Scribd
Upload
319 views28 pages

1 It JEq Io MC 3 LJ LK Q3 VYz

Q3VYz

Uploaded by

nilanjan_kar_2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
319 views28 pages

1 It JEq Io MC 3 LJ LK Q3 VYz

Q3VYz

Uploaded by

nilanjan_kar_2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28
Chemical Reactions and Equ. : sane 2 ; ne? 4 what ig chemioal CSP Chemical reactions are the presses in which new substance Wi properties are FOIM Which invalve chemical changes - e dt involves. breaking of old chemical bonde uwhich exist between the at ef substance which act +o Form New chemical bonds. ; e-e ee + old bonds o New bonds th Neus e During a chemical reattione , atoms of ene element® do net changeio Anose of another elements - Ex- Hydragen reack wit oxygen to Form water 2H 0, —_ 2H,0 Hyetrogeo oxygen water 2. what is Reactanis2 ne substance which kakes part 10 chemical reaction are called reactants 8. What is, Produde* he new substonme produced ae 4 result of chemical teackons . Behe Cr 0 a C09 2. Here reodants are trans £9 \ =F YY inte produds - i Reaclanis Products ohe produce thus Formed have propetic entielly diFreremtS From) theee of the reactants. "EXPERIMENTS REGARDING CHEMICAL RNA— EXPERIMENTS RESAROINS CHEM SA *MagnesiuM ribbon expenment ~ \. Berore experiment please note tnat magnesium le avery while big availble in he Form oF Magnesivm yibbio® of wire rivetal 2. When magnesium ribbon ' heated, jt bums to air with dazzling usblte Flame to Form while Powder called magnesium onide 2, Actually ; on heating , magnesiu@ combines with OxygeN present Mair to 2 Ferm Magnesium oxide. Magnesium -+ Oxygen “28s Magnesium oxide (As cibbon) Gemam air) Cushite powder) Jn snese magiesluM and oxygen are reactant bur MY Oe product MgO, (magnesium oxide) E 4, dhe magnesium oxide | 09 4S sureace ulich is Faimed by slac a on it. Que- why the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by nubbing with sand Paper be rare buming inair 2 (dma) + eThie ie date to remove -the protective layer oF MagnesinM oxide ero the eufface oF magnesium ribbon berae buming io air. epuring buming tne dazzling wile light give out during the burning oF Magnesium ribbon is harmFut +o eyes. #60, *Me magiesium boon should be bumed by Keeping it Far as possible From +ne eyes. EXPERIMENT— C2M]3M) 4. Take obaut Qem long magnesium vibbon and clean it by MUbbiNg its eurraice with sand paper: 2. Hold Mg ribbon with a pair of tongs at one end and heats 48 others end over a bummer. 8, The magnesium MAbbon Start buming with dazzling whi 4. Hold tne buming magnesium wibbon over a watch glass So that +he magnesium oxide powder calect in the warch glass. Rowen which We use usuallyhas a coating OF Maghesin chron oF OXYGEN OF ait te Flame. Magnegum ribbon 7 yi? Zn S04 + H® zine dilute sulphuric = Zinc ayaragen same substance Mat reac #H) Rilute Sulphurlo acid , Wen +he 3 conical Flack acd sulphate “gas -Exomple- 2 - when magnesium reach with . AX Bubbles oF dilute acid (4,504 or Hal), Hen hydrogen gas 7 : evoved. Saale oMg + HCl —> Mgel + Hp Cevole) Example - 8 when sodium carbonate and dilule Hydrodilore acid is character by evolution oF CO, gas. oNa,COz + Hcl — Nacl + 1,0 + CO, « Sodiume arbonate acdium ehionde corbondicaide eWhat is Precipitate? wrecipitate 16 o | edlid state’ which seperates aut the Fram the eplution during a chemical reaction . Precipitate usually Seen under testtube at bottom patt. dt can FOrM by PASSING a gas in aqueals solution ora eubstance ike Passing carbon dioxide gas ito lime water) © Formation of jngoluble solid precipitate is called Precipitation . 2. Formation oF Preciplkate— Example- When potassium iodide solution ts added +0 scutian oF lead pitrate , then yellor precipitate of lead iodide is farmed. Expenment — we can cany out thig chemical reaction aS Failo0s - 4, Take some lead nitrate eolution ing test tube 2. Add potassium iodide satution +0 i. 2. A yelloe precipitate OF lead iodide \e eormed at once. 4. B& change in colour ( colauriess +o yellow) also takes in thie chemical reactions - » Pb(NOa), cea” 2k 5 PbIp + 2KNO3 co lead nitrate — PotasSUM iodide Lead iodide Patassium nitare (Yellow) Exomple2- when sulphuric add and @arum chiande scletfon is formed by ide ; a white predptate oF Sarum salpnate - H,5%4 + Bad, —— Basd4 + 2HCl sulphuric acid Barium chioide BariuMsu\phale fayd tuchlowte acid - (aire) 8. Ghange jn. Colour Example- When citric acid reacte with potassium Pemaganade solution , theo Ane purple colour oF potassium permanganate Solutio? disappears Cir becomes colourless): *Purple ——> Colourless 3kmN04 + CgHgz > BHMNO,+GHSky?s Purple) citric acid eatourtess Experiment - we can cary out this reacton as Follows— 1. Take some dilute porassiu™ permanganate solution in test kube, Thha& purple colour: 2. Add some lemon juice with helpo F dropper and shake it. 8. Ihe purple calaur oF porassium Pethanganale Solution goee on Rading and ultimately ib becomes colourless. Example 2- whe sulghur dioxide gas is passed -thougn acidified potassium } dichromeate solution by change in colwr From crange to green S05 + KyCr,0% + 3H2S04 —> k2S0q + Cre (S04)3 + 3H0 Orange green »Change ‘in Temperature -sexothemic reaction » Example - When quicklime reacr with water, then slakedlime ie formed and lot of heat energy is produced by a change in temperature. Iris excthermic reaction uicn meas heat pmducios qeastian - Experiment — 4, Take little of quicklime in hare glass beaker and add water +o i slowly. 