PATNA WOMEN’S COLLEGE

AUTONOMOUS

PATNA UNIVERSITY
3rd cycle NAAC accredited at ‘A’ grade with CGPA 3.58/4

DISSERTATION
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
TOPIC: YOUTH MIGRATING FOR EDUCATION AND CAREER:

A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY IN BIHAR.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR PROJECT COMPILER
SISTER JINCY A.C. NAME- NANDINI

ASSISTANT PROFFESSOR CLASS- BA III (SEMESTER VI)

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY ROLL- 410 (Session-2018-21)

PATNA WOMENS COLLEGE EXAM ROLL- 18SOC00572

PAPER- SOC DSE 604

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project work would not have been accomplished without the selfless and priceless
contribution of many people.

First of all, I would like to thank the almighty for bestowing the choicest blessing on us.

A special thanks to Dr. Sister Maria Rashmi A.C. (principal of Patna Women’s college) for
providing us opportunity to explore our horizons by facilitating such research projects and
dissertation and by kindling us a spirit to undertake such endeavors.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Tapashi Bhattacharjee(HOD of sociology

department) for her constant guidance. Special thanks to my project supervisor Sister Jincy
A.C. (Assistant professor, department of sociology) for her relentless help and support.
Without her guidance this project would not have been completed.

I would also like to thank my parents for their unstinted love and co-operation. I’m also
thankful to all the respondentswho cooperated and supported in the process of data
collection.

Last but not the least, thanks to all,my friends, and relatives for their innovative ideas and
valuable suggestions without which the project would never have been accomplished.

Thank you one and all.

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 Certificate
This is to certify that this dissertation titled “Youth Migrating for Career and Education:
ASociological Study in Bihar” has been compiled and prepared NANDINI (Roll-18SOC00572) of
the session 2018-2021 year, Department of sociology, Patna Women’s college, Patna
University, has worked under my supervision and has submitted her project on time.

I request this project to be accepted and evaluated.

This project is an outcome of an extensive study on the above subject and is the result of hard
work.

Department of sociology
Patna Women’s College
Patna University
Supervisor
Assistant professor
Sister Jincy A.C.

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 CHAPTERIZATION
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
1.Introduction
• Migration
I. • History of
migration in Bihar
• Youth migration
• Causes of 06-11
migration
• Reason behind
migration

2.Significance of studY

3.Review of literature

4.Objective
II. 11-13
5.Hypothesis

6.Research
III. methodology

7.Sample unit 13-31

8.Sample size

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 9.Sampling method

10.Tools and technique

11. procedures of data

collection and Data
analysis

12. Result and

Discussion.
31-33
IV.
13. findings

14. Summary

15.Conclusion
V. 34-36
16. Suggestion

17. References

VI. 18. Appendix 36-42

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 CHAPTER I
This is an introductory chapter. It outlines the concept of migration and how it impacts the
world. This chapter presents a theoretical understanding of the process and presents various
definitions and meanings related to the topic. It also lays down the significance of this study
carried out. The difference between the educational quality and employment expectations is
also discussed. The inter-state comparison of higher education highlighting the relative
position of Bihar is also outlined in the section.

INTRODUCTION
Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration, in ecology, is the
large-scale movement of members of a species to a different environment. Migration is a
natural behavior and component of the life cycle of many species of mobile organisms, not
limited to animals, though animal migration is the best-known type. Migration is often cyclical,
frequently occurring on a seasonal basis, and in some cases on a daily basis. Species migrate to
take advantage of more favorable conditions with respect to food availability, safety from
predation, mating opportunity, or other environmental factors.

Migration can be within a country or between countries. Migration happens for a range of
reasons. These can be economic, social, political or environmental. Push and pull factors drive
migration. Migration impacts both the place left behind and, on the place, where migrants
settle. These impacts can be both positive and negative. Some people decide to migrate, e.g.,
someone who moves to another country to improve their career opportunities. Some people
are forced to migrate, e.g., someone who moves due to famine or war.

According to the Demographic Dictionary of United Nations, “Migration is such an event in

which people move from one geographical area to another geographical area. When people
leaving their place of residence go to live permanently in another area then this is called
migration.”

Lee (1966) provides a definition that considers both the temporal and spatial dimensions of
migration. He defines migration as "a change in permanent or semi-permanent residence;
something that involves an origin, a destination and intervening obstacles".

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According to Lundquist, Anderton and Yaukey, “Migrations are those population movements
that add or subtract from the members of a population or society.” Thus, a vacation trip, a
move to a neighboring apartment, an errand to the store, a daily commute to work cannot be
considered as migration. Reason is no population in these cases is added or subtracted to a
particular population or society.

History
The state of Bihar has a long history of migration, and the earliest migration stream can be
traced to the 1830s., when people from Bihar migrated as indentured laborers to the British
colonies of Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Fiji. Since the mid-1960s and the spread of the
Green Revolution, a large bulk of migrants has been going to the north-western states of
Punjab and Haryana to work as agricultural laborers. More recently, in the 1990s and 2000s, a
significant number of migrants have also been going to several other areas to work in
diversified occupations.

This phenomenon is largely attributed to the pattern of regional inequality and

underdevelopment fostered in colonial period. In the latter half of the nineteenth century,
when the British Raj stabilized, law and order and civil administration improved. In this period,
some development in irrigation facility and improved trade due to improved communication
networks (roads and railways), led some agricultural development and specialization in
cropping pattern in the western tract of India, while the eastern region, where the population
pressure was highest, couldn’t experience such kind of development (Derbyshire, 1987). The
Zamindari System of land settlement, in which the Zamindars were having the right to dismiss
the rights of tenants in case of their incapability to pay high demands of rent, led to a much-
skewed distribution of land and a large proportion of landlessness among peasants. The
commercialization of agriculture also increased without any increment of production,
increased their misery further, which led them to migrate to the different parts of the country,
particularly towards the eastern region of India and even foreign countries for their survival
(Sharma, 2005). The migration stream was dominated by lower caste and landless laborers,
who were staying at bare subsistence level and ready to respond to the fair high wage gap
between their native place and east. This migration was mostly seasonal, and improved
communication through railways made it possible for them to migrate easily and come back
for agricultural and other activities at their native place (Yang, 1979).

