Design of Photovoltaic Systems

The University of Jordan

1
 Outline
• Legal Framework in Jordan
• Introduction to Solar Radiation & PV Fundamentals
• Design Steps of On-grid PV System
• Design Steps of Off-grid PV System
• Economical Evaluation of PV Projects

2
Legal Framework in Jordan
GAM

3
 Energy Conversion
Energy
Energy Input Conversion Energy Output
Device

4
5
• The unit of energy is joule (J).

• Power is the energy per time and is expressed in watts (W).

• 1 watt is 1 joule per second.

• In this course we will use a more practical unit, which is

generally used to express the electrical energy,
kilowatthours (kWh)

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Net Metering vs Feed-in Tariff

7
Solar Radiation & PV Fundamentals

8
Azimuth Angle

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Azimuth Angle

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Elevation Angle

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Tilt Angle

12
Air Mass

1
cos Ө
13
Sun Path (3D Sun Path)

14
Solar Cell Working Principle

15
 IV-Curve & MPPT

IMPP

VMPP

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17
Module Circuit Design

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Shading Effect

19
Bypass Diodes

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 Standard Test Conditions (STC)

1000 W/m2 25˚C Cell Temp. Air Mass 1.5

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Peak Sun Hours

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 Nominal Operating Cell Temp. (NOCT)

800 W/m2 20˚C Ambient Temp. 1 m/s

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 Types of Solar Panels

Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Thin-film

Up to 23.5% Up to 22% Up to 18%
-0.39% / ˚C -0.40% / ˚C -0.32% / ˚C
Most expensive Average Cheapest

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Types of Solar Panels

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Concentrating Photovoltaics
(CPV)

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Cell, Module (Panel), Array

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Mounting Structure

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 Types of Mounting Systems
(According to orientation type)

Fixed
Tracking

Adjustable
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 Roof Mounted

Ground Mounted

Fixed Shade Structure

BIPV
Mounting
Structure Car Port

Single Axis
Tracking &
Adjustable
Double Axis

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Roof Mounted

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Ground Mounted

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Self-Ballasted Arrays

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Direct-Mounted Arrays

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Pole-Mounted Arrays

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Shade Structure

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Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

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Car Ports

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 Temperature Effect
Mounting Type Increase in Cell Temperature [°C]

Ground Mounted and Car Ports +20

Roof Mounted +30

Facade +35

BIPV +45

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Single Axis Tracking

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Double Axis Tracking

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42
Key factors in Mechanical Design
and Module Layout

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Module physical characteristics.

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Thermal characteristics of modules
and effects of mounting system.

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 Weather sealing of building
penetrations and attachments.

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 Materials and hardware
compatibilities with the application
environment.

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Materials and hardware compatibilities
with the application environment.

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Aesthetics and appearance.

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Aesthetics and appearance.

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Aesthetics and appearance.

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Optimizing Array Performance

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Optimum Tilt & Azimuth

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Good Ventilation

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 Installing all modules in series
yellow area: almost no shading
source circuits in the same plane.
blue area: shaded in the mornings (left) or evenings (right)
red area: temporary shading

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The point at which the array generates
maximum electrical power

MPPT
range

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Combiner box (if necessary)

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Design of On-grid System

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 Design Steps of On-grid PV System
1. Energy Consumption 9. String Configuration
2. System Sizing (DC & AC) 10. Wires and electrical
3. Site Planning components sizing
4. Mounting Structure 11. Losses Estimation
5. Components selection 12. Energy Yield
6. Shading Analysis 13. BOQ
7. Module Layout 14. Economical Evaluation
8. Solar panel selection

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 Energy Consumption
• Calculate the yearly energy consumption in kWh, or the average monthly
consumption

• If the facility is not built yet, estimate the energy consumption for all loads
• Consumption = Wattage ✕ Operational time

• Example:
• The yearly energy consumption for a house in Amman is 16000 kWh

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64
 System Sizing
• Divide the yearly consumption by 1560 kWh/kWp/y or the
average monthly consumption by 130 kWh/kWp/y

• The result is the maximum AC system size in units of kW

that is allowed to be installed as specified in the regulations
of EMRC.

