SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY REPORT: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

ON THE RATE OF REACTION

An Investigatory Project Presented to Mr. Franklin Margallo

In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

General Chemistry II

AGOSTO, KYLE ALIZANDRA

ALAGOS, ZAIRA

ALCOVENDAS, KRIZSA MAE

CLUTARIO, ALTHEA SHYNNE

COLOMA, AXEL LANDER

CRUZ, AIRA MAVINNE

DIMANARIG, ANDREI NATANIEL

EBUENGA, REMUZ

GIDOC, JOHN EDMAR

RACHO, ALOYSIUZ PHILIP

RAMOS, JULLIENNE MARIE

REALUBIT, SHEKINA ERIN

Title: Laboratory Report: Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction

This study was conducted to acquire knowledge and accumulate information on how
different factors affect the rate of reaction within substances, specifically for this
investigation, the temperature conditions that were applied to each treatment (Hot and
Cold).

The methods present in this investigation are deemed experimental. It consists of (a) the
preparation of materials, (b) the experiment proper, (c) and the observation of reactions
which then lead to the acquisition of data and the formulation of the final conclusion.

In contemplation of acquiring the data and findings in regards to the reaction rates under
certain types of conditions in relation to the temperature, the researchers have conducted an
experiment which included two glass cups, one with hot and one with cold water. The
coffee powder was mixed to both solvents with different conditions in order to properly
identify and investigate the difference between the reactions.

In conclusion, the researchers found that higher kinetic energy, which causes molecules to
move faster, also increases the reaction rate. As temperature changes, the reaction rate also
changes accordingly as they are deemed to be directly proportional with each other.
 INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem :

Temperature is considered to be one of the major aspects in investigating the changes

that occur to a substance’s rate of reaction. This can be justified by observing the reaction that

occurs when a solute mixes to a solvent under specific conditions to make a solution. Many

studies have shown the relationship of temperature and the rate however, this study focuses

on the basic causes as to why this phenomenon happens. This study mainly revolved around

the observation of the rates in terms of the conditions applied to the solution, specifically

their hot and cold temperatures.

Moreover, the study sought to further investigate the relationship of temperature to the

rate of reaction that will occur between the coffee powder, which acts as a solute, and water

(both hot and cold), which acts as the solvents.

The general objective of the experiment is to identify and observe the effects of

temperature to a substance’s rate of reaction and to examine how the reaction rates differ

according to the temperatures of the solvent when in contact with each other.

Specifically the study seeks to answer the following question:

How does temperature affect the rate of reaction between substances?

a. Hot water

b. Cold water
Significance:

The findings of this investigation sought to identify how the rate changes accordingly

to the temperature of the solvent. The researchers obtained enough data to formulate

conclusions in relation to their relationship. Furthermore, the researchers have justified the

occurrence of this phenomenon and how it affects our daily tasks, specifically those which

are done within one’s household.

Hypothesis :

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of dissolution, thus lowering the rate of

dispersion between particles.

Variables :

Independent Variable: Temperature of solvent (water)

Dependent Variable: Rate of reaction of the solute (coffee powder)

Controlled Variable: Amount of solvent (200 mL water), amount of coffee powder (1

teaspoon), size of glass container, room temperature

This chapter is a presentation of the review of related literature and studies that have

direct bearing on the experiment in order to have better understanding on the topic under

study.

In many parts of the world, instant coffee is fairly common. Coffee might even make

up more than 50% of all coffee consumption. Compared to traditional coffee, instant coffee is

quicker, less expensive, and simpler to prepare. According to Bjarnadottir (2019), while

instant coffee has slightly more acrylamide and less caffeine than normal coffee, it still has

the majority of the same antioxidants.

On the other hand, Gregersen stated that reaction rate is the rate at which a chemical

reaction happens. It is frequently expressed in terms of the concentration or the amount per

unit volume of a product that is created in a unit of time or the concentration of a reactant that

is consumed in a unit of time. As an alternative, it might be described in terms of how much

of the reactants are used up or how much of the products are produced in a certain amount of

time. When two molecules with the proper orientation and the minimal amount of energy

collide, a reaction is produced. The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which the

concentration of a reactant or product changes divided by the coefficient from the balanced

equation. The reaction rate is always a positive quantity since the rates of change of the

reactants are represented by a negative sign and the rates of change of the products by a

positive sign. Most of the time, concentration is measured in moles per liter and time in

seconds, yielding units of M/s for the reaction rate (Khan Academy, 2015). The four key

variables that influence reaction rate are reactant concentration, the reactants' physical state,
surface area, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst (Key, n.d.). Furthermore, the average

kinetic energy of a substance's particles is correlated with that substance's temperature,

according to the kinetic-molecular theory. Thus, when a substance is heated, some of the

energy absorbed is retained inside the particles while other amounts of the energy cause the

particles' velocity to increase ("Average Kinetic," 2022).

As stated by Key, the collision theory of reactivity states that reactions take place

when reactant molecules effectively collide. However, for an effective collision to take place,

the reactant molecules must be oriented correctly in space to allow for the formation of

bonds, the breaking of bonds, and the rearrangement of atoms that lead to the formation of

product molecules. The pace of reaction is dependent on the activation energy. Thus, higher

activation energy indicates that fewer molecules will possess enough energy to engage in an

effective collision. Anything's particles travel more quickly when heated. The likelihood of a

response will rise if they travel faster and collide more frequently. For a typical response at

room temperature, raising the temperature by 10°C scarcely raises the collision rate by more

than 2%. The reaction rate will, however, increase by almost 100%, or nearly double. The

temperature of a substance affects the average kinetic energy of its particles. If the average

kinetic energy rises, you'll observe a spike in temperature. Nonetheless, this kinetic energy is

typical. When particles collide, their individual energies fluctuate between being extremely

low, moderate, and extremely high.

