the undercoat for nickel but is not substitutable for any part of the nickel
thickness specified. If the use of copper is permitted, Table 2 may be used
principal metal if an alloy) followed by a slash mark, except in to obtain the same service conditions.
the case of stainless steel. In this case, the designation shall be
Service Condition Classification No. Nickel Thickness,
SS followed by the designated AISI number followed by a No. µm
slash, that is, SS463/, SC 5 Fe/Ni35d Cr mc 35
4.3.2 The chemical symbol for copper (Cu) (if copper is Fe/Ni35d Cr mp 35
used), SC 4 Fe/Ni30d Cr mc 30
Fe/Ni30d Cr mp 30
SC 3 Fe/Ni25d Cr mc 25
Fe/Ni25d Cr mp 25
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. SC 2 Fe/Ni20b Cr r 20
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. Fe/Ni15b Cr mc 15
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05. Fe/Ni15b Cr mp 15
6
Available from International Standards Organization, 1 Rue de Varembe, SC 1 Fe/Ni10b Cr r 10
Geneva 20, Switzerland.

2
 B 456 – 03
TABLE 2 Copper Plus Nickel Plus Chromium Coatings on Steel TABLE 5 Nickel Plus ChromiumA on Stainless Steels, AISI
Service Condition Classification No. Nickel Thickness,
Designated Type 300 and 400 Series,B and Copper Plus Nickel
No. µm Plus Chromium on Aluminum and Its Alloys
SC 5 Fe/Cu15a Ni30d Cr mc 30 NOTE 1—Before nickel-chromium plating, the stainless steel surface
Fe/Cu15a Ni30d Cr mp 30 and the aluminum substrate shall be prepared by a pretreatment from
SC 4 Fe/Cu15a Ni25d Cr mc 25 Practice B 254,C Guide B 253,D or equivalent, which is agreed upon
Fe/Cu15a Ni25d Cr mp 25
SC 3 Fe/Cu12a Ni20d Cr mc 20
between the supplier and the user.
Fe/Cu12a Ni20d Cr mp 20 Service Condition Nickel Thickness,
Classification No.
No. µm
SC 4 SS-3XXE/Ni20b/Cr mp 20
TABLE 3 Copper Plus Nickel Plus Chromium Coatings on Zinc SC 4 SS-4xxE/Ni25b/Cr mp 25
Alloy SC 5 Al/Cu15a/Ni40d/Cr mp 40
A
Service Condition Data in Table 5 were obtained using only microporous chromium systems. No
Classification No. Nickel Thickness, µm data are available for the use of standard or microcracked systems.
No. B
The stainless steel alloy numbers used in this specification are based on the
SC 5 Zn/Cu5 Ni35d Cr mc 35 AISI system. They may not be interchangeable with other numbering systems
Zn/Cu5 Ni35d Cr mp 35 such as the United Numbering System (UNS) or foreign designations.
SC 4 Zn/Cu5 Ni30d Cr mc 30 C
Preplate for stainless steel substrates.
Zn/Cu5 Ni30d Cr mp 30 D
Preplate for aluminum substrates.
SC 3 Zn/Cu5 Ni20d Cr mc 20 E
Insert number for specific 300 or 400 alloy.
Zn/Cu5 Ni20d Cr mp 20
SC 2 Zn/Cu5 Ni20b Cr r 20
Zn/Cu5 Ni15b Cr mc 15
Zn/Cu5 Ni15b Cr mp 15 5.1.12 Adhesion Test—The adhesion test to be used (see
SC 1 Zn/Cu5 Ni10b Cr r 10
6.3).

TABLE 4 Nickel Plus Chromium Coatings on Copper or Copper 6. Product Requirements

Alloy 6.1 Visual Defects:
Service Condition 6.1.1 The significant surfaces of the electroplated article
Classification No. Nickel Thickness, µm
No.
shall be free of clearly visible plating defects, such as blisters,
SC 4 Cu/Ni25d Cr mc 25
Cu/Ni25d Cr mp 25
pits, roughness, cracks, and uncoated areas and shall not be
SC 3 Cu/Ni20d Cr mc 20 stained or discolored. On articles where a visible contact mark
Cu/Ni20d Cr mp 20 is unavoidable, its position shall be agreed upon by the
Cu/Ni30b Cr r 30
Cu/Ni25b Cr mc 25
purchaser and the plater. The electroplated article shall be clean
Cu/Ni25b Cr mp 25 and free of damage.
SC 2 Cu/Ni15b Cr r 15 6.1.2 Defects in the surface of the basis metal, such as
Cu/Ni10b Cr mc 10
Cu/Ni10b Cr mp 10
scratches, porosity, nonconducting inclusions, roll and die
SC 1 Cu/Ni5b Cr r 5 marks, cold shuts, and cracks, may adversely affect the
appearance and the performance of coatings applied thereto
despite the observance of the best electroplating practices.
5.1.3 The appearance required, for example, bright, dull, or Accordingly, the plater’s responsibility for defects in the
satin. Alternatively, samples showing the required finish or coating resulting from such conditions shall be waived.
range of finish shall be supplied or approved by the purchaser.
NOTE 1—To minimize problems of this type, the specifications cover-
5.1.4 The significant surfaces, to be indicated on drawings
ing the basis material or the item to be electroplated should contain
of the parts, or by the provision of suitably marked specimens appropriate limitations on such basis metal conditions.
(see 3.1).
5.1.5 The positions on significant surfaces for rack or 6.2 Process and Coating Requirements:
contact marks, where such marks are unavoidable (see 6.1.1). 6.2.1 Proper preparatory procedures and thorough cleaning
5.1.6 The extent to which defects shall be tolerated on of the basis metal surface are essential for satisfactory adhesion
nonsignificant surfaces. and corrosion performance of the coating. Accordingly, the
5.1.7 The elongation of copper if other than the standard applicable practices for the preparation of various basis metals
value (see 6.4). for electroplating shall be followed. Practices B 183, B 242,
5.1.8 The ducitility of the nickel if other than the standard B 252, B 281, and B 320 are examples of practices that may be
value (see 6.5). used for the preparation of basis metals.
5.1.9 The extent of tolerable surface deterioration after 6.2.2 Following the preparatory operations, the parts (ar-
corrosion testing (see 6.7.3). ticles) to be electroplated are introduced in such plating baths
5.1.10 Sampling methods and acceptance levels (see Sec- as required to produce the types of deposits described by the
tion 7). specific coating classification numbers or one of the coating
5.1.11 The minimum values of the electrode potential dif- classification numbers listed in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table
ferences between individual nickel layers as measured in 4, or Table 5 appropriate for the specified service condition
accordance with Test Method B 764 within the limits given in number.
6.8. 6.2.3 Type of Copper and Deposit Thickness:

3
 B 456 – 03
TABLE 6 Summary of the Requirements for Double- and Triple- 6.2.4.2 Thickness of Nickel Deposit—The number follow-
Layer Nickel Coatings ing the chemical symbol Ni indicates, in micrometres, the
Thickness Relative to Total minimum thickness of the nickel electrodeposit at points on the
Nickel Thickness
significant surface (see 3.1).
Type of Sulfur Double Triple
Nickel Layer
Ductility
Content Layer Layer
6.2.5 Type of Chromium and Deposit Thickness:
6.2.5.1 Type of Chromium—The type of chromium deposit
Bottom 67 % <0.005 mass % 60 to 80 % 50 to 70 %
Middle (high-sulfur) ... >0.15 mass % ... #10 % is designated by the following symbols placed after the
Top (bright) 11 % >0.04 mass % 20 to 40 % $30 % chemical symbol Cr:
Test Method See B 490 See Note 2A ... Note 3A
r for “regular” (that is, conventional) chromium.
A
For Note 2 and Note 3, see Section 6. mc for microcracked chromium, having more than 30
cracks/mm in any direction over the whole of the significant
6.2.3.1 Type of Copper—The type of copper is designated surface. The cracks shall be invisible to the unaided eye (see
by the following symbols that are placed after the thickness 6.10).
value: mp for microporous chromium containing a minimum of 10
a for ductile copper deposited from acid-type baths contain- 000 pores/10 mm by 10 mm square (10 000/cm2). The pores
ing additives that promote leveling by the copper deposit and shall be invisible to the unaided eye (see 6.10).
that have an elongation not less than 8 %.
No symbol is placed after the thickness value if a minimum NOTE 4—A specially formulated nickel strike in between the bright
nickel and the chromium deposits may be used to induce micropores or
elongation is not required or if a deposit from a non-leveling
microcracks in the chromium deposits. Controlled particle impingement
bath is permitted. of the plated standard chromium deposit may also be used to induce
6.2.3.2 Thickness of Copper Deposits—The number follow- microporous chromium. Trivalent chromium deposits, as plated, may be
ing the chemical symbol for copper (Cu) indicates in microme- microporous, microcracked, or both.
tres the minimum thickness of the copper deposit at points on
significant surfaces (see 3.1). 6.2.5.2 Thickness of Chromium Deposit—The minimum
6.2.4 Type of Nickel and Deposit Thickness: thickness of the chromium deposit shall be 0.25 µm on
6.2.4.1 Type of Nickel—The type of nickel is designated by significant surfaces (see 3.1), except that for service condition
the following symbols, which are placed after the thickness SC 1 (see 4.2.1) the minimum thickness may be reduced to
value (Note 5): 0.13 µm. The thickness of chromium is designated by the same
b for nickel deposited in the fully bright condition. symbol as the type instead of by numerals as in the case of
d for a double-layer or triple-layer nickel coating. copper and nickel.
The bottom layer of this coating system shall contain less 6.2.5.3 When plating chromium over a nickel strike con-
than 0.005 mass % sulfur (Note 3), and a minimum ducitility taining micro-particles used to induce microporosity in the
of 67 % (see Practice B 490). The top layer of this system shall subsequent chromium deposit, excess chromium thickness will
contain more than 0.04 mass % sulfur (Note 2 and Note 3), and bridge the nonconductive particles within the nickel layer. A
have a minimum ductility of 11 %. Its thickness shall be not maximum of 0.5 µm is recommended.
less than 20 % nor more than 40 % (see Table 6) of the total 6.3 Adhesion—The coating shall be sufficiently adherent to
nickel thickness. The thickness of the bottom layer in double- the basis metal, and the separate layers of multilayer coatings
layer coatings shall not be less than 60 % nor more than 80 % shall be sufficiently adherent to each other, to pass the
of the total nickel thickness. In triple-layer coatings, the bottom appropriate tests detailed in Test Methods B 571. The particular
layer shall be not less than 50 % nor more than 70 %. If there test or tests to be used shall be specified by the purchaser.
are three layers, the intermediate layer shall contain not less 6.4 Elongation—The elongation of copper shall be such that
than 0.15 mass % sulfur and shall not exceed 10 % of the total it will not be less than stated in 6.2.3.1 when tested by the
nickel thickness. These requirements for multilayer nickel method given in Appendix X2. Greater elongation may be
coatings are summarized in Table 6. requested but shall be subject to agreement between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.
NOTE 2—The sulfur contents are specified in order to indicate which 6.5 Ductility—The ductility of the composite nickel deposit
type of nickel electroplating solution must be used. Although at present, on a finished part is considered acceptable when foils plated
no simple method is available for determining the sulfur content of a
nickel deposit on a coated article, chemical determinations are possible
out of the individual nickel processes meet or exceed the values
using specially prepared test specimens (see Appendix X3). listed in Table 6. See test details in Test Method B 490.
NOTE 3—It will usually be possible to identify the type of nickel by 6.6 Coating Thickness:
microscopical examination of the polished and etched section of an article 6.6.1 The minimum coating thickness shall be as designated
prepared in accordance with Test Method B 487. The thickness of the by the coating classification number.
individual nickel layers in double-layer and triple-layer coatings, as well 6.6.2 It is recognized that requirements may exist for thicker
as the electrochemical relationships between the individual layers, can
also be measured by the STEP test,7 in accordance with Test Method
coatings than are covered by this specification.
B 764. 6.6.3 The thickness of a coating and its various layers shall
be measured at points on the significant surfaces (See 3.1.1 and
Note 5).
7
Harbulak, E. P., “Simultaneous Thickness and Electrochemical Potential
Determination of Individual Layers in Multilayer Nickel Deposits,” Plating and NOTE 5—When significant surfaces are involved on which the specified
Surface Finishing, Vol 67, No. 49, February 1980. thickness of deposit cannot readily be controlled, such as threads, holes,