• Example:

!
• Max. AC System size = = 10.25 kWp
"
#.!
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 System Sizing
• Selected inverter is: SMA STP 10000-TL kW

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 System Sizing
• Max. DC System size = 10.2 kWp
• This is according to manufacturers specifications

67
 DC / AC Ratio
• PV designer may choose to oversize the inverter in order to
maximize the power production, due to the following:

1. Actual PV module power vs. module nominal power

2. Financial considerations

• DC / AC ratio depends greatly on the location!

• Recommended DC / AC ratio in Jordan is 1.05 – 1.15

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DC / AC Ratio

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 Site Planning
• Suitable roof for switchboards
mounting? • Coordinates of the project
• Solar access for the site? • Pictures for the location
• Shading objects (location • Available area
and dimensions)
• Horizon shading
• Orientation and tilt of the
roof • Connection voltage
• Suggested location of the • CB data
inverter • Elec. Room pictures
• Location of AC
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Suitable roof for mounting?

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Solar access for the site?

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Orientation and tilt of the roof

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Location of AC switchboards

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Coordinates of the project

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 Connection voltage
Single Phase or 3-Phase?

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CB data

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 Mounting Structure

Fixed? Steel?
Tracking? Aluminum?

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 Components selection

• Select the manufacturers for:

• Solar panels
• Mounting structure
• DC & AC cables
• Protection devices

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Shading Analysis
h
θ

D = 2h

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 Shading Analysis

D’ = h / tan(ɑ)
D’ = Maximum shadow length
h = height of obstruction
α = solar altitude angle (at 9:00 AM or 3:00 PM in 21th December)
α = 23.5˚ in Amman at 9:00 in 21th December

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 Shading Analysis

D = D’ x cos(180 – ψ)
• D = Minimum array row spacing
• ψ = solar azimuth angle (at 9:00 AM or 3:00 PM)
• Ψ = 141˚ in Amman at 9:00 AM 82
 Shading Analysis

• Example:
• If the solar panels mounted in landscape (x=1m) layout and 30˚ tilt
angle
• h = 1 x sin(30) = 0.5m
• D’ = 0.5/ tan (23.5) = 1.15 m
• D = 1.15 x Cos(180 - 141) = 0.9m

• These equation can be applied for any shading object

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 ‫‪Module Layout‬‬

‫• ﺑﻌﺽ ﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪19‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪2015-2-25‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬

‫• ‪ 1-5‬ﺇﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻠﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 2-5‬ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 3-5‬ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻟﻠﻣﻣﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 7-5‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬
‫‪84‬‬
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 Solar panel selection
• 32 solar panels can installed on the roof

• Rated power of each panel = 10.2 / 32 ≈ 0.315 kWp

• Selected module: Trina Solar – TALLMAX315 Multi

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Jehad Adeeb & Alaa Farhan 92
Jehad Adeeb & Alaa Farhan 93
Jehad Adeeb & Alaa Farhan 94
Jehad Adeeb & Alaa Farhan 95
Jehad Adeeb & Alaa Farhan 96
Jehad Adeeb & Alaa Farhan 97
String Configuration

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String Configuration

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String Configuration

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 String Configuration
Mounting Type Increase in Cell Temperature [°C]

Ground Mounted and Car Ports +20

Roof Mounted +30

Facade +35

BIPV +45

Max. temp in Amman = 40˚C

Min temp. in Amman = -4 ˚C
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 String Configuration
• Max. number of modules per each string =

• Max. MPP Voltage / Max. Module Voltage (Voc (STC) @ -4˚C)

• Voc (STC) @ -4˚C = (45.6 + |-4 – 25|x 0.0032 x 45.6) = 49.8 V

• 800 / 50 = 16.1

• Max. number of modules per each string = 16 module

102
 String Configuration
• Min. number of modules per each string =

• Min. MPP Voltage / Min. Module Voltage (Vmp (STC) @ 70˚C)

