Chapter 1

Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits

1
References

[1]. PT Cư, LM Cường, TTT Mỹ, Mạch điện II, 7th ed, ĐHQG Tp. HCM, 2016

[2]. Dương Hoài Nghĩa, Mạch điện, Trường Đại học Quốc tế Miền Đông, 2018

[3]. C. Alexander, M. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 7th ed, McGraw Hill,
2020

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Chapter Outline

1. Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits (review)

2. Canonical method (review)

3. Laplace transform

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1. Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits

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 1.1 Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits

• The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a long time after
an external excitation is applied.
• The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response right after
an external excitation is applied. It will die out with time.

𝐸 𝑢𝐶 𝐸 𝑢𝐶 𝐸 𝑢𝐶

Steady Transient Steady 𝒕

𝒕=𝟎 𝒕 = 𝒕𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦
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 1.1 Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits

֍ Total response = Transient response + Steady – state response

temporary part permanent part

֍ Time – domain analysis = Transient analysis

• Find the total response

• The solution is valid for all 𝑡 ≥ 0

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2. Canonical Method

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2.1 Canonical Method

Find the solution directly in the time domain by solving some

differential equations

Example: 𝐸 = 10V, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐶 = 0.1F. Find 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 and 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

֍ 𝑡 < 0 : find initial conditions 𝒖𝑪 𝟎 , 𝒊𝑳 (𝟎) 𝑖𝐶

𝐸 𝑢𝐶
𝑢𝐶 0 = 0V

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2.1 Canonical Method

Example: 𝐸 = 10V, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐶 = 0.1F. Find 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 and 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

֍ 𝑡 > 0, 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑢𝐶𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑢𝐶𝑠 (𝑡)

𝑖𝐶
• Steady: 𝑢𝐶𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐸 = 10V
𝐸 𝑢𝐶
• Transient: 𝑢𝐶𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑢
Kirchhoff 2: 𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑢 = 𝑅𝐶 +𝑢 𝑢𝑡 : transient part
𝑑𝑡
𝑢𝑠 : steady – state part
1
Characteristic equation: 𝑅𝐶𝑝 + 1 = 0 ⇔ 𝑝 = −
𝑅𝐶
Then we have: 𝑢𝐶𝑡 𝑡 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑝𝑡 = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑡
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2.1 Canonical Method

Example: 𝐸 = 10V, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐶 = 0.1F. Find 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 and 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

• So 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑢𝐶𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑢𝐶𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑡 + 10
𝑑𝑢𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑖𝐶
𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐶 = −0.1𝐾𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐸 𝑢𝐶

• Apply initial condition:

𝑢𝐶 0 = 𝐾 + 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝐾 = −10

֍ Solution: 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 10(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )

𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡
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2.2 Disadvantages

• With complicated circuits, solving differential equations and finding

initial conditions may be challenging

• The transient part and steady – state part are not simultaneously solved

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3. Laplace Transform

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 3.1 Introduction

֍ Laplace transform involves turning integral and

differential equations into algebraic equations

֍ Idea:

Time – Domain Laplace Frequency – Domain

Pierre Simon Laplace
Circuit Transform Circuit (1749–1827)

Analysis
Circuit
Time – Domain Inverse Laplace Frequency – Domain
Solution Transform Solution
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 3.1 Introduction

֍ Advantages

• It can be applied to a wider variety of inputs

• It can eliminate integral and differential equations

• It provides an easy way to solve circuit problems with initial conditions

• It provides the total response of the circuit in one single operation

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 3.2 Definition

֍ One-sided Laplace transform of a function 𝑓(𝑡)

∞
𝐹 𝑠 = ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

• 𝐹(𝑠) is the image of 𝑓(𝑡)

• 𝑠 = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔 is the Laplace operator

• The integral converges if 𝑅𝑒 𝑠 = 𝜎 > 𝜎𝐶 > 0

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 3.2 Definition

֍ Inverse Laplace transform

𝜎1 +𝑗∞
1
𝑓 𝑡 = ℒ −1 𝐹(𝑠) = න 𝐹 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑗2𝜋
𝜎1 −𝑗∞

along the straight line 𝜎 = 𝜎1

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 3.2 Definition

֍ Examples
∞ 𝑡=0
• The Dirac delta function 𝛿 𝑡 = ቊ
0 o. w
∞
ℒ 𝛿(𝑡) = න 𝛿(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 0 = 1
0

1 𝑡>0
• The Heaviside/unit step function 𝟏 𝑡 = ቊ 𝟏(𝑡)
0 𝑡<0
∞
−𝑠𝑡
1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1
ℒ 𝟏(𝑡) = න 1𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑒 ቤ =
0 𝑠 0 𝑠

