Worked solutions

Chapter 6
5
Exercises 0.2 μC
+
1 E = 40 NC–1 m = 0.01 kg 0.5 N/C
q = 5 × 10–6 C
F = Eq = 40 × 5 × 10–6 = 2 × 10–4 N (a) From definition of E, E = F ⇒ F = Eq
q
2 F = 3 × 10 N –5 so F = 0.5 × 0.2 μC = 0.1 μN
q = –1.5 × 10–6 C (b) From Newton’s second law F = ma
–5
E = F = 3 × 10 –6 = 20 N C–1
–6

q –1.5 × 10 a = F = 0.1 × 10 = 1 × 10–5 ms–2 in the

m 0.01
(direction is south, opposite to force since direction of the field.
charge is negative)
6 0.2 m
3 a = 100 ms–2 +
q = –1.6 × 10–19 C + +
m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg + 50 μC +

+
F = ma = 9.1 × 10–29 N
E = F = 9.1 × 10–29 + +
q 1.6 × 10–19
= 5.7 × 10–10 NC–1 +
9 –6
4 v = kQ = 9 × 10 × 50 × 10 = 2.25 × 106 v
10 cm r 0.2
9 –6
7 0.4 m from the sphere V = 9 × 10 × 50 × 10
0.4
= 1.13 × 106 V
potential difference = (2.25 – 1.13) × 106
2 μC = 1.13 × 106 V
(a) Using the equation for electrical field 8
strength of a sphere
B
E = kQ
2
r
9 × 109 × 2 × 10–6
E= = 1.8 × 106 NC–1
(10 × 10–2)2
F Q A D
(b) 10 cm from the sphere r = 20 cm 1 Q2
9
× 10–6
so E = 9 × 10 × 2 –2 2
20 V
10 V –40 V
(20 × 10 )
E = 4.5 × 10 NC 5 –1 0V –30 V
–20 V C
(c) Using the equation E = F ⇒ F = Eq
q –10 V
So F = 0.1 × 10–6 × 4.5 × 105 1m
= 4.5 × 10–2 N E
(d) Relative permittivity = ε = 4.5 so ε = 4.5ε0
ε0
F is proportional to 1 (a) Q2 is negative since the potential near it is
ε
negative.
If sphere is surrounded by concrete
Fair (b) A positive charge would move to a position
F= = 0.045 = 0.01 N
4.5 4.5 of lower potential, i.e. towards Q2
1

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 1 22/07/2014 16:39

 9 Field strength is greatest where the potential 16 VB = 5 V
gradient is greatest (equipotential closest) so VD = 0 V
position F potential difference = 5 V

10 (a) A – C → | 0 – –20| = 20 V 17 PE = V0q = 5 × 3 = 15 J

(b) C – E → |–20 – –10| = 10 V 18 Change in potential from C → B = 5 – 3 = 2V
(c) B – E → |–10 – –10| = 0 V Work done = ΔV × q = 2 × 2 = 4 J
11 (a) C → A; ΔV = 20 V; work = ΔVq = 20 × 2 19 VAB = 5 – 1 = 4 V
= 40 J Work done = ΔV × q = 4 × –2 = –8 J
(b) E → C; ΔV = –10 V; work = ΔVq = –10 × 2
20 (a) It would accelerate downwards.
= –20 J
(b) gain in KE = loss in PE = ΔV × q
(c) B → E; ΔV = 0 V; work = 0 J
=4×3
12 = 12 J

0.5 m B 21 VAB = 5 – 1 = 4 V gain in KE = 4 eV

22 VCD = 3 – 0 = 3 V WD moving electron = 3 eV

23 (a) ρ = M so V = M
F Q A D V ρ
1 Q2
0.0635
20 V = 7.1 × 10–6 m3
10 V –40 V 8960