• Vmp (STC) @ 70˚C = (37.1 - ((70 – 25) x 0.0032 x 37.1) = 31.8 V

• 320 / 31.8 = 10.1

• Min. number of modules per each string = 11 module

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 String Configuration
11 Module
+ -

1 6 Module
+

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 String Configuration
• String configuration:
• Input A: 1 x 16 Module
• Input B: 1 x 16 Module

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 Wires and electrical
components sizing
• DC cables (Module’s Isc x 1.56 ) = 9 x 1.56 = 14 A

• AC cables (Inverter’s max. output current x 1.25) = 33 x 1.25 = 41.25 A

• NOTE: Voltage drop across DC & AC cables is recommended to be less

than 2-3% (Voltage drop = I x R x L)

• Circuit breaker size (Ampacity) > Max. AC Current

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107
 Losses Estimation
• Shading losses ≈ 3%
• Soiling losses ≈ 3% (with continuous cleaning)
• Voltage drop ≈ 2%

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 Energy Yield
Optimum PV System Energy Yield in Amman, kWh/kWp/year
• Energy yield = Optimum energy yield – Total Losses
20˚ SE 15˚ SE 10˚ SE 5˚ SE 0˚ 5˚ SW 10˚ SW 15˚ SW 20˚ SW
10˚ -4.9% -4.7% -4.6% -4.5% -4.5% -4.5% -4.6% -4.7% -4.8%
15˚ -3.0% -2.8% -2.6% -2.5% -2.4% -2.5% -2.6% -2.7% -3.0%
20˚ -1.7% -1.4 -1.2% -1.1% -1.0% -1.0% -1.2% -1.3% -1.6%
25˚ -0.9% -0.6% -0.4% -0.3% -0.2% -0.2% -0.3% -0.5% -0.8%
30˚ -0.8% -0.4% -0.2% -0.1% 1820 -0.0% -0.1% -0.3% -0.7%
35˚ -1.3% -0.9% -0.6% -0.5% -0.4% -0.5% -0.6% -0.8% -1.2%
40˚ -2.3% -2.0% -1.7% -1.5% -1.5% -1.5% -1.6% -1.9% -2.2%
45˚ -4.0% -3.6% -3.4% -3.2% -3.1% -3.2% -3.3% -3.5% -3.8%
50˚ -6.2 -5.9% -5.6% -5.5% -5.4% -5.5% -5.5% -5.7% -6.0%
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 Economical Evaluation
• Simple Payback Period
• Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

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 Simple Payback Period
2 3 4
Simple Payback Period
5 6 768

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 CAPEX
• PV Modules
• Inverter
• Mounting Structure
• DC & AC Cables
• Installation
• Permissions

112
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

2 3 4: 3 4
92
;< 6 5 =

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Off-grid System Design

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System Configuration

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• A. LOADS

• (A1): Inverter efficiency (decimal).

• This quantity is used as a power adjustment factor when current is changed from dc to
ac. The efficiency of the inverter selected for this application is assumed to be 0.85.

• (A2): Battery bus voltage.

• This is nominal dc operating voltage of the system. The battery bus voltage for this
application is 24 volts. Which corresponds to the required dc input voltage for the
inverter.

• (A3): Inverter ac voltage.

• The output voltage of the inverter selected for this application is 220 volts.

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• The components (appliances) that the system will power are:

1. 5 lights (30w each, combined rated wattage 150, used 2 hours/day.

2. Refrigerator, rated wattage 500, used 5 hours/day.
3. 3 ceiling fans (45w each, combined rated wattage 135, used 8
hours/day.
4. Washer, rated wattage, 1500, used 6 hours/week or 0.86
hours/day.
5. Television, rated wattage 200, used 4 hours/day.
6. Toaster, rated wattage 1500, used 0.25 hours/day.

• The appliances are listed under the column heading Appliance.

