Progress Report on the Coastal Geohazard Assessment in

the Municipalities of Libagon, Liloan, Pintuyan, San

Francisco and San Ricardo in the Province of Southern
Leyte

By

Bryan M. Cababan
Geologist II /Team Leader

Mamerto L. Resubal Federico D. Balanon

Geologic Aide Engineering Aide

Abstract

Coastal geohazard assessment was conducted to determine the susceptibility of the 82

coastal barangays of the Municipalities of Libagon, Liloan, San Francisco, Pintuyan and San
Ricardo in the Province of Southern Leyte to coastal erosion and coastal accretion/siltation.
The coastal erosion susceptibility ratings of the assessed areas were based on the type of
coastline and deposits, geomorphology, morphodynamics, vegetation cover along the coast,
natural buffers, coastal protection structures and anthropogenic activities present on the
coastal areas. For coastal accretion/siltation, the factors considered were the seaward slope
of the foreshore beds, water depths seaward of existing shoreline and adequacy of
sediment supply. Moreover, long-term shoreline shift based on previous shoreline data or
anecdotal accounts were also considered to determine possible existing erosion or accretion
rates.
Based on the initial results of the survey, 14 barangays were identified to be moderately to
highly prone to coastal erosion and were mostly identified in the sandy beaches of Libagon
and along the coastal segments in San Francisco. It was also observed that most dwelling
units are situated at or immediately adjoining the existing shoreline. On the other hand,
moderate coastal accretion, were observed in areas near river mouths and/or mangrove
plantations especially in some areas in Libagon and Liloan.
The results of the assessment further disclosed that some sitios/barangays such as in
Brgy.Candayuman in Liloan, and Brgy.San Ramon in San Ricardo, are also prone to other
hazards like landslide/rockslide along the rocky and mountainous coastal terrain. Given the
presence of these hazards, it is important to adopt appropriate types of coastal protection
whether hard, soft or hybrid engineering structures and mitigation measures in the affected
areas.

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 I. Introduction

In connection with the Geohazard Assessment Program of the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau (MGB), a field survey team from the Marine Geological Survey Division (MGSD)
conducted coastal geohazard assessment focusing on coastal erosion and coastal
accretion/siltation in the municipalities of Libagon, Liloan, San Francisco, Pintuyan and San
Ricardo in the Province of Southern Leyte from August 1 to August 28, 2016 inclusive of
travel time.
The Field Survey Team was composed of the following personnel: Mr. Bryan M. Cababan,
Geologist II/Team Leader; Mr. Mamerto L. Resubal, Geologic Aide; and Mr. Federico
Balanon, Engineering Aide.
Prior to the actual field survey, proper coordination with and courtesy calls at the local
government offices concerned were undertaken. Coastal geohazard advisories were then
given to all concerned LGUs upon completion of the fieldwork.
Presented in this report are the initial results of the assessment of the 82 coastal barangays
in the five municipalities distributed along an approximately 240 line-km stretch of coastline
starting from the eastern side of Sogod Bay up to the whole perimeter of Panaon Island at
the southeastern tip of Southern Leyte.
1.2. Objectives
The main objective of the coastal geohazard assessment in Southern Leyte is to identify
segments of the coast being subjected to coastal erosion or accretion/siltation brought
about by wave and wind action. This will be done through field observations and beach
profile measurements together with anecdotal accounts and interviews with local residents.
The generated data is intended for stakeholders such as the public, local government units
and national planners for the land-use development of coastal communities in their area.
The assessment also aims to recommend appropriate preventive and/or mitigating
measures based on the prevailing condition and degree of susceptibility of the area to
coastal geohazards during the time of the assessment.
Ultimately, the assessment aims to provide knowledge of coastal/marine geohazards in the
municipal and barangay levels and increase public awareness and preparedness among the
local inhabitants, and eventually lessen or mitigate negative impacts of coastal geohazards.
1.3. Location and Accessibility
The study areas include the coasts of the municipalities of Libagon, Liloan, San Francisco,
Pintuyan and San Ricardo in the Province of Southern Leyte, approximately 140 km south of
Tacloban City (Figure 1). It is bounded by Sogod Bay on the west, Surigao Strait on the east
and Bohol Sea on the south.
The easiest way to reach the island of Leyte from Manila is through commercial plane flight
from the Ninoy Aquino International Airport to Tacloban City or Ormoc City. The survey area
can then be accessed via land travel through a network of national, provincial, municipal or
barangay roads.

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There are also domestic seaports in the municipalities of Ormoc, Baybay, Maasin, Liloan and
San Ricardo in Southern Leyte that provide access to Leyte Island from the neighbouring
islands including the island of Mindanao. Pump boats can also be chartered to reach several
areas or destinations in the island.

Figure 1. Location Map of the Study Area

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 1.4. Climate and Vegetation
The Province of Southern Leyte is classified as having Type II and Type IV climate. Type IV
climate is described to have rainfall which is more or less evenly distributed throughout the
year. The study areas however, falls under Type II only, having no dry season with a very
pronounced rainfall especially during the months of November to April and wet during the
rest of the year. Figure 2 shows the Philippine Climate Map where the country is divided
into four types of climate.

The dominant vegetations present in the coastal areas are nipa, coconut and talisay trees
with some barangays having mangrove plantations. Some areas also have coral reef flats
present.