0V
(b) 1 mole contains 6 × 1023 molecules
–30 V 23
–20 V C atoms per unit volume = 6 × 10 –6
7.1 × 10
–10 V = 8.5 × 1028 m–3
1m
one electron per atom so electrons per unit
E volume, n = 8.5 × 1028 m–3
each small square = 0.1 m
(c) I = nAve ⇒ v = I
nAe
Field strength = ΔV A = πr2
Δx 1
v=
The potential difference across D = 10 V (using (8.5 × 10 × π × (0.5 × 10–3)2 × 1.6 × 10–19)
28

the two nearest lines) = 9.4 × 10–5 ms–1

R = ρL
Distance between lines = 0.2 m
24
A
E = 10 = 50 Vm–1 ρL
0.2 A= = 1.1 × 10–6 × 2 = 4 × 10–7 m2
Only an estimate since field not uniform R 5
A = πr2 r = A = 3.7 × 10–4 m
13 At point A potential = 0 V = V1 + V2 π
kQ1 kQ2 Q2 So diameter = 3.7 × 10–4 m
0=
r1
+
r2
= 9 × 109 1 × 10
0.5
–9

( +
1.5 ) 25 R = ρL = 1.7 × 10–8 × 2000
= 10.8 Ω
A π × (0.1 × 10–2)2
Q2 = –1.5 × 1 × 10–9 = –3nC
0.5 26 9V
14 (a) E → A; ΔV = 10 V; work done = –10 eV
3 mA R
(b) C → F; ΔV = 50 V; work done = –50 eV
(c) A → C; ΔV = –20 V; work done = 20 eV Using Ohm’s law
V = IR
15 VA = 1 V
VC = 3 V R= V = 9
I 3 × 10–3
potential difference = 2 V = 3 × 103 = 3 kΩ
2

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 2 22/07/2014 16:39

 27 V 31 23 Ω

1 μA 300 kΩ
I
Using Ohm’s law 1Ω
V = IR
V = 1 × 10–6 × 300 × 103 12 V
= 300 × 10–3 Total resistance in the circuit = 24 Ω
= 0.3 V Using Ohm’s law V = IR
28 12 V I = V = 12 = 0.5 A
R 24
Using Ohm’s law again the pd across the 23 Ω
I 600 Ω resistor = IR = 0.5 × 23 = 11.5 V
Using Ohm’s law
32 20 Ω
V = IR
I = V = 12 5A
R 600
I = 0.02 = 20 mA (a) Energy per second is power. Using the
equation P = I2R
29 Using Ohm’s law P = 52 × 20 = 25 × 20
V = IR P = 500 W
R= V Therefore 500 J is converted in 1 second.
I
(b) In 1 minute, 500 × 60 = 3 × 104 J will be
V (V) I (mA) V/I kΩ
released.
1.0 0.01 100
10.0 0.10 100 33
25.0 1.00 25
0.25 A
30 11 Ω

0.5 Ω
0.5 A
Using P = I2R
The power dissipated in the internal resistance
R = 0.252 × 0.5 = 0.031 W
6V
34 4W
Using Ohm’s law V = IR
pd across 11 Ω resistor = 0.5 × 11 = 5.5 V
This means pd across R = 0.5 V 0.5 A
0.5 V

R 0.5 A 9V

Power delivered by battery = IV

Using Ohm’s law again R = V = 1 Ω
I = 9 × 0.5 = 4.5 W
If 4 W are dissipated in the external resistance
0.5 W must be dissipated in the internal
resistance.

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 3 22/07/2014 16:39

 35 30 m/s 40 8Ω 8Ω

1000 kg

(a) KE = 12 mv2 14 Ω 2Ω

= 12 × 1000 × 302 The top two and the bottom two are in series so
= 450 kJ they simply add.
(b) Ignoring friction etc. the power of the car This circuit can then be simplified:
16 Ω
= energy gained = 450 000 = 37.5 kW
energy taken 12
(c) Using P = IV
37 500 = I × 300 16 Ω
I = 125 A
Two equal resistors in parallel have a combined
36 No energy is lost, no heat produced, motor is resistance of 12 of one of them so:
100% efficient, no friction Rtotal = 8 Ω