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 3.2 Definition

֍ Examples
1
• 𝑓 𝑡 =𝑒 −𝛼𝑡
𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠+𝛼
1
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠
𝜔
• 𝑓 𝑡 = sin(𝜔𝑡)𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2
𝑠
• 𝑓 𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2

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 3.3 Properties of Laplace transform

Property 𝒚(𝒕) 𝒀(𝒔)

Linearity 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎1 𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝑓2 𝑡 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑎1 𝐹1 𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝐹2 𝑠
1 𝑠
Scaling 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑡) 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐹( )
𝑎 𝑎
Time Shift 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝟏(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
Frequency Shift 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝟏(𝑡) 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑓′ 𝑡 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑠𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑓(0)
Time Differentiation 𝑑 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓 0
𝑦 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑛 −𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ 0 − ⋯ − 𝑠 0 𝑓 𝑛−1 (0)
𝑡
1
Time Integration 𝑦 𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐹(𝑠)
0 𝑠
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 3.3 Properties of Laplace transform

Property 𝒚(𝒕) 𝒀(𝒔)

𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 𝑌 𝑠 =−
Frequency 𝑑𝑠
Differentiation 𝑑 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑛𝑓 𝑡 𝑌 𝑠 = −1 𝑛
𝑑𝑠 𝑛
Initial Value 𝑦 0 = lim 𝑠𝑌(𝑠)
𝑠→∞

Final Value 𝑦 ∞ = lim 𝑠𝑌(𝑠)

𝑠→0

Convolution 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑓1 𝑡 ∗ 𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐹1 (𝑠)𝐹2 (𝑠)

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3.4 Laplace transform pairs

𝒇(𝒕) 𝑭(𝒔) 𝒇(𝒕) 𝑭(𝒔)

1; 𝟏(𝑡) 1 𝛿 𝑡 1
𝑠
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 𝛿 (𝑛) 𝑡 𝑠𝑛
𝑠+𝑎
𝑡 1 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝜔
𝑠2 𝑠2 + 𝜔2
𝑡𝑛 𝑛! cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑠
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑠2 + 𝜔2
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝜔
𝑠+𝑎 2 (𝑠 + 𝑎)2 +𝜔 2
𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑛! 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑠+𝑎
𝑠 + 𝑎 𝑛+1 (𝑠 + 𝑎)2 +𝜔 2
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 3.4 Laplace transform pairs

֍ Examples
2 4
• 𝑓 𝑡 = (2te −t
+ 4)𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
+
𝑠+1 𝑠

8𝑠 + 18
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 6 sin 3𝑡 + 8cos(3𝑡) ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 +9

1 1
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
+ 2
𝑠−2 𝑠+4

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 3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform

֍ General form of 𝐹(𝑠)

𝑁(𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 = deg 𝑁 𝑠 < deg(𝐷(𝑠))
𝐷(𝑠)
𝑁1 (𝑠)
Or else, 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑃 𝑠 +
𝐷1 (𝑠)
• 𝑁(𝑠): numerator polynomial
The roots of 𝑁 𝑠 = 0 are the zeros of 𝐹(𝑠)

• D(𝑠): denominator polynomial

The roots of D 𝑠 = 0 are the poles of 𝐹(𝑠)
֍ Idea: decompose 𝐹(𝑠) into simple terms using partial fraction
expansion, then find the inverse of each term.

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 3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform

֍ Simple poles
𝑁(𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠 − 𝑝1 𝑠 − 𝑝2 … (𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛 )

𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾𝑛
𝐹 𝑠 = + + ⋯+
𝑠 − 𝑝1 𝑠 − 𝑝2 𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛
.
𝐾𝑖 = 𝑠 − 𝑝𝑖 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝𝑖

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐾1 𝑒 𝑝1 𝑡 + 𝐾2 𝑒 𝑝2 𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝐾𝑛 𝑒 𝑝𝑛 𝑡 𝟏(𝑡)

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 3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform

֍ Repeated poles: Suppose 𝐹(𝑠) has 𝑟 repeated poles at 𝑠 = 𝑝

𝑁(𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 𝑠 − 𝑞1 … (𝑠 − 𝑞𝑛−𝑟 )

𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾𝑟 𝐺1 𝐺𝑛−𝑟
𝐹 𝑠 = + 2
+ ⋯+ 𝑟
+ +⋯+
𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠 − 𝑞1 𝑠 − 𝑞𝑛−𝑟
. 𝑑 .
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝 𝐾𝑟−1 = 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝
𝑑𝑠
1 𝑑2 .
𝐾𝑟−2 = 2
𝑠 − 𝑝 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝
2! 𝑑𝑠 2

