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BSCPE2 CHAPTER 1-8

CHAPTER 1 – Communication process, principles, and ethics

The Communication Process
 The Source/Encoder holds the fulcrum of the communication since this individual determines
whether the purpose of the message is to inform, persuade, or entertain. The speaker begins by
creating the message and then passes the message to the receiver through the use of a channel
whether personal or through mass media.
 The Message is the second element of the communication process.
 The Channel is a pathway or device wherein messages passed through from sender to receiver
using verbal and nonverbal channels of communication.
 The Receiver/Decoder receives the message and then interprets the message.
 The Feedback is the result of the interaction between the sender and the decoder.
 Negative Feedback happens when there is a lack of understanding.
 Positive Feedback takes place when the receiver fully understands the message.
 Ambiguous Feedback only occurs when the message relayed is not very clear thereby giving
confusion to the receiver.
Principles of Communication
 Know your audience is necessary to know whom you are talking to because your speech has to
match the interest of the listeners.
 Know your purpose is also important to know the reason why you are placed in such speaking
engagement.
 Know your topic is actually the key and heart of your discussion.
 Anticipate objections are difficult to handle but again presenting an idea to everyone does not
necessarily give acceptance to the listeners.
 Achieve credibility to your audience by sharing information that are first hand and authentic.
 Present information in several ways is the best technique in storytelling.
Communication Ethics
 Communication Ethics takes place when a behavior of a person or group is subjected by their
morals thereby affecting interpersonal, mass mediated, and digital communication.
Ethical Principles
Types of Ethical Principles
 The Golden Mean – Being good is moral’s desirable end.
 The Categorical Imperative – Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same
time will that it should become a universal law.
 Utilitarianism – Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as
they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
 Justice and the Veil of Ignorance – a principle of justice rather than utility by allowing people to
free themselves from bias and self-interest.
 Lying & Interpretation – Telling a lie and making it as truth is dangerous for people in providing
information.
 Secrets, Disclosures, & Privacy
 Whistleblowing – Happens when someone from a group violates the group’s norm by revealing
an evidence or activity that is considered dishonest, unethical, forbidden within the organization
that can be private or public.
 Leaks – Unknown information shared to others like information disclosed to the press by a
concealed identity who is a familiar source.