37 100 W 41 4Ω 8Ω 16 Ω

220 V These are in series so the resistances simply

add
(a) Using P = IV
RT = 4 + 8 + 16 = 28 Ω
I = P = 100 = 0.45 A
V 220 42 16 Ω
(b) If 20% of 100 W is converted to light,
20 8Ω
× 100 = 20 W are converted.
100
That’s 20 J per second. 4Ω

38 (a) Using P = IV
These 3 are in parallel so I = I + I + I
RT R1 R2 R3
I = P = 1000 = 4.5 A
V 220 = 1 + 1 + 1
16 8 4
(b) If the power is 1 kW then the heater 1 2
= + + 4 = 7
releases 1000 J per second. In 5 hours, 16 16 16 16
5 × 60 × 60 × 1000 = 1.8 × 107 J are RT = 16 Ω
7
released.
43 6V
39 16 Ω

A
8Ω
10 Ω 2Ω
These resistors are in parallel so: I = I + I
RT R1 R2
= 1 + 1 = 1 + 2
16 8 16 16
V
1 3
=
RT 16 Total resistance = 12 Ω
16
RT = Ω so using Ohm’s law I = V = 6 = 0.5 A
3 R 12
0.5 A flows through the 10 Ω resistor so
V = IR = 0.5 × 10 = 5 V
4

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 44 6V 47 6V

A 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
4Ω

2 kΩ
2Ω 2Ω
V

Without meter pd = 3 V
V Resistance of 1 kΩ plus meter
I
The two 2 Ω resistors are in series so add up to = 1 + 1 = 3 ⇒ R = 2 = 0.67 kΩ
R 1 2 2 3
give 4 Ω. This combination is in parallel with the Total resistance = 1.67 kΩ
4 Ω resistor so the total resistance = 2 Ω. Current in whole circuit
Using Ohm’s law for the whole circuit
I= V = V
= 6 × 103 = 3.6 mA
Rtotal (R1 + R2) 1.67
I = V = 6 = 3A
R 2
pd across meter = IR = 3.6 × 10–3 × 0.67 × 103
The pd across the two 2 Ω resistors = 6 V. This
= 2.4 V
will be dropped equally across them so pd
Difference = 3 – 2.4 = 0.6 V
across each = 3 V

45 6V (3)
% difference = 0.6 × 100% = 20%

48 6V
V
4Ω A 0.5 Ω
2Ω 1Ω
2Ω 2Ω
A
Without meter R = 3 Ω
The pd across the 4 Ω resistor is the same as
I = V = 6 = 2A
the battery, 6 V. R 3
The pd across the two 2 Ω resistors is also 6 V. With meter R = 3.5 Ω
They are in series so total resistance = 4 Ω I = 6 = 1.7 A
3.5
Using Ohm’s law I = V = 6 = 1.5 A
R 4 Difference = 0.3 A
46 6V
(2)
% difference = 0.3 × 100% = 15%

49 2Ω 12 V
V A
I1
4Ω
I A B

4Ω
I2 1Ω 6V

The voltmeter reads the pd across the battery

1Ω
= 6V
The resistors are in parallel so total resistance
Kirchhoff’s first law
= 2 Ω
I1 + I2 = I (1)
Using Ohm’s law I = V = 6 = 3 A
R 2 Kirchhoff’s second law to outer loop
12 = 2I1 + I (2)

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 5 22/07/2014 16:39

 Inner loop Fill out the rest to make sure consistent:
6 = I2 + I (3) 6V 12 V 3V 6V
2Ω 1Ω
Need to find I so substitute for I2 in (3) 3A
6 = (I – I1) + I = 2I – I1 A
V
multiply by 2; 12 = 4I – 2I1
add this to (2) (12 = I + 2I1); 1.5 V 1.5 V
1Ω 1Ω
24 = 5I
I = 4.8 A 3V 1.5 A 6V
1.5 A
2Ω 2Ω
so VAB = 1 × 4.8 = 4.8 V
Check:
51
I1 = (12 – I) = 3.6 A 2 kΩ
2
I2 = 4.8 – 3.6 = 1.2 A
Fill in all the unknowns to see if consistent: 1 kΩ
7.2 V 12 V
2Ω 1V
3.6 A
A B
Total of parallel combination 1 = 1 + 1 = 2.5,
R 2 0.5
1.2 A so R = 0.4 kΩ
1.2 V 6V
1Ω Rtotal = 0.9 kΩ