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 3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform

֍ Repeated poles:
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾𝑟 𝐺1 𝐺𝑛−𝑟
𝐹 𝑠 = + 2
+ ⋯+ 𝑟
+ +⋯+
𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠 − 𝑞1 𝑠 − 𝑞𝑛−𝑟

1 𝑑𝑚 .
𝐾𝑟−𝑚 = 𝑠−𝑝 𝑚 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ 𝑚 = 1,2, … , 𝑟 − 1
𝑚! 𝑑𝑠 𝑚 𝑠=𝑝

𝐾3 2 𝑝𝑡 𝐾𝑟
𝑓 𝑡 = ቆ𝐾1 𝑒 𝑝𝑡
+ 𝐾2 𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑡
+ 𝑡 𝑒 + ⋯+ 𝑡 𝑟−1 𝑒 𝑝𝑡
2! 𝑟−1 !

+ 𝐺1 𝑒 𝑞1𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝐺𝑛−𝑟 𝑒 𝑞𝑛−𝑟𝑡 ቇ 𝟏(𝑡)

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 3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform

֍ Complex poles
𝑁(𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 (𝑠 − 𝑞1 ) … (𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛 )
𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝐴2 𝐴1 (𝑠 + 𝛼) 𝐵1 𝛽
𝐹 𝑠 = 2 + 𝐹1 𝑠 = 2 2
+ 2 2
+ 𝐹1 (𝑠)
𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑠+𝛼 +𝛽 𝑠+𝛼 +𝛽

𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 = 𝑠 2 + 2𝛼𝑠 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 𝑠 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝐴2 = 𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝛼 + 𝐵1 𝛽

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 cos 𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 sin 𝛽𝑡 𝟏 𝑡 + 𝑓1 (𝑡)

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 3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform

֍ Examples

6𝑠 2 − 22𝑠 + 18
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 3𝑒 3𝑡
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3)
3𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡
𝑠 2 (𝑠 − 1)
2𝑠 − 6
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 2 cos 2𝑡 − 3sin 2𝑡
𝑠 +4
3𝑠 − 5
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (3 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡)
𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5
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 3.6 Circuit Element Models

֍ Resistor

𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖(𝑡)

ℒ
𝑈 𝑠 = 𝑅𝐼(𝑠) 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑈(𝑠)

Impedance: 𝐙 𝒔 = 𝑹

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 3.6 Circuit Element Models

֍ Inductor

𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑢 𝑡 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡

ℒ
𝑈 𝑠 = 𝑠𝐿𝐼 𝑠 − 𝐿𝑖(0) 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑈(𝑠)
𝐿𝑖(0)
Impedance: 𝐙 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑳

30
 3.6 Circuit Element Models

֍ Capacitor

𝑑𝑢(𝑡)
𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
ℒ
𝑢(𝑡) 𝑈(𝑠)
1 𝑢(0) 𝑢(0)
𝑈 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 +
𝑠𝐶 𝑠 𝑠

𝟏
Impedance: 𝐙 𝒔 =
𝒔𝑪

31
 3.6 Circuit Element Models

֍ Source

𝑒 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐸(𝑠) ℒ
𝑒(𝑡) 𝐸(𝑠)
𝐸0
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸0 ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 =
𝑠
𝜔
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝑡) ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 = 𝐸0 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2
𝑠
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸0 cos(𝜔𝑡) ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 = 𝐸0 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2

32
 3.7 Circuit Analysis

֍ 𝑡 < 0. Find initial conditions 𝒖𝑪 𝟎 , 𝒊𝑳 (𝟎)

֍ 𝑡 > 0. Find the Laplace transform of the circuit

Replace sources, resistors, inductors, capacitors with their

corresponding images.
֍ Analyze the Laplacian circuit

All the circuit theorems and relationships in time domain still hold.

֍ Find the inverse Laplace transform

33
3.7 Circuit Analysis

Example: 𝐸 = 10V, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐶 = 0.1F. Find 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 and 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

֍ 𝑡 < 0 : find initial conditions 𝒖𝑪 𝟎 , 𝒊𝑳 (𝟎) 𝑖

𝑢𝐶 0 = 0V 𝐸 𝑢

֍ 𝑡 > 0, find the Laplace transform of the circuit

ℒ
𝐸
•𝑒 𝑡 =𝐸 ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 =
𝑠 𝐼𝐶 (𝑠)

1 𝑢𝐶 (0) 1 𝐸 1
𝑈𝐶 (𝑠)
• 𝑈𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠 + = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠𝐶
𝑠𝐶 𝑠 𝑠𝐶

