Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi for The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education [I.C.S.E.] Examinations EMISTRY . by DR. VIRAF J. DALAL ex. Head of the Science Department Walsingham House School, Mumbai 400 006. [Author’s e-mail: [email protected]] se ALLIED PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED 1 Office: 15, LN Heredla Marg, Dubash House, Ballard Estate, Mum a | [email protected] Z : Eupheus Z 4 _ALearning CIENCY LEARNING SOLUTIOI ” a2, teen Cooperative Indust state, Maln Mathura Read, New Delh-110044 oi: 01161400200 | Ema feGeupheusin | Webste: wncupheusin | Facebook Focon/eueweaning Scanned with CamScanner| NEW LATEST SYLLABUS - FOR STD. VIII j CHAPTER Sy WATTER Yy 22f PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES SY evemenrs, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES 4. ATOMIC STRUCTURE es ~ > a <3. LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY © S: wh .& CHEMICAL REACTIONS aS Re 7. HYDROGEN Pe 8. WATER 9. CARBON & ITS COMPOUNDS Rai una pptabs as ON OVD ene cin odors saad ADDITIONAL CHARTS 1. THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE 2. CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS 3. BASIC CHEMISTRY COLOUR CHARTS Scanned with CamScannerLearning Outcomes: 73 describe the main postulates - of the kinetic theory of matter; 2 explain the reason of change of one state of the matter to feet seam cn Sates a ee : ei 2 define & explain - 7 the law of conservation of mass usirig an example. A.INTRODUCTION |ATTER 7, DEFINITION - Matter Matter is defined as — anything that - Occupies space . has mass . canbe perceived by the senses. COMPOSITION - Of matter 3 Matte in any state is composed of small particles - molecules, atoms or ions. po" ‘ATOMS: MOLECULES TONS |, Anatom - is the |, A molecule - is the 7 An fon is any ~ sallestparticleofanelement| smallest particle ofa substance | atom ora group of @ omich can take part in al that can normally exist! which has a resultant wraction é is considered the-|, separately é& retain the -| . due to~ basic unit of matter. characteristics of the substance.| _ loss or gain of electrons. e.g.O, H, Clare - atoms. €g0,/H,,Cl, are-molecules.|_©-8- 0%, H1, cit are - ic 3. CHARACTERISTICS - Of matter + Volume = matter occupies space, «Mass ~ the quantity of matter represents its . Weight = the gravitational pull on matter represents its - ‘weight’. Perceiving of matter - matter can be perceived by - touch, sight, smell ete. Examples of matter - Living - plants & animals. _Non-living - air, water etc. 4. STATES OF MATTER - Solid, liquid or gaseous [vapour] which is called its - ‘volume’. - ‘mass’ GASES Characteristic ‘SOLIDS LIQUIDS Space Occupies space Occupies space ‘Occupies space Mass Has mass Has mass Has mass ite volume | Have - no definite Have = no definite Scanned with CamScanner7 ” iy Re. 'HEORY OF MATTER - Main postu, Of kinetic theory of matter -—_ ates Particles ~ Matter in any state i.e, solid, liquid, or gas is composed of — small particles namely - molecules, atoms or. ions. INTER-PARTICLE Space + The particles are arranged in a way such that they have - | Spaces existing between them. i. intermolecular space. | INTER-PARTICLE ATTRACTION | + All Particles attract each maximum if the other with a force which is - er - Particles are close to each other and - ietimum if the particles are at a distance from each other Le. decreases with increase distance and vice-versa. ._ ENERGY POSSESSED — By particles of matter 2 "Kinetic energy — .. Since Particles are in continuous motion, they possess energy called kinetic en Application of heat increases Kinetic energy of particles ~ which then move more re. SOLIDS + Inter-particle space Inter-particle Space between the particles is - ‘minimum. +__Inter-particle attraction 5 Inter-particle attraction between the particles is- maximum + "Energy possessed by ~ particles of matter 1 Kinetic energy of molecules in a solid is - least. j LIQUIDS + _Inter-particle space Inter-particle space between the particles is \- slightly more than solids. «_ Inter-particle attraction 5 ‘ ‘ Inter-particle attraction between the particles is - less compared to solids. - Energy possessed by ~ particles of: matter : Kinetic energy of molecules inaliquidis - large. GASES Sg + | cle spa i ee pace between the particlesis - comparatively very large. article attraction. : cos attraction between the particles is. — negligible, Energy possessed by ~ particles of matter Kinetic energy of molecules in a gas is very large. Scanned with CamScannerCharacteristic LIQUIDS . INTER-PARTICLE SPACE More than Arrangement of atoms [molecules] Movement of atoms [molecules] » INTER-PARTICLE ATTRACTION BETWEEN ATOMS SS solids |; ENERGY POSSESSED BY Kinetic energy - of molecules of molecules ~ Least - Large Kinetic energy - of molecules - Very large Scanned with CamScanneri eee e]n ee rf —-_ - On basis of kinetic theo " p.CHANGE OF STATE OF [s. THE THREE STATES OF MATTER ‘ MATTER EXISTS IN THREE STATES - SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES. Matter may change from one state to another state on change in - temperature, pres. This change is termed as - ‘change of state of matter’. ay GP, | = A = A = ‘ TEMP TEMP WATER STEAM [liquid] [gaseous] my INTER-CONVERSION OF MATTER INVOLVES — Change of state of matter from one state to another state & back to its original sta, This change is brought about by change in - temperature, pressure. Ae TERMS INVOLVED ~ IN INTERCONVERSION OF MATTER TERM "THE PROCESS OF- Melting Conversion of a - solid into a liqui: i e.g. ice to water Sf en heating. Vaporization | Conversion of a~ liquid into vay 2 e.g. water to water vapour ae for g2é] on heating, Liquefaction | Conversion of - vapour [or gas ; [condensation] | e.g. water vapour to ae eelinte a liquid. Solidification | Conversion of a - liquid into q solid. [freezing] e.g. water toice . e + “Sublimation | Conversion of a ~ solid direct i | : ni & on cooling directly back to solid mae ene Ivaponii] sat liquid state. ithout changing" e.g. Naphthalene sublimes at room tethperatare Senet | 1 3 Scanned with CamScannerGaseous MELTING VAPORISATION ON HEATING SOLIDS ~ temperature ris ol soup IN HEATING LIQUIDS - temperature rises Particles ~ gain energy ‘ + Particles ~ gain energy [heat energy supplied to the solid is absorbed heat energy supplied to the liquid is absor by its molecules & stored as potential energy) | by its molevile & ctor cc potential energy} | + Inter-particle space - increases s [stored potential energy increases the spa Inter-particle space - increases [stored potential energy increases the space] Inter-particle attraction - decreases |. Inter-particle attraction ~ deerea [force ofattraction between particles decreases] Vforceofattraction decreases toalmost negligible] At melting point - particles become free|. At boiling point - particles become f Irnolecules become free & the sold anges oiquid) [molecules become completely fee & escape as g LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION ON COOLING GASES - temperature falls /ON COOLING LIQUIDS - temperature + Particles - lose energy Particles - lose energy $ SUBLIMATION ON HEATING A SUBLIMABLE SOLID - e.g. ammonium chloride [On cooling the gas the potential energy in the molecules is released as heat energy] Inter-particle space - decreases greatly]. [released potential energy decreases thespace]| _ [released potential energy decreases the space] Inter-particle attraction - increases _ |. _Inter-particle attraction - increases [force ofattraction between particles increases] [force ofattraction between particles incre At liquefaction point - particles slow down|. Atsolidificationpoint-particlesslow' [moleculesare notinaposition tobe free & the gaseous [molecules are notin a position to be free & the liqu state changes into - liquid state] changes into ~ solid state] [On cooling the liquid potential energy in # molecules is released as heat energy] Inter-particle space ~ decreases ter-particle attraction - is low 3 ara (habivbabre solids have very low force of attraction between their particles] Inter-pai [-On = The molecules break-free ant icle attraction ~ is overcome rat it i inter-partic tion is overcome 6 wes bree 10 fe a eae ofthe solid - directly into the vapour] Scanned with CamScannerf a} erimenta i, ‘ OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: Law & exp 1. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS oi NaClsoin Lila NaCl +AgNO, > AgClY + NaNO, or [BaCl, + ane > BaSO,¥ +, 2NaCl] Antoine Lavoisier Landolt's Experiment TATEMENT: never a chemical change takes place The total mass of the reacting substances is exactly equal to - = The total mass of the products provided ~ Masses are measured under similar conditions. It can also be put forth as - matter is neither created nor aie), rT. during a chemical reaction but changes from - one form to anothe LANATION: ’ 2 (- If A & B react to form C & D then - according to law of conservation of mass ‘Mass of A+ Mass of B = Mass of C+ Mass of D ie. Total mass of reactants = Total mass ofertas) -ERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: Landolt used a H-shaped tube as shown above & introduced a - solution of sodium chloride [NaCl] & silver nitrate [AgNO] in the limbs of the tube [solutions ofBaCl & NéySO, cous be used in the H shaped tein plac of NaCl & AgNO, ~ The tube was then sealed & weighed before the experiment, The solutone ac aie with each other by shaking and ~ a white precipitate of silver chlovid i ~ The tube was again weighed after the experiment loride was obtained Results: Be \ Weight of the H tube + reactants = weight of H tube + proitisig NaCl * ABNO, > “Agcy aa or BaCly + NaSO,, > BaSO,v x 2Nace. Total mass of reactants — Total mas LIMITATIONS OF THE LAW: 8 of products ~ Landolt observed catises - for a very slight error i 1 ; in the “ : ~ Chemical energy stored up in the reactars released in Homments. . Hence mass is converted fo energy & thus mass & enere in f0%m of heat or light -. This correlates with Dalton’ i ‘Sy are to be consi the atoms can neither be créated or ett theo ts enederesl er Stroyed, but chan; = On one form to anoth Scanned with CamScannerae, Pedagogy/Transactional Strategies Demonstrations & Discussions By the Teacher ACTIVITIES & DEMONSTRATIONS Matter ri ae As per the new latest Middle School Chemistry Syllabus |. A Describing and discussing the ~ main postulates of kinetic theory of matter. Discussing - interparticle space & interparticle attraction é& collision. [Interparticle space & interparticle attraction - varies from one matter to another. i Hence the conditions of change of state of a matter are - different from the other.] | °~ Stating the law of conservation of mass. Activity to show that. there iene change in total mass - when a physical and chemical change takes place. (a Uf tne Teaction involves combustion in presence of air ~ the mass of O,/Ny gals io be considered] Total mass of reactants including the mass of atmospheric gases if any ~ ; will be equal to the mass of the products formed, Taking the example of - reaction of barium chloride with sodium sulphate. : Suggested Learning Resources Film on the collision of particles and the exchange of energy. : Chemicals and glass wares, barium chloride, sodium sulphate, weighing balance, test tubes, distilled water, filter paper, funnel and beaker. Students to be made aware of - i] postulates of the kinetic theory of matter with ‘special Teference to interparticle space and interparticle attraction _ii] change of state of matter maybe demonstrated & explained on the basis of kinetic theory with the help of charts & models WATER TIN VAPORISATION MELTING : — — SOLIDIFICATION LUGUEFACTION MELTING, varortianion — —— ‘SOLIDIFICATION LIQUEFACTION SOLID ‘mock demonstration of the — Law of conseroation ofmatter-maybs performed in thelaboratory, using the reactants barium chloride & sodium sulphate. Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE : Matter 1. Explain the meaning of the term ‘matter’. 2. Matter in any state is composed of small particles = molecules, atoms or ions. jifferentiate the terms above in italics. .' Differentiate between the two characteristics of matter - ‘mass’ & ‘weight’. . State which of the three states of matter i.e. solids, liquids or gases - have a] No definite volume _b] A definite shape c] High density _e] No free surfaces f] Particles - which diffuse very easily. 5. State the main postulates of the kinetic theory with special reference to ~ a] Inter-particle space b] Inter-particle attraction c] Energy possessed by particles of mat 6. State in which of the following examples ie. a piece of wood, water, a light gas is the - a] Inter-particle space maximum b]-Inter-particle attraction maximum c] Energy possessed by particles of matter, very large. 7. In which of the three states of matter - solids, liquids or gases is the movement of atom abot their own position. Give a reason for the same. ter. paptebtraction between atoms of gases is very weak’. State five properties of gases whic a consequence of the weak inter-particle attraction between particles of gases. (is inter-conversion of matter. Give the meaning of the terms involved in inter-conversior 9. matter - a] Melting b] Vaporisation ¢] Liquefaction or condensation d] Solidification or freezing e] Sublimation 10. Draw a labelled schematic diagram representing the terms - a] to e] involved in th inter-conversion of matter. 