4.8 V Current = V = 1 = 1.11 mA

4.8 A R 900
1Ω
pd across 0.4 kΩ = 1.11 × 10–3 × 0.4 × 103
50 = 0.44 V
2Ω 12 V 1Ω 6V
Or
R2
Vo = × Vi = 0.4 × 1 = 0.44 V
A R1 + R2 0.9
Resistance of nichrome = ρL
V
52
A
1Ω 1Ω
= 1.5 × 10–6 × 1 × (0.05 × 10–3)2 = 191 Ω
π

2Ω 2Ω
Length divided by 3 gives:
4
1 MΩ
Assume meters are all ideal.
First find total resistance. 100 Ω 143 Ω 48 Ω

Total for parallel combination at the bottom left

1V
I
= 1 + 1 = 1, so R = 1Ω
R 2 2
Add the series resistors R Ignore the 1 MΩ as it will draw hardly any
Rtotal = 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 6 Ω current.
Total emf = 18 V Total resistance = 291 Ω
Current = 18 = 3 A current I = V = 1 = 3.44 mA
6 R 291
Ammeter reading = 3 A V143 = IR = 3.44 × 10–3 × 143 = 0.49 V
pd across parallel combination = 1 × 3 = 3 V
Current through top branch = 3 A
2
pd across 1 Ω resistor = 3 × 1 = 1.5 V
2
Voltmeter reading = 1.5 V
6

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 6 22/07/2014 16:39

 53 field into page 56 F = Bqv = 5 × 10–3 × 1.6 × 10–19 × 500
(vertically down) = 4 × 10–19 N

N 0.5 m 2A 57
B
500 V
20 μT

(a) Using the formula F = BIL

F = 20 × 10–6 × 2 × 0.5 r = 10 cm
F = 2 × 10–5 N

(b) thuMb
(a) KE = Vq = 500 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 8 × 10–17 J
(b) KE = 1 mv2
2
–17
v = 2KE = 2 × 8 × 10–31 = 1.3 × 107 ms–1
m 9.1 × 10
seCond (north–south) First (vertically downwards) (c) Moving in a circle so
2
Bqv = mv
r
Using Fleming’s left hand rule, force is to
the east B = mv
qr
–31 7
54 wire with current = 9.1 × 10 ×–191.3 × 10
out of page (up) 1.6 × 10 × 0.1
–4
= 7.4 × 10 T

58
100 ms–1
B = 10 μT v 30° B
I = 0.5 A
L = 1m q + 5 mT

(a) Using formula F = BIL

F = 10 × 10–6 × 0.5 × 1 m
F = Bqv sin θ
F = 5 × 10–6 N
= 5 × 10–3 × 1.6 × 10–19 × 100 × sin 30°
(b) First (directed north)
= 4 × 10–20 N

59 B = 50 μT
thuMb
seCond (upwards)
20 cm

20 m s–1

(a) emf = BLv

Using Fleming’s left hand rule (probably best = 50 × 10–6 × 0.2 × 20
using your own ), force is west = 2 × 10–4 V
55 Use Fleming’s left hand rule: (b) Using Ohm’s law 2 × 10–4 V
–4
(a) (b) (c) I = V = 2 × 10
I R 2
B = 1 × 10–4 A
I
2Ω
7