Figure 2. Philippine Climate Map (Adapted from PAGASA)

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 II. Geology

2.1. Regional Geology and Tectonic Setting

Leyte Island, which is situated in the eastern periphery of the Visayan Region, is traversed by
the Philippine Fault in the municipalities of Sogod, Libagon, St. Bernard and San Juan to
Panaon Island. This caused the NW-trending orientation of the elongate-shaped island. Fault
lines run along the middle most stretch of the island of Leyte resulting to a generally rugged
terrain. Panaon is also considered a horst structure which is bordered by two faults, the
Philippine Fault on the east and the inactive Sogod Bay Fault on the west (Oh and Lee,
2011). Aside from faults and fractures, the structure of the area is also accentuated by
several minor folds (Domasig et al., 1992) signifying a generally active tectonic setting.
The basement rock in Southern Leyte is the Late Cretaceous Malitbog Ophiolite, which is
composed of serpentinized harzburgite, minor dunite, cumulate and isotropic gabbro,
diabase dike complex, pillow basalts and pelagic sedimentary rocks.
The peridotites of the ophiolite consist predominantly of harzburgite, tectonite and minor
irregular bodies of dunite and dikes of websterite which are pervasively serpentinized and
crosscut by mafic and intermediate dikes (Florendo, 1984). The dike complex following the
peridotites consists of parallel to subparallel diabase and basaltic dikes. The Lawagan
Gabbro, which represents the gabbro facies, is mainly isotropic with lenses of noncumulate
hornblende-clinopyroxene gabbro and transitional gabbro. The contact between the
gabbroic bodies and the sheeted dike complex is also observed to be transitional. This is
followed by the Cagbaong Basalt, composed of a thick pile of pillow basalt and breccias,
where the basalt consists of plagioclase microlites, quench-textured pyroxene and rare
olivine set in grayish-green glass. The pelagic sedimentary cover, represented by the
Tigbauan Formation, is found conformable over the ophiolitic pillow basalt and consists of
small patches of red chert, red shale, limestone and sandstone.
Unconformably above the ophilitic sequence is the the clastic rocks and limestones of the
Middle to Late Miocene Amontay Sandstone (Florendo, 1987). Conformably overlying it is
the Late Eocene Gilonon Formation consisted of conglomerates in the southern part and
sequence of sand, siltstone and green tuff in the northern portion with intercalations of
volcanic and hypabyssal rocks and minor intrusives (Florendo, 1987).
This is overlain by the sedimentary sequence of the Dacao Formation by Florendo (1987).
The Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Kantaring Limestone (Jurgan, 1980), which is also
named by Florendo (1987) as the Cansirong Limestone member of the Dacao Formation,
consists of cream-coloured, dense bioclastic limestone. This is followed by the turbiditic
sequence consisting of sandstone, siltstone, silty mudstone and occasional lime mudstone
of the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Age Batang Formation also originally designated as a
member of the Dacao Formation. Overlying this is the clastic sequence of the Early Miocene
Tagabaca Member (Florendo, 1987) which is composed of sandstone, sandy shale with
occasional interbeds of coal, carbonaceous shale and conglomerate. The Salomon Member
of the Dacao Formation of Florendo (1987), may be considered as a facies of the Tagabaca,
and consists of medium- to very coarse-grained sandstone and sparse shale and calcareous
mudstone with a probable Early Miocene age (Florendo, 1987).

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In Maasin area, the Dacao Formation is overlain by the Late Miocene to Pliocene Masonting
Formation of Florendo (1987), consists of volcaniclastic rocks and andesite flow breccias
with intertonguing tuffaceous marl, sandstone and minor pumice beds (Florendo, 1987).
This is followed by the Inopacan Formation, which was originally named as the Inopacan
Clastics (Florendo, 1987) composed of well-sorted rounded pebble- and cobble
conglomerate with subordinate poorly bedded mudstone and calcareous tuff. In southern
Leyte, a probable lateral extension of the San Isidro Limestone is the Matalom Limestone of
Florendo (1987). It refers to the sequence of bioclastic deposits and coralline limestone
extensively exposed in the peripheral and coastal areas of southern Leyte. The calciclastics
are composed of calcarenite, calcisiltite and calcirudite with occasional calcareous
mudstone. The Matalom unconformably overlies the Inopacan Formation and is dated
Pleistocene (MMAJ-JICA, 1986).

Figure 3. Geologic map of Southern Leyte. Adapted from the GOP (MGB, 2010).

2.3. Local Geology

Locally, three rock formations were observed in the coastal areas of Libagon, Liloan, San
Francisco, Pintuyan and San Ricardo municipalities. These are the Quaternary Deposits,
Matalom Limestone and Amontay Sandstone.

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The most commonly observed sediments are the Quaternary alluvium and beach deposits
which are either dominantly sand or sometimes sand admixed with gravel. Some shingle
beaches are composed of semi-rounded to rounded, gravel to boulder-sized deposits
probably derived from the immediate mountainous backshore or brought about by rivers
and other drainage systems.
Limestone exposures at the small islets at Barangay Molopolo, Liloan probably belong to the
Pleistocene Matalom Limestone (Florendo, 1987). Another outcrop of the Matalom was also
found as a barrier island at Barangay Napantao, San Francisco. Other coralline and porous
limestones found outcropping in some beaches like in Brgy. Saub and San Ramon in San
Ricardo are also considered part of the Matalom Limestone. These served as protection to
the coasts reducing the energy of the waves approaching the shore (Photos 1 and 2 in
Annex).
Noticeably outcropping in the beach of Barangay Anislagon in San Francisco are tilted beds
of indurated medium-grained to fine-grained sandstone which probably belong to the
Middle to Late Miocene Amontay Sandstone (Photo 3 in Annex).