11. With reference to inter-conversion of matter - on the basis of kinetic theory - explain in brief the conversion of: a] A solid into a liquid b] A liquid into vapour [or gas] ¢] Vapour [or gas] into a liquid d] A liquid into a solid _ ee With special reference to inter-particle space & inter-particle attractioii at the different stag? of conversion. 12. On the basis of kinetic theory explain why, ammonium chloride sublimes and goes from solid state directly into vapour state. 13. State the ‘law of conservation of mass’, State the main \___experimental evidence of the law. points of Landolt’s experiment for Scanned with CamScannerQ2 a3 Qs i i tion i: Ox COML L__5: During sublimation the inter-particle attraction is Ove Coy ees OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Matter ane Select the correct answer from A, B, C, D & E for each statement given below: 61 2s Solld SAB: Vapottration "iG: lon. Ds Gace er Heat , 1, .An atom or group of atoms — having a resultant charge. JO 2. The state of matter which has — least density & no free surfaces. Qases 5.'tn Tandolt’s experiment ~ the form in which the chemical energy stored up in the reactants ~ is released. \Xe_a\- alee 4. The process of change of a liquid into vapour [gas] on heating. VOLPOY'1 204\0y) 5. The state of matter, where the ‘¢ inter-particle attraction between particles is maximum. With reference to the liquid st ate of matter ~ answer the following: 61 1. On heating the liquid, do the Particles gai sain or lose energy. Grey Ener sees 2. The heat energy supplied to the liquid is absorbed by its molecule & stored as wl form of energy, Po ancl Enero, 3. How does the stored energy, have effect om inter-particle space. Syoved. Solanialy 4, State why the inter-particle attraction decreases to Negligible, OQ) (oot bein, Vrs if 5. At what point will the particles become free and escape as gas, ““g¥ V2” a. Complete the statements by filling the blanks with the correct word from the bracket. [5] 1. In naphthalene, the inter-partile attraction is____thigh Io 2. The lay of conservation of mass, is strictly valid if mass and [enct€y/volume} are considered together. a 3. When inter-particle space increases, the inter-partcle attractive force —__ [decitéses /incréases 4. Kinetic energy of molécules in helium is [larké/very large] compared to the Kinetic energy of molecules in water. on 5. Conversion of vapour [or gas] into a liquid is termed ____ {liquefaction vaporization]. Give reasons for the following: BI 1. Particles of matter possess energy called kinetic energy. 2. Solids cannot be compressed, but gases are highly compressible. 3. Kinetic energy of molecules of gases is very large & of solids, the least. 4, . On heating a sublimable solid, the molecules break free & escape from surface of the solid directly into vapour. . : aati 5. Particles of matter move more rapidly on application of i Complete the blanks with reference to interconversion of matter on basis of kinetic theory- with the word ‘increases’, ‘decreases’, ‘gain’, ‘lose’ or area Bed: cue 1. During melting of solids, the inter-particle space Se 2. During vaporization, the-liquid particles _QO4N) energy. oat : i é diese: 3. During liquefaction, the particles i CY2ASeS 4. During solidification, the interparticle space_Ab@CY ec es f Scanned with CamScannerLATEST SYLLABUS - Key Concepts / Concerns Learning Outcomes: + Revise & review the topic on matter - ° illustrate different changes occurring i nature yig, taught in earlier classes. ‘examples learned in previous classes; ical & Chemical changes 2 perform some activities to show some well-known, Tena a = +3 Fifferentiate between physical & chemical change Classification with examples. Classify the changes. A.INTRODUCTION - Changes 1. CHANGES - Classification + “CHANGE — is the law of nature which occurs in everyday life. | A substance [i.e. matter] undergoes a kind of change when - subjected to energy change - Matter is said to undergo certain changes when - j energy is added to the matter or removed from the matter. + CLASSIFICATION OF CHANGES -— Almost all changes taking place in matter may be classified as - physical or chemical, ~ Physicalchanges-aretemporary, easily reversible éthestateof thesubstancechange: without its fundamental nature undergoing any change. ~ Chemicalchanges-arepermanent,noteasily reversible & theidentity of thesubstance is altered which generally results