4
 B 456 – 03
TABLE 7 Corrosion Tests Appropriate for Each Service Condition Number
Corrosion Test and Duration h
Service Condition
Basis Metals CASS Method Corrodkote Method Acetic-salt Method
No.
B 368 B 380 G 85
Steel, zinc alloy, SC 5 66 ... ...
or copper and SC 4 22 Two 16-h cycles 144
copper alloy, SC 3 16 16 96
stainless steel and SC 2 8 4 24
aluminum alloys SC 1 ... ... 8

deep recesses, bases of angles, and similar areas, the purchaser and the occasional widely scattered, small corrosion defects such as
manufacturer should recognize the necessity for either thicker deposits on surface pits may be observed after the testing period. In
the more accessible surfaces or for special racking. Special racks may general, “acceptable resistance” shall mean that such defects
involve the use of conforming, auxiliary, or bipolar electrodes or noncon-
ducting shields.
are not, when viewed critically, significantly defacing or
otherwise deleterious to the function of the electroplated part.
6.6.3.1 The coulometric method described in Test Method A method of rating corrosion is given in Practice B 537.
B 504 may be used to measure thickness of the chromium, the 6.7.3 Surface deterioration of the coating itself is expected
total thickness of the nickel, and the thickness of the copper. to occur during the testing of some types of coatings. The
The STEP test, Test Method B 764, which is similar to the extent to which such surface deterioration will be tolerated
coulometric method, may be used to closely estimate the shall be specified by the purchaser.
thicknesses of individual layers of nickel in a multilayer
6.8 STEP Test Requirements:
coating.
6.6.3.2 The microscopial method described in Test Method 6.8.1 The electrode potential differences between individual
B 487 may be used to measure the thickness of each nickel nickel layers shall be measured for multilayer coatings corre-
layer and of the copper layer. sponding to SC5, SC4, and SC3 in accordance with Test
6.6.3.3 The X-ray method described in Test Method B 568 Method B 764 (STEP Test).
may be used when the total thickness of a copper/nickel/ NOTE 7—Universally accepted STEP values have not been established
chromium composite coating is to be measured, without any but some agreement in the value of ranges has been obtained. The STEP
indication of the thickness of each individual layer. values depend upon which two nickel layers are being measured.
6.6.3.4 Other methods may be used if it can be demon- The STEP potential difference between the semi-bright nickel layer and
strated that the uncertainty of the measurement is less than the bright nickel layer has an accepted range of 100 to 200 mV with a
10 %, or less than that of any applicable method mentioned in typical range of 110 to 140 mV. For all combinations of nickel layers, the
6.6.3. Other methods such as B 499 and B 530, as outlined in semi-bright nickel layer is more noble (cathodic) than the bright nickel
layer.
Guide B 659, may be used if agreed upon between the
The STEP potential difference between the high-activity nickel layer
purchaser and manufacturer. and the bright nickel layer in triple-layer coatings has an accepted
6.7 Corrosion Testing: potential range of 15 to 35 mV. The high-activity nickel layer is more
6.7.1 Coated articles shall be subjected to the corrosion test active (anodic) than the bright nickel layer.
for a period of time that is appropriate for the particular service The STEP potential difference between the bright nickel layer and a
condition number (or for the service condition number corre- nickel (particle nickel) layer between the bright nickel layer and the
sponding to a specified classification number) as shown in chromium layer has an accepted potential range of 0 to 30 mV. The bright
Table 5. The test is described in detail in the referenced ASTM nickel layer is more active (anodic) than the particle nickel layer prior to
designation. chromium.