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• (A4): The rated wattage is listed for each appliance in
column (A4).
Appliance (A4) Rated Wattage

5 lights (30W each) 150

Refrigerator 500

3 ceiling fans (45w each) 135

Washer 1500

Television 200

Toaster 1500

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• (A5): Adjustment factor.
• The adjustment factor is related to the efficiency of the inverter
and reflects the actual power consumed from the battery bank to
operate ac loads from the inverter. For ac loads, the value (A1) is
inserted in column (A5). For this application the adjustment factor
is 0.85. For dc loads operating from the battery bank an
adjustment factor of 1.0 is used.

• (A6): Adjusted wattage.

• Dividing the rated wattage (A4) by the adjustment factor (A5)
adjusts the wattage to compensate for the inverter inefficiency
and gives the actual wattage consumed from the battery bank (A4
/ A5).

119
 Appliance (A4 / A5) Adjusted Wattage (A6)

5 lights (30W each) 150 / 0.85 176

Refrigerator 500 / 0.85 588

3 ceiling fans (45w each) 135 / 0.85 159

Washer 1500 / 0.85 1765

Television 200 / 0.85 235

Toaster 1500 / 0.85 1765

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• (A7): Hours per day used.
• The number of hours each appliance is used per day is
listed in column (A7). The duty cycle, or actual time of
load operation, must be considered here. For example, a
refrigerator may be functional 24 hours a day, but the
compressor may only operate 5 hours per day.

• (A8): Energy per day.

• The amount of energy each appliance requires per day is
determined by multiplying each appliance’s adjusted
wattage (A6) by the number of hours used per day (A7).
(A6) x (A7)

121
 Appliance (A6 × A7) Energy per Day (A8)

5 lights (30W each) 176 × 2 352

Refrigerator 588 × 5 2940

3 ceiling fans (45w each) 159 × 8 1272

Washer 1765 × 0.86 1518

Television 235 × 4 940

Toaster 1765 × 0.25 441

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• (A9): Total energy demand per day.
• The Sum of the Quantities in column (A8) determines the total
energy demand required by the appliances per day. For this
application the total energy per day for the load is 7463 watt-
hours.

• (A10): Total amp-hour demand per day.

• In order to size the battery bank the total electrical load is
converted from watt-hours to amp-hours. Amp-hours are
determined by dividing the total energy demand per day (A9)
by the battery bus voltage (A2). (A9) / (A2).
• 7463 watt-hours / 24 volts = 311 amp-hours.

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• (A11): maximum ac power requirement.
• The sum of the rated wattages (A4) for all appliances is
equal to 3985 watts. Note that this is the maximum
continuous power required and does not include surge
requirements.
• (A12): maximum dc power requirement.
• The sum of the adjusted wattages (A6), or dc power, for all
appliances is equal to 4688 watts.

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• B. BATTERY SIZING

• DESIGN TEMPERATURE: The location where batteries

are stored should be designed to minimize
fluctuations in battery temperature. For this
application the design temperature is assumed to be
25 degrees C.

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• (B1): Days of storage desired/required (autonomy).

• In this application, the battery storage system is designed to

provide the necessary electrical energy for a period equivalent
to 7 days without any sunshine.

• This time period is considered a moderate level of storage for

non-critical applications. Less critical applications may use 3 to
4 days of storage, although this would increase the depth of
the battery cycling and reduce battery life.

• For critical applications such as those that would impact

public safety, more days of storage may be desirable.

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• (B2): Allowable depth-of-discharge limit (decimal).
• The maximum fraction of capacity that can be withdrawn from
the battery as specified by the designer. Note that the battery
selected must be capable of this limit or greater depth of
discharge. For this application the allowable depth- of discharge
is 0.8.

• (B3): Required battery capacity.

• The required battery capacity is determined by first multiplying
the total amp-hours per day (A10) by the days of storage
required (B1), 311 x 7 = 2177, and then dividing this number by
the allowable depth of discharge limit (B2). [(A10) x ((B1) / (B2))]
• 311 x (7 / .8) = 2721 amp-hours

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• (B4): Amp-hour capacity of selected battery.
• Once the required number of amp-hours has been
determined (B3), batteries or battery cells can be selected
using manufacturers’ information. Exide 6E95-11 industrial
grade batteries were selected for this application because of
their long cycle life and rugged construction.