2. Touch Whe beaker carefully , Me beaker feels +o be quite hat is teme i6 high. : eCalcium oxide + wdler ——> Calcium hydroxide cad + H,0 —> Ca(OH), - (quicklime) cslakedlime> —_ A | [ Hoel glass waler | beaker | (cao) Quicklime Slaked lime a. Quicklime reacis with water *O b tne beaker becomes nat” oe Form aoe ie releace o 10t WH temp, vised Example2- The corbon bims in the air+o Form cambondioxide which alse releases a large amaini og heat. co C+ 0% Zr Po carbon Oxygen earbondioxide 2. endothermic reachen- Ihe reachion which absorbs -the heat are canned a Endathemic reaction - Exampe- Tne reaction berseen avium Form Barlum chlovde | ammonia and water by change Badr, +2NHgcL 7 Bacle +2NH40H 4 Cobeotb) Banu ammonium hydroxide hydaaxide and ammonium chlodde 40 in temeera ture. Baxium ammontam hydroxide ontoride conde 5. Changs ia State~ e Example- When wax is burned then water and edrbondioxide are Forme snows, WAX is solid, water is aliquid whereas carbondioxide is 0 gas. sShis Means nat during Me combustion reaction of wax the physical state changes From salid +0 \iquid and gas- ' e She combustion of candle wax te cnaraderised by chanoe in side, ° CHEMICAL EQUATIONS edhe method of representing a chemical reaction with help oF symbol and Formula of the substance invdve in it Known aS Chemica) Equations. oforexample— Zinc Metal reac with dilute gulphune Odd 40 FCM zine Sulphate and hyangen gas- This mx can be uitken as- ezine + gulpruric aad ———> Zine sulenate + Hydagen e@ahis is Knaon as the word |Squaton . ewe can change she word equation into aymbol and fomula of various auestance- ‘e Putting +e symbol and form ae + ge ee ee + He, ProduckS wiae of all substance 19 above word equator Reactants nd sulphuric add are recctent.and reactant are alweys leet hand side in an equation with plusCt) sign yrie always Sign betoeen eHere , zinc ai writren on tne berween “nem - Here, ZNe Sulphate and hydragen are products sand written on the right hand side i an equation ith plus ahem edhe arrow sign (——) pointing towacds-he wight hand side is put between Me reacrant and producis. eArcou alsO indicate that +he substance wyitren on tne Leet hand Side are combining +o ave aubstances written 9 HE ight rand side in the equation - « Chemical equatian iS choAhand method oF re preseniag a chemical 1X | . , ||. A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atome oF different elements ia te reackaNt and produce - " example- Zn + H,SO04 ——> ZNSO4 + Ho 930 other words, 4 balanced equation has equal Number oF atoms oF ie element® on both the side must be equal: eNow, Let us count the number of diane of all the elements in +ne | reactant and product sepretely - |Balanced and Unbalanced chemical Equations - |: | tn reactant an product No. oF . ZN atoms — 2. a No.of -H atoms~ Be cs No. oF. 8 atoms ~ a te 4 4 | nwo OF © atoms~ aga i eSince, above there ie an equal number of atoms oF diprerent elements in reactant and prductS isequal so above equation te walanced equation - 2. R unbalanced chemleal equation has Unequal MuMber GF atoms af ae of more elements i the reactant and product * Example - Hydragen reacts with oxygen +o gon wsater, nis pant will written as - Hy + O% —> 2,0 oLlet us Count the number oF hydrogen atoms and Ormigen atoms ia tne reacrant and product- an reactant an Product eNo- oF H atoms — 2 a eno. of © stoms~ & 4 edn +hese Equation tus ne no. oF hydragen atams are equa) bur he oxigen atoms are not equal on born Side oF reactant and product. S90 it is called unequal or unbalanced chemical equana? . > Reactant = Product (always) eNote— the chemical equation shoutd be balaned because tt salishy he law of CONseryation oF Mass in 4 reachion -- about «ne balancing she equation — 2Some rules change whe Formula OF a0 elemen! er @ compound +0 © We should never balance xhe equation. 2.We cod Only multipy a SyMbol or Fomula by Rigues like 2,3 and4 2, Tuoi be good to acte here that here the element® which exter as dlamotic molecules ate OxIgen O2, hydargen Hy , Nitragen N2, Fluorine Fz, Chlorine cla , bromine BH and todine Tg. 4, Al other element are usually cpneidered monoatomic it equanad writing and seprensied by aheir qymbols- Balancing oF Chemical Equation Ao eice se maKins ae ania of diererent upes OF atOMS equal on both tne side of the equati® catled Jpalancing CF Equation. e dhe aimple equatane Gre polanced by hhikand trial memad. ¢ Example of +he balancing ne eqvanans ~ o Hydrogen bume iM Oxy: gen -ko Farm woler. The reathan can be Written in an equanon. oH, +O —> Ho * Count the Number oF hydrdgen and oxygen arsMe in reagent and rot: In reactant In Product No. OF Hatome - 2 g =No.0F Oatoms— z 4 0 dhe no. of Ha atoms 18 equal on both side but +he number of oxuge? atoms are unequal. ethere are 2 oxygen atoms on let side and 4 oxygen atoms an rgttside to have 2 oxysen atoms onthe fight sido Wwe Muay Heo by 2 | and wire 2HLO Bo that: ° Hy * Og —> 2Hs90 elet US count the number oF YaNalS atoms on bath sides - In reactant Fy product eNO. OF H atoms — = iz «NO. OF O atOms— 2 2 eo Though the Number of Axygen atoms has become equal , but the M0. oF hydrogen atom has become unequal. 6 dhere are 2atoms hydragen atoms on the \eer side but 4 hydnagen atoms on the right gide., we multiply + Hp by 2 and wwite He: e@ 2H, + O% —> 2H,0 fo Let US count Ae No. oF atoms on both side- #No. oF H atoms — A Creccta) = Cereduct) e No. oF © atoms - 2 £ | chia chemical equations caniains eaual ne. oF atome of hydrogen and oxygen of beth the Sides. 