The recent move of labor migration from Bihar is the move towards big cities such as Delhi,
Bombay, Surat, Kolkata, and Hyderabad etc. (Karan, 2003). Some studies have reported that
7
the volume of migration also increased drastically since then. Out-migration started from all
the section of the state, cutting across the hierarchy of caste and class. The migrants who used
to migrate to rural area for agricultural wages, used to move seasonally, however the recent
urban-ward movement is more permanent in nature (Karan 2003, Singh et al. 2005). Laborers
are involved in a variety of occupations like those of security guards, rickshaw pullers and
collies, etc. (Sharma, 2005). Migration is now viewed as finite stage of life-cycle of people of
Bihar, as male member of household approach to a certain age, they send away to earn. The
remittance is playing a critical role to support livelihood in the state.

According to Census 2001, about 19 percent of total Bihari migrants living outside Bihar for
less than 9 years were hosted by Delhi, followed by West Bengal (13.76 percent) and
Jharkhand (13.30 percent). Maharashtra and UP also hosted over 20 percent of total migrants
living outside Bihar for a duration ranging between 0 and 9 years. With about 14 percent,
Punjab and Haryana were states with fourth and fifth largest number of Bihari migrants in this
category.

Youth Migration
When young people migrate in conditions of freedom, dignity, equity and security, they can
boost economic and social development both of countries of origin and destination. Young
migrants make up more than 10 per cent of the overall 232 million international migrants, and,
being the most mobile social group, young people constitute the bulk of annual migration
movements. While international migration represents an opportunity for youth to provide a
better life for themselves and their families, pursue educational aspirations, improve their
professional skills and prospects, or satisfy a desire for personal development through the
adventures and challenges that come with living abroad, the migration of young people takes
place in the context of high youth unemployment and the lack of decent work creation at
home. The unemployment rate among youth in almost all countries is at least twice that of the
general unemployment rate, and an estimated 73 million young people are estimated to be
unemployed, according to the latest ILO Global Employment Trends for Youth report.
Unfortunately, as a result, many young migrants frequently get trapped in exploitative and
abusive jobs, including forced labor. And too often, they – like other migrants – become
scapegoats for the shortcomings of economic and social systems.In 2014, United Nations (UN)
Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon stated that “the intersection of migration and youth remain a
large, inadequately addressed challenge for governance in countries worldwide”.

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 Causes of migration
Push and pull factors

Push factors are the reasons people leave a country. Pull factors are the reason they move to a
particular country. There are three major push and pull factors.

Socio-political factors
Persecution because of one's ethnicity, religion, race, politics or culture can push people to
leave their country. A major factor is war, conflict, government persecution or there being a
significant risk of them. Those fleeing armed conflict, human rights violations or persecution
are more likely to be humanitarian refugees.

Demographic and economic factors

Demographic and economic migration is related to labor standards, unemployment and the
overall health of a country’s’ economy. Pull factors include higher wages, better employment
opportunities, a higher standard of living and educational opportunities. If economic
conditions are not favorable and appear to be at risk of declining further, a greater number of
individuals will probably migrate to countries with a better outlook.

Environmental factors
According to the International Organization for Migration, "Environmental migrants are those
who for reason of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect
their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes, either temporarily or
permanently, and who move either within their country or abroad."

Reason behind migration

Never before have there been so many people living far away from their native countries. Poor
living conditions, violence and armed conflicts, environmental problems, a lack of economic
perspectives and the growing gap between rich and poor countries: all these factors play their
part. Global mobility and the new media likewise have a great influence on current migration
trends.

Poor living conditions generate the urge to migrate

The term "migrant" denotes a person living outside his or her native country. Many leave their
homes because there are not enough fertile pastures and arable land, food, water, work or
other fundamental requirements. The consequences of environmental catastrophes, such as
drought or floods, can also force thousands to leave their native place.

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 The population grows while economic development stagnates
The enormous rate of population growth and the poor perspectives for economic
development in some regions give rise to a tremendous migratory pressure.

Land grabbing
The term ‘land grabbing’ refers to the intensive exploitation of vast areas of land in rural areas
of low-income countries by private international enterprises or even by foreign governments
in order to implement large-scale intensive cultivations (mainly biofuels and food crops) or to
exploit minerals, forestry or the touristic industry. This happens to the detriment of the poor
local population, which is poorly (and often forcedly) compensated and virtually obliged to
leave the rural areas to reach the degraded urban peripheries within their own countries,
where they often live a difficult life in a different setting from the one, they and their families
have experienced for centuries.

Religion
The history of humankind offers many examples of mass population movements caused by
religion persecution or following the dream of a land where individual faith could be freely
preached.

Education
A final note has to be dedicated to the education level of migrants. Migrants in search of a
better future usually have a more pronounced initiative, attitude and boldness than the
average person, with some skills and financial resources needed to plan and fund a long-
distance journey as it is the case for migration.

Migration of women for marriage.

Marriage is the most common reason behind migration. Of all the Indians migrating for
marriage, 97 percent are women. As many as 20.58 crore women in India migrated for
marriage, the census data shows. The total population of married women is 29.3 crores which
means that around 70 percent women have to migrate because of marriage.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study has been conducted to present the scenario of Bihar where most of the youth are
inclined towards leaving the state which depicts us that the state has failed to offer proper
educational and employment facilities. This has become a major reason for the youth
migration taking place at such a high rate. This study will help in understanding the loopholes
of the education system of the state which eventually leads to poor performance of students
in their professional career. This study presents the points to be preferred during our
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educational period so that the young generation becomes confident and prepared for their
lifelong journey. This study also tries to keep forward the reasons causing this out migration of
youth from Bihar and to share the experiences of the youth themselves. Efforts have been
made to analyze these reasons on different bases like gender, age, religion and class. This
study shows how the education imparted at college and university level does not match the
needs and expectations of the employment sector. Thus, the need of the study is to
understand the hurdles and raise the issues which are hindrances in the path of up gradation
of quality in higher education.