CHAPTER 2 – Communication and Globalization

Fundamental Assumptions About Intercultural Communication
 Assumption #1 Messages relayed are not usually the messages received.
o Intercultural communication is a symbolic activity where the thoughts and ideas of one
are encoded into a verbal/or nonverbal message format, then transmitted through
some channel to another person who must decode it, interpret it, and respond to it
 Assumption # 2 A nonverbal act between individuals
o Various cultures employ in "selective screening of sensory information" that will
eventually result in a different perspective.
 Assumption #3 Involvement of style in communication among speakers
o True understanding is implicit, coming not from words but from actions in the
environment where speakers provide only hints or insinuations.
 Assumption #4 Group phenomenon experienced and shared by individuals
 o We have a tendency to see others not as individuals with unique thoughts, ideas, and
goals, but rather than as an "Asian" or a woman", or an "old person," or "a cab driver"
 Assumption # 5 A circuitous of adaptation and stress
o Since is normal to feel anxious, apprehensive, and uncertain when one mingles and
speaks to another person from a different culture. It is important to be flexible and
adapt a communication style to be able to make the other individual comfortable.
The Impact of Communication in Society and The World
 The advancement of the wireless technology makes health care distribution quicker, reaching
remote areas in the world as reported by the United Nations Foundation.
 Another breakthrough of the wireless technology is that rescue missions are made possible
where people can move quickly to contact their loved ones in the areas being affected.
 The wireless communication further provides an innovative change - how companies worldwide
transact business fast.
 Wireless communication can revolutionize and create social change.
Cultural Context
 Culture teaches individuals to think and behave, therefore a kind of interaction among people is
depicted in various circumstances.
 "But culture is more a human phenomenon than a geographic one. And while geography
certainly affects how people live within a particular culture, the people, more than the
geography, are what constitute culture. So, when you think of culture, think about the people.
That being said, it is also important to understand that cultures of people are not static, but
rather dynamic. This means that cultures change; they are fluid, always moving"
Types of Cultural Orientation
 Horizontal Individualism speaks of an autonomous self that values the individual more and
independence is being highlighted.
 Vertical Individualism values the autonomous self by seeing it as different and unequal to
others. It also emphasizes status and competition.
 Horizontal Collectivism notes the self as a member of an in-group sharing the same values and
interests. The self is reliant and equality is expected.
 Vertical Collectivism believes that the self is an integral part of the in-group even if the
members are different from the other. It also specifies the group’s interdependence and
inequality (Neuliep, 2015).
CHAPTER 3 – Local and Global Communication in Cultural Setting & Varieties and Registers of spoken
and written language
Obstacles In Intercultural Communication
 Different cultures despite the invention of technology pose a barrier in communication. This
misunderstanding is attributed to people's speaking in different languages and who possess
different values and beliefs as well as the fusion of different cultures. Intercultural differences
have created more conflicts than understanding.
Relationships: Norms and Roles
 Norms refer to appropriate behaviors and rules that are accepted in society.
 Roles are norms that are intended for a specific group may vary from culture to culture.
 Beliefs
 Values determine what we think is right, good, important, beautiful
 Race is a group of individuals having the same physical features and characteristics and who
shares identical rituals, customs, and beliefs.
 Gender
 Class is a group sharing the same economic or social status and this can be clearly seen during
the mid-1800s where families stayed and worked together in one environment.
Varieties And Registers of Spoken and Written Language
 Static Register is rare and never changes such as the Lord's Prayer, Preamble, Alma Mater, laws,
and many others.
 Formal Register is used in delivering public speeches and announcements.
 Consultative Register uses professional discussion between someone superior and the other is a
subordinate such as doctor and patient's conversation, lawyer and client, teacher and student,
counselor and client, and many others.
 Casual Register uses informal language like slang, vulgarities, and colloquialisms since these
conversations deal with friends and peers.
 Intimate Register uses private discussions among family members, husband and wife, boyfriend
and girlfriend relationship
Terms and Definition
  Genre – A category of artistic composition, as in music, literature, characterized by similarities in
form, style, form, or content.
 Diatype – Is a term first used by the linguist Michael Gregory to describe a type of language
variation which is determined by its social purpose. In his formulation, language variation can be
divided into two categories: dialect, for variation according to user, and diatype for variation
according to use.
 Mesolect – A mesolect is term referring to a register or range of registers of spoken language
whose character falls somewhere between the prestige of the acrolect and the informality of
the basilect.
 Acrolect – An acrolect is a register of a spoken language that is considered formal and high-style
 Basilect – a basilect is a dialect of speech that has diverged considerably from an acrolect, or
standard, "educated", variety of the language.