80 -+this iS balanced) equations. jo & nese way we C69 balanced she equations. +Te maye Equation More Informative edhe chemical equations can be more i Pormative = by AAnree wsays - 1. By indicating -the “physical change or state of the reactant and produc 2. By indicating the " heat change!’ taking place in tne reaction . 3. By indicating the “ conditions" under which the reaction +aKes place . 4. To indicate +the physical change or state of the reactant and product - ane physical state For reactant and product OF chemical reaction - © Golid eliquid © aqueaie Solution ¢ 906 esalid atate ia indicated as — symbor (Ss). o liquid state 16 indicated as - symboi(l) © Aqueous state of solution ie indicated as - aymbol (ay). * Gaseous state 18 indicated as- eymbol(g). © She physical stale oF the reactant and product are Shown ky Pun the above " state symbol’ Gust arter thei egmbol Ce Formulae in aneg.~ | for &xample- zine react with dilute sulsnuvie acid to Farm ziresulpnate solution and hydrogen SAS. Zn +H,804 ——> Zn804 + Ho Here , ezine metal is solid , So we wile zn(s) ebilue sulphuric acid le Aquecus eolution, SO we CAN write HySd4 (aq) © zine eulphate iS.also an aqueds solution, 60 we can wile ZNS4 (aq) | © Hydragen 1S gas co we write hydrogen (9). | edhe above equation Loitren as ~ « Zn (s) + H,304 av”) ——> Znsoy (av) + Hp (9) This equation is more informative becquse it Leilus the physical stake or | tne varius substance involved in it. edn same case 2- Thealible product called predipitate is Farmed by the Mx petaees solutes oF readamte. and HS TS iqdigated by Symbol pet” eWhen Calcium hyimoxide aolutian (lime waler) ceack With carbon -dioxide gas a white predpitate of caidum carole 1s eormed along with waters 5 Calor, A) + COgt)——}_ Cacdgis) + H0(€) Calciam hywxide Cartondiaxide Codie woaler — —_—— Connie _P = 2. To indiaate the Heat change in an Equation - Shere are two types oF reachon on the basis OF heat chagges invve- 1. Bxothetmic reaction 2. Bndothermic readions . d . Exothermic Reactions- hose reactions in uhich heat ia evolved called as EXothermia reading. For Exampie~4.catbon bums in oxygen to Form earbondioxide alot oF heat ie produced in +hie reaction. Cl) + OCs) ——> 0p Ca) + Heat earbon Oxygen earbondioxide The burning oF carbon in oxygen ie an ach i Scliad, | MieMeneicn . 4S exothermic reaction because heatis Ro exe reaction is indicated by witind + Heat or + Heat energy or just" +energy on the products aide. Example 2- “Que - Why BuMiNg oF Natural gas 76 an exothermic reaction? (2M) eNatural gas is mainly methane (cH4), When natural gas bums if the Oxygen oF ait it formas eateon diaxide and water vapour. a lage arnount oF heat i8 produced. * Heat ie mainly produce 60 cated &xotnemic reachon e Aulthe combushon reacton are exothermic reactor - + CH4LD + 20,(9) — COgts) + 2H,OW+t Heatenergy ° Methane. © oxygen cailendionide water example 3 ~ Que - why respiration is an exothermic neacton § explain ~ e dhis exothermic reaction because eneray ie produced during this Process, © during digestion road is broken dann into simpler substances. © dhe carbohydrate which we get FOM the Foods like chapeaii bread fice qnd potato we eat broke down into simple Form called gluccee © This glucose then Undempes slow combustion by combining unth Oe in cetis oF cur body +o produce enemy in a process catied Respitation. these eneray mainiain our body heat - © CatysO@iaay+ SO,(8) ——> GCO{s) + GH,OLO+ Eneray Glucose Oxygen eatbendiovide — water @ aris also ao combustion reaction. 2. Endothemic Reactions — edhose reached in which heat is absorbed are known as Endothamic reacthone. Example - When nitrigen and exygeo are heated +o @ very high Femperctare (oF about Sood’) +hey combine +o Form nitrogen monoxide and lat of heat 1g absorbed.in +hig reaction - Np (5) + (9) + Heat ——> 2Nots) Nijngeo = Oxygen Nitrogen maoxide. An endothermic reacton 1s usually indicated by Uoviting + Heat or + Heat energy on the reactant side oF an equation. © Hig used inside the engine OF motor vechiles . @ Ali the decomposhon reaction are endothemia Teachion because ~ i require energy (inthe form oF heat light or electricity) +o take place - Porexample— The decomposition oF calcium carbonate ie endothermic reach'an . e When ealcium earbonate is heated , it decomposes to Form calcium eafvondte and carbondioxide , Cacdgis}+ Heat —> Caols) + C09 (8) “calcium carbonate “Calcium oxide ccoarbondioxide © Exampte — Que- Why Pholuyninesia is cn endothemic reaction 2 Tris endothermio reaction because SuNlight energy is absorbed during the process of photogynthesia by Breen plants. ~° Example — dhe electrolysis oF Water to Farm hydrogen and oxygen isan alec endothemie reacian. this Is because eneray ie absorbed duning the reaction. light lL. 6COptsst+ 12 H,010 oe vet 22claadt GOCa+ SHO glucose 2.eCaqthode — Reduction QHE sf 2e7 —— Hp is) idati eble€borolysi «Anode- Oxidation e lysis of waler x 10 . zZ Mas * a lo. ‘et 2e 1 3.7o indicate tne Conditions under which the mx takes ploce- oTF heat ia require For a MX. to +ake place , then the heat sign data (A> is put over the anow oF the Mx-oF equations. ede the reaction -rakes place in the présence of a catalyst , hen the Symbol of Formula OF catalyst ia also written above or below the arrow sigh inthe equation - For &xample ~ A © 2kKClog® enon Zkcl(s) + Bday ca Potassium chlorate Porassium oxygen chiorde Here, delta(O) stands for heat and Mog is the catalyst. 