WATER POLLUTION

SUMMARY

NAME :NAPOLEON ANDERSON

ID :774-526-814
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
 Water pollution can be interpreted as the entry of a living thing, liquid or solid substance,
an energy or other component into the water. So that the water quality drops to a certain level
which causes the water to no longer function according to its use. Pollution of water can occur
naturally or be caused by nature or by human intervention, resulting in a decrease in water
quality. The presence of foreign objects which causes the water to not be used according to its
normal designation is called water pollution, because the needs of living things for water vary
widely, so the pollution limits for various types of water are also different. As an example,
Mountain river water that has not been polluted cannot be used directly as drinking water
because it does not meet the requirements to be categorized as drinking water. (Kristanto, 2002).

Environmental quality is a serious issue for many countries, including Indonesia. Sources
of pollutants both on land and in waters come from various human activities such as household,
industrial and agricultural activities. Waste from household activities that have a negative
impact on the environment is detergent. Detergents are composed of the main constituent raw
materials, namely surfactants with active ingredients Na-ABS (Sodium Alkyl Benzene
Sulphonate) which are hard detergents. These detergents are difficult to damage by
microorganisms, so they can cause environmental pollution (Rubiyatadji, 1993).
Water pollution is a change in conditions in a water reservoir, such as rivers, lakes and seas
due to human activities. Activities carried out by humans both directly and indirectly have an
impact on ecosystems. Water pollution is one of the impacts that are indirectly caused by pollution
of organic and inorganic materials. This pollution is caused by domestic waste originating from
households, agriculture, fisheries, industry and transportation which is carried by rivers and can
have a negative impact on aquatic ecology. Water pollution is the addition of elements (eg
chemicals) to water. This situation will cause a lack of dissolved oxygen in water in critical
conditions. This experiment aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of domestic
waste on the behavior of carp (Cyprinus curpio) so that several experiments were carried out by
dissolving several elements included in domestic waste in water. The results of this experiment
show that goldfish give different responses to the types and concentrations of dormouse waste in
water bodies. This is due to the nature of goldfish which are sensitive to the degradation of the
quality of the aquatic environment by pollutants. Therefore, it can be concluded that goldfish can
be used as a bio-indicator of domestic waste pollution. The results of this experiment show that
goldfish give different responses to the types and concentrations of dormouse waste in water
bodies. This is due to the nature of goldfish which are sensitive to the degradation of the quality
of the aquatic environment by pollutants. Therefore, it can be concluded that goldfish can be used
as a bio-indicator of domestic waste pollution. The results of this experiment show that goldfish
give different responses to the types and concentrations of dormouse waste in water bodies. This
is due to the nature of goldfish which are sensitive to the degradation of the quality of the aquatic
environment by pollutants. Therefore, it can be concluded that goldfish can be used as a bio-
indicator of domestic waste pollution.

Detergent is a combination of various compounds where the main component of the

combination is surface active agents or surfactant active substances that cause a decrease in the
surface tension of liquids, especially water. The most frequently used detergent surfactant is
LAS or Linear Alkylbenzen Sulfonate (Supriyono et al., 1998). LAS is an alkyl aryl sulfonate
having the structure of an unbranched straight chain, a benzene ring and a sulfonate. LAS is a
conversion of Aliklbenzen sulfonate or ABS, where LAS is more easily degraded in water and
is a 'soft' detergent. Detergent waste is a pollutant that can endanger the life of organisms in the
waters, because it causes the supply of oxygen from the air to be very slow due to the foam
covering the surface of the water (Connel and Miller, 1995).

Drinking Water Feasibility Table

TDS contained in water is one of the main causes of drinking water to become turbid and
experience sediment. If the drinking water is left unfiltered, the total dissolved solids can cause
various diseases, even harmful ones. Therefore, TDS is useful for measuring the total combined
organic and inorganic substances in liquids. This test includes all substances present in water
other than pure H2O molecules. Common indicators of this method, namely minerals, salts, and
other organic matter.

TDS figures can also help in showing if the drinking water to be consumed is appropriate,
 requires filtering, or is highly contaminated. The measure used to measure drinking water is
Parts per million (PPM).
a decent TDS number to drink?

• Scores 50-150: Very good to drink.

• Numbers 150-250: Good to drink.
• Numbers 250-300: Good enough to drink.
• Scores 300-500: Bad or not good for drinking.
• Above 1200: Absolutely unfit for drinking or harmful.