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 7 22/07/2014 16:39

 (c) Power dissipated = I 2R = (1 × 10–4)2 × 2 (b) Component of field perpendicular to plane
= 2 × 10–8 W (J/s) of coil = B cos 30°
(d) Work done = energy dissipated = 2 × 10–8 J Flux enclosed = BAN cos 30°
= 1.3 × 10–5 Tm2
(e) Velocity of wire = 20 m s–1 so moves 20 m in
1 s. (c) emf = rate of change of flux = ΔB
Δt
–5
(f) Work done = F × d = (1.5 – 1.3) × 10 = 0.67 μV
3
–8 I0
F = work = 2 × 10 = 1 × 10–9 N 62 Irms = 2 ⇒ I0 = Irms × 2
distance 20
(Since velocity is constant the forces are I0 = 110 × 2 = 156 V
balanced.)
63 Vrms = 220 V; P = Vrms Irms = 4000 W
60
Irms = 4000 = 18 A
–4 2
Area = 2 × 10 m 50 turns
220
64 A = 5 × 10–4 m2

B = 100 μT B = 50 mT

(a) Flux enclosed by each coil = A × B

500 turns
= 2 × 10–4 × 100 × 10–6 = 2 × 10–8 T m2
Since there are 50 turns, total flux (a) (i) 50 rev s–1 = 50 × 2π rad s–1
= 50 × 2 × 10–8 = 1 × 10–6 T m2 = 100π rad s–1
(b) If flux density changed to 50 μT then flux (ii) εmax = BANω = 3.9 V
enclosed = 0.5 × 10–6 μT m2 3.9
(iii) εrms = 2 = 2.8 V
Rate of change of flux = ΔB = 1.0 – 0.5
Δt 2 (b) 12 the angular velocity so 1
the εrms = 1.4 V
= 0.25 μT m s
–2 –1 2
2 2
V V 2
(c) Induced emf = rate of change of flux 65 P= rms
⇒R= rms
= 200 = 48.4 Ω
R P 1000
= 0.25 μV
66 Vp = 220 V
61 0.02 m 50 turns Vs = 4.5 V
Np Vp
(a) If Np = 500, =
Ns Vs
500
0.03 m 500 μT = 220
Ns 4.5
500 × 4.5
Ns = = 10.3 turns (10)
220
(b) P = IV = 0.45 × 4.5 = 2 W
30° B (c) If 100% efficient
power in = power out
30° Ip Vp = Is Vs
Ip × 220 = 0.45 × 4.5
Ip = 9.2 mA
(a) Flux enclosed = BAN (d) If charger not charging then no power
= 500 × 10–6 × 0.02 × 0.03 × 50 out, which implies no power in, so no
= 1.5 × 10–5 T m2 current flows.
This is for a 100% ideal transformer.

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 67 Power 72 (a) In series 1 = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 3
C C1 C2 4 8 8
station
8
C = = 2.67 μF
3

500 MW
50 kV (b) In parallel C = C1 + C2 = 12 μF

73 2 μF
Transformer
4 μF
100 kV 6 μF
8Ω

Transformer 6V

220 V
Capacitance of the capacitors in parallel is
Town
2 + 6 = 8 μF
1
(a) 500 MW at 100 kV; P = VI = 1 + 1 =1+1=3
C C1 C2 4 8 8
6
I = P = 500 × 103 = 5 × 103 A
V 100 × 10 C = 8 μF
3
Total charge = CV = 8 × 6 = 16 μC
2 3 2
(b) Power loss = I R = (5 × 10 ) × R = 200 MW
3
(c) 200 × 100% = 40%
500 Charge on the 4 μF capacitor is equal to total
(d) Power delivered = 500 – 200 = 300 MW charge so V = Q = 16 = 4 V
C 4
(e) Available to town = 300 MW
6
74 4 μF 12 μF
(f) P = VI; I = 300 × 10 = 1.36 MA
220
68 0.1 m 2 μF