III. Geomorphology

The coast of Southern Leyte is characterized predominantly by rocky carbonate/coralline

foreshore and relatively narrow sandy to pebbly beaches with relatively flat to gently
sloping backshore progressively becoming steeper landwards. Some areas, however, have
hilly backshores and coastal plains approximately 10m above sea level, like in barangays San
Antonio and Cabutan in San Ricardo. Prominent coastal erosional features present in the
area are wave-cut notches and wave-cut platforms while coastal deposition/accretion is
characterized by tidal flats, sand bars, etc.
The area is also nourished with fluvial sediments carried to the coast by numerous river
systems. These streams and rivers which served as water conduits of the precipitations
upstream drain towards Sogod Bay on the western part while those on the eastern part lead
to the Surigao Strait. The mouth of the rivers like in barangays Magaupas and Molopolo in
Liloan and Talisay and Magkasag in Libagon may develop sand bars due to decreased energy
brought about by the convergence of river and ocean current at these areas or due to high
siltation rate from the upstream (Photo 4 in Annex).
Constant reworking of eroded rock detrita by varying energy of waves and currents also lead
to differences in the geologic material at the inter-tidal zone. Based on these, the coast may
be classified into three (3) major types: a) sandy, b) rocky and c) muddy and estuarine.
A. Sandy beaches
The sandy beaches observed in the study area, are characterized by fine to coarse-grained
deposits of cream to medium-gray in color with local facies of pebbly to gravelly materials.
They are predominantly composed of rock detrita of volcanic rocks and carbonate-rich
materials such as foraminifers and coral fragments.

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The general slopes of the beach face are below 10 degrees and they abut against wave-cut
escarpments. Elevations of the coastal plains range from 3 to 10 meters above mean sea
level. The plains abut landward at the foot of hills and mountain ranges.
Most of the sandy beaches are located in the municipality of Libagon in the northeastern
part of the study area. Typically, they are densely populated near the shoreline near the
berm or at the backshore area.
B. Rocky and Craggy Coast
The most common type of coast observed in the area is rocky and craggy coasts. They are
commonly formed along exposed areas, particularly in promontories and headlands, which
are constantly being pounded by waves. They are often characterized by relatively flat
foreshore dominated by reef flats that uncover during low tide regimes.
Some morphological features included in this type are narrow inter-tidal zones bordered
landward by sea cliffs. These are developed when the foot of mountains or hills rises from
the coastline where the slopes and elevations of the ground surface increase rather steeply
landward just like some barangays in the municipality of San Ricardo given the rugged
terrain transect.
C. Muddy and Estuarine Beaches
Generally, the mangrove forests, which thrive in low-energy areas of the coast, are
characterized by muddy beaches. The intricate root systems of the mangrove reduce wave
energy, trap sediments, and therefore promote silt deposition and enhance resistance
against coastal erosion. In places, narrow sand bars were formed in-front of mangrove
areas. Examples of beaches with considerable number of mangrove plantations resulting to
significant sediment deposition are Barangay Poblacion in Liloan municipality and barangays
Pangi, Nahaong, and Tigbao in Libagon town (Photo 5 in Annex).

IV. Methodology

The survey involved coastal geohazards assessment, shoreline mapping, historical/anecdotal

data gathering, and documentation of shoreline features and changes.

A. Coastal Geohazards Assessment

This makes use of geologic information observed in the field to determine areas prone to
natural hazards and integrate them with other data to come up with rational suggestions on
the most feasible mitigation measure/s to adopt.
Coastal geohazards are naturally occurring geological phenomena along the coasts which
pose danger to the lives and properties of the coastal community. Their adverse impacts
cannot be totally prevented but can be mitigated or reduced by applying the appropriate
measures based on the hazards present. The coastal geohazards considered are coastal

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erosion, coastal accretion/siltation, coastal flooding, landslide/rockslide, storm surge, and
tsunami. Focus of this survey is on coastal erosion and accretion.
Table1 shows the parameters used for the assessment. The barangay officials as well as the
local government units were presented with the Coastal Geohazard Advisory after survey of
each barangay. These advisories contain information as to the susceptibility of their
barangay/sitio to coastal erosion and accretion/sand deposition and if severe prone also
contains the corresponding recommendations.

Coastal Erosion
Ratings Coastal Environment
Alluvial deposits/beach sand. The coast is composed of unconsolidated alluvial
deposits especially non-cohesive materials, largely sand, granules and pebbles that
are easily carried away by waves and currents even at calm sea conditions. Presence
High of severely damaged hard engineering coastal protection structures, and dwelling
units at or very near the shoreline; line of permanent vegetation is approximately ≤10
meters distance from the existing shoreline. Unprotected areas with long-term net
erosion rates of ≥5m/yr.
Soft sedimentary rocks. Geological materials at the coast are essentially similar to
those in the high susceptibility areas, but coastal protection structures are slightly
Moderate damaged; houses far from the existing shoreline. Line of permanent vegetation is
about 15-30 meters distance from the existing shoreline. Unprotected areas with
long-term net erosion rates of >1m/yr but <5m/yr
Hard rocks with closely spaced joints and fractures. Also undisturbed mangrove
forests, or in areas composed of consolidated or semi-consolidated cohesive
Low
materials like clays and silt with minor sand. Presence of fringing corals along the
foreshore. Long-term net erosion rate is <1m/yr.
Very Low Rocky coast and sea cliffs composed of massive, sparsely jointed hard rocks.
to Nil Insignificant change in shoreline position and configuration over long periods of time.

ACCRETION/SILTATION

River mouths, shoals, longshore ridge, existing sand bars. Mouths of large river
systems where prograded deltas have developed. Foreshore beds have low seaward
High slope (0° to 3°) and blanketed with relatively thick sand; shallow water depth up to
about 100 meters seaward of the existing shoreline. Line of permanent vegetation
about 50 meters distance from the existing shoreline. Areas with long-term net
accretion rates of ≥5m/yr.
Updrift of groins/solid-based piers. Foreshore bed has gentle to moderate slope of 4°
Moderate to 10°. It usually occurs towards the down drift ends of coastal sediment cells with
abundant sediment supply. Areas with long-term net accretion rates of >1m/yr but
<5m/yr.
Sheltered areas; downdrift of groins/solid-based piers Areas with long-term net
Low accretion rates of <1m/yr. Foreshore bed has steep seaward slope of more than 30°.
Sediment supply inadequate.