Table of Observation Results

Water is where aquatic animals like fish live. If the water source where aquatic life is
polluted, then the food cycle in the water is disrupted and the ecosystem of water/aquatic life will
also be disrupted. Many small/weak organisms such as plankton die due to poisoning by polluted
materials, many small fish that eat plankton die due to lack of food, as well as larger fish (goldfish)
that eat small fish when there is a lack of food. will die (Raharjo, 2005).

Fish as one of the aquatic biota can be used as an indicator of the level of pollution that
occurs in the waters. The fish body can function as an indicator of pollution in the environment, if
the fish body contains high levels of heavy metals and exceeds a predetermined normal limit.
According to Supriyanto et al (2007), the content of heavy metals in fish is closely related to the
disposal of industrial waste around where the fish live, such as rivers, lakes and seas. The amount
of heavy metals absorbed and distributed in fish depends on the form of compounds and pollutant
concentrations, the activity of microorganisms, the texture of sediments, and the types and
elements of fish that live in that environment.

Fish have the ability to carry out high movements and even migration, so monitoring the
presence of heavy metals through accumulation and magnification processes can be carried out in-
situ using the fish caged method. On the other hand, in-situ biomonitoring using caged species at
predetermined locations, allows the relationship between the concentration gradient of heavy metal
contaminants to be directly known (Fardiaz, 1992).

Aside from being a consumption fish, goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) is quite well known by the
public as an ornamental fish. Of the many types of ornamental fish, not all of them can be
cultivated. In goldfish cultivation, it must be noted that each type has different characteristics and
habits of life, one of which is where it lives. In addition, goldfish have delicious meat, the price is
quite expensive and the demand is always increasing. This fish has been designated by the Ministry
of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) as one of the national superior commodities. So that the
cultivation of carp is very developed, therefore it is possible that this fish will be affected by
detergents, especially the size of the seeds because carp seeds are classified as seeds that are
sensitive to environmental changes (Amri, 2002).
A. Observation of Fish Behavior in River Water
The frequency of non-operculum carp in river water was getting faster and faster, that is,
in the first minute it was 54 times/minute, in the second minute it was 91 times/minute,
in the third minute it was 101 times/minute, in the fourth minute it was 95 times/minute,
in the fifth minute as much as 105 times/minute. The higher the pollutant contained in
the river water and the longer the time the pollutant is in the goldfish, the impact on the
fish is that it is increasingly difficult to obtain oxygen so that the opening of the goldfish's
operculum is faster due to lack of dissolved oxygen for the respiration process. The
respiratory rate of fish in polluted water is faster and more numerous than in
uncontaminated water. From the results of observing the frequency of operculum
opening in goldfish, proves that this river water is polluted water based on physical
parameters: very turbid, smelly, and has sediment. Characteristics of polluted water
based on chemical parameters: changes in the degree of acidity to base (pH=8.6) with a
temperature of 27oC. The condition of the fish in the river water sample is that the fish
are still alive, but the fish are less active. Examples of human activities that can cause
water pollution are disposing of household waste in rivers, disposing of factory waste in
 rivers, throwing garbage into rivers, fishing using hazardous chemicals, using excessive
fertilizers and pesticides.

B. Observation of Fish Behavior in Aquades

The frequency of opening of the goldfish operculum in aquadest tended to be constant
during the observation, i.e. in the first minute 90 times/minute, in the second minute 91
times/minute, in the third minute 95 times/minute, in the fourth minute it was 95
times/minute, at fifth minute as much as 95 times/minute. Under normal circumstances,
the behavior of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) will run normally. No change in behavior and
frequency of opening of the operculum in this goldfish indicates that the water is not
polluted. The characteristics of water that are good for the survival of fish are clear,
odorless, tasteless, colorless, no sediment, neutral acidity (pH = 7), normal temperature,
free of harmful chemicals, free of pathogenic microorganisms and bacteria. .