2. She conditions oF temperature and prescure at which reachon +akeS place ean also be indicated oN the above or belo the anviasign 10 he equation. For exampme — Methanoal or Merny) alcohol is manurackured Fram carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 2 SOLS) + QHpt SABAH chy oH Od ZNo + earn Monoxide — hydrogen cro, Methylatesho) | eHere 300 atm is pressure | zno +00, is catalyst , and 3cc%e is temp. eSTEPS FOR WRITING EQUATIONS FOR CHEMICAL REACTION— eMainly Four steps are For Writing equation in chemical reaction / eStepi- write the chemical reaction in the form of word equation, Keeping the reackant on lertside and product on right side. © Gkep2 — Put the syminis and formula of all the reactant and Product ia | she word equation. e Slep3~ Balance the equation by multipying tne symbols and Formulae by the smallest possible Figure. (Do not change the formulae +o balance +he equation. + Slep4- 3F possible, Make the equation more inrormative by indicating -+he Physical States of reacrant and produchS , by indicating +he heat changes je afly Faking Place in the reactioN, and by indicating tne candiheng under which tne Penicnen takes places. Je however, you do nut have euericient information regarding +ne physical state heat changes and conditions of Ne reaction , Mis step can be avvided. EE OO eO ee ~ Bample Probiem- 4 elute a balanced equaton Far the Following reaction — eMethane bums in oxygen to Form ealvon dioxide and water > Reaction 19 Form OF ord exuation - Methane + Oxygen ——+ cofbondioxide + water Writing the Formulae OF all substance given above — ech, + 8 ——> ¢o,+H,0 « Let us count the No. of various atem on reactant and product side- Sn reactant Tn Products. 1. No.o F C atoms - a ax 2. No- oF H atoms~ 4 2 a. No.oF © ctoms~— 2. 3 # dhe no. oF corbon atoms Are Equal on both aides, but Hand 0 atone are unequal on both sides . * To have 4 hydragen atoms af right side we mutrtiply Ho by 2 and | write 2H,o , Thus *CHa + 0 ——> H+ 20 ° Caumting the no. of atom of both eides.again - an reactant ‘09 products, 4. NO.0F C atoms- 4 2. No.of Hatoms - 4 4 a. No-OF © atoms ~ 2 4 | eonly the Number OF Oxygen atoms is UNequl now, To have 4 oxygen atoms on the leet aide , we multiply Q2 by 2 and wonile 202. © CHa + 20, ——+> cog + 24,0 eLet US COUMt jhe number oF Various Atoms on the both sides~ Jn reactany In Products 4. No. of © atoms — * a 2. No.of W atoms ~ 4 4 3. No-oF Oo atoms~ 4 4 edthis chemical equation cantaine an equal Numbers OF Various -+YeeS OF atome in the reactant and produc So this 16 aq Balanced equation. © This are the steps to balance the equations 2° His not mandatory 4o write Whole eps we Cay do as direcied. Oxides OF Tron metal e Mainly two oxides dF SON ~ 4. Tron (1) oxide — Fed, itie the Volengy of iron in it te Wawa), The common Name te Feroue Oxide (Feo). 2. Tron\itl) oxide- Fegda , + is the valency oF irom - Il Ctnree) . the commen name iS Fexvic oxide. 8. Fez0q4 ~ His the mixture of iron Woxide and iron Wujoxide- (Geso4 = Feo + Fe,Og) + he comman name fe Mametic iron oxide - + Wipes OF CHEMICAL REBCTIONS~ o4 main types oF chemical reactions— oI At A aa ecoMBiNATION —— REACTION * combine . Pw, DECOMPOSITION + A “REACTION? combine Breakdosn ® epispLAce MeN T <> - Aes “REAGTION” &- A Ge +> epooale —— ~ REACTION 1. COMBINATION REACTION ~ SRA eThtse teackon i in which two of More Eubstance combine to FOrM q single substance. © SONK Examples of reacyon - 4. Magnesium and oxygen combine ; when heated +o orm magnesium axide + 2Mgi)-+ O58) ——} 2Mgo (>) aombustiod Magnesium — oxygen annt nin MOSMSSUMOAIS 2. godiym Meral bums.i medium oe chioride +o Form sadiumchlarde. e 2Nals+ Aid 2Nac) (s) combin Sedium — chionNe ” sodium cnioride 8. Carbon (cogi) bums in air to Form carbon dioxide . 2 Ct Opts) ——> Cog sabi nerion garben air carbon dioxide e 4. Ammonia reacks Lith hydragen chioride to Farm ammonium chiodde- o NHg(s) + Hel seaanchiett NHgCl Cs) Ammonia —hytrtgen "PP pegmenium chloride | chtonde 1B. Sulphur dioxide reads with oxygen +0 produce aulphur Hoxide- © 25099 + 0,6) ——_¥ 28020) Sulpnur dioxide oxygen sulphur two xide ig. he Calcium hydmaide goiution when applied +0 the Walls , reads Slowly with the earbondioxide gas Present in ait +o For a Ynio , shining of calcium carbonate on tne Walls oF the house: + Ca(0H)glaq + C09 1g) ———> Cacoad+ How) eurboadioxide calcium carbonate Water layer Calcium hydroxide this process givea a white (Shing apperance +o +he wails of o house ,itis called wWhite-washing. The cocoa is actually formed atter +o to three days of White -washing and gives a shidy Fintéh to the Walls. 2, DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS - peer aeek ; «Those reaction in uihieh a compound eplite up into two OF More simpler Babsiance are Known as decomposition reachon. © d fs just the Opposite OF a combinahon reachon- eSome examples oF decemposhor Teachors — . ; tes 4.Wheo calcium carbonate isheated it decomposes +0 QiVE aes and carbondioxtde - + Cacdsiss Hs Caois)+ Coptad calcium carbone’ Cakiumoxid € ioxide | ‘limestone > clime casenion | ecalcium Oxide (or lime) is used on a large scale in +n€ manueacture OF | cement and glass. a : Whee a decomposition reaction is cared Out by heating , is called ' thermal decomposition. (thermal means releasing of heat) -Wheo potassium chlordie is healed i the presence OF | | ee f decomposes to give potassium chloride and oxygen. | ' DkCIOg) EAE 2K + 30, Potassium chlorate Potassium chlende — Oxygen a This decompodticn process is used FOP Preparing Oxygen gas in laboratory. manganese dioxide ee ee ET IE an | Example a When ferrous eulphate is heated Strongly, + deasmposes +0 Form femic oxide , Sulphur diaxide and sulphur troxide. Heat ° 2 Fesoai) 29028) . oo 2038)F 80 (s)+ $039) hee Femic oxide cuiphup