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 Erosion and Accretion Rates of Erosion Rate of Accretion
Susceptibility Levels (based on long-term rates) (based on long-term rates)
High ≥5m/year ≥5m/year
Moderate 1 to 4.99m/year 1 to 4.99m/year
Low <1m/year <1m/year
Table 1. Susceptibility Ratings of Coastal Areas to Potential Coastal Geohazards

B. Shoreline Mapping
Shoreline mapping refers to the mapping of possible shoreline changes or shoreline shifts
through time using Global Positioning System (GPS). This is to determine the long-term
shoreline shift trend by comparing the newly acquired and actual field shoreline data, with
the old shoreline data in the 1950s NAMRIA topographic maps. It provides information on
the overall erosional or depositional trend of the coastal area but does not necessarily
reflect its present state. Thus, there is a need to gather relatively more recent information
through historical data gathering as well as observation and documentation of coastal
features and physical characteristics to determine whether coastal erosion or accretion is
the dominant influencing factor.
C. Historical/Anecdotal Data Gathering
Historical data gathering involves interviews with local government officials and coastal
residents regarding coastal flooding, coastal erosion and other hazard occurrences in the
area. The data gathered will be used to validate and supplement existing and newly
acquired field data and information. Interview respondents were commonly the incumbent
and former local barangay officials or a more credible and reliable persons who are highly
familiar with the past and present physical state of their coastal area.
D. Documentation of Shoreline Characteristics and Changes
Documentation of shoreline changes involves taking notes on and photographs of the
present physical situation or condition depicting coastal features and structures associated
to either coastal erosion or accretion and other hazards together with the present state of
soft or hard coastal engineering and natural coastal defences.
Actual field observations and notations of the presence of natural and man-made coastal
features and structures are significant in the assess/ ent of the present vulnerability of an
area to the different types of coastal geohazards.

V. Findings and Discussion of Results

During this survey, a total of 82 coastal barangays were assessed for their susceptibility to
coastal erosion and coastal accretion/siltation: 14 from the municipality of Libagon; 22 from
the municipality of Liloan; 12 from the municipality of San Francisco; 19 from the
municipality of Pintuyan; and 20 from the municipality of San Ricardo. Other identified

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coastal hazards affecting the areas assessed also include coastal flooding,
landslides/rockslides, storm surge, and tsunami.

Table 2 shows the list of coastal barangays in the Municipalities of Libagon, Liloan, San
Francisco, Pintuyan and San Ricardo in the Province of Leyte covered by the assessment.
Libagon (14) Liloan (22)
Gakat Talisay Magaupas San Roque
Nahaong Jubas Pres. Roxas Anilao
Nahulid Biasong Ilag Candayuman
Pangi Cawayan Himayangan Guintoylan
Otikon Mayuga Amaga Estela
Tigbao Magkasag Molopolo Pandan
Bugasong Punta Tabugon Caligangan
Cagbungalon Catig
Pintuyan (19) Gud-An Malangsa
Nva Estrella Norte Poblacion Ubos Calian Pres. Quezon
Nva Estrella Sur Poblacion Ibabao Poblacion Bahay
Dan-An P.D. Equipilag
Catbawan Canlawis San Francisco (12)
Manglit Badiang Anislagon Dakit
Son-Ok I Mainit Santa Paz Norte Punta
Son-Ok II Balongbalong Santa Paz Sur Tuno
Caubang Cogon Napantao Pinamudlan
Punod Lobo Ubos (Poblacion) Marayag
Sta. Cruz Central Cuasi

San Ricardo (15)

Inolinan Esperanza Dos
Poblacion Pinut-An
San Antonio Looc
Cabutan Kinachawa
Benit San Ramon
Timba Bitoon
Camang Saub
Esperanza
Table 2. List of Coastal Barangays Covered by the Coastal Geohazard Assessment.

Generally, the areas assessed are characterized by either sandy or pebbly, gravelly to rocky
foreshores. Other areas are also covered by mangrove forests and nipa palms. The
assessment is also influenced by the location of southern Leyte with the eastern part,
including areas in Liloan and San Ricardo, directly facing the Pacific Ocean which is

11
characterized by generally strong waves. The eastern part is also influenced by Amihan or
Northeast Monsoon while the western part is affected by Habagat or Southwest Monsoon.
Overall, 14 areas were assessed to be moderately to highly susceptible to coastal erosion.
Most of these are characterized by sandy beaches with no natural or man-made coastal
protection structures present and some with remnants of severely damaged hard
engineering coastal protection structures. These also include areas which are densely
populated at or very near the shoreline. These barangays have unconsolidated sandy
beaches which are relatively easier to erode even during calm weather conditions (Photo 6
in Annex).
A. Erosion Prone Areas

a. Erosion Prone Areas in Municipality of the Liloan

(Moderate to Highly Susceptible to Coastal Erosion)

1. Barangay Poblacion
The coastal area of Barangay Poblacion in Liloan, faces the Sogod Bay
near the strait between Panaon Island and mainland Leyte. There are
no observed beaches along the barangay proper due to possible beach
scouring at the toe of the seawall protecting most of the coast.
Reclaimed land along the Lotao District is protected by seawall but may
still be susceptible to erosion due to the movement of current along
the Panaon Strait. Other areas along the coast are densely populated
just along the seawall, especially in the Central, Caducan, and Luyo
District, and have relatively low elevation and flat to almost flat
backshore area. Seawall is in good condition with minor breaches
present. However, some residential and commercial buildings extend
beyond the seawall.