CHAPTER II
This chapter lists all the literature reviewed during the course of this research without which it
would have been very difficult to properly understand the subject and present this project. All
the relevant literary works have been listed here with respect to the process of migration all
around the world and specifically migration out of Bihar as well. Thus, it makes an attempt to
present an account of the theoretical and methodological developments relating to the
contribution of migration to economic growth and development and its critical role in human
capital formation and the overall impact on the society.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There are many books and articles by various writers and authors which includes writings on
migration – as broad as on global level and as minute as district level.
Youth Migration in Emerging India: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities by S.Irudaya Rajan
and P. Sivakumar focuses on this challenges and neglected aspects of Indian society. Although
marriage-based migration dominates youth migration in India, this volume focuses on the
significance of education and employments related migration through, ranging from distress
migration to Indian cities for survival to the voluntary move made by affluent, urban Indians
for higher education abroad. Also studied are the latest National Youth Policies of the
government, which identifiesyouth migrants as a target group .An important contribution to
the area of youth and migration studies , this volume will be useful to students and scholars of
migration studies, developments studies ,public policy and planning and policy think tanks.
India Moving a History of Migration by Chinmay Tumbe , in which he offers fascinating
insights into the historians of these select few communities – Paris ,Chettiars, Punjab, Sindhis
,Marwaris, and Gujaratis by treating those communitarians historians within a singular framing
device. And there is singular framing device. The care are similar in-depth chapters on
Diaspora, displacement and development respectively. The care with which Tumbe has sorted

11
and sorted are grouped together distinct aspects and mechanics of migration is praiseworthy.
The book poignantly comes together not only as a migration history, but as a demographic
readings of India’s social history. Internal Migration in Contemporary India by Deepak
K.Mishra, is a collection of research papers on issues and concern of interstate migration in
different state in India. This collection goes some considerable way to explaining complexities
of life, livelihood and societal aspirations of migration of different types defined in terms of
purpose of migration, gender and geographical locations.
Migration in Emerging India: Challenges and Opportunities by Global Migration Group by the
UNICEF, talks about global migration. It states the reason of migration to be climate change,
environmental degradation and how it impacts international migration among youth.
Avinas Kumar,Manish Kumar- Marginalized migrants and Bihar an area of origin ; Out
migration from Bihar in search of livelihood has been normalized over several decades, with
Bihar being one of the top most states of origin for the migrants.
Unemployment rate in Bihar remains higher than the country average. This study touched
upon the out migration of Biharis to other states in search of work/employment without losing
their birth right in the sense that ultimately Bihar belongs to them and they belong to Bihar.
Abhay Kumar, Hasina Hashia – Trend and pattern of out migration from Bihar- International
journal of researcher in Social Science 2018.
Migration is well dominated phenomenon throughout the length and breadth of India
depending on various socio-economic factors. The state of Bihar with poor socio-economic
scenario is the worst sufferer at the hands of migration and presently, provides workforce to
every nook and corner of country. The socio-economic condition of people has improved due
to remittance earned by the migrants.
Biolab Dhak – Recent out migration pattern and issues of Bihar—Indian Journal of Labour
Economics 2014; This analyses the recent pattern and determinants of migration, and then
makes an observation about the associated coasts and been presented throughout. Contrary
to all - All India Scenario , wherein in intra- state rural to urban migration is the dominant
stream of migration , the people of Bihar shoe a preference for migration to other states.
Anup K.Kiran in his article, CHANGING PATTERN OF MIGRATION FROM RURAL BIHAR, says”
The foregoing discussion shows that’s during the last two decades the intensity and pattern of
migration in rural Bihar has changed .The proportion of migrants has approximately doubled
and has become widespread. Besides this, the nature of migration has changed from short
term to long term. This is attributed to the fact that unlike the past now workers constitute
nearly two third of the total migrants. The migration of workers is fairly distributed across all
castes, classes but as a whole upper caste and Muslims reports more long-term migration
compared to others. Many people, particularly from upper caste, now also prefer to work
12
outside as it means that they can slowly break the existing caste taboos that exist in the
village. While the upper caste people do not do any manual wage work in their villages
because of caste taboos, they undertake also variety of work – wage work or loan paid self-
employed work—in their place migration. This explains an important reason of upper caste
youth migrating in large numbers. In case of lower castes also many migrate to come with
from the clutches of the prevailing caste discrimination and exploitation the hand of
employers.”

OBJECTIVES
There are certain objectives which are formed on the basis of assumptions:
1: To assess the aspiration among youth in future.
2: To find out the major destinations to which the youth migrants.
3: To understand the socio-economic backgrounds of migrants.
4: To analyses the availability of facilities and opportunities in Bihar

HYPOTHESIS
These hypotheses are formulated on the basis of objectives formed on the basis of
assumption:
1: Most of the youth migrate for better opportunities.
2: Large number of people migrate to metropolitan cities to avail better facilities
3: Youth generally migrate for better education and career facilities.

CHAPTER III
This chapter discusses the methodology which had been exercised to fulfil the objective of the
study conducted. The data collection methodology and its validity are also discussed. Attempt
has been made to know the major factors responsible for the out migration of students and
also their perception about quality of higher education in the State of Bihar. This chapter
revolves round the discussion of primary data collected from the students studying in the state
and outside the state to examine the major factors responsible for out flow of students from
the state of Bihar to other parts of the country. Case study of people from diverse background
and qualification is also provided in the chapter.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