0.005 m
12 V
ε0 A 8.85 × 10 × π × 0.05
–12 2
C= = = 1.39 × 10–11 F
d 0.005
0.1 m
Total of the capacitors in series is 1 = 1 + 1
69 C C1 C2
=1+ 1 = 4
4 12 12
0.001 m
C = 3 μF
Charge on the capacitors in series is
εrε0 A
= 4 × 8.85 × 10 × π × 0.05
–12 2
C= CV = 3 × 12 = 36 μC
d 0.001
= 2.78 × 10–10 F Charge on the 4 μF capacitor is the same as the
total charge on the capacitors in series = 36 μC
70
pd across the 4 μF capacitor = Q = 36 = 9 V
C 4
0.01 m 1 2 1
75 E= 2 CV = 2 × 5 × 10 × 9 = 2.03 × 10–4 J
–6 2
0.0001 m
ε0 A 2
0.2 m 76 (a) C = = 8.85 × 10–12 × π × 0.1
d 0.002
εrε0 A –12
C= = 5 × 8.85 × 10 × 2 × 0.01 = 1.39 × 10–10 F
d 0.0001
= 8.85 × 10–9 F (b) Q = CV = 1.39 × 10–10 × 6 = 8.34 × 10–10 C
(c) E = 12 QV = 12 × 8.34 × 10–10 × 6
71 Q = CV = 2 × 10–6 × 6 = 1.2 × 10–5 C
= 2.5 × 10–9 J

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 9 22/07/2014 16:39

 (d) If isolated, charge will remain the same but
new capacitance is 12 previous Practice questions
C = 6.95 × 10–11 F
Q = 8.34 × 10–10 C 1 E = 8.1 × 103 J
2
E = Q = 5 × 10–9 J Q = 5.8 × 103 C
2C
r
Extra energy stored is gained from work
done pulling plates apart. ε
0.2 V
1.4 V
77 50 electrons so Q = 50 × 1.6 × 10–19 C R = 6Ω
= 8 × 10–18 C
–18
V = Q = 8 × 10 –9 = 8 × 10–11 V 1.2 V
C 100 × 10 3

78 (a) τ = CR = 5 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 50 s
–3 3 (i) emf = energy per coulomb = 8.1 × 103
5.8 × 10
= 1.4 V
(b) Q = CV = 5 × 10–3 × 10 = 50 mC
–t (ii) If ε = 1.4 V and pd across R = 1.2 V
(c) When discharging V = V0e RC
–20 then pd across r = 0.2 V
V = 10 × e 50 = 6.7 V
so 1.4 = 0.2 + 1.2, as shown
(d) When starting to discharge pd across If you go up 1.4 V you must come down
R = 10 V 1.4 V.
I= V = 10
= 1 mA Applying Ohm’s law to R
R 10 × 103
(e) When discharging I = I0e RC
–t
I = V = 1.2 = 0.2 A
R 6

()
ln I = –t
I0 RC
Applying Ohm’s law to r
r = V = 0.2 V = 1.0 Ω
I0 I 0.2 A
If I = (iii) Charge flowing = 5.8 × 103 C
2
ln ()
1
2
= –t
RC
Potential difference across R = energy
converted to heat per unit charge
t = RC × ln 2 = 35 s So energy converted in R = pd × Q
79 (a) time constant = RC = 1 × 10 × 10–6 = 1.2 × 5.8 × 103 = 6.9 × 103 J
= 1 × 10–5 s, so the capacitor will be fully (iv) Current is made up of electron flow, as
charged after 1 s electrons flow through the metal they
(b) Initially pd across C = pd across R interact (collide) with the metal atoms,
Vc = 5 V giving them energy. This is rather like
5 = IR the way a rubber ball gives energy to
5 the steps as it falls down the stairs.
I=
0.5 × 106 Increased vibration of the atomic lattice
I = 1 × 10–5 A results in an increase in temperature.
(c) RC = 0.5 × 106 × 10 × 10–6 = 5 s
–t –2 2 (a) V
V = Voe RC = 5 × e 5 = 3.35 V

0
0 I
10

M18_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_SL06.indd 10 22/07/2014 16:39

