Comparative Study On Android Kernels
Comparative Study On Android Kernels
Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Comparative Study on Android Kernels
¹Shubham Das, ²Mikhal John, ³Ganesh Rathod, ⁴Pravin Gajghate, ⁵Siddhesh Dongare
Department of Information Technology,
JD College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Abstract:- Android is the most popular mobile platform security updates, but also various improvements over the Stock
which is based on the Linux kernel. But their devices don't Kernel
age well compared to the competition. Smartphones phones
ship with a stock kernel configured to provide balanced They have many beneficiaries factors-
performance. We have conducted experiments on Redmi CPU, GPU, Memory and Display overclocking.
K20 Pro (codenamed Raphael) with a few different kernels How to control the CPU’s cores to boost the performance or
based on linux. We have noticed a variety of different save more battery.
performance and battery performances on different We can manage the CPU governors.
kernels by different developers. Some showed significant Change the voltage of the CPU during all possible
performance improvements and stable functioning with a frequencies.
minor increase in device temperature and reduced battery Enable USB fast charge.
life. Configure the I/O scheduler.
Have more zRAM.
Keywords:- Anykernel3, Android, Kernel.
Ability to increase RAM.
Enable/Disable Fsync
I. INTRODUCTION
Configure zRAM algorithm.
The Android OS is based on the Linux kernel and was Configure TCP algorithm.
first released in 2008. It is an open-source platform backed by Block Wakelocks.
Google and served by major hardware and software
developers. Android Worldwide market share has risen Custom kernels used here are-
explosively.
LOS Kernel- It is the default kernel which ships with the LOS
The single most prominent example is the Android custom ROM. It is a more balanced based kernel.
ecosystem. The Android open-source Project (AOSP) kernels
are derived from Linux kernels (i.e., reused in Android) with Waffles Kernel- It is a modified YAAP custom ROM kernel. It
many features added for mobile devices. In turn, the AOSP is a more performance based kernel.
kernels are reused by chipset vendors such as Qualcomm who
add additional hardware-specific changes. Soviet Kernel- It is the default kernel for Syberia OS custom
ROM. It is a very heavy performance based kernel with a very
We investigate the unique Android kernel ecosystem that poor battery life.
is decentralized and fragmented. We mine the patch
propagation delays across all layers and locate the bottleneck. All these kernels are very different from each other having
their own merits in each sector. We tested them all over the past
Another method is by making more memory available to years to know how they perform against each other.
run apps faster. Others want to upgrade older models with
newer versions of the operating system using custom roms. III. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
II. CUSTOM KERNELS Tools Required-
These are the tools required for flashing, in other words
The kernel has complete control over the system, it's installing a custom kernel and rooting the device and
important to choose a suitable custom kernel for your Android benchmarking them.
device. Custom Kernels are the go to choice among many
Android users. That is also a big reason why still some people UBUNTU OS- It is required to compile the kernel.
prefer the Android ecosystem over iOS. Android is a famous ADB/FASTBOOT- It is required to add support for the
operating system that features a lot of custom kernels for commands in the terminal.
almost every phone nowadays. Custom Kernels not only offer
IJISRT23APR424 www.ijisrt.com 465
Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
RECOVERY- There are a few different types of recovery, V. RESULT
like TWRP (Team Win Recovery Project) or OFOX
(Orange Fox Recovery).
Kernel CPU GPU Memory UX Overall
MAGISK- It is a method to root the Android device and it Name Score Score Score Score Score
gives access to the advanced menus inside the Android’s
core. LOS 96607 123418 49159 56029 325213
FRANCO KERNEL MANAGER- It is used to monitor and
change the parameters in a kernel. YAAP 98473 127027 505086 58398 334406
ANTUTU- It is a very popular CPU, GPU, RAM, Storage
benchmarking tool. Soviet 10389 140131 52613 56355 352918
GEEKBENCH- It is just another app like ANTUTU.
CPU THROTTLING- It measures the CPU heating by Stock 51767 69977 40908 30402 193054
running all its cores at the highest frequency for a specific
Table -1: Antutu Benchmark scores for K20 Pro
amount of time.
The stock kernel has the lowest performance scores
IV. INSTALLING CUSTOM KERNEL
compared to the custom kernels as expected.
First, the bootloader of the device has to be unlocked.
This enables us to use a custom recovery image and install the
kernels and also gain root access.
[Step1: Preparation]
Install fastboot on Ubuntu/Windows.
Download TWRP recovery image, kernel zip and Magisk
zip
On the phone enable developer options by tapping build
number 5 times.
In developer options enable OEM UNLOCKING.
Reboot the phone into FASTBOOT MODE by pressing
volume up + power button.
Connect the phone in fastboot mode to the pc.
Run the command to unlock the bootloader. # fastboot oem
unlock 8. Reboot into fastboot mode. Chart -1: Antutu Benchmark scores for K20 Pro
Blue Graph- Stock kernel
[Step2: Installing Custom recovery] Red Graph- LOS kernel
Yellow Graph- YAAP Kernel
Check if the device is connected using the fastboot Green Graph- Soviet Kernel
command on the terminal. # fastboot devices
With the recovery file in the current working directory Kernel Name Single Score Multi Score
install TWRP image. # fastboot flash recovery twrp.img
Stock 276 1098
[Step3: Installing Kernel and Magisk]
LOS 522 2223
Using the install option in twrp select the kernel zip and
then Magisk zip YAAP 523 2258
Use the swipe to install option and waitfor both the zips to
finish. Soviet 520 2290
Reboot the phone.
Table -2: Geekbench Scores for K20 Pro
[Step4: Kernel Manager]
Install Kernel Manager of any preference. We are using the
Franco kernel Manager from the Play Store.
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Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[6]. Arter97 (2020) Arter97 Kernel. Available at:
https://forum.xda-
developers.com/pocof1/development/arter97-kernel-poco-
f1-t3919127
[7]. Negron (2020) LawRun Kernel. Available at:
https://forum.xda-
developers.com/pocof1/development/kernel-lawrun-
kernel-v3-t4037729.
Chart -2: Geekbench Scores for K20 Pro
1. Stock Kernel
2. LOS
3. YAAP
4. Soviet
VI. CONCLUSION
From the above results it is clear that stock kernels are not
focused for high performance and lean towards efficiency and
limited features. The custom kernels unlock a lot of features
like overclocking the display refresh rate considering the fact
that if the hardware supports them. For performance
evaluation, we have collected benchmarks for different kernels
for key Android system components such as Multithreading,
Task scheduling, Binder, Storage, File System, CPU
utilization, GPU utilization, Ram usage, etc. . Our test results
show that the average system performance of speedups up to
10-30%.
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gcc-7-4-9-133- t3856615
