RADIATION HEAT

TRANSFER

Ir. Dr. Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

PhD PEng CEng
Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering
UTM Johor Bahru
It is expected that students will be able to:
 Explain the principle of radiation and related
terminology.
 Differentiate between black and gray body.

 Estimate heat transmit or absorb from

surrounding.
 Estimate view factor and solid angle between two
surfaces.
 Calculate the rate of heat transfer between two
surface in various configurations.
 THERMAL RADIATION

 Electromagnetic radiation emmited by a body due to large

temperature difference

 Transmitted through space & vacuum

 Mechanism of radiant heat transfer:

 Thermal energy of a hot source at T1 is converted into energy of

electromagnetic radiation waves

 Waves travel through intervening space in a straight lines & strike a

cool object at T2

 Electromagnetic waves are absorbed by the body and converted to

thermal energy
 REFLECTIVITY, ABSORPTIVITY & TRANSMISSIVITY
 When radiation strikes a surface, part of it:
is absorbed, reflected and the remaining part,
if any, is transmitted
 = reflectivity = fraction of irradiation reflected

 = absorptivity = fraction absorbed

 = transmissivity = fraction transmitted

+ + =1

 Opaque body – no transmission ( = 0)

+ =1
 BLACK BODY

 Absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction

 Emits radiation equally in all directions at the maximum rate for a given
temperature and wavelength

 A perfect absorber and emitter (no surface can

emit more energy than a blackbody)

 Serves as a standard against which all real

surfaces are compared

 Closest approximation to a blackbody is a

cavity with a small aperture whose inner surface
is at a uniform temperature
 EMISSIVE POWER OF A BLACK BODY

 Emissive power = total radiation emitted by a surface in all

direction per unit surface area

EB = T4
EB = Blackbody emissive power (W/m2)
 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.676 x 10-8 W/m2.K4
T = surface temperature in absolute units (K)

 Perfect absorber of radiation (absorb all radiation,  = 1)

 Perfect emitter of radiation (radiates more energy)

 1. EMISSIVITY

 Emissivity.  = total emitted energy of the surface divided by

the total emitted energy of a black body at the same temperature

total emissive power of a surface

= E 
EB total emissive power of a black body

 Emissivity represent emission characteristics of a body

 No real surface can have an emissive power exceeding

that of a black body at the same T
 2. INTENSITY

 The rate at which radiation energy is emitted in

the (q, f) direction per unit area

 Total emissive power of blackbody

Eb = s T 4

 Total Intensity associated with blackbody emission

Eb
Ib =
p
 3. RADIOSITY

 The rate at which radiation energy leaves a unit area of a surface in all
directions

 For a surface that is both a diffuse emitter and a diffuse reflector

J  Eb  G
 THERMAL RADIATION
 Black body: perfect absorber and emitter of thermal radiation ( = 1)

 Radiation from a black body

q = AT4
 Gray body: emit less than the blackbody (0< <1)

Radiation from a gray body :

q = AT4
  = emissivity

 A = surface area (m 2)

  = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.676 x 10-8 W/m2.K4

 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

 Kirchhoff’s law – The ability of a diffuse surface to emit radiation at

a particular  is equal to its ability to absorb radiation at  at the same
temperature T (at equilibrium),

 T    T 

 Holds for any black or non black solid surface

The relation  =  allows the determination of all three properties

of an opaque body
RADIATION TO A SMALL OBJECT FROM SURROUNDING

 Small gray object at T1 in a large enclosure at T2

A11T14

A121T24

Net radiation from object 1:

q = A11T14 - A112T24 = A1(1T14 - 12T24 )

q = A1 (T14 – T24)

 COMBINED RADIATION & CONVECTION

 Total heat transfer

q = qconv.+ q rad.

q conv. = hcA1(T1-T2)

q rad. = hrA1(T1-T2)

q = (hc + hr ) A1(T1-T2)

 Can also be conduction, convection and radiation combined

 
 4 4 
 T  T  
ε5.676  1    2 
 
 100   100  

    

hr   
T1 T2


 4 4 
 T  T 
 
ε 0.1714  1    2 
  
  100   100 
 
 
    

hr   
T1 T2

For  = 1
EXAMPLE 4.10-1 & 4.10-2 (TEXT BOOK)

q = A1 (T14 – T24)

LET’S TRY THIS ONE.