2. Barangay Ilag
The beaches of barangay Ilag in Liloan, is dominated by limestone
blocks which are relatively resistant than sand-sized sediments.
However, roots scarps up to 1.5meters in height can be observed on
the talisay trees planted along the coast of the barangay, including an
uprooted tree. The barangay is also densely populated just along the
coast and high tide reaches the residential areas. No other coastal
protection structures are present.

3. Barangay Himayangan
The coastal community of Barangay Himayangan in Liloan, is located on
a narrow beach dominated by medium to very coarse sand-sized
sediments, with abundant coral fragments. Sand-sized deposits,
especially unconsolidated ones, can be extremely easy to erode even
by low energy waves during calm weather conditions. Line of

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 permanent vegetation is 2 to 3 meters from the existing shoerline.
Roots of coconut trees are exposed and residential areas are located
within 5 to 10m from the coast. No coastal protection structures are
present.

4. Barangay Tabugon
Barangay Tabugon is located on beach composed of poorly sorted and
unconsolidated medium to coarse sand-sized sediments are easily
carried away by waves even during calm sea conditions. Houses are
located just along the coast and are reached by the water especially
during high tides. Some foundation of houses are elevated and located
beyond the coast. Remnants of destroyed sea wall are also observed
with no other strong coastal protection structure present.

b. Erosion Prone Areas in Municipality of the Libagon

(Moderate to Highly Susceptible to Coastal Erosion)

1. Barangay Gakat
The coastal communities of Barangay Gakat is located on a cove with a
beach composed of unconsolidated light-brown medium to coarse-
sand sediments, which are easily carried away by waves even during
calm sea conditions. Some parts of the barangay are protected by a
seawall. However, several unprotected areas are heavily populated just
along or near the coast. Remnants of destroyed structures such as port
are also present. Areas near the seawall experience beach scouring
reducing the beach width through the years.

2. Barangay Pangi
The coast of Barangay Pangi in Libagon is on a narrow beach composed
of very poorly sorted and unconsolidated light gray medium-sand to
gravel-sized sediments. The line of permanent vegetation is 1 to 2
meters from the existing shoreline. Coconut trees planted along the
coast have exposed roots. Abundant mangrove trees planted along the
coastline and river mouth which protects other parts of the barangay.
Some houses however, experience flooding even during high tide. No
other coastal protection structures are present.

3. Barangay Tigbao
The coastal area of Barangay Tigbao in Libagon is composed of very
poorly sorted and unconsolidated light gray medium-sand to gravel-
sized sediments. Sand-sized sediments are easily carried away by
waves even during calm sea conditions. A seawall is present protecting
most of the coastal area of the barangay. However, the water reaches
over the seawall and the houses located just along the coast

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 experience flooding especially during high tide. Purok 3, however, have
small mangrove plantation slightly protecting the coastal area.

c. Erosion Prone Areas in the Municipality of San Francisco

(Moderate to Highly Susceptible to Coastal Erosion)

1. Barangay Dakit
The coastal area of Barangay Dakit in San Francisco is located on a long
beach composed of cobble to boulder-sized sediments which are
generally resistant to erosion than sand-sized sediments. However,
remnants of a heavily damaged pier are observed suggestive of the
strong waves approaching the area especially during habagat season. It
is also densely populated within 10m from the coastline with no other
strong coastal protection structure present.

2. Barangay Napantao
The coastal area of Barangay Napantao in San Francisco is located on a
long beach composed of very poorly sorted and unconsolidated coarse-
sand to cobble-sized sediments. Some segments along the coastline
have minor wave-cut escarpments decreasing the land area near
pathways. Root scarps are also present on the coconut trees near the
coast. The coastal peripheries are also densely populated within 10m
from the coastline.

3. Barangay Santa Paz Sur

Barangay Santa Paz Sur in San Francisco is located on a long beach
dominated by sand-sized deposits which are easily eroded even during
calm sea conditions. However, boulder-sized deposits are also
abundant along the coast. Root scarps of coconut trees are observed
and some segments of the coastline have minor wave-cut escarpments.
There are no strong coastal protection structures present and the
residential areas are located just along the coastline.

4. Barangay Santa Paz Norte

The coastal area of Barangay Santa Paz Norte in San Francisco is
located on a sandy beach which may be easily eroded by wave even at
calm sea conditions. A seawall protects most parts of the area but
promotes scouring at the bottom of the structure. Erosion is also
observed on the unprotected areas adjacent to the existing seawall.
Residential areas are located just along the coastline.

5. Barangay Anislagon
Barangay Anislagon is located on a beach composed of very poorly
sorted and unconsolidated coarse-sand to boulder-sized sediments. An

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 outcrop of sandstone and shale interbeds is exposed which may help
reduce susceptibility to erosion. However, root scarps of coconut trees
up to a meter high are exposed. Several wave-cut escarpments,
eroding the pathways of the barangay can also be observed.
Residential areas are also located just along the coast with damaged
dikes protecting some parts of the barangay. Some houses, however,
are located slightly beyond the dike.

d. Erosion Prone Areas in the Municipality of Pintuyan

(Moderate to Highly Susceptible to Coastal Erosion)

1. Barangay Poblacion Ubos

The beaches of Barangay Poblacion Ubos in Pintuyan are dominated by
pebble to boulder-sized sediments, which are generally resistant to
erosion. The boulders are semi-rounded because of constant reworking
of waves. Line of permanent vegetation is approximately 10m from the
mean tide level. Residential areas are located 15m from the coast
however remnants of heavily damaged pier and buildings are present,
10m from the coastline.