• Figure B.4 shows that Exide 6E95-11’s capacity for a 5 day

rate is 478 amp-hours. Since battery capacity may vary with
the rate of discharge, the amp-hour capacity that
corresponds to the required days of storage should be used.
128
Amps • Figure B.4 – Exide Battery Specification Sheet
129
• (B5): Number of batteries in parallel.
• The number of batteries or battery cells needed to provide the
required battery capacity (B3) by the amp-hour capacity of the
selected battery (B4). (B3) / (B4).
• 2721 amp-hours / 478 amp-hours = 6 (round up from 5.6).

• (B6): Number of batteries in series.

• The number of batteries needed to provide the necessary dc
system voltage is determined by dividing the battery bus
voltage (A2) by the selected battery or battery cell voltage
(taken from manufacturer’s information). (A2) / battery
voltage.
• 24 volts / 12 volts = 2.

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• (B7): Total Number of batteries.
• Multiplying the number of batteries in parallel (B5) by the
number of batteries or battery cells in series (B60
determines the total number of batteries needed. (B5) x
(B6).
• 6 x 2 = 12.

• (B8): Total battery amp-hour capacity.

• The total rated capacity of selected batteries is
determined by multiplying the number of batteries in
parallel (B5) by the amp-hour capacity of the selected
battery (B4). (B5) x (B4).
• 6 x 478 amp-hours = 2868 amp-hours.

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• (B9): Total battery kilowatt-hour capacity.
• [2868 amp-hours x 24 volts] / 1000 = 68.8 kilowatt-hour.

• (B10): Average daily depth of discharge.

• The 0.75 factor is used by assuming that the PV array

meets the load during peak sun hours or 0.25 of the day
and the batteries supply the load for the other 0.75 of
the day. For the lighting load profile that operates only at
night this factor would be 1.0, due to the load being
entirely supplied by the batteries. [0.75 x (A10)] / (B8).
• (0.75 x 311) / 2868 = 0.08
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• C. PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY SIZING

• The size of the photovoltaic array is determined by

considering the available solar insulation, the tilt and
orientation of the array and the characteristics of the
photovoltaic modules being considered.

• The array is sized to meet the average daily load

requirements for the month or season of the year
with the lowest ratio daily insulation to the daily
load.

133
• If the load is constant, the designer must consider
the time of the year with the minimum amount of
sunlight (in the Northern hemisphere, typically
December or January).

• Knowing the insulation available (at tilt) and the

power output required, the array can be sized using
module specifications supplied by manufacturers.

134
• The array is sized to meet the average daily demand
for electricity during the worst insulation month of
the year, which is December in Jordan.

• The array will face south and because the sun is low in
the sky during December will be tilted at an angle of
50 degrees from the horizontal in order to maximize
the insulation received during December.

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• DESIGN MONTH: December
• DESIGN TILT: 50 degrees for maximum insulation during the
design month.

• (C1): Total energy demand per day (A9).

• 7463 watt-hours.

• (C2): Battery round trip efficiency.

• A factor between 0.70 and 0.90 is used to estimate battery
round trip efficiency. For this application 0.85 is used because
the battery selected is relatively efficient and because a
significant percentage of the energy is used during daylight
hours.

136
• (C3): Required array output per day.
• The watt-hours required by the load are adjusted
(upwards) because batteries are less than 100%
efficient. Dividing the total energy demand per day
(C1) by the battery round trip efficiency (C2)
determines the required array output per day.
• (C1) / (C2).
• 7463 watt-hours / 0.85 = 8780 watt-hours.

137
• (C4): Selected PV module max power voltage at STC x
0.85.
• Maximum power voltage is obtained from the
manufacturer’s specifications for the selected
photovoltaic module, and this quantity is multiplied by
0.85 to establish a design operating voltage for each
module (not the array) to the left of the maximum power
voltage and to ensure acceptable module output current.
• Siemens Solar M55 modules are used in this application.
According to Figure C.4

• C.4 the maximum power voltage at STC for the Siemens

Solar M55 is 17.4 volts.
• 17.4 volts x 0.85 = 14.8 volts.

