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IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 8(2) 148-160, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/2023/10.2.6012

Evaluation of the heating (Calorific) value of municipal wet solid waste

from Kabagarame Dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda.
1
Mutungirehi Faisal, 2Mustafa M. Mundu and 1Stephen N. Nnamchi
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Kampala International University, Uganda.
2
Department of Electrical Telecommunication and Computer Engineering, School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.

ABSTRACT
Modern management of waste around the world has moved from waste disposal to
energy recovery through WtE. Technologies that can be utilized to recover energy
from MSW via thermal conversion processes such as incineration, gasification,
pyrolysis, biochemical conversion processes and chemical conversion. The aim of this
research was to evaluate the heating (calorific) value of municipal wet solid waste
from Kabagarame dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Wet solid waste samples
were analyzed, the heating value of the wastes were evaluated. The results showed
that other organics had the highest calorific value of 26.22 MJ/kg, followed by paper
16.60 MJ/kg, followed by food waste 16.51MJ/kg and then wood 16.14 MJ/kg on dry
matter basis. The results on the heating value on wet basis showed that other organics
had the highest calorific value of 12.82 MJ/kg, followed by paper 14.04 MJ/kg,
followed by food waste 13.66 MJ/kg and then wood 9.89 MJ/kg. The heating value of
plastics was not obtained since they are recovered from the dumping site and
recycled. This energy can be harnessed by different production facilities particularly
Tea factories in the region through incineration process so as to generate heat
necessary for their production processes. In conclusion, results from this research
also suggest that understanding the composition of municipal solid waste is essential
for creating the best disposal strategy, so that recovering resources trapped in the
wastes can be optimized. It is therefore necessary that energy derived from municipal
solid wastes can be taken into account in the national energy budget.
Keywords: Heating value, solid waste, Kabagarame and dumping site.

INTRODUCTION
The sustainable development goal waste of avoid the impact of disposal
seven aims at ensuring that energy that of waste to the environment [2]. More
is reliable and affordable is delivered so, modern management of waste
as a means of eradicating poverty around the world has moved from
[1].Management of waste sustainably waste disposal to energy recovery and
should be taken into account for the recycling and this has led to a high
generations in the future so as to interest in WtE [3].The recovery of
ensure that the health of human, energy practice has advantages that are
resource scarcity on earth as well as competitive and these include;
the environment are protected. It is occupation of land that is small,
thus important to ensure that there is reduction of volume of waste, minor
minimal extraction and consumption pollution, and more so it is regarded of
of natural resources through recycling a means for disposal of waste that is
of waste, and efficient management of very effective in the current era and in