As a starting point, it is important to acknowledge the ways in which theory and method are
interrelated. The methods implemented in this research relate to the way the human being
and the social order has been perceived, in terms of structure and agency. The methods
implemented in this research are qualitative as well as quantitative in nature according to the
demand of its objectives. Since we needed to study the causes of migration there was a need
of qualitative data which will include the personal reasons of individuals. At the same time, we
needed to analyse the responses in numbers therefore we used quantitative data as well.
Keeping in view of the hypothesis and objective of the study, both primary and secondary data
has been collected to examine the prevailing scenario of migration from Bihar to different
states of the country.
Primary data is the one collected fresh and for the first time. It is collected for a specific
purpose and therefore, it is also called first-hand data or basic data. It has been collected with
the help of questionnaires and case study method. Questionnaires have been distributed to
various informants through e-mails who have moved out of Bihar either for career or
education purposes irrespective of their age and gender. Respondents were selected from
urban areas. Questionnaire is basically a list of questions prepared by the researcher which he
sends to the respondent for him to fill and return it within a time period. Case study method is
the process of social study in which researcher studies any unit (individual, situation,
community or situation) on the basis of all available resources, with such depth and closeness
that internal knowledge of the subject is possible. Case study method was implied for a deeper
understanding of the reasons and factors responsible for people moving out of Bihar.
Secondary data refers to all those data which is not collected by the researcher himself but
are already available in the published or unpublished form. Secondary Data for this research
has been collected from official records available at NSSO,Government of India and Bihar,
Census of India etc. Besides, relevant information was collected from various published
sources to supplement the requirement of the study.
The sample selected were people belonging to the urban areas and have a good educational
background. There were no age or gender restrictions. Students below 18 as well as adults
above the age of 30 years were selected as respondents.
A total of 114 responses have been collected in which 110 were received through the
questionnaire and 4 from the case studies conducted.

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In Sampling Method few units are selected from the universe as representative and necessary
information is obtained about it. For this research, we have used Purposive sampling, a
sampling method in the researcher deliberately chooses particular individuals who are suitable
for the data collection.
The tools used for data collection is as follows:
• Questionnaire
• Case study

DATA ANALYSIS
Primary data analysis
The primary date analysis is divided into three sections.
In the first section, analysis of primary data collected from students studying different parts of
the country. This section highlights the factors which compelled the students to migrate to
other parts of the country, ways of financing for the higher education and likely reasons for
the poor higher education system as provided by sample respondents.
Second section of the analysis tries to provide information collected from people who have
migrated for career and jobs and are living in other states of the country. This section
highlights the factors which compelled the students to migrate to other parts of the country.
Third section provides the case study of sample respondents. Such case studies have been
developed to reflect different backgrounds like income, family, educational level, etc. of the
sample respondents. These sample respondents comprise of students and adults who are
living outside Bihar for their education and jobs respectively.

Section I
In order to examine the factors that motivate the students to move out –migrate to other
states- the first sample was drawn from population having all the students who are currently
studying in senior secondary and graduation level outside the state. Out of 110 interviews only
83 were found to be valid for the analytical purpose. The sample respondents include people
studying presently in senior secondary and graduation level in the other states of country and
belong to any district of Bihar.

Profile and Family Background of Respondents

This section provides distribution of respondents with respect to gender, category, age and
religion. This section also highlights the family class or status, and income level of the
respondents.

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Gender-wise Distribution of Respondents
In general, patriarchal society gives less importance to girls’ education due to reasons like
socio-cultural and economic barriers prevailing in the society. Girls are especially discouraged
to attend schools from the onset of puberty and early marriage. Girls are encouraged to
involve themselves in doing household domestic works at the cost of higher education. Table
3.1provides the gender wise distribution of respondents responded to the questionnaire. The
percentage of male enrolled for pursuing higher education is higher than the percentage of
female. About 62 percent of respondents are male whereas only 38 percent are female. The
percentage of female is lower than the percentage of male but evidences show that it has
increased over the time. The number of females going out for higher education is also
increasing with opening of more opportunities with respect to colleges and the new career-
oriented courses to suit their preferences.
Gender wise distribution of respondents
sex percent Number

male 62 51

female 38 32

total 100 83

Source:compiled from secondary data.

gender of respondents

male
female

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Age wise distribution of respondents
The age wise distribution of survey respondents is shown in the figure below. In term of age
groups, the respondents aged below 18 comprise 7 percent of the total, those 18-21 years 59
percent, those 22-30 years 28 percent and above 30 only 6 percent. This shows that in term of
age group youth falling in category of 18-21 migrate the most due to education.

Age wise distribution of respondents

Age Percent Number
Below 18 7% 6
18-21 59% 49
22-30 28% 23
Above 30 6% 5
Total 100% 83
Source: compiled from primary data.

Number of respondents

6% 7%

below 18
28% 18-21
22-30

59% above 30

category wise distribution of respondents

The category of a person has considerable impact on educational attainment.About 59 per
cent of respondents belonged to General category, 26 per cent belonged to Other Backward
Castes (OBC), and only 15 percent belonged to Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST).
these data depict that students belonging to General category enjoy the resources available to
them and they can easily avail the educational facilities. OBC have improved their situation

17
over the years but educational facilities are still not easily accessible to people belonging to SC
category.

Community-Wise Distribution of Respondents

CATEGORY PERCENT NUMBER
GENERAL 59% 49
OBC 26% 26
SC/ST 15% 12
TOTAL 100% 83
SOURCE: compiled from primary data.

category of respondents

general
OBC
SC/ST

Religion wise distribution of respondents

In a country like India religion has got so much importance and it also affects our life in many
ways. Below table shows the religion wise distribution of respondents. This shows that 97
percent of respondents follow Hinduism and there are only 1 percent respondents following
Islamic, Sikhism and Christianity each.
Religion wise distribution of respondents
Religion Per cent Number
Hinduism 97% 80

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Islam 1% 1
Sikhism 1% 1
Christianity 1% 1
Total 100% 83
Source: compiled from primary data family status and annual income of respondents
Various researchers found that economic status, as measured by family Income influence
educational achievement of a person. High parental Income allows them to provide more
resources to support their children’s education, including access to better quality schools,
private tuitions and more support for learning within home. Income level of a family has great
impact on the level of education of family members. Information about the family income and
status of respondents is presentedshows that most of the respondents belong to lower
middle-class family and basically to middle class family.