NOTE 6—There is no direct relation between the results of an acceler- 6.9 Sulfur Content:
ated corrosion test and the resistance to corrosion in other media, because 6.9.1 The sulfur content of the nickel deposit shall meet the
several factors, such as the formation of protective films, influence the maximum or minimum values as stated in 6.2.4.1 and Table 6.
progress of corrosion and vary greatly with the conditions encountered.
6.9.2 A method to determine sulfur is presented in Appendix
The results obtained in the test should, therefore, not be regarded as a
direct guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all X3. Any reliable method may be used.
environments where these materials may be used. Also, performance of 6.10 Density and Measurement of the Discontinuities in
different materials in the test cannot always be taken as a direct guide to Chromium:
the relative resistance of these materials in service. 6.10.1 The density of cracks or pores in microcracked or
6.7.2 After the article has been subjected to the treatment microporous chromium deposits shall meet minimum values.
described in the relevant corrosion test method, it shall be Microcracked chromium shall have more than 30 cracks/mm
examined for corrosion of the basis metal or blistering of the (300 cracks/cm) in any direction over the whole of the
coating. Any basis metal corrosion or blistering of the coating significant surface. Microporous chromium shall contain a
shall be cause for rejection. It is to be understood that minimum of 10 000 pores/10 by 10 mm square (10 000

5
 B 456 – 03
pores/cm2) in any location over the whole of the significant plans to be used. If they do not, Test Method B 762 identifies the plan to
surface. The cracks and pores shall be invisible to the unaided be used.
eye. NOTE 9—When both destructive and nondestructive tests exist for the
measurement of a characteristic, the purchaser needs to state which is to
6.10.2 A method for measuring the discontinuities, re- be used so the proper sampling plan is selected. A test may destroy the
ferred to as Dubpernell sites, is given in Appendix X4. A coating but in a noncritical area; or, although it may destroy the coating,
method for measuring the number of corrosion sites formed a tested part may be reclaimed by stripping and recoating. The purchaser
during corrosion, referred to as active sites, is given in needs to state whether the test is to be considered destructive or
Appendix X5. nondestructive.
7.2 An inspection lot shall be defined as a collection of
7. Sampling Requirements
coated articles that are of the same kind, that have been
7.1 The sampling plan used for the inspection of a quantity produced to the same specifications, that have been coated by
of coated articles shall be as agreed upon by the purchaser and a single supplier at one time or approximately the same time
supplier. under essentially identical conditions, and that are submitted
NOTE 8—Usually, when a collection of coated articles, the inspection for acceptance or rejection as a group.
lot, is examined for compliance with the requirements placed on the 7.3 If separate test specimens are used to represent the
coating, a relatively small number of the articles, the sample, is selected coated articles in a test, the specimens shall be of the nature,
at random and is inspected. The inspection lot is then classified as size, and number and be processed as required in Appendix X2,
complying or not complying with the requirements based on the results of Appendix X3, Appendix X4, and Appendix X5. Unless a need
the inspection of the sample. The size of the sample and the criteria of
compliance are determined by the application of statistics. The procedure
can be demonstrated, separately prepared specimens shall not
is known as sampling inspection. Three standards, Test Method B 602, be used in place of production items for nondestructive tests
Guide B 697, and Method B 762 contain sampling plans that are designed and visual examination. For destructive tests including deter-
for the sampling inspection of coatings. mination of adhesion, ductility, sulfur contents, the number of
Test Method B 602 contains four sampling plans, three for use with tests discontinuities, and corrosion testing, separately prepared
that are non-destructive and one when they are destructive. The buyer and specimens may be used.
seller may agree on the plan or plans to be used. If they do not, Test
Method B 602 identifies the plan to used. 8. Packaging
Guide B 697 provides a large number of plans and also gives guidance on 8.1 Parts plated for the U.S. Government and military,
the selection of a plan. When Guide B 697 is specified, the buyer and
seller need to agree on the plan to be used.
including subcontracts, shall be packaged in accordance with
Method B 762 can be used only for coating requirements that have a Practice D 3951.
numerical limit, such as coating thickness. The test must yield a numerical
9. Keywords
value and certain statistical requirements must be met. Method B 762
contains several plans and also gives instructions for calculating plans to 9.1 corrosion; decorative; electrodeposited chromium; elec-
meet special needs. The buyer and the seller may agree on the plan or trodeposited copper; electrodeposited nickel

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF SERVICE CONDITIONS FOR WHICH THE VARIOUS SERVICE
CONDITION NUMBERS ARE APPROPRIATE

X1.1 Service Condition No. SC 5 (Extended Very Severe)— X1.3 Service Condition No. SC 3 (Severe)—Exposure that
Service conditions that include likely damage from denting, is likely to include occasional or frequent wetting by rain or
scratching, and abrasive wear in addition to exposure to dew or possibly strong cleaners and saline solutions; for
corrosive environments where long-time protection of the example, conditions encountered by porch and lawn furniture;
substrate is required; for example, conditions encountered by bicycle and perambulator parts; hospital furniture and fixtures.
some exterior components of automobiles.
X1.4 Service Condition No. SC 2 (Moderate)—Exposure
X1.2 Condition No. SC 4 (Very Severe)—Service condi- indoors in places where condensation of moisture may occur;
tions that include likely damage from denting, scratching, and for example, in kitchens and bathrooms.
abrasive wear in addition to exposure to corrosive environ-
ments; for example, conditions encountered by exterior com- X1.5 Service Condition No. SC 1 (Mild)—Exposure in-
ponents of automobiles and by boat fittings in salt water doors in normally warm, dry atmospheres with coating subject
service. to minimum wear or abrasion.