 (b) (i) Resistance = V ; this can be found by If we look at circuit 2 we see that
I
dividing V by I. the pd across the internal resistance
(ii) Non-ohmic since the graph is not is 0.4 V.
linear. An ohmic resistor should have a Now I = 0.2 A
constant value for R. So R = V = 0.4 = 2.0 Ω
I 0.2
(c) I = 120 mA V = 6.0 V (c) (i) Apply Ohm’s law: I = 0.18 A, V = 0.6 V
(i) R= V = 6.9
= 50 Ω
I 120 × 10–3 R = V = 0.4 = 3.3 Ω
I 0.2
(ii) 24 V
(ii) Ohm’s law again: I = 0.2 A, V = 2.6 V
R = V = 2.6 = 13 Ω
120 mA I 0.2
(d) Resistance is different because temperature
of bulb is greater in c (ii)
18 V 6V (e) V
If a resistor R is connected in series then
the total pd across R and bulb = 24 V.
pd across bulb = 6 V
so pd across R = 18 V
pd across R = 18 V
R= V
I
18
= = 150 Ω
120 × 10–3
0
0 I
3 (a) (i) This means that if the bulb is
connected to 3 V then 0.6 W of power (f) The circuit is the same as this:
is dissipated.
I
(ii) P = IV ⇒ I = P = 0.6 = 0.2 A
V 3
(b) (i) Minimum value is when R is maximum; 12 Ω
this can only be zero if maximum value
of R is infinite. 3V

Maximum value of current is when R

is zero. Ideally the pd across the bulb 12 Ω 4Ω
would then be 3 V but it isn’t because
the circuit and battery have resistance.
(ii) 0.18 A First calculate resistance of the 12 Ω and
A
4 Ω resistors in parallel:
3.0 V 0.6 V
V
1

R 12 4

maximum value
0.20 A
A
3.0 V 2.6 V 1
2 V = 1 + 1 = 1+3 = 4
RT 12 4 12 12
12
0.4 V RT = = 3Ω
4
R
minimum value 11

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 Now add the other 12 Ω V(V)
V when I = 0
R = 12 + 3 = 15 Ω 1.5

12 Ω

3Ω

Total R = 15 Ω; apply Ohm’s law to the

whole combination → I = V = 3 = 0.2 A 0.42
R 15
Applying Ohm’s law to the 12 Ω resistor
→ V = IR = 0.2 × 12 = 2.4 V
so the pd across the bulb must be
3 – 2.4 = 0.6 V 0.90 I(A)

4 (a) (i) Power from cell = emf × current = EI (d) (i) When I is zero there will be no pd
E r across r, so V = E ⇒ E = 1.5 V
(ii) If the resistance R is very small then
I V V = 0
so current can be found from the
intercept on the I axis ≈ 1.3 A
R
(iii) When R = 0 pd across r = 1.5 V
emf is energy converted
charge so r = V = 1.5 = 1.2 Ω
I 1.3
so emf × current = energy × charge
charge time (e) If R = r then R must equal 1.2 Ω
energy 1.5 V
= = power
time
(ii) Power dissipated in cell = power 1.2 Ω
dissipated in r = I 2r
(iii) Power dissipated in external circuit
= I 2R = IV 1.2 Ω
(b) From the law of conservation of energy: So total R = 2.4 Ω
power from cell = power dissipated in circuit Ohm’s law → I = V = 1.5 A
R 2.4
EI = I2r + VI ⇒ E = V + Ir
(c) r
2
Power = I R = 1.5
2.4 ( ) × 1.2 = 0.48 W
2

5 (a) Gravitational field strength is the force

experienced per unit mass by a small test
V mass placed in the field.
A
R (b) Should be GM = g0R2
From Newton’s law the force on a mass m
variable resistor on the surface of the Earth F = GMm
2
R
Field strength g0 = F = GMm ⇒ g0 = GM
m R2m R2
⇒ GM = g0R2
12