CHAPTER IV – Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Types Of Texts

Code Types
 Restricted-elaborate codes
o A restricted code which is a status-oriented speech system also limits speakers during
communication.
o An elaborated code meanwhile employs the social system by placing their intents,
thoughts, and goals into a verbal discourse.
 Direct-Indirect Codes
o People assert self-face needs in the direct style (low- context, individualistic culture)
where messages definitely express the individual's desires and needs.
o The intentions of the speaker in an indirect style (high-context, collectivistic culture) are
hidden or hinted in the course of the conversations.
 Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Styles
o Elaborate style uses flashy and enhance language
o Exacting style is direct to the point, speaking what is needed during a conversation
o Succinct style prefers "concise statements, understatements, and even silence"
 Personal and Contextual Style
 o A personal style uses first-person pronouns during conversations that emphasize
informality and balance in relationships in individualistic cultures.
o A contextual style tailors the role identity and status of a person. It also controls word
selection and choice specifically personal pronouns.
 Instrumental and Affective Style
o The Instrumental way of speaking is a sender-based as well as a goal-outcome based
which is often created to influence and persuade others. The users of instrumental type
express that communication should have a specific goal and the results can be assessed
such as "friends gained, opponent defeated" or other scenarios where self-fulfillment
may be achieved.
o The affective kind of communication deals with the receiver and process set-up where
the speaker will not mind so much of the outcome of the conversation but rather the
process. The burden lies on the speaker since this person will be cautious in choosing
and organizing the messages to the other speakers.
Gestures With Different Interpretations
 Placing three hands on the hips in Mexico is considered a sign of hostility.
 Raising a fist in the air with knuckles shown outward is a declaration of victory in Argentina.
 Pinching the earlobe between the thumb and a forefinger is a demonstration of appreciation in
Brazil.
 Holding the palm upward in Chile and then spreading the fingers is a message that someone is
stupid.
 Tapping the underside of the elbow with the fingers of the other hand in Columbia means
someone is stingy.
 Licking the little finger and brushing it across the eyebrow is telling that someone is
homosexual or gay in Lebanon.
 Showing the sole of the shoe in Saudi Arabia is considered the lowest and dirtiest part of the
body.
 Walking behind the men in Egypt is what most women do.
 Winking at children in Nigeria means that they must leave the room.
 Flicking the neck is inviting someone for a drink in Poland.
 Crossing the legs is unfeminine for women in Spain.
CHAPTER V – Communication Aids and Strategies
Types Of Visual Aids
 The best visual aid is any convenient or portable object you can hold while you are discussing.
 Models are scaled representations of the object like a miniature building, a city, part of a body,
and so on.
 Diagram is an illustration of line drawings that depict the elements of an object.
 Word and number charts are best depicted using statistics for easy presentation to the
audience. Most speakers display the salient points of their speech in outline format as a word
map.
 Pie charts are made of circles with slices. These are used to demonstrate the divisions of the
entire pie chart as well as represent the partition of the 100 % that each slice will get.
 Bar charts are being compared between two or more values by way of putting them in
horizontal rectangles.
 Column charts demonstrate an identical function as bar charts but are seen through vertical
rectangles.
 Line charts on the other hand, usually map out the route of a moving point and an appropriate
for illustrating changes over time.
Presentation Of Visual Aids
 Chalkboard or whiteboards can be found in most classrooms. (The major advantage of these
write-as-you-go media is their spontaneity.)
 Flip pads are gigantic writing tables connected to a transportable frame.
 Poster board can also be used for highlighting the points of your discussion.
 Listeners can review your talk when a hand out is given to them. Handouts are the best
reference support and excellent way to freshen the memory.
 The best way to view images for large audiences is through the use of projectors. Overhead
projectors work well for a specific purpose where acetate sheets reflect images on the screen
while slide projectors use films.
Other Electronic Media
 Audio aids such as tape recording and CDs can supply information that could not be presented
any other way like comparing musical styles.
 Films, videotapes, and sound-on slide are examples of audio-visual aids.
  Power point slides give focus to the audience since the slide moves in an appropriate time.
 The logical structure allows viewers to appreciate the information and the arguments
presented.