Family status and Annual income wise distribution of respondents

Family status High class Higher Lower Low class
family middle-class middle-class family
family family
Income Above 14 8 to 14 lakhs 5 to 7 lakhs Below 5
lakhs lakhs
Percent 0 43% 54% 3%
Number 0 36 45 2
Source: compiled from primary data.

family status of respondents

high class higher middle class lower middle class low classs
3% 0%

43%

54%

19
Distribution of respondents on basis of states they have migrated to.
The respondent population were interviewed and it was found that Students studying outside
the state are spread over many states including Delhi, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka etc. Below table shows the distribution of
respondents in different states across the country.

Distribution of sample students studying outside Bihar

States they have migrated to Number
Delhi 27
Uttar Pradesh 8
Rajasthan 8
Karnataka 8
Uttarakhand 5
West Bengal 4
Jharkhand 5
Maharashtra 5
Odisha 4
Madhya Pradesh 3
Kerala 2
Hyderabad 1
Himachal Pradesh 1
Sikkim 1
Tamil nandu 1
Total 83
Source: compiled from primary data.

20
 tamil nadu
sikkim
himachal pradesh
hyderabad
kerala
mp
odisha
maharashtra no. of respondents
jharkhand
west bengal
uttarakhand
rajasthan
up
delhi

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Reason behind outmigration of respondents

The data collected shows that different respondents have different reasons which led them to
migrate to other states for study purposes. Among our 83 respondents 68 agreed that the
main reason behind their migration was lack of facilities and opportunities in Bihar. Below
table shows the number of students who agreed to the following reasons behind their
outmigration.

Reason behind outmigration of respondents

Reasons Per cent Number
Lack of facilities and 81% 68
opportunities in Bihar
Attraction to lifestyles of 14% 12
other states
You wanting to 23% 19
experience outer
environment
Family and personal 7% 6
reason
Source: compiled from primary data.

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Perception about institution and infrastructure availability
An attempt was made to seek responses from the sample respondents regarding their
perception about the quality of education and other related aspects with respect to higher
education in the state. These issues are discussed below.
*Educational and living facility
Facilities available in our state plays a very important factor in outmigration of students from
Bihar. Below table shows peoples view or perception regarding availability of educational and
living facilities in our states and other states.

Options Strongly Partially neutral Partially Strongly

agree agree agree agree
Other states
offer better
educational 56 22 5 0 0
facilities in
your field.
Other states
offer better
43 25 5 9 1
living facilities
than Bihar
There are
sufficient
vacancies
available in 4 15 22 11 31
Bihar as per its
educated
population.
Source: compiled from primary data.

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Differences respondents find
Below tableshows the differences respondents find in other states as compared to Bihar in
context of education.

Options Per cent Number

Multiple opportunities 72% 60
Better facilities 62% 52
Supportive environment 36% 30
Skilful background 18% 15
Competitive environment 24% 20
Source: compiled from primary data

Views regarding family relations

Below shows people’s perception regarding impact of migration on family relation. Their
opinion on deterioration of family relations due to migration.

Options Percent Number

yes definitely 28% 23
somewhat true 19% 16
Not sure 22% 18
No, not really 31% 26
Total 100 83
Source: compiled from primary data

23
 yes definitely somewhat true not sure no, not really

31% 28%

19%
22%

Section II

This section includes data from the respondents who have migrated to other states of country
due to career and job purposes. It highlights their profile and the reasons for their out
migration. Out of 110 respondents only 12 of them appeared to be fit for our analysis.

Profile and background of respondents:

gender wise distribution of respondents
Gender Percent Number
Male 42 5
Female 58 7
Total 100 12

gender of respondents

male
female

24
age- wise distribution of respondents
Age group Percent Number
Below 18 8 1
18-21 17 2
22-30 50 6
Above 30 25 3
Total 100 12
Source: compiled from primary data.

age of respondents

below 18
18 - 21
22 - 30
above 30

religion wise distribution of respondents

Religion Percent Number

Hinduism 83 10

Islamic 17 2

Total 100 12

Source: compiled from primary data

25
community wise distribution of respondents
Community Percent Number
General 41 5
ODBC 50 6
St/SC 9 1
Total 100 12
Source: compiled from primary data
7

3 number of respondents

0
general obc st/sc

distribution of sample adults employed outside Bihar

States Number
Delhi 7
Jharkhand 2
Uttar Pradesh 2
Madhya Pradesh 1
Total 12
Source: compiled from primary data

26
 Delhi

uttar pradesh

number of respondents
jharkhand

madhya pradesh

0 5 10

distribution of respondents on basis of family status and annual income.

Family status Annual income Percent Number

High class family Above 14 lakhs 0 0
Higher middle- 8 to 14 lakhs 50 6
class family
Lower middle- 5 to 7 lakhs 41 5
class family
Lower class Below 5 lakhs 9 1
family
Total 100 12
Source: compiled from primary data

Reason behind their out migration

Reasons Per cent Number
Lack of facilities and 41 5
opportunities in Bihar
Attraction to lifestyles of 0 0
other states
You wanting to 25 3
experience outer
27
environment
Family and personal 33 4
reason
Source: compiled from primary data

Perception about jobs and career options and opportunities

An attempt was made to seek responses from the sample respondents regarding their
perception about the availability of job and career opportunities in our state. These issues are
discussed below.
*Jobs and living facility
Facilities available in our state plays a very important factor in outmigration of youth from
Bihar. Table 11.9 shows peoples view or perception regarding availability of jobs and living
facilities in our states and other states.

Options Strongly Partially neutral Partially Strongly

agree agree agree agree
Other states
offer better
educational 5 4 0 2 1
facilities in
your field.
Other states
offer better
5 3 4 0 0
living facilities
than Bihar
There are
sufficient
vacancies
available in 0 1 3 2 6
Bihar as per its
educated
population.
Source: compiled from primary data.

28
Differences respondents find between Bihar and other states
Table 3.10 shows the differences respondents find in other states as compared to Bihar in
context of jobs and career opportunities.