2. Barangay Son-Ok I
Barangay Son-Ok I in Pintuyan is located on a long beach dominated by
boulder-sized deposits. The coastal area is densely populated within
5m from the coastline and the high tide reaches some parts of the
residential areas. Some houses have their own protection from waves,
however, no strong coastal protection structure are present.

There are 24 coastal barangays which were assessed to have moderate susceptibility to
coastal accretion/siltation. These areas are situated near the mouth of rivers where
sediments are being gradually deposited or accreted along the shores especially during
heavy rain and typhoons and may also develop sand bars near the river mouth which may
block the river flow and contribute to flooding upstream. These include: barangays Gakat,
Biasong, Magkasag and Talisay in Libagon; and barangays Bahay, Magaupas, Pres.Roxas, Ilag
and Caligangan in Liloan (Photo 4 in Annex).
Mangrove plantations which serves as a natural barrier for coastal erosion may also
contribute to accretion/siltation by acting as sediment traps. Wave energy is reduced
resulting in the deposition of sediments especially sand and silt materials. These barangays
are Nahulid, Pangi, Nahaong and Tigbao in Libagon and Poblacion in Liloan. These are
advantageous for the barangays because the plantations serve as protection from strong
waves especially during typhoon season (Photo 5 in Annex).

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B. Accretion Prone Areas

a. Accretion Prone Areas in Municipality of the Liloan

(Moderately Prone to Coastal Accretion)

1. Barangays Bahay, Caligangan, Magaupas, Pres.Roxas, Ilag,

Himayangan, Molopolo and Tabugon
Located in the municipality of Liloan, these barangays are situated near
river mouths where there is constant deposition of sediments which is
amplified especially during harsh weather conditions. If the rate of
deposition is considerably faster than the rate of erosion, a sand bar,
like in Barangay Magaupas, may form and block the outlet of river. This
may eventually cause a flooding upstream.

2. Barangay Poblacion
The Lotao District in Barangay Poblacion, Liloan is protected by
mangrove plantations. While these protect the coasts from strong
waves approaching the shore, the roots of the mangroves may act as
sediment traps. This promotes deposition of fine sediments and result
to accretion in the area.

b. Accretion Prone Areas in Municipality of the Libagon

(Moderately Prone to Coastal Accretion)

1. Barangays Gakat, Talisay, Biasong and Magkasag

In Libagon, barangays Gakat, Talisay, Biasong and Magkasag are
situated near river systems which may promote coastal accretion in the
area. Sediment deposition is present in river mouths may be amplified
during harsh weather conditions. A sand bar may also form due to
constant deposition of sediments. This may block the outlet of river
and cause a flooding upstream.

2. Barangays Nahulid, Pangi, TIgbao and Nahaong

Barangays Nahulid, Pangi, Tigbao and Nahaong in Libagon is protected
by mangrove plantations. The mangroves however, promote coastal
accretion by acting as sediment traps, reducing the energy of the
waves and promoting deposition of fine sediments on their roots.

3. Barangay Mayuga
The coast of Barangay Mayuga in Libagon, is located in a wide beach
with a gentle slope. This may signify a higher rate of deposition
compared to the rate of erosion, resulting in the accretion of the
coastal area.

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 c. Accretion Prone Areas in Municipality of the Pintuyan
(Moderately Prone to Coastal Accretion)

1. Barangays Son-Ok II and Catbawan

In Pintuyan, barangays Son-Ok II and Catbawan are situated near river
mouths where the rate of sediment deposition is generally higher. This
results in the formation of wide beaches since the rate of deposition
exceeds the rate of erosion.

d. Accretion Prone Areas in Municipality of the San Francisco

(Moderately Prone to Coastal Accretion)

1. Barangays Marayag, Pinamudlan, Ubos (Poblacion) and

Santa Paz Sur
Barangays Marayag, Pinamudlan, Ubos and Santa Paz Sur in San
Francisco are situated near river mouths which may promote which
have higher rates of sediment deposition and may be amplified during
harsh weather conditions. Sand bars may also form and dredging may
need to done to prevent the blockage of the river and causing a
flooding upstream.

Coastal landslides were also observed in the areas between Candayuman and Anilao in
Liloan, where the steep slope and possible heavy rainfall contributed to the instability and
failure of the slope. Segments of some barangays assessed are prone to
landslides/rockslides, particularly those areas located along the coastal peripheries of
Barangay Magaupas in Liloan. This is evident based on the highly elevated terrain with
slanted trees along the coast, evidence of a possible occurence of creep. (Photos 7 and 8 in
Annex). This kind of terrain may be attributed to the proximity of these areas to the
Philippine Fault. However, no terracettes were observed along the slopes.
Table 1 in Annex presents the results of the coastal geohazard assessment for coastal
erosion and coastal accretion/siltation conducted including recommendations to mitigate or
prevent their adverse impacts. It should be noted that the susceptibility ratings were arrived
at during the time of the field assessments and may invariably adjust depending on the
physical changes or modifications which may take place and affect the area through time.

8.1 Summary of Width of Eroded Corridor, Area and Rate of Coastal Erosion
in the survey area.

Table 1. Summary of Widths, Areas and Rates of Coastal Erosion.