148
the future [4]. There are several 50 % by 2040 [14]. A lot of
technologies that can be utilized to interventions to tackle poor WM have
recover energy locked in MSW and been undertaken by the country for
these include; biochemical conversion, example a credit of US$150 million for
thermochemical conversion and International Development Association
chemical conversion [5]. Waste (IDA) was approved by the World Bank
characteristics are considered in the Board of Executive Directors to fund
selection of technology of WtE that can the infrastructure in urban areas and
be utilized [6]. More so, the energy develop delivery of service in 14
potential of waste is a very critical municipalities in Uganda [15]. There
component that is used to identify the has not been any visible change despite
amount of energy that can be extracted all the support financially offered
from the waste [7]. towards SWM [16].
A WtE plant that was established A tremendous venture confronting
recently in Ethiopia in Africa has engineers and scientists in growing
attracted interest from several nations is the search for suitable
governments in Africa towards answer for the treatment, collection
application of technologies that can and disposal or re-use of home waste
extract energy from waste to produce power [17-24]. Even though
[8].Incineration is considered to be the the energy desires have been met by
more efficient towards handling of the invention of the deposits of fossil
variable characteristics in municipal fuel, the deposits are restricted in
solid waste in comparison to other quantity, exploration and
technologies of WtE [9]. Incineration of manufacturing [25-27]. Centers that
municipal solid waste is currently the convert waste to energy are part of
WtE option that is mature answer of the global solid waste
technologically and widely used. It has disposal hassle. These centers, while
the ability of reducing the volume of blended with recycling of crucial
waste by about 90 percent and mass by material, landfilling and composting,
a percentage of 70 [10]. In addition to might be a long-time period financial
that, slag that comes from incineration answer since they are developed and
in grate plant fired by biomass is fit for operated in a manner that suits the
use directly to improve the soil due to environment [26]. Generation of energy
the lower concentration of elements is pivotal for the development of a
that are hazardous [11]. Also, the ash nation economically, socially and
can be utilized as a material for intellectually. Waste to energy (WtE) is
construction in applications of one of the ways for generation of
concrete and asphalt [12]. The heat that energy sustainably [27]. The generation
is generated through the process of of energy from waste in liquid, gas or
incineration can be used in operations solid form has the ability of
of turbines that are vapor based and minimizing over dependency on fossil
more so in the operations of heat fuels, thereby enhancing a feasible
exchangers [13]. There is rapid optional technique to manage most
urbanization; 5.1%/annum, and rise in MSW. 64% of world’s WtE is obtained
population; 3.3%/annum, in Uganda via incineration of waste with other
and this has led to new economic and renewable energy forms from waste
social opportunities and also more obtained from anaerobic digestion of
advanced challenges which include organic waste and landfill gas [17]. The
management of waste which is not Third National Development
tallying with the growth in population, Programme (NDP III) aim is to increase
slums development, overcrowding, consumption and accessibility to clean
settlements that are informal that have energy. Access to services of
solid waste management (SWM) sustainable energy is very crucial for
practices that are poor. Anticipations growth of the economy, reduction in
say that urbanization in Uganda will hit the poverty rates, and more so

149
transformation of the society both Council and the Gemert-Bakel
socially and culturally. The Municipality with an aim to promote
development of energy is very critical the segregation of non-biodegradable
for utilizing of the key opportunities and biodegradable waste at the level of
for growth through facilitation of the households. Over Shs. 150 million was
agenda of industrialization by invested in the project, and two centers
developing sustainability, business that are separate for treatment of waste
cost reduction, allowing production, were put up in the municipality;
thereby leading to an increase in the Nyaruzinga center which was to be
competitiveness, growth of the utilized for waste that is biodegradable
economy that is sustainable and an waste and Kabagarame site which was
improvement in the quality of life. to be utilized for non-biodegradable
More so, The Uganda Vision 2040 aims waste [20]. In accordance to the
to have access to energy that is clean, designs that are in place for both the
affordable and reliable so as to compost plant and site for landfill that
facilitate industrialization, among were acquired from the physical
others. planner of the municipal that were
According to The Third National approved in 2009, both the sites
Development Programme (NDP III), the fulfilled the guidelines as per the
country’s energy mix is dominated by national and international guidelines.
biomass which contributes 88% However, most of the infrastructure
(charcoal, firewood, crop residues). that were specified in the design have
120, 000 hectares of forest cover is lost not been implemented. Currently, a
annually with 72,000 hectares (60%) private operator only recovers the
lost through firewood and charcoal. plastics and exports them to
Currently, the country suffers a $2.3 processing plants in Kampala. For the
billion biodegradation loss with wood rest of the municipal solid waste, land
fuel contributing 25%. Similarly, [18] filling that is uncontrolled and
asserts that the policy of renewable unsanitary has been mainly adopted
energy in Uganda encourages the and this subsequently can cause
utilization of municipal solid waste as health, environmental and aesthetic
a resource of renewable energy. hazards. The fraction of the waste that
Technologies that extract energy from is organic is responsible for the
waste are able to minimize the quantity pollution by leachate, and methane
by a percentage of 90, and this depends generation, and therefore the removal
on the composition, by extracting the of this biodegradable waste from the
energy locked in the Municipal Solid waste stream would reduce the
Waste thereby providing means of emissions at the dumpsite. This can be
utilizing alternative renewable energy achieved through the conversion of
resources and thus reduce the use of this waste into energy. This can be a
precarious energy and ensure both powerful means that can ensure the
environmental protection and energy reliability and stability of energy
security [19]. systems in the region particularly for
In Uganda waste generation is between several tea factories as this energy can
0.3 kg/capita/day for low income be harnessed for its production
earners and 0.66 kg/capita/day for processes. However, this can be
high income earners in urban areas achieved after a thorough study to
[20]. In 2008 a memorandum of ascertain feasibility of the Municipal
understanding (MOU) on SWM was waste for generation of energy and this
signed by Bushenyi–Ishaka Town justifies the need for this study.