6
 B 456 – 03

X2. ELONGATION TEST

NOTE X2.1—Practice B 489 is used to ensure compliance of the type of X2.1.1.2 Cut the test strip from the electroplated sheet with
copper deposit with the appropriate definition given in 6.4. Practice B 489 a flat shear. Round or chamfer the longer edges of the strip, at
should be followed with these conditions. least on the electroplated side, by careful filing or grinding.
X2.1 Preparation of Test Piece:
X2.2 Procedure—Bend the test strip with the electroplated
X2.1.1 Prepare an electroplated test strip, 150 mm long, 10 side in tension (on the outside), by steadily applying pressure,
mm wide, and 1 mm thick by the following method: through 180° over a mandrel of 12 mm diameter until the two
X2.1.1.1 Polish a sheet of the appropriate basis metal, ends of the test strip are parallel. Ensure that contact between
similar to that of the articles being electroplated, except that if the test strip and the mandrel is maintained during bending.
the basis metal is zinc alloy the sheet may be of soft brass. (Use
a sheet sufficiently large to allow the test strip to be cut from its X2.3 Assessment—The electroplating is deemed to comply
center after trimming off a border 25 mm wide all around.) with the minimum requirement of an elongation of 8 % if after
Electroplate the polished side of the sheet with copper to a testing there are no cracks passing completely across the
thickness of 25 µm under the same conditions and in the same convex surface. Small cracks at the edges do not signify
bath as the corresponding articles. failure.

X3. DETERMINATION OF SULFUR IN ELECTRODEPOSITED NICKEL (NOTE X3.1)

The following two methods for the determination of sulfur in cal Society, where such specifications are available.8 Other
electroplated nickel are given as guidelines for use to test grades may be used, provided it is first determined that the
compliance of the type of nickel deposit with the appropriate reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without
definition given in 6.2.4.1. They represent methods that have lessening the accuracy of the determination.
been used with success commercially; they are not ASTM X3.1.5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, ref-
standards, nor is it the intent in publishing these methods to erence to water shall be understood to mean reagent water
preclude the use of other methods or variations in these conforming to Specification D 1193.
methods. X3.1.5.3 Hydrochloric Acid (3 + 97)—Mix 3 volumes of
concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) (sp gr 1.19) with 97
X3.1 Total Sulfur in Electroplated Nickel by volumes of water.
Combustion-Iodate Titration X3.1.5.4 Iron (Low-Sulfur) Accelerator—Chips.
X3.1.1 Scope—This method covers the determination of X3.1.5.5 Iron (Low-Sulfur) Accelerator—Powder.
sulfur in concentrations from 0.005 to 0.5 mass %. X3.1.5.6 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution A (1
X3.1.2 Summary of Method—A major part of the sulfur in mL = 0.1 mg S)—Dissolve 0.2225 g of potassium iodate
the sample is converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2) by combustion (KIO3) in 900 mL of water and dilute to 1 L.
in a stream of oxygen using an induction furnace. During the X3.1.5.7 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution B (1
combustion, the SO2 is absorbed in an acidified starch-iodide mL = 0.02 mg S)—Transfer 200 mL of potassium iodate
solution and titrated with potassium iodate solution. The latter Solution A (1 mL = 0.1 mg S) to a 1-L volumetric flask, dilute
is standardized against steels of known sulfur content to to volume, and mix.
compensate for characteristics of a given apparatus and for NOTE X3.2—The sulfur equivalent is based on the complete conversion
day-to-day variation in the percentage of sulfur recovered as of sulfur to sulfur dioxide. The recovery of sulfur as the dioxide may be
SO2. Compensation is made for the blank because of accelera- less than 100 %, but it is consistent when the temperature and the rate of
tors and crucibles. oxygen flow are maintained constant. An empirical factor must be
determined by an analysis of a standard sample.
NOTE X3.1—Instruments are available for measuring the sulfur dioxide
from combustion by infrared detection methods and using built-in
X3.1.5.8 Starch-Iodide Solution—Transfer 1 g of soluble or
computers to integrate and display the sulfur content as a percentage. arrowroot starch to a small beaker, add 2 mL of water, and stir
until a smooth paste is obtained. Pour the mixture into 50 mL
X3.1.3 Interferences—The elements ordinarily present in of boiling water. Cool, add 1.5 g of potassium iodide (KI), stir
electroplated nickel do not interfere. until dissolved, and dilute to 100 mL.
X3.1.4 Apparatus—Induction heating apparatus for deter- X3.1.5.9 Tin (low sulfur) Accelerator, granular.
mination of sulfur by direct combustion as described in
Practices E 50 (Apparatus No. 13).
X3.1.5 Reagents: 8
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
X3.1.5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemi- MD.