 Consider a person whose exposed surface area is

1.7 m2, emissivity is 0.5, and surface temperature
is 35°C. Determine the rate of heat loss from that
person by radiation in a large lecture hall having
walls at a temperature of 280 K.
EXAM-TYPE QUESTION
 The inner and outer surfaces of a 25-cm-thick
wall in summer are at 27°C and 44°C,
respectively. The outer surface of the wall
exchanges heat by radiation with surrounding
surfaces at 40°C, and convection with ambient
air also at 40°C with a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 8 W/m2·°C. Solar radiation is
incident on the surface at a rate of 150 W/m2. If
both the emissivity and the solar absorptivity of
the outer surface are 0.8, determine the
effective thermal conductivity of the wall.
 (k =0.96 W/m.K)
RADIATION RESISTANCE
 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: GRAY SURFACES

 q1 = - q2 = q12

 Net radiation from surface 1 to surface 2

s (T14 - T24 )
q12 = q1 = -q2 = 1 - e 1 1 - e2
1
+ +
e1 A1 A1 F12 e 2 A2
 VIEW FACTORS
 View factor F12 – fraction (values between 0 and 1) of the
radiation leaving surface 1 that is intercepted/reaching by
surface 2
 The view factor integral provides a general expression for F12
Consider exchange dA1 and dA2 between differential areas

F  1   cosθ cosθ
1
πr
dA dA
2 1 2
12
A 1 A 2 A1
2
INFINITE PARALLEL PLANES

 T14  T24 
q1  q2  q12 
1  1 1 2
 1 
1 A1 A1F12  2 A2
 1. INFINITE PARALLEL BLACK PLANES

1  T14  T24 
2 q1  q2  q12 
1  1 1 2
 1 
1 A1 A1F12  2 A2

q12  A1= A2 = A
 For black body, 1 = 2 = 1

q12 = A1F12(T14 - T24)

 Net radiation from plane 2 to plane 1

q21 = A2F21 (T24 – T14)

 For infinite parallel planes (angle 0°), F12 = F21 = 1

q12 = A1(T14 - T24)

 2. INFINITE PARALLEL GRAY PLANES

1  T14  T24 
2 q1  q2  q12 
1  1 1 2
 1 
1 A1 A1F12  2 A2

q12  A1= A2 = A

 For infinite parallel planes, F12 = F21 = 1

A1 T14  T24 
 Net radiation from plane 1 to plane 2 q12 
1  1 1
1  2
 EXAMPLE 4.11-6

 T14  T24 
q1  q2  q12 
1  1 1 2
T2, 2, A2  1 
1 A1 A1F12  2 A2

  T14  T24 
T1, 1, A1 q1 
1  1 1 1  2
 
A1 1 A1 A2 2

A1  T14  T24 


1  1 A1  1 
1  1
1 A2 
 2


A2>>A1 , A1/A2 = 0

A1  T14  T24 


1 A1  1 
q = 1A1 (T14 – T24)   1
1 A2  
 2


RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
 RADIATION SHIELD
Radiation shields – planes with low  (high ) used to reduce the net
radiation transfer between two surfaces

 T14  T24 
q12  q1  q2 
1  1 1   3,1 1   3,2 1  2
 1    1 
1 A1 A1F13  3,1 A3  3,2 A3 A3 F32  2 A2
  T14  T24 
q12  q1  q2 
1  1 1 1   3,1 1   3,2 1  2
    1 
1 A1 A1F13  3,1 A3  3,2 A3 A3 F32  2 A2

 Noting that F13=F32 = 1 (0°) and A1=A2=A3=A for infinite parallel plates,

q 12

 The radiation heat transfer through large parallel plates separated by N

radiation shields

q 12
1. Without shield

 T14  T24 
q1  q2  q12 
1  1 1 1 2
 
1 A1 A1F12  2 A2

 A1= A2 = A ; F13 = F32 = 1

 If 1 = 2 = 31= 31 = 

q12 = A(T14 - T24)

= A(T14 - T24)
1 -e 1 -e
+1+ æ1-e
e e 2 ÷+ 1
e ø

q12 = A(T14 - T24)

2
-1
e
2. With 1 shield
 T14  T24 
q12  q1  q2 
1  1 1   3,1 1   3,2 1  2
 1    1 
1 A1 A1F13  3,1 A3  3,2 A3 A3 F32  2 A2

q12= A(T14 - T24)

11 2 1
 
  

ε 

3. For N shields (all emissivities are equal)

q12 = A(T14 - T24)

 N1 2 1
 
  

 ε 

 Heat flux will be reduced to q

 
 12 
 
A  withshield s
 1
q
 12 
  N 1

  s

A  withoutshield
 EXAMPLE
A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is
placed between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at
uniform temperatures T1 = 800K andT2 = 500K and have emissivities
1 = 0.2 and 2 =0.7,respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation
heat transfer between the two plates per unit surface area of the
plates and compare the result to that without the shield.