150
 Aim of the study
The aim of this research was to Dumping site in Bushenyi District,
examine the heating value of wet solid Uganda.
waste samples in Kabagarame
Research Question
(i) What is the Heating Value of the solid waste?

Figure 1: Kabagarame dumping site

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design
The study utilized quantitative numerically. Such data was solved by
research design.This was characterized statistical tools such as bar graphs, pie
by collecting data which was expressed charts.
Sampling Design
This involved taking samples of solid The waste samples were filled in
waste that are representative from the polyethene bags so that they could be
dumping site having the composition weighed and then stored. The
and properties of the mass of waste polyethene bags were labelled with
from where it was collected. The identification numbers for indicating
method of spot sampling was used in the spot from which the sample was
the process of sampling. Wet solid collected and the period of sampling.
waste samples were taken from dump Five samples of 1500g each of the raw
site from five spots where an amount solid waste were taken from five spots
of waste (1500g) was taken per spot from the dump site per week and this
and the total amount collected formed was done during a 13-week period.
a sample size of about 7500g per week.

151
 Project Implementation flow chart

Figure 2: Project Implementation flow chart

The number of samples to be sorted 1.960 × 0.06 2
were estimated on the basis of ASTM 𝑛 0 = ( )
0.3 × 0.05
D5231 method of calculation; 𝑜𝑟 𝑛0 = 61
𝑡×𝑠 2 At 95% confidence interval the value of
𝑛0 = ( ) (1)
𝑒×𝑥 𝑡 statistic corresponding to 𝑛 = 61 is
2.000. Hence 𝑛′ is obtained by;
Governing component; other organics. 1.960 × 0.06 2
′
At 95% confidence interval; 𝑛 = ( )
0.3 × 0.05
𝑓𝑜𝑟: 𝑛 = ∞, 𝑡 = 1.960, 𝑠 = 0.06, 𝑒 = 0.3, 𝑜𝑟 𝑛′ = 64
𝑥 = 0.05 𝑛0 And 𝑛′ do not differ by more than
10% and hence 64 samples were chosen

152
Figure 3: Illustration of sampling spots
Sorting
This involved determining the clean flat leveled area with the
individual components available in the electronic scale positioned on the same
mass of waste and their distribution by area. Hand Sorting was used for sorting
mass. The polyethene bags containing of the Waste into various component
the waste samples were emptied onto a categories as described in table below.
Table 1: Condensed Municipal Solid Waste Categories
Category Description
1. Food waste Comprised of all the wastes of food that include bones
2. Mixed paper Office paper, magazines, computer paper, waxed paper
and paper that lies in the corrugated and newsprint
categories.
3. Wood Comprises of all kinds of wood
4. Other organics rubber, textiles, leather, and materials that are burnable
primarily, and materials included in the yard waste
category
5. Glass Comprises of all kinds of glass
6. Other ceramics ,sand, rock, plaster , dirt, and metals that are in
inorganics the categories of aluminum and ferrous
7. Plastic This comprises of all kinds plastic
Source: ASTM D5231-92(2003)
Heating Value (Calorific Value)
The Heating Value of the solid waste is drying. This was done by subjecting
the amount of heat released during the samples of mass (2.00g-2.40g) in an
combustion of a specific amount of oven maintained at a temperature of
waste and this was measured using a 105oC for a period of 12 hours. The
Bomb calorimeter instrument. This was samples were then retrieved and the
determined on both wet and dry basis. moisture content as well as percentage
For the dry basis, the Wet solid waste of dry matter were obtained as follows;
samples were subjected to thorough
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Similarly,
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = × 100
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
The Heating Value was obtained as (a) 0.99g-1.00g of solid
follows for both wet and dry matter; waste sample was
prepared into a fuel cup