Rate
Municipality Barangay Hectarage Total Shift (m) (m/yr)
Pintuyan Badiang 6.54003 18.4 0.31
Balongbalong 9.05613 130 2.17

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 Canlawis 6.20013 120 2.00
Caubang 7.1021 25.1 0.42
Mainit 12.3898 122 2.03
Poblacion Ibabao 8.0048 153 2.55
Poblacion Ubos 6.68947 160 2.67
PD Equipilag 6.35338 132 2.20
Ponod 1.58926 20 0.33
Catbawan 4.712514 10.5 0.18
Anislagon 28.3674 54.5 0.91
Santa Paz Norte 5.36647 79 1.32
Cuasi 1.766806 31.4 0.52
Marayag 3.075783 45.3 0.76
San Francisco Dakit 0.413923 62.2 1.04
Ubos 1.374714 62.7 1.05
Cahayag 2.889447 71 1.18
Napantao 3.56001 25 0.42
Santa Paz Sur 13.23653 21.6 0.36
Caligangan 8.56756 119.7 2.00
Estela 16.25922 106.6 1.78
Pandan 2.73854 30.3 0.51
Guintoylan 20.36091 97.9 1.63
Calian 5.98523 29.2 0.49
Poblacion (Liloan) 21.97979 58.6 0.98
Liloan Candayuman 0.045104 24.5 0.41
Anilao 2.02386 41.5 0.69
San Roque 13.45488 11.2 0.19
Amaga 10.01068 93 1.55
Himayangan 13.6117 41.8 0.70
Ilag 6.52662 69 1.15
Magaupas 12.3002 26.5 0.44
Pres Roxas 6.14586 40.5 0.68
Pinut An 0.696116 64.5 1.08
Looc 0.671853 17.2 0.29
San Ricardo
Kinachawa 0.424787 30.5 0.51
San Ramon 3.24526 69.1 1.15
Biasong 12.75888 58.4 0.97
Cawayan 16.31794 84.5 1.41
Magkasag 6.75163 50.7 0.85
Mayuga 6.81157 86 1.43
Punta 5.52286 49.6 0.83
Libagon
Bogasong 14.3456 146 2.43
Gakat 26.0246 163.9 2.73
Jubas 7.98961 63.3 1.06
Nahaong 17.8199 123 2.05
Nahulid 17.9685 133.7 2.23
Otikon 19.7485 117.5 1.96

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 Pangi 14.2143 121.6 2.03
Talisay 13.8562 121.9 2.03
Tigbao 25.6343 140.3 2.34

8.2 Summary of Width of Accreted Corridor, Hectarage and Rate of Coastal

Accretion in the survey area.

Table 2. Summary of Widths, Areas and Rates of Coastal Accretion

Rate
Municipality Barangay Hectarage Total Shift (m) (m/yr)
Cogon 13.68286 39.6 0.66
Son-Ok II 1.440899 32.6 0.54
Manglit 12.91175 41.3 0.69
Pintuyan Dan An 2.971974 21.8 0.36
Nueva Estrella Sur 0.66605 22.3 0.37
Nueva Estrella Norte 0.997216 63.4 1.06
Son-Ok I 2.53135 104 1.73
Pinamudlan 0.144234 31.8 0.53
Punta 1.523292 23.7 0.40
San Francisco
Tuno 1.86668 25 0.42
Central 4.142498 70.7 1.18
Catig 6.314436 75.8 1.26
Tabugon 2.74645 40.6 0.68
Molopolo 2.282822 35.9 0.60
Liloan
Bahay 1.395433 42.1 0.70
Malangsa 4.71137 48.1 0.80
Pres Quezon 5.76423 88 1.47
Camang 15.8993 128.7 2.15
Saub 3.138663 39.8 0.66
Benit 14.3265 143 2.38
Cabutan 9.92782 127.7 2.13
Inolinan 11.953 130.9 2.18
San Ricardo Poblacion 8.81353 111.5 1.86
San Antonio 29.6285 120 2.00
Timba 20.089 81.7 1.36
Esperanza 24.4418 153.7 2.56
Esperanza Dos 33.7318 82.3 1.37
Bitoon 1.612475 27 0.45

VI. Conclusion

The coastal areas of five barangays in the municipality of San Francisco, four in Liloan, three
in Libagon and two in Pintuyan, are moderately to highly susceptible to coastal erosion.

19
These are rated based on the type of coast, lithology/sediments present, geomorphology,
vegetation, human activities, drainage systems, etc. The ratings for the susceptibility to
coastal erosion and coastal accretion of the barangays are based on the prevailing
conditions present during the time of the survey.
Despite the susceptibility ratings at the time of observation, the maps of the shoreline
reveal an erosion-dominated environment for the areas of Southern Leyte. The general
trends of these coastlines have a considerable decrease in a matter of 60 years with widths
of eroded corridor reaching up to 160 meters. It is widest in towns of Pintuyan (~160m) and
Libagon (~163m).
Long term annual rates of erosion vary from vary from place to place and range from 0.29
m/year (in Looc, San Ricardo) to 2.73 m/year (in Gakat, Libagon) which correspond to
moderately Susceptibility for coastal erosion. However, the erosion rates in most of the
barangay in the surveyed areas range from 0.05 to 1.00 m/year. These rates fall
correspondingly to the Low and Moderate Susceptibility to erosion on average.
The total area of coastal land lost to erosion is approximately 479.5 hectares in 60 years,
equivalent to an average of 7.99 hectares of lost land, assuming a uniform rate annually.
The widths of accreted corridors within the study area vary considerably, with some coast
reaching up to ~150 meters. It is widest in the town of San Ricardo with an average of
~100m. The most extensive accreted landmass occurs between Barangay Esperanza and
Inolinan in San Ricardo.
Total emergent land area formed thru accretion is approximately 239.66 hectares in 60
years, or an approximate average annual accretion rate of 3.99 m/year, assuming a uniform
rate.
Combining the data on the coastal erosion and accretion of the survey area, it becomes
evident that the size of the five (5) surveyed municipalities in Southern Leyte Province
decreased approximately 239.85 hectares of coastal land in a span of 60 years. This
computation is based on the comparison of the new shoreline data with the old shoreline of
NAMRIA.
The importance of coastal protective barriers in mitigating the effect of the hazards present
in a certain area is also emphasized in the study. Natural coastal protective barriers, such as
mangroves, are particularly effective as they are commonly erosion resistant and passive.
The root systems of the various species of mangroves, however, essentially engender the
trapping or retention of sediment load contributing to coastal accretion. Reef flats, may also
act as barrier and reduce/dissipate wave energy approaching the shore, decreasing their
erosive capability.
Hard coastal protection structures such as seawalls, piers and groins, may affect the normal
condition of the foreshore area, and disturb the shoreline stability. Hard engineering
protection structures may be advantageous to a certain portion of the coast but may have
the opposite impacts on the adjoining unprotected coastal stretch.