Options Per cent Number

Multiple opportunities 91 11
Better facilities 25 3
Supportive environment 25 3
Skilful background 17 2
Competitive 25 3
environment
Source: compiled from primary data
Views regarding family relations
Below table shows people’s perception regarding impact of migration on family relation. In
their view do family relation deteriorate due to migration.

Options Percent Number

yes definitely 25 3
somewhat true 41 5
Not sure 17 2
No, not really 17 2
Total 100 12
Source: compiled from primary data

29
SECTION III: Case study
This section presents an array of case study of individuals classified on the basis of various
factors. There are 4 case studies done comprising of 2 individuals each from the two
categories. First category includes the students who have moved out of Bihar for their
education and the second category includes adults who have moved out of Bihar for career
purposes. One male and one female are studied in each category just to understand whether
there are any differences of opinion on the basis of gender.The purpose of case study is to
present the experience of individuals who have faced different situation and their outcome.
This will highlight the socioeconomic and educational analysis of sample individuals.

Case Study : AYUSH RAJ

He is a resident of Patna, currently pursuing his engineering degree in one of the colleges in
the state of Uttarakhand. Son of Mr. A.K. Sinha, who is an advocate by profession, has
acquired his higher secondary education in Patna itself and then moved to Himgiri Zee
University, Dehradun. He belongs to the General category and his family comprises of four
members – him, his father, his mother and an elder sister among whom his father and sister
are the earning members. His siter is also employed outside Bihar. He has a good financial as
well as emotional support from his family. There is absence of good private engineering
colleges in Bihar and also lack of job opportunities in the field of computer science which
made him move out of the state to Uttarakhand which offers more numbers of technical
degree colleges and universities. He is really satisfied with his decision as he is receiving a well
and good knowledge in his field of interest with practical sessions and lab provisions. The
university also offers a decent placement of its students and Ayush is confident enough that
he will get the job he aspires of which he feels he might not be getting if he would have opted
any private college in Bihar.
Case Study : SAUMYA SINGH
Daughter of Mr. Birendra Kumar, Saumya is currently studying at NIFT Mumbai, Maharashtra.
She belongs to General category and her family is a resident of Patna. She has her parents –
both working- and two younger siblings- one brother and one sister. She was always
interested in fashion designing. Therefore, she did her 12th in Patna and prepared for the NIFT
entrance exams and cleared it and got admission in India’s top ranked college of Fashion
Technology, NIFT Mumbai. It has been her dream college and thus she always wanted to move
out of Bihar. Also, she is the first female in her family to move out of her hometown for
studies. She is very much satisfied with the college and the facilities it provides. She was
always told that people are very stereotypical towards Biharis but she didn’t experience
30
anything like this personally. Despite she found the people over there very welcoming and
helpful. The main benefit she feels of studying in Mumbai is industry exposure which lacks in
Bihar, especially in her field since Mumbai is the Fashion Hub of the country. Her decision of
moving out has helped her in developing confidence to face the world, to be independent and
more responsible and also improved her communication skills.
Case Study : AVINASH KUMAR
Avinash Kumar, son of Mr. Binda Prasad, is currently working in the IT sector of Birla Finance,
Noida, Uttar Pradesh. His parents are settled in Patna while he lives in UP with his wife and
children, one daughter and one son. He moved out of Bihar at a very young age and thus his
secondary and higher secondary education as well as graduation was done outside Bihar only.
He was the younger among two brothers and they both studied out of Bihar and now he is
residing outside while his elder brother lives with their parents in Patna along with his wife
and children. As he has lived most of his life outside Bihar, he perceives it as an opportunity
since the state has been lacking in vocational courses and also there is a lack of jobs and
opportunities in the IT sector here.
CASE STUDY: RIYA SINHA
She is a resident of Muzaffarpur, currently working at PNB MetLife Ranchi, Jharkhand. She has
completed her graduation in b.com from a college in Muzaffarpur and has done a diploma
course in business management. She belongs to general category and is from a decent earning
family. Her parents live in Muzaffarpur with her elder brother. She is also earning a good salary
which she feels is sufficient for her now and her family is also satisfied with it. But she wants to
stay here in Bihar with her parents as living away from the family makes her feel lonely
sometimes. Even after earning quite well, she feels a lack in her personality due to the
education she got which she might have not had if she had studied from any college outside
Bihar. She believes that studying outside Bihar would have given her a better job and career
possibilities. A major benefit of working outside according to her is that it has added up a lot in
her personality and overall development especially self-dependence.

CHAPTER IV
This chapter discusses the major issues which emerge from the analysis and briefly sums up
the principal findings of the study. An attempt has been made to explain the basic issues and
concerns related to migration. Section 1 presents the results we have drawn from the research
conducted and section 2 presents the discussions related to them. The hypothesis formulated
at the beginning are also discussed and proved here.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

31
The research work entitled ‘out migration from Bihar’ has been carried out on the basis of
empirical study. The entire information or data collected from the respondents has been
carefully analysed. Keeping in mind the view of 110 respondents, certain data analysis has
been done by research workers. The result also explains the validity of the hypothesis
formulated in the very beginning of the research. This data analysis has been represented with
the help of bar graphs and pie charts etc.
The result has been interpreted and discussed in the following points:
1. It has been seen that over all there are more percentage of male migrants as compared
to female and maximum population belongs to general category.
2. It is also evident that most of the migration occurred in individuals between 18 to 21
years of age followed by individuals between 22 to 30 years.
3. It was observed that among the people migrating to other states most of the people
come from middle class family.
4. The study showed that most of the people believe that our state does not offer required
facilities and opportunities which led them to migrate to other states.
5. It was seen that respondents were confused and not sure about staying out of Bihar for
the rest of their life.
6. It was observed that migration of youth results in brain drain of our state and also acts
as a barrier in development.
7. It is also observed that most of Bihar migrants move to Delhi whether it’s for education
or career purposes.
Discussion related to hypothesis 1
Our first hypothesis was that most of the youth migrate for better opportunities. We know
that in competitive world like today, people get very less opportunities when compared to the
large population of youth. Unemployment is increasing in our country and Bihar experiences
most of the educated unemployment. Our research work showed that people feel that other
states are providing multiple opportunities than Bihar and hence they migrate to other states
for better opportunities.
Hence, Hypothesis 1 is proved.