Sulphur toxide | Coreen estear) (Bron coiour) dioxide + Note~ The Fenpus sulphate is alto know ae insaci) ailphate and Fame Oxide ie also Known a iron (uoxde. e dhe Ferous Sulghate crysmle which are available in Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate FesO4.FHo0- They contain F molecules of water of erystariqtio These crystals are green in colour. | @ When green cour Ferris aulehak heptahydrate crystals (Resoy FHS) | are heated , Hey lose F maeailes of water of axystalliation +o form anhydrous Pemous sulphate (Feso4) which is While Incolour © Decompasitinn OF Ferrous aulphate in the labreratory - | e Take 29 oF 2Fe604 cUStals iN dry boiling tube. Jhe Ferrous Sulpnale cysals are green in colour | @ Heat +e boiling tube over a bumer | @ The green colour oF Femaus sulpHale GYstals First change into white | and then braon ealid is Formed Cushich is Feme oxide) - : © Gas having tne smell of buming Sulphur comes out oF tne boiling +ube. | Example 4- When lead nitrate ts heated strongly , it breaks down +0 form | lead monoxide , nitragen dicxide and oxygen - 2Pb(NOs) 9———>_ 2PHOL+ 4NOgIsdt Opca> : «Lead MNO © NiWEgED eoxygen Lead nitrale oxide dioaide Cemcurieae (ettad) Leman Auies) | edhe decompadtion oF lead nitrate is brought about by heat, itis actually an example oF -hefmal decompasition . © Decomposition of lead autrale i the labrpratory ~ @ Take about 2g oF lead nitrate powder in boiling tube. lead mitrale tea colouriess compound - | ¢ Hold the boiling 4ube iq tne hand test tube holder and i+ shoud be heat over bumer. / © Brown Fumes OF nitrogen dioxide gas are evolved which Rill the bailing tbe © GE a glasing aphiter ts held over tne moith oF -the boiling tube , it | Cathe Pire and Starts burning again. this shows nat Oxysen gas |S aleo evolved during tis reaction . . . / @ A yetiow Solid is lert behind in the bailing tue. Tie te lead monoxide. Clead monoxide is reddish. brow wheo not but yellow usher cold), © Brown Fumes dioxide TesHube Boiling a haider SH — lead nitrate, ib f j | | — Burner | — Bumer | a. Recamposition oF Peao4 cryarals- bb. Decomposition OF lead nitrate. « Decomposition of water which are camied our ky elecinicty 2 (3m) etxample- Whed electric current 16 pasced through acidigied watet, it decomposes +0 give hydracen gas and oxygen gas- | r + 2H,0W SSE» — — 2Hpld) + 2 water Hydragen = OXyge7 « dhia ia called Glectrolysie oF water. © EXPERIMENT- 4. Take o wide -mouthed glass bottle. Aix with a inverted positon ong erand- 2, A rubber cork having two holes 16 Fitted in +e neck of the bobbie. Tae eayboo rakes are Fixed in two holes of cork tigtty: B. Fill the glase bottle +wo third wito water - Add a Few dps of clilute Hoso4 to water. A, Two Similar test tbe Filled with water invened over the uso carbon Electrodes bY Keeping thumb over theif mouth. B. epnineck the outer ends of carboo rods +0 tne two terminals oF 6 volt barley by wires having q ewilch- 6. Ne garve terminal of battery te eaiied cathode (negative terminal). We right side carbon canneued +0 me positive termina) of bare called anode Cposiive eleckrnde). #. Pase the electric current torowh waler by tuning on the swilh and leave the apparatus undistrubed FOr sometime. @ We can see tne bibb lee OF gases being Ramed at the both carbon eleckTades inside test tube cap taining water Dahese gases are Formed by decomposition oF Water ON PASSING elecmMaity. lo. the gases Formed at two elecirade go on callecting in the top pars opiqverted +est tubes. IL. dhe volume OF gases are not same in both test tube, The volume OF gas collected on negative electade is double +e voume of gas coleued 09 positive erecirode . 12. Keep on passing elecitic current +ill bor the leSt-tube completely faled with gases . Then remove +ne gue ~ Filed test tuoe and test the one by one by bringing a Puming eandie close +0 tne mouth oF each test jube . it 12. Bringing candle close to mouin burns rapidly and Make"pepupscund. 14. dhe 9aS cotlected in leet test tube over Negative electrode is hydrogen. and go near the mouth of right fest ube the candle bums brignty \S. We Know that Oxygen gas makes +hings bum brightly . 80, +ne gas collecied IN the night side test-+tube over pasitive elecimde is Oxygen - 16. Since the clectMlysia oF Water produces 2 Volumes OF hydrogen.gas, and dt volume o@ Oxygen gas we conclude that the ratio oF hydragen gad And oxygen gas is 224 by volume © dH shows that water ia a compaund made up oF 2 ears OF hydragen gas and 1 partaf oxygen gas by volume, Que~ Why clecomposihion reachon fe just opposite of combination reachon 22M = ©3n A combination reackon two oF More substances are cambined 46 Fim New substance © An a decampasitian reaction ME substance decomposes IMHO tw EF Mare eubstance Hence, decom pasitind reacion ia juet opposite oF commmanen 10x. | ydragen Cavolume) Oxygen (dryolume) + EXPERIMENTAL Set-up FOR THE ELECTROLYSS Of WATER ~T Bxample - When electric current 16 passed through motien eodum chiovde, | k decomposes to giVE sodium metal and chlonne gas. Blectrici 2 Nacho eS QNals) + glo) Sodium chiond © sdium — chlonne gad eDhis decompcsition reaction ia used +0 oblaia sodium metal From aodium) chloride . Tria Called Eleciroysis OF 42 molten Sodium chloride. eadium chlovide 18 inthe Form oF molten State, * BeceMpasition reaction which brought Out by Ught energy Example ~ When silver anlovide t@ exposed to light it decompcses to form Silver metal and chlorine gas. lignt Sul * 2Agclts> Ht _, 2AgO+t Clytad ee . ., Becompcshon i silverchlodide silver ehlonine (white) Coregish) — ¢ Yettowish) unite green Example ~ When silverbromide is exposed to light, tt decomposes anhgary to Form silver metal and bromine vapours - Ugnt 2Ag8M9) eoaibo 2Age)+ Brow) / Silverbrmde siver — eromine meNX\ KFrenga {iseyses) (Gregicnwahit) (Red bran) en ay edt is also used 10 black and White photograghy- . coat saan ° Uses OF Decomposition Reactions — 4. dhe decomposition reaction carried our by clectricity are used +0 extrack several Metala From +heir NGturally eccuring compounds like bromide and oxides. 