34
3.7 Circuit Analysis

Example: 𝐸 = 10V, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐶 = 0.1F. Find 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 and 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

֍ Analyze the Laplace circuit

𝐼𝐶 (𝑠)
𝐸 1
• Kirchhoff 2: − + 𝑅𝐼𝐶 𝑠 + 𝐼𝐶 𝑠 = 0 𝐸 1
𝑠 𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝐶
𝑈𝐶 (𝑠)
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 1
⇒ 𝐼𝐶 𝑠 = = ⇒ 𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝐴)
𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 1

1 𝐸 10 10 10
• 𝑈𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 = = = −
𝑠𝐶 𝑠(𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1) 𝑠(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 𝑠+1

⇒ 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 10(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 ) (𝑉)
35
 3.8 Exercises

֍ Laplace transform
2 4 4
• 𝑓 𝑡 =𝑡 𝟏 𝑡−2 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑒
2 −2𝑠
3
+ 2+
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

𝑠 2 + 4 3𝑠 − 4
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡sin 2𝑡 + 𝜋/6 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 =
2 𝑠2 + 4 2

36
 3.8 Exercises

֍ Inverse Laplace transform

𝑠 3 + 4𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 9 ′ 𝑡 + 𝛿 𝑡 + 5𝑒 −𝑡 − 3𝑒 −2𝑡
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝛿
𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2
* Hint: 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2 = (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)

4𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 − 1
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 3 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑒 𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠 − 3𝑠 + 2
* Hint: 𝑠 3 − 3𝑠 + 2 = 𝑠 − 1 2 (𝑠 + 2)
𝑠 3 − 4𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 1
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 2𝑡 + 3 + 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑡 − 2)
𝑠 4 − 6𝑠 3 + 13𝑠 2 − 12𝑠 + 4
* Hint: 𝑠 4 − 6𝑠 3 + 13𝑠 2 − 12𝑠 + 4 = 𝑠 − 1 2
𝑠−2 2

4𝑠 3 − 𝑠 2 + 18𝑠 + 10 −𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 (2 cos 2𝑡 + 3 sin 2𝑡)

• 𝐹 𝑠 = 4 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 2𝑒
𝑠 − 2𝑠 3 + 𝑠 2 + 12𝑠 + 8
* Hint: 𝑠 4 − 2𝑠 3 + 𝑠 2 + 12𝑠 + 8 = 𝑠 + 1 2
𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8 37
 3.8 Exercises
𝑢
֍ Circuit Analysis + − 𝑖
100𝑉 𝑡<0
• 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH, 𝐸 = ቊ
50𝑉 𝑡>0
Find 𝑖 𝑡 , 𝑢(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

𝑖 𝑡 = 0.5 + 0.5𝑒 −1000𝑡

𝑢 𝑡 = −50𝑒 −1000𝑡

38
 3.8 Exercises

֍ Circuit Analysis
𝑖
100V 𝑡<0
• 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH, 𝐸 = ቐ−50V 0 < 𝑡 < 0.1
0V 0.1 < 𝑡
Find 𝑖(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

𝑖 𝑡 = 0.5 − 0.5𝑒 −1000𝑡 + 0.5 − 0.5𝑒 −1000 𝑡−0.1 𝟏(𝑡 − 0.1)

39
 3.8 Exercises

֍ Circuit Analysis

• 𝐸 = 100V, 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH, 𝐶 = 10𝜇F.

Find 𝑢 𝑡 and 𝑖(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

100
𝑢 𝑡 = 100 − 100𝑒 −500𝑡 cos 500 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3

1
𝑖 𝑡 =1− 𝑒 −500𝑡 cos 500 3𝑡 + 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3
40
 3.8 Exercises

֍ Circuit Analysis 1 2 𝑖

𝐾
• 𝐸 = 100V, 𝑟 = 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH, 𝐶 =
10𝜇F. At 𝑡 = 0 the switch moves from 1 to 2. 𝑟 𝑅
Find 𝑖(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0 +
𝑢
𝐶
−
𝐸 𝐿

2
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3

41
 3.8 Exercises

֍ Circuit Analysis

• 𝐸 = 100cos(1000t)V, 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH,

𝐶 = 10𝜇F. Find 𝑢 𝑡 and 𝑖(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0

−500𝑡
50
𝑢 𝑡 = 100cos(1000𝑡) − 50𝑒 cos 500 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3
1
𝑖 𝑡 = 0.5𝑒 −500𝑡 cos 500 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
2 3
42