153
 that was then lowered (g) The initial temperature
onto the fuel cup holder of the water in the
of the bomb. bucket was read from a
(b) 15 Calories of Fuse wire thermometer
were cut .The wire was (h) The power cable of the
then attached between bomb calorimeter was
the leads/arms of the then plugged into the
cradle and then pointed power supply and
into the fuel contained in switched on.
the fuel cup .This was (i) The Fire button was then
done while ensuring that pushed until a
the fuse wire does not temperature rise was
make any contact with recognized from the
the fuel cup. This is thermometer.
because the fuse cannot (j) The temperature was
ignite if it makes contact closely observed till the
with the cup. change in temperature
(c) Two milliliters of decreased and reached a
distilled water were then constant state. This
added to the bomb. temperature was read
(d) The assembly of the and noted as the final
bomb was then lowered temperature.
into the bomb carefully (k) The power supply to the
after which it was bomb calorimeter was
screwed to a fit that is then switched off.
comfortable. (l) The bomb was then
(e) The bomb was then lifted from the water
positioned at the bench bucket, depressurized,
and 30 bars of oxygen unscrewed,
were pumped into the disassembled and the
bomb from the oxygen bomb head carried to the
tank. stand.
(f) The bucket was filled (m) The Heating Value of the
with two liters of remaining fuse wire was
distilled water after then noted
which the bomb vessel (n) The above steps were
was gently placed into done for all the solid
the bucket. This was waste samples
done while ensuring that (o) The Calorific Value of
the bomb was not tipped the solid waste sample
and the feet of the bomb on Wet basis was then
were aligned with the obtained from;
notches at the bucket.

(∆𝑇 × 𝑒) − 𝑊
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑔−1 ) = (2)
(𝑚 × 1000)

Where; ∆𝑇, Temperature rise (℃), The Calorific value of the solid waste
𝑒, Energy equivalent of the sample on dry basis was obtained
Bomb (2465𝐽), 𝑊, Fuse wire used (𝐶𝑎𝑙), from;
𝑚, sample mass (𝑔)
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 × 100
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟

154
Figure 4: The researcher collecting solid waste samples from the dumping site,
packing and quantifying the samples.
Waste is divided into dry and wet waste opposite is true for wet samples, which
for separation at the source. Materials include organic materials like food
that cannot be recycled are part of the leftovers, dirty grocery bags, sanitary
dry refuse. They consist of things like items, yard debris, tissues, and paper
containers, flasks, garments, plastic, towels. The reports are indicated in
timber, glassware, metals, and Table 2.
newspapers among others. The
(∆𝑇 × 𝑒) − 𝑊
𝐺𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑡 (𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑔−1 ) = (3)
(𝑚 × 1000)

Where 𝑒 = 2465 𝐽, is the enegy 𝑊 (𝑐𝑎𝑙) is the fuse wire used and 𝑚 is
equivalent of the bomb calorimeter and the sample mass in grams.

155
 Table 2: Gross energy on Wet basis
Category Sample 𝑻𝒊 (℃) 𝑻𝒇 (℃) ∆𝑻(℃) Fuse wire 𝑮𝑬 𝑮𝑬𝒘𝒆𝒕
mass used (cal) (kcal/) (MJ/kg)
1. Other 0.99 27.92 29.16 1.24 15.00 3.07 12.82
organics
2. Food waste 0.99 25.89 26.84 0.95 7.00 2.36 9.89
3. Wood 1.00 28.92 30.25 1.33 15.00 3.26 13.66
4. Paper 0.99 26.70 28.05 1.35 15.00 3.35 14.04

From Table 2, 𝑇𝑖 (℃) refers to the initial temperature, 𝑇𝑓 (℃), the final temperature and
∆𝑇(℃) = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 , is the change in temperature and 𝐺𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑡 is the gross energy content.
Table 3: Gross energy on dry basis
Category 𝒎𝒔 𝒎𝒄 𝒎𝒔 𝒎𝒐 𝑴𝑪 % Dry Average % 𝑮𝑬𝒅𝒓𝒚
+ 𝒎𝒄 matter Dry matter (MJ/kg)
Other organics 2.15 27.27 29.42 28.32 1.10 48.84 49.06 26.22
2.09 17.52 19.61 18.55 1.06 49.28

