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Exp 5

1) The experiment aimed to design fixed bias and voltage divider bias circuits and observe stability by changing the transistor's β. 2) Key components used were transistors, resistors, power supply, voltmeter, and breadboard. Circuit diagrams, equations, procedures and observations were provided. 3) Key findings were that theoretical and measured values differed, and the voltage divider circuit could be used to bias the transistor.

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neelu marturu
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81 views16 pages

Exp 5

1) The experiment aimed to design fixed bias and voltage divider bias circuits and observe stability by changing the transistor's β. 2) Key components used were transistors, resistors, power supply, voltmeter, and breadboard. Circuit diagrams, equations, procedures and observations were provided. 3) Key findings were that theoretical and measured values differed, and the voltage divider circuit could be used to bias the transistor.

Uploaded by

neelu marturu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT --- 5

NAME : NEELESWAR MARTURU

ROLLNO : 2104217

INSTRUCTOR : PARMESHWAR
AIM : To design a Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias circuit and to
observe stability by changing β of the
transistor.

Apparatus : Transistors – 2 ( 2A2222) , Resistor,


Dc power supply, Ammeter, voltmeter,
Bread board , connecting wires .

Theory : Transistor biasing is the process of establishing the DC


operating voltage or current of a transistor under conditions
when
Correct level so that any AC input signal can be amplified
correctly by the transistor. a stable transistor
Operating condition highly depends on its base current, collector
voltage and collector current
Therefore, if a transistor is to operate as a linear amplifier, it
must be correctly biased to be sufficient
point of operation.
Setting the correct operating point requires proper selection of
bias resistors and load resistors.
To provide proper collector voltage and input current condition.
correct bias point for
A, either npn or pnp, is usually somewhere between the two
extremes of the operation
Being "full on" or "full off" with your load line. This central
point of operation is called
"idle operating point" or Q point for short.
When a bipolar transistor is biased such that the Q point is near
the middle of its operating range, i.e.
About halfway between cutoff and saturation, it is said to act as
a Class-A amplifier.

This mode of operation allows the output current to rise and fall
around the amplifiers Q-
The input signal oscillates through a complete cycle in the form
of a point without distortion. In other words, the output

Current flows for the full 360° of the input cycle.

So how do we set this Q-point bias of the transistor? - Correct


polarization of the transistor is achieved
Using a process commonly known as Base Bias.
One of the most commonly used biasing circuits for a transistor
circuit is with transistor self-biasing.
emitter bias circuit where one or more bias resistors are used to
set initial DC values of
Transistor currents, (Ib), (Ic) and (Ie).
There are two most common forms of transistor biasing: beta
dependent and beta independent.
Transistor bias voltages are highly dependent on transistor beta,
(β), so the bias setting for a
The transistor is not necessarily the same for the other transistor.
Transistor bias can be achieved
Using either a feedback resistor or a simple voltage divider
network to provide
Required bias voltage.
The following are five examples of transistor base bias
configurations from a single supply (VCC).
The function of DC Bias Level‖ or Null Input Signal Level‖ is to
set the Q point of the transistor correctly.
Adjusting your collector current (IC) to a steady, steady state
value without applying an input signal
Based on the transistor.
This steady state or DC operating point circuit is based on the
DC supply voltage (VCC) and . established by the values of

The value of the bias resistors connected to the base terminal of


the transistor. By biasing the base of the transistor.

currents are steady state direct currents, proper use of bypass


and coupling capacitors will help
Block the bias current setting for one transistor stage that affects
the bias conditions of the next. base bias.

The network can be used for common base (CB), common


collector (CC), or common emitter (CE) transistors.
Configuration In this simple transistor bias tutorial, we will look
at the different biases.
Available arrangements for a common emitter amplifier.

An automatic bias circuit stabilizes the bias point more


adequately than a fixed bias circuit.

Circuit diagram :
Equations :

V CC −V BE
I B= I C =β DC I B V CE =V CC −I C R C
RB
IC
β DC =
IB

Procedure :

1) First we need to measure the resistance using the DMM


and note down the practical values.
2) And then we need to connect the circuit as shown in the
figure.
3) After ensuring that power supply is off
Set the DMM to measure the DC voltage.
4) And the Vcc=12V .
5) Now we need to turn on the supply.
6) Here we should measure collector – emitter
Voltage(Vce) .And also the Across the Rc.
And fill up the observations in the give n table.
7) Upon using the values we need to find the Ic
And Ib.
8) After that using the formulae we need to find the value
of (βdc).
9) Now we need to switch the transistors with other of same
kind. And repeat the steps above.
10) We need to find the theoretical value of the Ib,Ic and
Vce. Of then above circuit and note down the
observations.
11) Given that the theoretical values of the transistor is
Vbe=0.7v. βDC =200.

Observations :

Measured Value by DMM Measured Value by DMM

R B=1 MΩ 0.989 MΩ R1=33 kΩ 31.83 KΩ

RC =2.2kΩ 2.143 KΩ R2=6.8 kΩ 6.62 KΩ


R E=1 kΩ 0.985 KΩ

VCE(V) VRC VBE IC (mA) IB (mA) βDC


(V) (V)
Mea Theo Mea Mea Mea The Mea Theo Mea The
s s s s o s s o
Q 6.41 5.63 0.63 2.61 11.4 228
1
7.02 2.26 µ 11.3 200
Q 6.44 8 5.60 0.63 2.59 11.4 µ 227
2 µ
Table 1.2

Lt spice simulations :
Conclusion :

From this experiment I got to learn that there will be


different theoretical and measured values.

Part -2

Aim : To construct the voltage divider circuit Using the transistor.


Circuit diagram :

Equations :

V RC V V
I C= I B= R1 − R2
RC R1 R2
Procedure :

1) Construct the circuit shown in figure. Make sure that the power
supply is OFF. Set the DMM to measure DC voltage.
2) Turn on the supply and measure the collector-emitter voltage
(VCE) and voltage across R1 (VR1) across R2 (VR2) and RC
(VRC) write down the result in table 2.2.
3) Calculate IC and IB write it down in table 2.2.
4) Calculate the current gain of the transistor (βDC) write down in
table 2.2.
5) Change the transistor to a Q2. Repeat the step 3 to 5 for Q2 and
write down the result in Table 2.2.
6) Find the theoretical value of IB, IC and VCE of the above
circuit and fill in table 1.2. For
7) Given that transistor2N2222 assume VBE=0.7v and βDC =200.
8) Let the Q-point be VCE=6v at VCC = 12V
9) Assume the Voltage across RC, VRC=4v

Observation :

VCE (V) VRC VR1 VR2 IC (mA) IB (mA) βDC


(V) (V) (V)
Meas Theo Meas Mea Meas Meas Theo Meas Theo Meas Theo
s
Q1 7.03 3.48 9.83 2.172 1.508 22.5µ 70.2
Q2 7.07 6 3.394 9.84 2.160 1.56 1.81 20.5µ 22.4µ 76 200

Table 2.2

Lt spice Simulations :
Conclusion : By this experiment I got to know that we can use
the transistor as voltage divider .

Here are some images took by me :


--------- The end ------------

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