7
 B 456 – 03
X3.1.6 Standards—Standards for calibration are National adjusted, raise the crucible, close the furnace, and turn on the
Institute of Standards and Technology steels of the proper power. Burn the sample for 8 to 10 min. Titrate continuously
sulfur content. with the KIO3 solution at such a rate as to maintain as nearly
X3.1.7 Sample Preparation: as possible the original intensity of the blue color. The end
X3.1.7.1 Prepare a test panel of cold-rolled steel 150 mm point is reached when the original blue color is stable for 1
long by 100 mm wide by 1 mm thick or any other convenient min. Record the final buret reading and drain the titration
size. Clean, acid dip, and electroplate with approximately 7.5 vessel through the exhaust stopcock.
µm of an adherent nickel deposit and thoroughly rinse. Buffed X3.1.10.4 Blank—Determine the blank by placing the same
nickel or buffed stainless steel may also be used as alternatives amount of accelerators used in the test sample in a pre-ignited
to steel electroplated with nickel. crucible. Cover and proceed as in X3.1.10.3.
X3.1.7.2 Passivate the test panel anodically at 3 V for 5 to X3.1.11 Calculation—Calculate the sulfur factor of the
10 s in a hot alkaline cleaner (temperature 70 to 80°C) potassium iodate as follows:
containing 30 g/L of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 30 g/L of A3B
trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) or 60 g/L of any other suitable Sulfur factor, g/unit volume 5 (X3.1)
~C – D! 3 100
anodic alkaline cleaner.
X3.1.7.3 Coat the passivated test panel with 25 to 37 µm of where:
nickel deposited from the same solution using the same A = grams of standard sample used,
parameters as for the coated articles represented by the test B = percent sulfur in the standard sample
C = millilitres of KIO3 solution required for titration of the
specimen.
standard sample (Note X3.5), and
X3.1.7.4 Remove the edges of the electroplated panel with
D = millilitres of KIO3 solution required for titration of the
a hand or power shear or any other convenient method that
blank (Note X3.5).
permits ready separation of the test foil.
X3.1.7.5 Separation from the panel, wash the nickel foil NOTE X3.5—Or apparent percentage of sulfur for “direct-reading”
electroplate with water to remove salts and blot dry. Cut into burets.
pieces 2 to 3 mm per side with a scissors. Transfer to a 100-mL X3.1.11.1 Calculate the percentage of sulfur in the test
beaker, cover with water, and heat to boiling. Pour off the water sample as follows:
and wash with methanol. Air dry the nickel on filter paper. ~E 2 D!F
X3.1.8 Weight for Standards and Samples—Select and Sulfur, mass % 5 G 3 100 (X3.2)
weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg an amount of sample as follows:
Expected Sulfur Content, Weight of Sample, where:
mass % g E = KIO3 solution required for titration of the test sample
0.005 to 0.10 1.0 6 0.02 (Note X3.5), mL,
0.10 to 0.50 0.2 6 0.02
D = KIO3 solution required for titration of the blank, mL,
X3.1.9 Calibration—Select a minimum of two standards F = average sulfur factor of the KIO3 for the standards
with sulfur contents near the high- and low-limits of the range used (see X3.1.11), g/unit volume, and
for a given sample weight and also one near the mean. The G = sample used, g.
mean standard may be simulated, if necessary, by taking
one-half the sample weight of each of the other two. Follow the X3.2 Determination of Sulfur in Electroplated Nickel by
steps of the procedure. the Evolution Method
X3.1.10 Procedure: X3.2.1 Scope—This method covers the determination of
X3.1.10.1 To the crucible add 1 g of iron chips, 0.8 g of iron sulfide sulfur in electroplated nickel in the range from 0.005 to
powder, and 0.9 g of tin. Transfer the proper weight of sample 0.2 mass %.
and cover. X3.2.2 Summary of Method9—Sulfide sulfur is evolved as
X3.1.10.2 Turn on the power of the induction furnace and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on dissolving the sample of hydrochlo-
allow the unit to heat to operating temperature. With oxygen ric acid (HCl) containing a small amount of platinum as an
flowing through the absorption vessel, fill it to a predetermined accelerator for dissolution. The sulfur is precipitated as zinc
point with HCl (3 + 97) (X3.1.5.3) (Note X3.3). Add 2 mL of sulfide (ZnS) in the receiving vessel and then titrated with
starch solution to the vessel. With the oxygen flow adjusted to standard potassium iodate solution. Values are based on potas-
1.0 to 1.5 L/min (Note X3.4), add KIO3 solution specified until sium iodate (KIO3) as the primary standard.
the intensity of the blue color is that which is considered as the X3.2.3 Apparatus:
end point. Refill the buret. X3.2.3.1 The apparatus is shown in Fig. X3.1. It may be
NOTE X3.3—Always fill the titration vessel to the same point.
assembled using a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask with a No. 19/38
outer joint. A wash bottle fitting with a No. 19/38 inner joint
NOTE X3.4—The oxygen flow rate may be adjusted to meet the
requirements of individual operators or equipment; however, the flow rate can be cut to fit the 50-mL flask. The exit tube can be bent and
must be the same for the test samples and the standard samples. connected to the 6-mm gas tube with tubing.
X3.1.10.3 After the unit has been at operating temperature
for at least 45 s, place the covered crucible containing the
sample and accelerators on the pedestal. With the oxygen flow 9
Luke, C. L., Analytical Chemistry, Vol 29, 1957, p. 1227.