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 (c) Use Fleming’s right hand rule Error carried forward: In IB questions you
(d) F = B cos θ × V × e generally don’t get penalized for carrying
an error forward so if you got part (e) wrong
B cosθ and used your answer in part (g), then you
θ Component of B
perpendicular should get the marks for (g).
to wire
6 (a) (i) The emf induced in a conductor placed
in a magnetic field is directly proportional
F
direction of current to the rate of change of the flux it
encloses.
velocity out of page (ii) The loop encloses B field as shown. If
the current changes then the enclosed
(e) E = energy converted from mechanical
flux field will change so, according to
work to electrical PE per unit charge.
Faraday, emf will be induced.
Work done on an electron in pushing it along
the wire = force × distance current-carrying wire
= B cos θ × ev × L
Work done per unit charge = WD
e
= B cos θ × vL
This is the correct answer since question
says deduce from (d). However a more
obvious solution uses Faraday’s law.
E = rate of flux cut
= B cos θ × area swept out per second (b) When gradient of B versus t is maximum
= B cos θ × vL since wire moves a distance then ε is maximum.
v in 1 second. I B ∝ I so flux varies as current

(f) For an orbiting body the gravitational force

ε = dBϕ
= centripetal force dt
2
so GMm
2
= mv (iii) When coil is further from the wire, the B
R R
(where R is the orbit radius) field will be less so flux enclosed will be
so v = GM smaller.
R As a result dNϕ is less so ε is less.
From the question we know that for the dt
Earth’s surface GM = g0R02 (c) Advantage – does not need to be in contact
(where R0 is the Earth’s radius) with the wire.
= 10 × (6.4 × 106)2 Disadvantage – distance from the wire
So GM = 4.1 × 1014 N m2 kg–1 should be known.
Height = 3 × 105 m 7 V0
so R = 3 × 105 + 6.4 × 106 = 6.7 × 106 m
14
so V = 4.1 × 10 6 = 6.1 × 107 I0
6.7 × 10
= 7.8 × 103 m s–1
(g) From answer to (e), E = B cos θ × vL R
so E = 6.3 × 10–6 cos 20° × 7.8 × 103 × L Power = Vrms Irms
= 1000 V v0 I
1000 where Vrms = and Irms = 0
L= –6 3 2 2
6.3 × 10 cos 20° × 7.8 × 10
= 2.2 × 104 m
13

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 v0I0 2
Power = rearranging, we find r3 = kQ × 2L
2 mg
The answer is A. 9 –10 2
= (9 × 10 × (5.5 × 10
–6
) × 2 × 0.5)
(10 × 10 × 10)
8 For an ideal transformer no power is lost.
= 2.7 × 10–5
power in = power out
and r = 3 cm
VpIp = VsIs
The answer is C. 2 A vacuum cleaner has an electric motor, which
This is always true only if the transformer is consists of a coil rotating in a magnetic field.
ideal; however, none of the other answers When a coil rotates in a magnetic field an emf
makes any sense. will be induced in it that opposes the change
producing it. This means that the induced emf
will oppose the current flowing through the coil.
If there were no resistance this emf would equal
Challenge yourself the applied emf and no current would flow.
When the motor starts there is no induced emf
1 The situation looks like this: (back emf) opposing the current so the current
is much larger than when running. This can
cause the circuit breaker in the house to switch
off. To prevent this a variable resistor could be
θ placed in series with the motor; this is reduced
as the motor starts to rotate.

3 12 V 4 μF
L

T
θ 2 μF 2 μF

When connected to the battery

F
Q = CV = 24 μC
r Energy stored = 12 CV 2 = 0.5 × 2 × 10–6 × 122
= 144 μJ
W
When connected to the other capacitor the total
Taking components: charge is conserved and the pd across each is
vertical T cos θ = mg the same.
horizontal T sin θ = F (the electric force) Q = Q1 + Q2
Dividing gives tan θ = F V = V1 = V2
mg
but the angle is small so we can approximate: So Q = C1V1 + C2V2 = C1V + C2V
24 = 4V + 2V
tan θ ≈ (r/2) = r
L 2L V = 4V
kQ1Q2 kQ2
We also know that F = = 2 , Energy stored = 12 C1V 2 + 12 C2V 2
r2 r
with each sphere taking half of the total charge = 0.5 × 4 × 10–6 × 42 + 0.5 × 2 × 10–6 × 42
(5.5 × 10–10 C) = 48 μJ
2 2 Change = 96 μJ
so r = (kQ /r )
2L mg

14

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