Discussion related to hypothesis 2

Our second hypothesis was that largenumber of people migrate to metropolitan cities to
avail better facilities. Talking about living facilities, our state lacks way behind other
metropolitan cities. More than fifty percent respondents that we interviewed agreed to the

32
point that other states provide better facilities in all the aspects. And hence it also acts as a
pull factor for their outmigration. Also, our respondents said that they have many friends who
have migrated from Bihar to other states which shows that this migrant population is very
large.
Hence, Hypothesis 2 is proved.
Discussion related to hypothesis 3
Our third hypothesis was that youth generally migrate for better education and career
facilities. In terms of educational and career facilities our state does not provide much as per
our respondents. Neither there is enough educational institution which provide quality
education nor our state has sufficient job opportunities for the educated population. Today
there is also a need of vocational education which is still to achieve in most of the government
as well as private colleges of Bihar.
Hence, Hypothesis 3 is proved.

FINDINGS
Following are the findings of the research:
• Many of our respondents have friends that have migrated to other states from Bihar
due to education and career purposes which shows that Bihar somehow lacks in
providing proper facilities to its students and hence a large population out migrate from
Bihar.
• The study shows that maximum people take migration process as an opportunity rather
than a threat due to which youth migration has become a common phenomenon in our
country.
• It is possible that if our state would have provided them everything it lacks migrants
would have chosen to stay here.
• Attraction to lifestyle of other states and people wanting to experience outer
environment also acts as a reason for out migration of youth.
• Most of the migrants are concentrated to country’s capital i.e., Delhi.

CHAPTER V
This chapter includes the overall summary of the dissertation, conclusions drawn from it and
suggestions and recommendations related to the topic. The summary includes all that have
33
 been included in the whole dissertation, along with the chapter-wise inferences. The
conclusion is written to restate the final our final impression of the topic of this study. Finally,
the suggestions are based on our findings during the research work.

SUMMARY
Here’s presented a brief summary of everything that this dissertation talks about. There are a
total of six chapters including various topics and sub-topics related to the study. Every chapter
has its own importance and gives the required information accordingly.
CHAPTER I is the introductory chapter which includes a proper introduction of the topic. There
are definitions and history related to Migration and studies of various researchers which talk
about Youth Migration and Out Migration from Bihar. The history of migration in Bihar started
way back in the 1830s. The movement back then mainly constituted agricultural and
indentured laborers but this migrant population started including people of other occupations
in the 1990s which leads to today’s youth migration. This chapter helps us understand this
wave of migration of young people from Bihar in search of better educational and
employment facilities. This chapter also lays down the significance of this study which depicts
the importance of this study and how it will be helpful for mankind.
CHAPTER II includes the relevant literary works we have gone through for this particular study
during which we have found several books regarding global migration, internal migration in
India but not particularly on migration of young people with respect to Bihar. There were
articles found on this topic which are also included for better understanding. No specific study
has been conducted on the problems of out-migrant students of Bihar in the macro
perspective, identifying the factors responsible for such out – migration and their source of
financing. This chapter also lists the objectives and hypotheses formulated in the very
beginning of this dissertation project.
CHAPTER III has information about the methods adopted to complete this study, the sources
referred to draw inferences, the sample chosen to question and observe, the size of the
sample, the sampling method used and the tools and techniques taken help of. This chapter
also includes our data analysis. Primary data has been collected to support the evidences
found from secondary data and also to find out reason for out migration of youth from Bihar.
The data shows that the number of male migrants exceeds that of females which depicts the
gender differences in Bihar. It is seen that most of the migrated population for the purpose of
education belongs to the age group of 18 to 21 years therefore we can say that students
mostly migrate for their graduation. And for career and job purposes most of the migrants
were aged between 22 to 30 years of age. The migrated population mainly consists of people
from middle class families and the destination of most of the migrants is the country capital,
Delhi. It has been observed that the migrants feel that the lack in opportunities and living
facilities in Bihar have driven them out of the state. Primary data was also collected through
34
case studies which gave us a deeper understanding about the reasons, mindset and problems
of the migrants.
CHAPTER IV presents the results, discussion and findings derived from the data analysis we
have done in the previous chapter. The discussion also includes the testing of our hypotheses
where we can see that the primary data collected supports the hypotheses. Basic reasons of
migration and its consequences on the economy, culture and society of Bihar is discussed.
CHAPTER V has the summary of our study, conclusion and some suggestions which we would
like to give based on the research done. It includes a brief chapter-wise summary of the
dissertation, conclusion to mark the end of our study and some recommendations for the
government s that this brain drain from Bihar can be minimised. We recommend some
improvisations in the syllabus and curriculum of our education system and also that these
changes should be made in accordance with the demands of the employment sector.
CHAPTER VI is the final chapter and it includes the references and appendices we have taken
into consideration during the research period.

CONCLUSION
Youth migration is a very common phenomenon these days and large number of youths
migrate to other cities or states in order to avail better opportunities and facilities.
Concentration of male and female among migrants is almost equal however at some places
male exceed the number showing the gender discrimination and people not willing to send the
girls of their family to other places. it doesn’t feel like factors like category and religion much
affect the migration process as migrants are seen to have so much variety regarding these
factors. Study shows that Bihar as a
state is not favoured much for study and job purposes because of lack of proper institution
and other facilities and hence people youth chose to out migrate from the state which also
affects the development of any state. Evidences support the notion that education imparted at
college and university level does not match the need and expectations of the employment
sector. The status of quality as well as quantity of higher education in the state is poor. As a
result, large number of young populations is going out of the state in search of better
academic environment and learning. Universities in Bihar still run conventional courses in a
routine style leaving their product hardly equipped to take up the new challenges of the
contemporary world of work. There is no sign of progress in terms of new courses, updated
syllabus or innovative method of teaching and learning.