138
 Power Specifications*
Model M55
Power 53.0 Watts
Current (typical at load) 3.05 Amps
Voltage (typical at load) 17.4 Volts

Short Circuit Current (typical) 3.27 Amps

Open Circuit Voltage (typical) 2.18 Volts

Physical Characteristics
Length 50.9 in/1293 mm
Width 13 in/330 mm
Depth 1.4 in/36 mm
Weight 12.6 lb/5.7 kg
*Power specifications are at standard test conditions The IV curve (current vs. Voltage) above demonstrates
of: 1000 W/M , 25˚C cell temperature and spectrum typical power response to various light levels at 25˚C cell
of 1.5 air mass. temperature, and at the NOCT (Normal Cell Operating
Temperature), 47˚C.

Figure C.4 – Siemens Solar M55 module specifications

139
• (C5): Selected PV module guaranteed power output at
STC.
• This number is also obtained from the manufacturer’s
specifications for the selected module. Figure C.4 shows
the nominal power output at 1000 watts/m^2 and 25
degrees C is 53 watts.
• The guaranteed power output is 90% of this value, or 47.7
watts.

• (C6): Peak sun hours at optimum tilt.

• This figure is obtained from solar radiation data for the
design location and array tilt for an average day during the
worst month of the year. Peak sun hours for this
application in December equal 3.8 hours.

140
• (C7): Energy output per module per day.
• The amount of energy produced by the array per day during
the worst month is determined by multiplying the selected
photovoltaic power output at STC (C5) by the peak sun hours at
design tilt (C6). (C5) x (C6).
• 47.7 x 3.8 = 181 watt-hours/day

• (C8): Module energy output at operating temperature.

• A de-rating factor of 0.90 (for moderate climates and non-
critical applications) is used in this application to determine
the module energy output at operating temperature.
Multiplying the de-rating factor (DF) by the energy output
module (C7) establishes an average energy output from one
module. DF x (C7).
• 0.90 x 181 watt-hours/day = 163 watt-hours/day

141
• (C9): Number of modules required to meet energy
requirements.
• Dividing the required output per day (C3) by the module
energy output at operating temperature (C8) determines
the number of modules required to meet energy
requirements. (C3 / (C8).
• 8780 watt-hours / 163 watt-hours = 54 modules

• (C10): Number of modules required per string.

• Dividing the battery bus voltage (A2) by the module
design operating voltage (C4), and then rounding this
figure to the next higher integer determines the number
of modules required per string. (A2) / (C4).
• 24 volts / 14.8 volts = 1.62 (rounded to 2 modules).
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• (C11): Number of string in parallel.
• Dividing the number of modules required to meet energy
requirements (C9) by the number of modules required per
string (C10) and then rounding this figure to the next higher
integer determines the number of string in parallel. (C9) /
(C10).
• 54 modules / 2 modules = 27 strings (if not a whole number
round to next integer)

• (C12): Number of modules to be purchased.

• Multiplying the number of modules required per string (C10)
by the number of strings in parallel (C11) determines the
number of modules to be purchased. (C10) x (C11).
• 2 x 27 = 54 modules

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• C. Charge Controller Sizing

• Solar charge controllers are specified by both amperage

and voltage.

• You will need a solar controller that can support the

voltage of your solar panel array, and then output to the
battery bank's voltage (24 VDC in this application).

• The basic formula for sizing a solar charge controller is to

take the short circuit current (Isc) of the array and
multiply it by 1.56.
• 3.27 x 1.56 x 27 = 138 Amps

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 References
• http://www.nepco.com.jo/
• http://www.emrc.gov.jo/index.php/ar/
• https://www.pveducation.org/index.php
• https://www.ammancity.gov.jo/ar/main/index.aspx
• Energy Conversion, by Kenneth C. Weston
• Planning and Design, SMA Solar Academy

Eng. Jehad Adeeb 145

Thank You!

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