2.when ne Fused metal antoride or metal oxide 16 decomposed by PASSING elecriclty , then meta) is exycacked at the cettnede. © Decomposition reaction in ouY body - edhe digestion oF Eood 10 the body is an example of decompositian reaction. phen we eat Fadd like whect vice or pulctO, #e Shrach present 10 them decomposes 40 Give Simple sugars like glucose in the body and the proieins decompases +O Form AMINO acid. eStrach ——> Glucose~———> Proteins —» Amino acid 3. DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS - CAR a sdhose reactions iN Which one clement takes place of Gnetner element i @ comp. ore Know AS disemKeMeNt reactions. e Amare reactive elements diglaces a less reactive element Ram 146 Compound e dis alsa called as Single displacement Teaction. eSome examoles oF displacement reacho ns— a okxample 4- when a strip OF zine metal 16 placed 1 copper sulphale saighon then Zine sulphale scion and capper are ovtained. eCusogia4 znls) ——} ~“znsoylaq)+ Cute) sulphate ZING Zine Sulphate copper Bluecoutod) (Siveryuhite) — Cedouriess ‘auton CRed-beasn) edhis displacement reaction takes place because Zine i@ more reactve -than copper. Example 2- When @ Piece of Far Magnesium metal ia placed in Copper Sulphale SelUHOA nen Magnesium sulphake eolutioN aNd capper Metal ate Formed. © Cusdg ag)t Mg (8) ——> MgSdqlaq}+ Culs> coppersulpaate = magnesium Magnesium Sulpnate copPer Blue solution silvery white colouess enlution Red - bow e Magnesium is apie +o disgloce copper From coppersulphale sdlution becuse Magnesium if more reachve +han copper. sExampleS - When 4 piece oF LUN metal is placed in a copper aulphate soluton , Men iron sulphate solution and copper metal are Formed . eCusog(aa+ Fels) ——> Fesoglast cu (s) coppersulphate Tr00 Bron sulphaie copper CAlueecolution) — Cerey> (Greenian 21) (Red brown) ethic ia displacement reaction eacure because WON is mare Fredctve tan copper: 2 We can perform the displacement reachon between imaand coppersulphate ‘Solubon as Fotlous ~ 1. Take about 1OMLOF copper culphale solution in a testtube. satis deer blue in corour, 2, Take a big irannailand clean ifS SUrFace by MUbbing withasand papet 8. Pur the cleaned iMannail in the testtube containing copper sulphate Sol Allow the imma nail +o remain in copper sulphate SoluNoN For about nae an hour. 4. Refer hare and hour, rake out the 190 Nail From copper sulphate solunan. We WILL Find that ene iron nail is covered With brown layer oF copper Mera}. 5. dF we look at tne test tube jwe Find the Original clece blue colour OF coprer Gulphaie solutoo has Faded: The Solution turns light ores due +e Formation OF iron sulphate or Ferrous Sulphate. —Veasuve \ La light SY ee soho OF Fesoy Blax Bhasin iron nal I— Red-browin layer OF copped metal of Cs04 of ina pail s ai Example4 - When ci strip OF lead metal i paced in a solution oF Copper anlonde , Hen lead chloride solution and copper metal are Formed - Cucly (aq) + Phi) ——> Phelz (aq)+ culs) Copperchtoride lea! lead chloride copper Green solution Riuish grey colourless sol. Red bn0N clead is able to displace copper From cofkerchionde solution because lead is more reactive «nan copper. dere Cucle used in this reaction is actually copper(i)dnaride, 2 Fels) + LHCI(@a) ——> Feein(aadt Hy (9D mS Ee MO eHere iron is More reactive than hydragen (Reason) Example 6 - Sodium metal reacts with water to orm sodium hydro aide and hydrogen gas. © 2Na(syt+ HyOLO——> = ZNAOHCd}+ Hy Ls) sodium water Scciumbydaige hydrogen Here sodium la more reactive “than water Chydrogen) e 3 ease OF oxides ~ Exampled- When copper oxide is healed with magnesium gowder, -+neo Magnesium oxide and coger ig FOTMed - °Cuo+ Mgts)——> Mgols+ cuis) cxpperoxHe — magnesium Magnesium copper, oxide INote- A more reaciNe meta) displaces a less reackwe metal From its oxide Here, magnesium i displacing a less@active metal , copper, From i+6 oxide Copper oxide . Example 8- when iron Cul) oxide 1s healed with aluminium pasder, Hen Qluminium oxide and iran metal are Formed - ‘ FepOas)+ 2ALI@) ———> AlpQas) + 2FeD roo uDoxide Aluminium Aluminium oven Cele oxide) oxide Cmolten) Here a more reactive metal, alumidium is displacing a lees reachve meta) riron | FeoM iTS oxide , iron Gui oxide. @ All Me wove examples OF displacement rections are actually ' single displacement reachons’ This le Pecauee IM all these reactions Oly ' One element’ displaces ‘ano sper element? erom \kS compound. @ Another type oF displacement reachene Called double clieglaoment reactions! oA 4. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION ~ ee ae ene lsthose reactions in which oo compounds react by an exchange ions to form Wo NeW compounds are called double displacement reactions. 2 Some examples of daible displacement reactions - | | Examped- hen alluer nitrate edution ig added +o sedium chloride Solution | then a while predpitate displaces siNer chloride with sodium nitralé Solution . - z =. — « AGNGat0a)+ Nach iea)——> Agar NaNog cay) Silver nitrale aadium Cchionde silver dnioride Sodium nitrate | u : 7 Cusile ppt) | pHere, silver chloride ie Formed as an insoluble while solid called ae white Predpitate. 