Answers: 806 W/m2 , 3625 W/m2

 VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

F  1   cosθ cosθ dA dA
 General equation
1 2 1 2
12
A πr
1 A 2 A1
2

 Reciprocity relation A1F12= A2 F21

 Surface 1 cannot see itself (flat or

convex): F =0 11

 Surface 1 can only see surface 2 :

F12 = 1

 Summation rule
F12 = F11 + F12 = 1
F12 = 1
1. Superposition rule

2. Symmetry rule
 VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

 Determine F21 & F22

 By inspection, F12 = 1 all radiation leaving

inner surface is intercepted by outer surface
(determined directly)
A1 A1
Reciprocity A1 F12 = A2 F21 ® F21 = F12 =
A2 A2
Summation
A1
F11 + F12 = 1 ® F11 = 0 F21 + F22 = 1 ® F22 = 1 - F21 = 1 -
A2
F11 = 1 F12 = 0
A1 A1
F F
Results 11 F1212= 1
+ = 1 ® F11 = 0 F21 = F22 = 1 -
A2 A2
VIEW FACTOR FOR ADJACENT PERPENDICULAR RECTANGLES
VIEW FACTOR BETWEEN TWO COAXIAL PARALLEL DISKS
VIEW FACTOR BETWEEN TWO ALIGNED PARALLEL RECTANGLES
OF EQUAL SIZE
 EXAMPLE
Determine the view factors F13 and F23 between the rectangular
surfaces as shown.

Superposition rule
 EXAMPLE

Determine the view factors from the base of the pyramid shown
below to each of its four side surfaces. The base of the pyramid is a
square, and its side surfaces are isosceles triangles.

Answer: F12 = 1/4

 EXAMPLE
Consider the 5-m x 5-m x 5-m cubical furnace, whose surfaces
closely approximate black surfaces. The base, top, and side
surfaces of the furnace are maintained at uniform temperatures
of 800 K, 1500 K, and 500 K, respectively. Determine
(a) Net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base and
the side surfaces,
(b) Net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base and the
top surface, and
(c) Net radiation heat transfer from the base surface.

Answers: (a)394 kW (b) -1319 kW (c) -925 kW

 EXAMPLE

A furnace is of cylindrical shape with R = H = 2 m. The base, top,

and side surfaces of the furnace are all black and are maintained
at uniform temperatures of 500, 700, and 1200 K, respectively.
Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the
top surface during steady operation.

Answer: -762.8 W
 EXAMPLE

A furnace is of cylindrical shape with D =25 cm and H = 10 cm.

The emissivities of the base, top, and side surfaces are 0.85,
0.85 and 0.8 and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 400,
400, and 500 oC, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation
heat transfer to or from the side surface reaching to each of the
base and top surfaces .

Answer: 393 W
 RERADIATING SURFACES

 Surface that is well insulated on one side and the convection

effects may be neglected on the opposite (radiating) side.

 Surface must lose as much radiation energy as it gains

(reradiate all the radiation energy it receives)

 Net heat transfer through it is zero Reradiating walls

RERADIATING SURFACES
1. Parallel black planes

q12 =F 12A12(T14 - T24)

A2  A F 2 1 (A1/A 2 ) F122
F12  
1 12
A1 A2  2 A1F12 A /A 1 2(A /A ) F
1 2 1 2 12

A1 F 12= A2F 21

2. No reradiating wall

F12 = F 12
 EXAMPLE

Consider a 4-m x 4-m x 4-m cubical furnace whose floor and ceiling
are black and whose side surfaces are reradiating. The floor and the
ceiling of the furnace are maintained at temperatures of 550 K and
1100 K, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer
between the floor and the ceiling of the furnace.

Answer: 747921 W
 EXAMPLE

In a cubical oven (10 m X 10 m X 10 m), the top wall is maintained at

T1 = 800K and has an emissivity ε1 = 0.8, the floor is at T2 = 600K and
has an emissivity ε2 = 0.8, and the four lateral walls are reradiating
surfaces. Calculate the net radiation heat flux leaving the top surface.

Answer: 731069 W
VIEW FACTOR BETWEEN TWO ALIGNED PARALLEL RECTANGLES
OF EQUAL SIZE