According to Chaudhry (2021), a new interface is created between the surface of the

dispersed particles and the inner surface of the liquid dispersion medium during the

dispersion process, which separates agglomerated particles from one another. The same

reactants can result in a variety of products when subjected to various reaction conditions in
systems where more than one reaction is feasible. The average, however, won't change at a

certain temperature. When it comes to reaction rates, we're most interested in particles that

are energetically high enough at the moment of their collision to reach activation energy. The

impact of temperature on reaction rate is established. Particles with moderate or low energy

will just collide again with no effect.

There are industrial laboratories all over the world that manufacture chemicals and

products that depend on chemicals, in addition to the biological processes that enable you to

transform the molecules you consume and breathe into usable energy. One of the most

important characteristics of a reaction, aside from the product or products produced and

having a sufficient supply of reactants, is how rapidly it may be anticipated to progress.

Quality, safety, and other aspects of the product could be affected by this. One of the factors

affecting reaction speeds that can be easily changed in most laboratories is temperature

(“Effect of Tenperature, n.d.).

Materials

Solvents

Solvents vary in temperature to examine the relationship between the temperature and the

reaction rate. In this experiment, the researchers utilized the following solvents:

● 200 mL hot water

● 200 mL cold water

Solute

The amount of solute in this experiment was equally distributed to the prepared solvents.

Since this study required the use of two(2) teaspoons of coffee powder, one(1) teaspoon of

coffee powder will be given to each of the solvents.

● 2 teaspoon coffee powder

Containers

Containers, specifically clear containers were used to contain the liquid solvents.

● 2 clear glass container

Data Collection materials

For data gathering, a pen and a paper were used to list down all the observations in the

experiment.

● Paper and pen

The first glass, labeled glass A, was filled with 200 mL of hot water. Then, the second glass

was labeled as "B" and filled with 200 mL of cold water (Figure 1). The researchers prepared

the solvents and simultaneously added one (1) teaspoon of coffee to each glass (Figure 2).

Researchers started examining how the different solvent temperatures affected the reaction

rate right after the solute made contact with the solvents. After that, data was gathered and

analyzed.

Figure 1

Figure 2
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Data collection

The experimental research design is used in this work and the data were collected by

observing the relationship of the variables being tested. Since the main focus of this study is

to know how temperature affects the reaction rate, the researchers primarily chose this

research design. The goal of this study is to recognize how temperature affects the rate of

reaction.

Discussion

Raw data:

Based on the results gathered by the researchers during the experimentation process,

the coffee powder dispersed and dissolved in the hot water first. There are many factors that

affect the rate of a reaction and temperature is one of them. The experiment done shows that

temperature is directly proportional to the reaction rate. The amount of kinetic energy that

produces the reaction increases with temperature. The greater the risk of a collision, the faster

the molecules move, and the quicker the rate of reaction. Coffee will disintegrate quicker in

hot water. This can be perceived in view of the way that when we supply energy in the type

of heat which is the hot water, it increases atomic movement. In hot water, subatomic

movement is expanded, in this manner causing more crashes between water particles and the

strong. The solute and solid particles easily separate as a result of the increased molecular

motion and number of collisions that overcome their attraction. This, in turn, increases the

number of interactions between solvent and solute molecules and the force with which they
are pulled apart. Because different substances are composed of different atoms, ions, or

molecules, the degree to which they dissolve in relation to temperature will also vary.

Processed data:

The coffee powder dispersed first in the glass of hot water and the one in cold water

dispersed last (Figure 3) . This is due to the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion,

which is the process by which particles move from a high concentration area to a low

concentration area. Coffee powder particles have more kinetic energy and move faster in hot

water, increasing the rate of diffusion and allowing the particles to spread out and disperse

more quickly. Because the particles in cold water have less kinetic energy and move more

slowly, the rate of diffusion is slower, and the coffee powder disperses more slowly.

Furthermore, hot water can dissolve the soluble compounds in coffee powder more easily,

which can aid in increasing the rate of dispersion.

Figure 3
 The coffee powder dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water. This is because

temperature influences a substance's solubility in a solvent. The solvent molecules have more

kinetic energy and move faster in hot water, allowing them to interact more readily with the

solute molecules and break them apart. This accelerates the dissolution of the coffee powder

in the water. In cold water, on the other hand, the solvent molecules move more slowly and

have less energy, interacting less readily with the coffee powder particles and slowing the rate

of dissolution. Additionally, the surface area of the coffee contributes to the dissolution rate

in both hot and cold water.

The rate of a chemical reaction typically accelerates as temperature rises. The collision

theory of chemical reactions can be used to explain this. According to collision theory, a

minimum amount of kinetic energy, known as the activation energy, must be present for

reactant particles to collide in order for a chemical reaction to take place. A greater number of

particles will have the necessary activation energy to undergo the reaction as the temperature

rises because the average kinetic energy of the reactant particles also rises. The rate of

reaction is increased as a result. Furthermore, a rise in temperature may result in a rise in the

frequency of collisions between reactant particles, speeding up the reaction even more.

REACTIONS SOLVENT A (HOT) SOLVENT B (COLD)

Rate of High Low

Dispersion

Rate of High Low

Dissolution
 Figure 4

Conclusion

The researchers aimed to study and identify the effects of temperature on rates of

reactions. The researchers were successful in identifying its effects. They found that the

higher the temperature, the higher is the kinetic energy, which causes the molecules to move

faster, which then makes the reaction rate faster. Moreover, the researchers also found and

reviewed related literature and studies that guided them throughout the experimentation

process that could add more intensive information related to the effects of temperature on

reaction rates.
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