35
 SUGGESTIONS
Based on the insights provided by the discussions in previous chapters, key recommendation
for the better syncing of education and employment system in Bihar, following are our
suggestions:
• The rate of youth migration from Bihar has been increasing day by day and that too at a
high rate which is eventually leading to a massive brain drain from the state. Our
government should take immediate measures to stop or control this brain drain.
• Education pattern and syllabus should be revised to make them up to the mark and
emphasis should be laid on the provision of skilful education and vocational trainings for
the benefit of the youth. Focus needs to be given on the overall development of the
students so that they can be prepared for their future career.
• Educational institution should also try to provide quality education. They should know
and understand that both private and government sectors demand for fluent and
confident employees and thus they should instil the needed qualities in their students
rather than just focussing on acquiring more marks.
• Better employment opportunities in every field should be provided to the upcoming
youth. Government should try to bring more and more job options to the public and the
process of selection of employees and their joining should also be accelerated. Colleges
and universities should activate their placement cells so that students can get benefit
from that.
• Stress should be given on allotment of trained teachers according to the course. This is
also a major concern that only trained teachers and professors should be employed at
both private and government institutions. This way a quality education can be ensured.

CHAPTER VI
REFERENCES

• Anand Smita, “Out Migration of Students from Bihar”, Journal of Migration Affairs, TISS,
2015.
• Dhak Biplab, “Recent Out Migration Pattern and Issues for Bihar”, Indian Journal of Labor
Economics, July-Sep2014, Vol. 57, Issue 3, pg 251-265.

36
• David R Shlim, “Asian Travel: from the rare to the difficult”, Journal of Travel Medicine,
Oxford Academic, Vol.25, Issue 1, 2018.
• Haan A de, “Migration and Livelihoods in Historical Perspective: A Case Study of Bihar India”,
The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 38, Issue 5, 2002, pg 115-142 [online] available:
tandfonline.com.

• Jeronima Cortina, Patrick Taran, , Jerome Elie, & Elison Raphel, Migration and Youth:
Challenges and Opportunities, GMG, UNICEF, 2014
• Karan, Anup K., Changing Pattern of Migration from Rural Bihar, Bihar Times, 2016
• Kim Paula, Policy Recommendations to Improve Educational Equity for Migrant Children in
Bihar, Global Education Leadership Conference, Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2015
• Kumar Avinash, Kumar Manish, “Marginalised Migrants and Bihar as an area of Origin”,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 55, Issue 24, 24th Dec 2020.
• Kumar Nandan & Bhagat R.B., Environment and Urbanization ASIA, vol. VIII, Number1,
Mar01 2017.
• Kumar Nandan & Bhagat R.B., “Outmigration from Bihar: Causes and Consequences”, Journal
of Social and Economic Studies, Vol. XXII, Number 2, July-December 2012.
• Mishra B.K., “Half of Bihar households exposed to Migration: Study”, TNN, Times of India,
Feb 15 2020.
• Mishra Deepak K., Internal Migration in Contemporary India, SAGE Publications India, 2016.
• Rajan S.Irudaya & Sivakumar P., Youth Migration in Emerging India: Trends, Challenges and
Opportunities, Orient Blackswan, 2018.
• Tilak Sanyal, Kingsuk Maity, “On Labor Migration in India: Trends, Causes and Impacts”,
Economic Affairs, Vol. 63, No.1, pg 57-69, March 2018.
• Tumbe Chinmay, India Moving: A History of Migration, Penguin Random House India Private
Limited, 2018

•https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329442865_An_Analysis_of_Causes_for_Rural_Y
outh_Migrations
• https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188971329.pdf
• http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/39863/Anand-Smita-Chapter-
06.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y

• https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2014-
004.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEsI6rjMw2ks6ENzVrK432YXubgog
•https://www.google.com/search?q=research+on+migration+due+to+career+and+edcation+i
n+india
• https://migrationaffairs.com/2011-census-snapshot-out-migration-from-bihar
37
 APPENDIX

Questions used in questionnaire for data collection:-

1. Age:

• Below 18

• 18 to 21

• 22 to 30

• Above 30

2. Gender

• Male

• Female

• Other

3. Religion______

4. Family status:

• High class family

• Higher middle-class family

• Lower middle-class family

• Lower class family

5. Annual income:

38
• Above 14 lakh

• 8 to 14 lakh

• 5 to 7 lakh

• Below 5 lakh

6. Migrated at the age of __________.

• Below 18

• 18 to 21

• 22 to 30

• Above 30

7. The city you have migrated to ________.

8. Reason for migration from Bihar ________.

• career

• Education

• Marriage

• Other reasons

9. the main cause of migration from Bihar ________.

• Lack of facilities and opportunities in Bihar

• Attraction to lifestyles of other states

• You wanting to experience outer environment

• Family and personal reasons

10. Other states offer better educational and career opportunities in the
39
field ?

• Strongly agree

• Partially agree

• Strongly disagree

• Partially disagree

• Neutral

11. Other states offer more and better living facilities than Bihar?

• Strongly agree

• Partially agree

• Strongly disagree
• Partially disagree

• neutral

12. migration will not take place if everything provided in all cities of Bihar ?

• Yes

• No

• Maybe

13. staying out of Bihar for rest of the life ?

• Yes

• No

• Not sure

14. Friends who migrated from bihar to other States for career/educational purpose ______

40
• Some

• Many

• Not really

• No idea

15. Perception regarding the migration phenomenon?

• As a threat

• As an opportunity

• Both

16. There is no sufficient vacancies available in Bihar as per its educated

population :

• Strongly agree

• Partially agree

• Strongly disagree

• Partially disagree

• No idea

17. Family relations deteriorate when a family member migrates to

another city?

• Yes, definitely

• Somewhat true

• Not sure

• No, not really

41
18. Difference between Bihar and other States in context of career and education
___________.

• Multiple opportunities

• Better facilities

• Supportive environment

• Skilful background

• Competitive environment

42