2 What is Precipitation reaction 2 . pAny Teacher ig Which an jneoluble Solid @atled precipitate)is Famed jnot / | separates From solution. | exompie 2 - When ‘barium chioride solution is added +o sodium sulphate eolution , Men a While precipitate of Barium sulphate is Formed along [ath eodium chloride eolution. Badly (aa) + NayS0g4i)——> Baso4(s)+ 2Nacl Cas) Baviumchioride sodium sulprale Barium Sulpmie — SEdiumchovide Cuhite ppt) pHere, exchange OF IONS takes Place In thie Peackion . The barium ionscacit#) of Barium chloride read wit) sulphate ions (soe) oF Sodium sulphate to Form Sarum sulphate (8a804) . 5 (e—_-) pHere Sovum sulphale has shite ppb. ae “fed | 1 { ec | 1 Mixing of Boch | i= + 2Nexl | rR) | lL. | \ =~ Sodium —s ; sulphale | = sauna SP sautor LK Ramu sul grate cay Ub) ‘ Cumnite ppt) @. Take about Smi of sodium sulphate ina test tube. b. Jn another test 4ube, take aml oF Barium chlonde solution. @ Add Barium hidovide solution +o sodium sulphate eoluiod d- A ubile precipitate of Barium sulphate is Formed at ome- example 3— IE ONUM chloride eclutio is added 46 copper auipnale SSlunon ‘hen a white preciptate of sarvium éulshale i@ Produced Aleng with capper chloride eoiution . + t= to 4 - Baclgtay)-+ Ciscylay——> Basog(s) + iciplaa) Banumchiorde coppersulphale SomuMsulr copperchiosid € Cahile ppt? ° Example 4- when potassium iddide olution iS added to lead nitmale eo}. hen yellow precipitate of lead iodide is produced alongwith potassium oitrale. . ~ - 4. > Po(Nosplaay+ Zkitw—> PLIZO+ Df WozLaad Lead nitrate Potassium iodide — lead iodide Potassium nitmic : (Yenow ppb) * lead nitrate , PLINOs)s is also umitten as lead(it) nitrate. | Example &- when ammonium hydroxide solution ie added -to-ammoniuaa | |Aluminium cnioride Solution , then unite precipitate of Aluminium hydroxide 'S Farmed alonguath ammonium chieride ie ~ = - it Ai 2 Aldig(aa}+ anttyoi (on) ——> ALlOn)gd + 3NH}CIZaq2 Aiumowm — Ammonium Aluminium Ammonium chioride hydvonide hydroxide chloride Cunhite ppt) + these are some Few examples of Pauble displheement reacion. B. OXIDATION AND REOUCTION REACTION- pS ARR TT *Oxidation - « the addition oF Oxygen to a substance is caved opiate | ® dhe temovol OF hydragen froma eubstare is called Oxidation. | |e Reduction - ¢ The addition of hydragen +o 4 substance © is called Reduction . | * dhe removal of oxygen from a substance 1S called Rediiction. | =< The precess of reduction js just opposite oF oxidation. (Note) | Morever , oxidation and reduction occurs tagemer. (Note) . + OMDISING AGENT AND REQUCING AGENT dence | 2 Oxidising agent ~ 1. The Substance which gives Oxygen FOr Oxidatign ie Called oxidising agent: . 2. Ne sudstane which remove hydrqgen is called oxidisNg agent | « Reducing agent-1. The substance which glves hydrogen For reduction is | Called reducing sagem . ; | lo. dhe CADE uslhich remave Oxygen is cailed reducing agent. |NoTe-ahe oxidation and rediction resdion gre also called REDOX REACTONS | Redox stands Far red- reduction and ox- exidahon. Exampe t- Whee copper Oxide is heated with hydreged, then copeer 24 7 | and water are formed - «CuUold+ Hd cug+t HOO eopperoxide — Hydrogen eopPer udter | 2 in this reactiod cud is changing into cu. That ig, oxygen ts being cemared | ero™ copper oxide SO by derinition removal oF oxygen From a substan ve called reduchoo. copperoxide is being reduce d 40 copper: Jean Anis reaction Ha is changing into H,0. That is Oxygen is being added | to hydeqgen - By addition OF oxygen +o a Substance 18 catied Oxidation. “Hydrogen i¢ being oxidised +o water. | Removal of Oxygen - Redudion ! . V eCuo +H, H%> Cu + H0 \ x Addition oF Oxygen - oxidatiod 2 IN these reachan , Cud(copper oxide) iS +he oxidising agent.and H2is | reducing agent. @ Gubetance oxidised ~ Ha a substance reduced - Cuo e oxidising agent - Cuo |e Reducing agent - Hp ledhe reachon between capper oxide and hydragen to Form copper and water 18.40 Oxidation —reduction reactio? which ig also a dleplacement reaction |Exampeg - When hydraged sulphide react with chlorine , ten sulehur and [hydrogen chionde Gre formed ~ ‘ «Heat olpS + Cy => S + eHa Hydragen’aulphidte chlonne sulphur — hydrugenchionde | Here , Hye is changiNg intes. That is hudrasen te removed From hydrogen) sulgnde, By dee. ane removal oFhydragEN compound is called oxidatieg Hydrogen sulphide is being oxidised +O sy\phur, | eo Here , da is changing into Hel. Ihab 16 Nudrosen te being added to chlonne - INow by det. the addition of hydrogen +O 4 eubsrance is catied | reduchion. 80, chlorine is beiNg reduced +0 hydrogen chloe. Removal oF hydrogen ~ Oxidation j v “HS + Cly tests iG: al | | eAddition oF hydrogen—Reductioo _@ Substance oridised- HyS @ Substane reduced cle © OXidiaNg Agent ~ 2 so Regaina (Neen iHs + as |g.jhe exlstance uthich gets oxidiced 1S 4n€ Teducingagent b. Dhe substance Which gets reduced isthe oxidising agent. sExample 3~ When zinc oxide ie heated wit) carbon, then zine metal and earto? Monoxide are Formed - ‘ : *7Zn0 + ¢@ Het, Zn +0 Zine Oxide — ear’ zine ‘earbat monoxide eo zinc oxide (Zn0) te losing oxygen , 60 and earbon Cd) is sailing oxygen , so monoxide . @ OXxidiaing agent ~ ZnO —e Reducing agent - c eo deis Used in the producron oF zinc metal in industry. « Gatbon 18 used in the Form oF cake For Ahe extraction oF zinc meta | itie being reduced +o zinc itie being oxidised +o carbon © Example 4- When manganese dioxide reacts with hydrochloric acid , Her manganese