C. Observation of Fish Behavior in Soapy Water

One of the causes of water pollution is the use of detergents. Detergents are synthetic
cleaners made from petroleum-derived ingredients, which can have a negative impact
on living things that live in water. One of them is fish. There are many cases that we
hear that there are often fish deaths due to water pollution caused by the use of detergents
by human activity. Detergents can disturb the fish in the waters, disturb their breathing,
get drunk, and even lead to death. The conjecture/hypothesis while our experiment is:
1. The fish that survive the longest are the ones with the least amount of detergent in
them.
2. Fish that survive for a while are fish that have a lot of detergent in them.
The frequency of opening of the goldfish operculum in soapy water was getting faster
and faster then decreasing in the final minutes, namely in the first minute 77
times/minute, in the second minute 92 times/minute, in the third minute 86
times/minute, in the second minute fourth 85 times/minute, in the fifth minute 76
times/minute. The frequency of opening of the goldfish operculum in water with a
high concentration of detergent powder was more frequent and eventually decreased
 until it died. The higher the powder detergent concentration and the longer the
detergent exposure time on goldfish will decrease the frequency of operculum
opening. This has an impact on fish which are increasingly difficult to obtain oxygen
so that the opening of the goldfish operculum is faster at the beginning of exposure
and gradually decreases. so that it can result in death in fish due to lack of dissolved
oxygen for the respiration process. The effect of toxic substances on fish causes
change in gill morphology and causes death over a long period. In addition, toxic
substances can damage the respiratory function of the gills so that metabolic
processes in the body are disrupted. Detergents that react with water will cause foam
to form on the surface of the water, thereby directly inhibiting the free air diffusion
process into the water medium in the aquarium. This has an impact on depleting the
supply of dissolved oxygen in the water so that the goldfish has difficulty breathing
and has an impact on increasing the frequency of opening the operculum. The
presence of detergent content in water bodies interferes with the respiration process
and continues to the death of fish. as evidenced by the death of the fish with the
position of the gill cover (operculum) open and swollen and even bleeding from the
gills. The gills swell, bleed and secrete mucus. The fish eventually float and die. The
cause of the fish's gills swelling, bleeding and then secreting mucus is diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of substances from a high concentration to a low
concentration. The concentration of the detergent solution is higher than the
cytoplasm so that the detergent particles diffuse from the solution to the cells in the
gills of the fish. The detergent solution continues to diffuse into the gill cells and the
gills eventually swell. Over time, the gill cells experience plasmolysis (cell rupture)
because the detergent particles continue to diffuse. Because the cell bursts, the
cytoplasm comes out, so that the fish gills look mucus. After the gill cells burst, of
course the fish lose their organs to breathe so that eventually the fish become limp in
the detergent solution and then die one by one. How quickly the fish's gills swell and
then die is influenced by the concentration of detergent in the water. The higher the
detergent concentration in the water, the faster the fish will die.

Household waste water is a source that is often found in the environment as a trigger for
 water pollution. One of the components that can have a bad impact on the environment comes
from detergents. The types of detergents that are currently popular are powder and liquid
detergents. There are 2 types of powder and liquid detergents currently popular, namely liquid
detergents containing the active ingredient Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (ABS), and powders
containing the active ingredient linear alkyl sulphonate (LAS), the latest human innovation at
this time, which is an anionic detergent that carries a load. negatively so it reacts with positively
charged ions in water, which is classified as hard. These detergents are difficult to decompose
by microorganisms (non-biodegradable) so that they can cause environmental pollution
(Rubiatadji, 1993).

Discharge of sewage into rivers/water sources without prior filtration, contains high levels
of organic pollutants and affects the suitability of river water for human use and stimulates the
growth of algae and other aquatic plants. In addition, detergents in water bodies can damage
the gills and respiratory organs of fish, which results in decreased tolerance of fish to water
bodies with low oxygen content (Haryadi, 2004). This study aims to explain the effect of
different detergent concentrations on the frequency of operculum opening and survival of carp
exposed to powdered detergents; determine the effect of powder detergent on the frequency of
operculum opening and survival of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio).

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amri, K. and Khairuman. 2002. Cultivation Smart Book 15 Fish Consumption. Agromedia.
Jakarta
Connell and Miller, 1995, Pollution Chemistry and Etoxicology, pp. 222-223, Indonesia
University Press, Jakarta.
Fardiaz, Srikandi. 1992. Water and Air Pollution. Jogja: Kanisius.
Haryadi. (2004). Variety of Staple Foods and Their Processing in Indonesia. Gadjah Mada
University. Yogyakarta.
Kristianto, P. 2002. Industrial Ecology. ANDI Publisher. Yogyakarta.
Raharjo. 2005. Physiology of Aquatic Animals. CV Sagung Seto, Jakarta. 64 p

Rubiyatadji, R. 1993. Reducing Detergent Levels (Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate) in Water with
Activated Carbon Adsorption Process. Final Assignment of the Department of Environmental
Engineering FTSPITS Surabaya
Supriyanto, C et al. 2007. "Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination of Pb, Cu, and Cd in
Freshwater Fish Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SSA) Method", available:
http://jurnal.sttnbatan.ac.id/wpcontent/uploads/2008/06/ 13-supriyanto-hal-147-152.pdf, accessed
on 4 January 2012