8
 B 456 – 03
X3.2.4.8 Starch Solution (10 g/L)-Potassium Iodide (50 g/L)
Solution—Add about 5 mL of water to 1 g of soluble starch
with stirring until a paste is formed and add to 100 mL of
boiling water. Cool, add 5 g of potassium iodide (KI), and stir
until the KI is dissolved.
X3.2.5 Sample Preparation—Prepare sample as outlined in
X3.1.7.
X3.2.6 Weight of Sample—Select and weigh to the nearest
0.1 mg an amount of sample as follows:
Weight of Sample,
Expected Sulfur Content,
g
mass %
0.005 to 0.07 1.0 6 0.02
0.05 to 2 0.4 6 0.02

X3.2.7 Procedure:
X3.2.7.1 Weigh the specified amount of sample to the
nearest 0.1 mg and transfer to the 50-mL evolution flask.
X3.2.7.2 Add 20 mL of water and 3 mL of ammoniacal zinc
sulfate solution to the receiving flask.
X3.2.7.3 Adjust the hot plate to maintain the temperature of
FIG. X3.1 Apparatus for the Determination of Sulfur in 25 mL of water in a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask at 80°C.
Electroplated Nickel Foil by the Evolution Method X 3.2
X3.2.7.4 Add 15 mL of the hydrochloric acid-
hexachloroplatinic acid solution to the sample. Assemble the
apparatus as shown in Fig. X3.1 and start a very gentle stream
X3.2.3.2 A nitrogen cylinder with valves and pressure of nitrogen through the system.
regulator.
X3.2.3.3 Buret, 10-mL. NOTE X3.6—A flow of about 30 cm3/min is satisfactory. If the sample
X3.2.4 Reagents: dissolves rapidly, the flow should be decreased during the time hydrogen
X3.2.4.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals is freely liberated.
shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is X3.2.7.5 Continue the heating and flow of nitrogen until the
intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of sample is completely dissolved, then continue for 5 min (Note
the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemi- X3.6). Separate the gas delivery tube from the evolution head
cal Society, where such specifications are available.8 Other and remove the receiving flask with the delivery tube.
grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the
reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without NOTE X3.7—The solution in the receiving flask will remain alkaline
throughout the dissolution period if the hot plate temperature and the
lessening the accuracy of the determination. nitrogen flow are properly adjusted. Additional ammoniacal zinc sulfate
X3.2.4.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, ref- solution may be added, if necessary, but the sample should be discarded if
erence to water shall be understood to mean reagent water the receiving solution becomes acidic (less than pH 7 by test paper).
conforming to Specification D 1193.
X3.2.4.3 Ammoniacal Zinc Sulfate Solution—Dissolve 50 g X3.2.7.6 Add 1 mL of the starch-iodide solution and 5 mL
of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) in 250 mL of water, add 250 mL of diluted HCl (1 + 1) and mix. Titrate immediately with
of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, sp gr 0.90) and mix. standard potassium iodate from a 10-mL buret to the first blue
Transfer to a flask and allow to stand about 24 h and filter into color. Draw some of the solution into the delivery tube with a
a polyethylene bottle. rubber bulb and release along the neck of the flask to wash
X3.2.4.4 Hexachloroplatinic Acid Solution (10 g/L)— down any adhering zinc sulfide. Swirl the solution to wash the
Dissolve 0.5 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6·6H2O) in outside of the tube. Continue the titration to a permanent blue
about 40 mL of water, add 5 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl sp color.
gr 1.19), and dilute to 50 mL. X3.2.7.7 Run a blank titration to the same starch-iodine
X3.2.4.5 Hydrochloric Acid-Platinum Chloride Solution— color on a mixture of 20 mL of water, 3 mL of ammoniacal zinc
Prepare 500 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl sp gr 1.19 1 sulfate, 1 mL of starch-iodate solution and 5 mL of diluted
part acid in 1 part water). Add 2.5 mL of the hexachloroplatinic hydrochloric acid (1 part HCl sp gr 1.19 and 1 part water) in a
acid solution and mix. 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
X3.2.4.6 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.1 N)—Dry X3.2.8 Calculations—Calculate the mass percent of sulfide
the crystals of potassium iodate (KIO3) at 180°C for 1 h. sulfur as follows:
Dissolve 3.570 g of the KIO3 in about 200 mL of water, ~A2B! 3 0.005 3 0.016
transfer to a 1-L volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix. Sulfide sulfur, mass % 5 W 3 100
X3.2.4.7 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.005 N)— (X3.3)
Transfer 25 mL of the 0.1 N KIO3 solution to a 500-mL
volumetric flask with a pipet, dilute to volume, and mix. where:

9
 B 456 – 03

A = 0.005 N KIO3 solution used for the sample titration, B = 0.005 N KIO3 solution used in the blank, mL, and
mL, W = sample used, g.