CHAPTER VI – Communication for Various Purposes

Informative Communication
Types of Informative Communication
1. By Content
a. Information about Objects talk about something tangible or a demonstration of new
things that can be seen or touched.
b. Information about Processes discuss of a process that is in progress that will yield to a
distinct outcome. Topics such as aging, learning to do multiplicity of tasks, and many
others things best fit for this category.
c. Information about Events deliberate on anything worthy and notable that took place
such as the Olympics, a beauty pageant, or during election.
d. Information about Concepts tackle on ideas, beliefs, theories, and principles that will
bring into new perspectives.
2. By Purpose
a. Information on Description speak about straight-forward information as you describe
what you want to convey through a word picture manner.
b. Information on Explanation talk to clarify concepts and ideas that have been known by
many.
c. Information on Instructions demonstrate in a logical manner the training programs of a
new model or operations in an office.
Persuasive Communication
 Persuasive Communication – This is the art of convincing viewers or readers to believe and
accept a controversial issue by presenting the benefits of the topic.
Characteristics of Persuasive Communication
1. Persuasion is not coercive because it allows the viewers and readers to think constructively and
to act differently. It does not force individuals to accept the issue or situation right away but
gives the individual free will.
 2. Persuasion is usually incremental because attitudes do not instantly change. Likewise, it is a
process where the individual presenting has to establish goals and expectations.
Types of Persuasion
1. By Types of Proposition
a. Proposition of Fact talks on issues having two or more angles with conflicting testimony
and the viewers or readers are required to know and select the truth. The propositions
are not enough with a "yes" and "no" or an objection to It. Proposition shapes the basis
of an argument for detailing the topic.
b. Proposition of Value discusses about truth and falsity of the issue.
c. Proposition of Policy allows a step beyond the queries of fact or value that will require
an action or a policy.
2. By Desired Outcome
a. Convincing happens when one needs to persuade the viewers or readers need to
change by giving them time to think and feel the situation.
b. Actuating takes place when one needs to move the viewers or readers to a specific
behavior. The person persuading has to recommend the specific action such as adoption
or discontinuance. Adoption makes the viewers or readers indulge in a new conduct or
behavior while the discontinuance wants to end behaving in a profound manner.
3. By Direct Approach
a. Direct Persuasion demonstrates the clear purpose of the writer to the target audience
by stating it right away.
b. Indirect Persuasion disguises or hides the intentions of the writer through a sense of
only hinting the issue and it is for the listeners or readers to comprehend the message.
Argumentative Communication
 Argumentative communication is stating a position of an issue reflecting views, needs, and
beliefs accompanied with reason and logic
Sample Written Text
1. Inquiry Letter
An inquiry letter is important in getting information that is not known to the concerned
Individuals. Thus, the one who queries anticipates the other party to release the information.
2. Police Reports
 Police reports are often reviewed and noted by news reporters who work in the radio and
television or by legal firms. The police reports contain a detailed history of every specific event
that happened from car accidents, burglar, raped, murder, and other unfortunate
circumstances. These documents are sometimes presented in court as evidence.
3. Letters of Appreciation
Appreciation letters are written communication of showing gratitude for what they have done
to you.
CHAPTER VII – Communication for Work Purposes
Guidelines In Business Meeting
 Step 1: Call the meeting to order according to the scheduled time. Introduce new workers or
guests during the start of the meeting. Those co-workers who are late need to catch up during
or after the meeting.
 Step 2: Pass an agenda during the meeting so that co-workers will be guided step by step in the
discussion.
 Step 3: Provide a summary of the previous meeting as the secretary reads the undertakings.
 Step 4: End the meeting on time, an agenda should list all the points to be taken during the
discussion. Time each segment of the discussion so chit-chats can be avoided.
 Step 5: Ask the secretary to take the minutes of the business meeting for the decisions made,
documentation and review in the next meeting.
 Step 6: Prohibit members from insulting each other when the issue gets hot and intense. Instead
call them in a separate occasion to resolve the conflict.
 Step 7: End the business meeting with optimism. Assign what each member must do and the
issues to be tackled during the next assembly.

 Item #1 on the agenda:

o Include the name of the person making a presentation
o Set out what was discussed after the presentation and any decisions made
o Next steps: include specific task, name(s) of the person(s) who will be responsible for
them, and a specific deadline
 Item #2 on the agenda: Repeat the information for each subsequent item on the meeting
agenda.
Distributing The Minutes of The Business Meeting
  Minutes serve as a reminder to everyone in attendance of what was discussed, the decisions
made, and what the next steps should be on the task or project in question.
Writing In the Workplace
 Memo and Memorandum
o A memo is a written letter from one worker to another within the same company or
organization.
o An office memo is a short form of memorandum which is a note to help refresh the
memory.
Writing Persuasive Letters
A. Letter of Business Request
A letter of request must have an introduction stating the request and specifying the call of
action with specific dates.
B. Reporting & Recording Process for Incidents
Reports are a permanent record of events, incidents, problems, among many others. The
purpose of incident reporting and investigations is to prevent a recurrence of the hazardous
condition causing the event. It also ensures that we meet regulatory requirements.
o Characteristics of a Good Report
 Accurate and specific
 Factual
 Objective
 Clear
 Complete
 Concise
 Well-organized
 Grammatically correct
 Light on abbreviations
CHAPTER VIlI – Communication For Academic Purposes
Characteristics of an Ideal Topic
1. Topic is timely-it means the subject matter is timeless and can be a useful information today
and tomorrow.
2. Topic is well defined- it means the subject matter is narrowed with a very specific theme that
will explore the entity of the topic.
 3. Topic has a high level of creativity- it means the subject matter is interconnected with other
disciplines that makes it very interesting.
The Making of an Academic Paper
 It is best to list the topic sentence first so that along the way, will be able to merge and
incorporate other paragraphs.
 Creating a thesis statement and making an outline reflect profound ideas but will allow you to
create new details and ideas as well.
 In the introduction, the specific topic should be mentioned as this allows you to frame the thesis
or the purpose statement.
 After the introduction, the background of the topic comes next. In here, the review of related
literature is being included as well as the historical perspective. The purpose of this is to conjoin
the current research and your paper as to how they parallel or make significance. The body of
your research which serves as the hinge that should provide clear ideas to support the
argument. By stating evidences and major ideas, your research is ready for a conclusion.
 The conclusion knits all the main points that answer the central argument.
Quoting, Paraphrasing, And Summarizing
 Taking Notes
o Despite the volume of sources to read, it is essential to take down notes from the materials
you think will be useful in crafting your academic paper.
 Steps/How to take notes
 Write your notes can be in an index card, a notebook or through your computer.
Every entry must be labelled with information such as author, title, and the URL
pages so that tracking the source(s) will be easy and handy.
 Use your own words through quoting (enclose in quotation marks).
 Paraphrasing or summarizing the source text. This will enable the readers to identify
if it is your own words or borrowed words.
 Put a subject title in each note for quick identification of the topic.
The Importance of Citing Sources
1. To acknowledge the author(s) of the books, magazines, journals, interviews, and other sources
of information.
2. To allow the readers to verify your information.
3. To allow the readers to replicate and expand your research.
Citation Requirements
 Quoting a Source
o Quoting is a way of retaining the writer's statement word for word and only modified
through the use of ellipses, omitting redundant details or by making it suitable into the
paper by placing it with brackets.
o If you are using Modern Language Association (MLA) style format, you can only insert
"four typed lines or fewer" while the American Psychological Association (APA) style
format allows you to use not more than forty words
 Long Quotations
o If you are employing the MLA style, Bullock (2006)) suggests, "...Set off quotations of
five or more typed lines by indenting the quote one inch (or ten spaces) from the left
margin." On the other hand, an APA format allows you to indent quotes of not more
than forty words, equivalent to half inch or specifically five spaces from the left border
 Indicate additions or changes with brackets
o When you need to add or change words in a quoted material or insert a correction in
the statement, together with the changes insert a bracket.
 Periods and Commas
o "With brief quotation, put periods or commas inside the quotation marks, except when
you have a parenthetical citation at the end, in which case you put the period after the
parentheses"
 Question marks and exclamation points
o Place the question mark and exclamation points in the quotation marks when
succeeded by a parenthetical citation and then followed by a period.
 Colons and Semicolons
o are placed outside the quotation marks
Writing a Paraphrase
 When you borrow words from a statement, a passage, or a larger and longer text, you need to
paraphrase these words.
 Paraphrase is a way of rewriting these sentences so that it will look like the original, although it
shares the same thought.
 Informative paraphrases are those that take the source's tone, facts and opinions as if they
were the writer's own while descriptive paraphrases are statements that describe the source
 text than showing its perspectives or information in a direct manner
Summarizing
 When summarizing, use your own words and immediately write the main ideas from the source.
Compared to a paraphrase, a summary only talks the general aspect and does not go into details
References
 You must arrange your references in alphabetical order using the APA format.
 APA for Academic Purposes – The Purpose of Referencing/Documentation – contains how to
cite and make reference in different formats with different types of sources.
 Sources includes books, entries and chapters in edited books, articles: journal and periodicals,
websites and other kind of information source.
 READ MORE ABOUT APA for Academic Purposes – The Purpose of
Referencing/Documentation