Food waste 2.39 26.36 28.75 27.68 1.07 55.23 59.81 16.51

2.05 20.73 22.78 22.05 0.73 64.39

Wood 2.19 26.64 28.83 28.48 0.35 84.05 84.68 16.14

2.11 28.34 30.45 30.14 0.31 85.31

Paper 2.22 18.57 20.79 20.47 0.32 85.59 84.42 16.60

2.03 17.58 19.61 19.27 0.34 83.25

Where; 𝑚𝑠 (𝑔) is the sample mass in From Equation above, 𝑚𝑠 = 2.15 𝑔, 𝑚𝑐 =

grams, 𝑚𝑐 (𝑔) is the crucible mass, MC 27.27 𝑔 and 𝑚𝑜 = 28.32 𝑔, the % dry
is the water or moisture content in the matter is 48.84%. For the different
sample (𝑔) determined using Equation material categories (other organics,
4 and 𝐺𝐸𝑑 is the gross energy content. food waste, wood, paper), the % dry
matter is summarized in Table 3
𝑀𝐶 = (𝑚𝑠 + 𝑚𝑐 ) − 𝑚𝑜 (4)
The percentage dry matter is The gross energy on dry basis is given
determined using Equation 4 by Equation 7.
expressed in percentage.
𝐺𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑡
𝐺𝐸𝑑𝑟𝑦 = × 100% (7)
% 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ((𝑚𝑠 − 𝑀𝐶) ÷ 𝑚𝑠 ) % 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
(5) 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙
× 100% when 𝐺𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 3072.32 ,
Substituting Equation 4 to Equation 5 𝑘𝑔

yields Equation 6. % 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 49.06 for other organics,

the 𝐺𝐸𝑑𝑟𝑦 will be 6262.37 Kcal/kg
% 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 (26.22 MJ/kg).
𝑚𝑠 − ((𝑚𝑠 + 𝑚𝑐 ) − 𝑚𝑜 ) (6)
= × 100%
𝑚𝑠
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This research evaluated the heating research was to examine the wet solid
value of municipal solid waste from waste samples so as to evaluate the
Kabagarame dumping site in Bushenyi heating value of the waste on both wet
district, Uganda. The aim of this and dry basis. Experimental work

156
revealed that; other organics have the paper 14.04 MJ/kg, followed by food
highest calorific value of 26.22 MJ/kg, waste 13.66 MJ/kg and then wood 9.89
followed by paper 16.60 MJ/kg, MJ/kg. The heating value of plastics
followed by food waste 16.51MJ/kg was not obtained since they are
and then wood 16.14 MJ/kg on dry recovered from the dumping site and
matter basis. The results on the heating recycled. Moreover the heating value of
value on wet basis showed that other glass and other inorganics was not
organics have the highest calorific obtained since they are non-
value of 12.82 MJ/kg, followed by combustible.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, calorific value of the 26.22 MJ/kg > paper 16.60 MJ/kg >
waste samples from Kabagarame food waste 16.51MJ/kg and then wood
dumping site in Bushenyi District, with 16.14 MJ/kg recorded the least
Uganda is ranked as follows: organics calorific value.
recorded the highest calorific value of
RECOMMENDATIONS
Incineration of municipal solid waste generated through the process of
being the WtE option that is currently incineration can be harnessed by
mature technologically and widely several production facilities
used, can be utilized to recover energy particularly the tea factories in the
locked in this waste. The heat that is region for their production processes.
LIST OF ACRONYMS
CV Calorific Value
CC Correlation Coefficient
IDA International Development Association
WtE Waste to Energy
SWM Solid Waste Management
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
HHV Higher Heating Value
SWMS Solid Waste Management System
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
C Carbon
H Hydrogen
O Oxygen
N Nitrogen
S Sulphur
VM Volatile Matter
FC Fixed Carbon
TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
MC Moisture Content
RDF Refuse-Derived Fuel
GPM Geometric Programming Model
RMSE Root Mean Square Error
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
GPS Global Positioning System
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