X4. DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF DISCONTINUITIES IN CHROMIUM ELECTROPLATING (DUBPERNELL TEST)

X4.1 Principle of the Method5—Copper will be deposited are to be counted, nor should the part be force air dried. Drying
on nickel exposed through discontinuities in chromium but not can be accelerated by following the last water rinse by a rinse
on the chromium, provided that potential is properly controlled with alcohol (ethanol) or other volatile water miscible solvent.
(kept low enough to avoid activation of passive chromium). X4.2.4 The copper deposits only on the underlying nickel
that is exposed through discontinuities (pores and cracks) in the
X4.2 Preparation of Test Piece: chromium.
X4.2.1 Mask all edges not covered by the chromium with a
nonconductive paint or pressure sensitive tape, including the X4.3 Assessment:
wire used to make contact to the cathode bar. After masking, X4.3.1 The number of discontinuities in the chromium can
clean the specimen by soaking in a hot alkaline cleaner until be estimated by counting the copper nodules deposited within
the surface is free of water breaks. A mild scrubbing with a soft a known area of the specimen or the number of cracks in a
brush is helpful. Follow the cleaning by a thorough rinse in known length. These determinations are facilitated with a
cold deionized water, then a dip in a 5 % by mass solution of metallurgical microscope fitted with a calibrated reticle in the
H2SO4. eyepiece, or from photomicrographs taken of a representative
X4.2.2 Make freshly cleaned sample anodic at 0.8V for 30 field of the specimen. (See Appendix X5 for a guide to the
s in the copper plating bath, then switch to cathodic (see Fig. determination of active: corrosion sites in the chromium layer.)
X4.1) at approximately 0.2 to 0.4V, for 2 min (see Note X4.1 X4.3.2 Current measured or recorded during the cathodic
and Note X4.2). (Warning—Do not go beyond the specified cycle, or both, serves as a reliable indicator of porosity. If
anodic voltage or time because nickel will slowly dissolve or current remains low (<1 mA/cm2) during the cathodic cycle,
become passivated.) porosity is low. Rapidly rising current (DI/Dt ' 1 to 2 mA/min)
and high (2 to 4 mA/cm2) final current is indicative of high
Bath formulation—(non-critical) porosity. Use of a strip chart recorder provides a permanent
CuSO4·5H2O 1 m (250 g/L) record of the test current. With experience, direct counts of
H2SO4(SpG 1.84) 0.5 m (50 g/L) nodules of Cu deposited can be reduced to periodic verifica-
Temperature (20 to 25°C) tions as the I-t signature. A qualitative visual check (micro-
Anode (copper) scopically) will then suffice for regular routine use.
Live entry NOTE X4.1—Exact potential used is dependent on anode-cathode
X4.2.3 Following copper electroplating, carefully remove spacing. At a distance of 8 to 10 cm, 0.2 V usually produces the desired
the specimen, rinse in cold then hot deionized water, and air deposit. As spacing increases, the potential can be increased to 0.4 V.
dry. The specimen should not be wiped where pores or cracks NOTE X4.2—After cleaning, anodic treatment to repassivate chromium

FIG. X4.1 Schematic Diagram of a Switching Apparatus to Conveniently Control Polarity and Voltage During Porosity Testing via
Copper Deposition

10
 B 456 – 03
is essential. Plating time can be varied from 1 to 5 min. Two minutes has it can be tested by gently wiping the copper off with a tissue.
been found to be near optimum. With highly porous chromium, longer If copper adheres to specimen, it is probable the cathodic
times incur risk of merging the deposit nodules, giving rise to ambiguities
potential was too high, thus depositing copper on the chro-
in counting pores (nodules).
mium instead of just in the pores.
X4.3.3 Precautions—Do not exceed 0.6 V cathodic. High
cathodic potentials can activate chromium locally, giving rise
to spuriously high nodule counts. If this condition is suspected,

X5. Determining the Number of Active Sites After Corrosion

X5.1 Principle of the Method—Some of the discontinuities magnification, the active pore sites can be counted and the
determined in Appendix X4.1 might not become corrosion active sites per area calculated. Different photographs should
sites. The sites that actually corrode are determined by strip- be taken at the same magnification at all significant surfaces
ping the chromium after corrosion and the surface pits in the and current densities to record the differences in pore density
nickel are counted and referred to as “active sites.” and size after corrosion. As a guide, the average diameter of the
active sites should not exceed 0.032 mm (0.00125 in.) and the
X5.2 Before testing, the part should be cleaned to eliminate largest individual site should not exceed 0.0635 mm (0.0025
water breaks. Magnesium oxide, warm water and soap, or in.). Comparisons with known pore density charts can be used
solvents, or a combination thereof, might be necessary for for determination of the sites per square centimetre.
thorough cleaning.
X5.4 Even though the necessary work has not been
X5.3 To develop the active corrosion sites, subject the part conducted to establish a correlation between active corrosion
to the number of hours of CASS exposure corresponding to the sites and starting sites as measured by Dubpernell, it appears
corrosion specification for the required service condition and that for a given current density and deposit system there is a
thickness specification. After CASS testing, rinse the part in correlation between the number of pores before corrosion and
warm water to remove the salt layer. If the part contains the number of active corrosion sites after CASS testing. Once
corrosive product staining, it can be washed with a very mild this correlation has been established at a given installation, a
sponge in warm water but the part should not be subjected to simple 100 to 200 X viewing of a part might nondestructively
any abrasive cleaning. After drying either by hot air or solvent indicate the service performance of the part after corrosion.
such as methanol, the part should be examined at a magnifi- The desired number of active corrosion sites has not been
cation between 100 and 200x and the active pore size and definitely established. This number depends somewhat on the
density determined. The corroding pore sites are typically size of the pores before and after corrosion, the thickness and
distinctly larger than the uncorroded sites and have a darker potentials of the deposit system, and the desired trade-off
and rougher texture. By means of photographs at a known between basis metal corrosion and staining in CASS.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

11