20
Coastal accretion varies from place to place and is mostly a factor of alluvial deposition in
river mouths and sediment buildup in mangrove plantations. This additional land area may
eventually be eroded again and is highly unstable for construction of any kind of structures.
In summary, it is worthy to note that the bulk of sediment movement along the coast is
primarily controlled by the combined action of winds, waves, currents, and tides. It is
important then that the appropriate type of coastal protection whether hard, soft or hybrid
engineering structures and mitigation measures be adopted in the affected areas.

VII. Recommendations

The recommendations made after the assessment include most of the following:
1. Activate the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
Local Government Units should closely coordinate with the concerned Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (National/Municipal DRRMC) and other national
agencies concerned for assistance in conducting Information Education and Communication
campaign on geohazards and disaster prevention especially in hazard-prone areas as
identified in this report. The increase in the level of awareness and preparedness of the
residents will eventually save lives and properties.
2. Enforce Laws/Ordinances on Coastal Setback or No Build/Construction Zones
Local Government Units should strictly implement national laws and local ordinances on
coastal setback requirement. Coastal setback means that where a beach is present there is a
30-meter setback from the high water mark for building construction. Where a cliff top
exists there is a 10-meter setback from the most landward point of cliff undercut for
building construction. Exceptions to this rule may occur however.
3. Use Available Geohazard Maps in Land Use Planning
Geohazard zonation maps are vital in land use planning as measures can appropriately be
set in place. It should be noted however that geohazard maps need to be reviewed and
updated.
4. Implement Shoreline Stabilization through Hard or Soft Engineering Measures or
Hybrid Techniques
Hard engineering structures are exemplified by seawalls, groins, tetrapods, ripraps,
breakers, and the likes whereas soft engineering or vegetative methods include mangrove
planting and other plant species that thrive along the coasts and help prevent erosion.
Specific and appropriate types of shoreline stabilization are usually needed when high
energy coastal environment threatens waterfront or coastal area development. To restore,
protect, and enhance the natural shoreline environment, soft engineering or "non-
structural" stabilization techniques that rely on vegetative plantings and sand fill, or

21
"hybrid" techniques that combine vegetative planting with low rock sills, can be effective
alternatives to hard engineering stabilization structures.

VIII. References

Domasig, W.F., Balce, C.L., Cabantog, A.V., Momongan, A.L., 1992. Geology and Gold
Mineralization in Panaon Island, Southern Leyte. Department of Environment & Natural
Resources, Mines and Geosciences Bureau, North Ave., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Florendo, F.F., 1987. The tectonic framework and the Cretaceous to Cenozoic evolution of
the East-Central Philippines. Masteral Thesis in Geology, The Graduate School of the
University of Tulsa, Okla. U.S.A., 103 p.
Mines and Geosciences Bureau, 2010. Geology of the Philippines 2nd Edition. Quezon City,
Philippines, Mines and Geosciences Bureau
MMAJ-JICA, 1986. Mineral Deposits and Tectonics of Two Contrasting Geologic
Environments in the Republic of the Philippines, Phase II – Masbate area, Northern Leyte
area, Southern Leyte, Dinagat, Siargao and Palawan I-IV area, 740 p.
Oh, H.J., and Lee, S., 2011, “Landslide susceptibility mapping on Panaon Island using a
geographic information system,” Environmental Earth Science, 62:935-951.

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ANNEXES
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Photo 1. Narrow bands of porous limestone (probably part of the Matalom Limestone) run parallel
to the shoreline between Barangay Saub and Bgy. San Ramon, San Ricardo Municipality had served
as protection against attack of strong waves.

Photo 2. Porous coralline limestone flats probably of the Matalom Limestone lined at the beach of
Brgy. Anislagon, San Francisco in Southern Leyte. These serve as wave dissipater.

23
Photo 3. Succession of indurated, steeply inclined, well bedded fine to medium-grained sandstone
probably part of the Amontay Formation has served as protection against erosion and attacks of
strong waves at Barangay Anislagon, San Francisco, Southern Leyte.

Photo 4. A sandbar deposited at the mouth of a river in Brgy. Magaupas, Liloan in the province of
Southern Leyte, which may block the flow of the water and may cause coastal flooding upstream,
especially during harsh weather conditions.

24
Photo 5. Mangrove plantation present along the coast of Brgy. Nahaong, Libagon which may act as
natural coastal protection from strong waves. The roots of the mangroves may also act as sediment
traps and contribute to coastal accretion.

Photo 6. A relatively populated community situated in a narrow strip of coast at Brgy. Tabugon,
Liloan is considered moderately to highly susceptible to coastal erosion. Most of the houses were
built along the foreshore with no protective coastal structure.

25
Photo 7. Tilted trees with scarped roots exposed along a narrow beach sandy beach with scattered
boulders at Brgy. Makasag, Libagon Municipality are indications of coastal erosion with inland creep.

Photo 8. Tilted trees planted along the rocky shore of Brgy. Magkasag, Libagon which may be a sign
of inland creep.

26