dichlodtide, chlorine and water are Formed . , Heat eMnog + 4H > Mnclp + dp + 2h0 Manganese hydrochloric Manganese —chioving water dioxde acid dichloride © Oxidiaing Agent - Mndoo * Reducing agent - Hd eMnde istosing oxygen +0 Fam Mnela, 60 magnece dioxide Cmnog) 1S reduced +o manganese dichloride. e Hd ia losing hydrogen +0 ForM az, 60 hydrochloric aud (Ha) Ss being oxidised +o chlorine Cla) « je Concept of Oxidation and reduchoo in terms OF metal and nonmetal | |e dhe addition of nenrMetalic element (or removal oF metallic cement) | is caled axidation- | | eee | © the addition oF metallic element Cor Cemaval OF Non-metallic element) | 1S called reduction. | |e Example 5 ~ When copper is heated in ait, it reacts with the Oxygen or ait bo form a blac compound caper oxide . Hear, © 2Cutd+ Os)——=> 2cu0 scopper = Oxygen ecopper Oxide | CRed-bowt) ——Crromaiv) Clock) | e cu ig changing into cua. dhis is addition of Oxygen. But additon oF Oxygen i called oxidatied, 80 copper (GX) is oxidised 40 copper Oxide | (quo). : Op is changing into cud. This Is addition of copper (cu) which 18 aM |put ,adaition oF metal is called reduction | 80 in tnis cSaction , oxugen (02) [is reduced +0 copper oxide (cud. | |* Oaidising agent ~ Oo 2 Reducing agent ~ cu es —+ eral. @ Reachon carried out as~ = 1. Taxe about 49 oF cu posder in a china dich . at Lg red —brown in colase 2, Heat the china dish atrengly over a bummer. 8. A black substance is Fofmed The blac, substame ie copper oxide. eo ahe Oxidation OF Magnesium is Similar +o Me Axidat'on oF copper edn ace OF magnesium ribbon, Oxygen is oxidising agent and magnesium is reducing agent: \ ca « When copper metal is healed in aif, if gets ic) — wy oxidised +0 Form copper oxide. This reaction “YS —~ = = can be reversed by hydragen gas (passed) | over healed copper oxide bo get back i cu metal. Baume © DF hydragen gas is Passed over heated / capper oxide | then black copper oxide 16 Mipod f gt st reduced Ond red brown capper metal ia nd “ t tk obtained . ae 2 oxidation af copper +0 CuO. | teat 2 CHOS+ HZD—> CYSt Heo eopperoxide hydrogen esp per Waa\er Clack) (Red tron) * Copper oxide reduced 40 copper metal, whereas hydraggn is oxidised +o Water. e What A16 the eeFeds OF CKidation teachin in everyday lire? * Oxidation has clamaging eFreds of Metals ae Gai aS on rood. « There dre hoo common eFFecdie of OXxidakoP reachone which we Observe in daily life- | t+ Corrogion of metals 2. Randidity of Rood ¢ Dhe oxidation involwed iN the covosign oF Metals 06 well as rancidily OF Faod iS caused Naturally by the Oxygen present in air. + CORROSION — ecerragion i the process in Which metal are eaten up graduatly by the achon arair, moisture of a chemical Couch as an add) on their surFacs © Dis caused Mainly by the oxidation oF metala by OXYGEN oF Air. © Rusting of iron metal is the most common Form oF corosion. ¢ When af in object i's leet in damp air For considerable 4ime, it geto Covered with a red-brown elasky substance called Rust. and this is called Rusting of iron. @ Tron metal is oxidised by Whe oxygen oF air in ane presence OF water 40 Form hydeated ivon (\\) oxide catied rust. o4Fe + 80 + 2xHO ——> Qesdg HO caued Inn oxygen Uner Hydrated in CWoxide = _ ae | ~~ ledhe number of usaler moteulee GO in the rust Vawies ib is not Aled. dhe ructing of imp is a redox reactions. @ Rusting invaves unwanted Oxidation of m9 metal which occurs in nature on ita oot: ¢ Rueting OF DP is a continuats Prmess which, 1F Nor prevented in ime eats ue Me whole ivan object. « Corrosion weakens -ne inon and ateel o WjeckS and structure such as railings, car bodies , bridges and ships and cute short their LiFe. oMeTHops OF PREVENTION- @ dtoan be prevented by painting. e dt can be pevented by applying grease ar oil. © dk can be prevented by galysnisation. e dr can be prevented by +in plating and chromium plating | © canbe prevented py aligiNg + make stainles® steel. « dHcan be prevented by eoating Or depositing a thio layer oF metal: RANCIDITY - nea » Oxidation ales has damaging eFtects on F004 containing Fats and cils @\When the Fead material prepared in Fats and ais are Kept Foralng time , they starts giving Unpleasant smell and taste these dre said to | be randd. | e The condition produced by devia! oxidation oF Fats and oils in Foods marked | by unpleasant amet and taste. catied Ranaidity. | @ Ranadity iS calted | vikrit gandhita’ iq Hindi, | Retarded by keeping Foods in a refrgefatory condition e+ Refrigerator) Adding antioxidants +0 Food containing Fats and oils. Retarded by Staring food 19 air - tight containers there is litte exposure TO, oxygen oF aity Randidily prevented by Packing Fate and ails ia @ dhe antioxidant which ave added -+to prevent randdiky are- » BHA- Butylated Hydroxy - Aniaole © BHT- Butylated Hydroxy - Toluene By these way Food remains Fresh and not become tandd. @ When whe Packed food is Surounded by UNTeachye gas Nitrogen, Xhere io Ro oxygen +o cause ite oxidatio? and make rancid: 23 edhe refrigerator has a low Femperakie inside IE. When the Food ie Kept in Cefrigeratory the oxidaiod of Fars and cile in ik Slowed don due +o low temperature. e Due +0 absence of light , the oxidation oF Pats and ails present in food ts slow down and hence the development of randdily is retarded. «These are the some prevention metneds- ® ls Oxidation an exothermic of an endothemic reaction ¢ = Mostly oxidation reaction is exotnemmic reackions: but itcan be both exo and endainemic reaction . | &x- Photogynthests in Plants, digestion of food.

You might also like