in formation of new substances. in + OTHER CHANGES IN GENERAL INCLUDE - - Reversible & irreversible changes ~ reversible changes —_- which can be reversed by change in conditions : e.g. melting of ice & freezing of water. irreversible changes - which cannot be reversed by change inconditions e.g. burning of magnesium. - Slow & fast changes - slow changes ~ occur very slowly over days or years i e.g. a seed growing into a tree fast changes - occur very rapidly in seconds e.g. occurrence of lightening. - Periodic & non-periodic changes ~ periodic changes ~ occur periodically at regular intervals e.g. change of seasons non-periodic changes - do not occur periodically at regular intervals e.g. change of weather, 4 Desirable & undesirable changes - | desirable changes —_— produce useful results & are brought about by man ornatut! e.g. making of glass. ae j undesirable changes — produce useless results & are brought about by man ornatut e.g. breaking of glass. i Scanned with CamScannerPHYSICAL CHANGE DEFINITION [A change in ‘whith the-substance «retains ~its identity & fe= ‘A pligsical change is ~ temporary ~easily reversible With no new Subs + composition & properties “original substance - not alt EXAMPLE ~ of a physical change” + Melting of ice. ° co = 9 = = matty Jeane mar WE] Ice ICE WATER 1 1. Composition of the molecules of the | 1. substance remains - unaltered. 2. Temporary change - c 2 reversed by - reversal of conditions. _ 3. No change in mass - of the substance | 3. undergoing a - physical change. Reason = No matter is added or removed- during a physical change. 4. A physical change - = isnot accompanied by a marke evolution or absorption of heat. DEFINITION loses = its identity &. ee ‘produces — one ormorenew substances \ chemical change is — reversible _ “warren sab tance formed é& EXAMPLE — of a chemical change RIBBON iw 1._Is the change - Yes | 1. Is the change ~ permanent? 2.715 the change - reversibl Yes , the change. irreversible?” 3.°Tg any - new substance formed? No | 3. Is any - new substance formed? 4, Has the compositio as the of the substance — of the substance,- changed? COMPARISON ~ COMPARISON . A chemical change - CHEMICAL CHANGE y change in its composition. Composition & ~original substance alte = rsh Burning of magnesium. Composition of the molecules of substance altered -new products Permanent change- not reversed by - reversal of condi Change in mass - of the subst undergoing a - chemical change. Reason - Matter is added or « removed- but total mass is unaltere isac ied by evolution orab: of heat sometimes emission of 98> Scanned with CamScannerTHE CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER Melting — ~ conversion of - a solid into’a liquid on heating. ~ Vaporization - conversion of - a liquid into vapour [or gas]. = Condensation - conversion of - vapour [or gas] into a liquid. a - Freezing ~ conversion of - a liquid into a solid. ; ICE WATER WATER VAPOUR ; MELTING . VAPORIZATION — — ICE WATER WATER VAPOUR FREEZING ¢ ‘ CONDENSATION ICETRAY = BG 2. OTHER EXAMPLES - Melting of wax =. Boiling of milk - Rain cycle = Sublimation of camphor _-_ Drying of a fruit -_ Ringing of an electric bel Addition of salt to water 1 SALT SOLUTION — a — = eating Original substance: Salt _ |Physical change: Dissolution, Final product: Salt Heating a platinum wire 2 pick t ON HEATING PLATINUM WIRE \TINUM WIRE Original substance: Platinum |Physical change: Heat Tadiation| _ Final product: Platinum ON HAMMERING cm > «£ TRON FILINGS CLING TO NAIL IRON FILINGS DO NOT CLING Physical change: Magnetization| __ Final product: Iron nail _ Magnetization of Iron Scanned with CamScanner|(p.CHEMICAL CHAN [EXAMPLES OF - c =Dehydration = ICAL a : 7, CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKING PLAGE xa lition of acids - t Fermentation eae Suistances, Original substances: Iron, sulphuric acid Chemical change: ane piration __=_inliving organising Basin =_of substances inva” -— 2. OTHER EXAMPLES oer = Carbon cycle = Ripeni i t Ir a ipening of a fruit - Changes in electro chemical cells = Curdling of milk - Butter turning rancid _ Rotting of aes ‘Addition — of iron to acid RON oak BUDBLES os DILUTE AciD onal Final products: Iron sulphate, hydrogen, Chemical change: Original substances: Sulphur, air or oxygen __| Sulphur + oxygen > Sulphur dioxide Rusting — of iron [ATMOSPHERE [BROWN FLAKES a IRONNAIL —> Chemical change: Final product : — Original substances: Iron, oxygen [air] Iron + oxygen > iron [lll] oxide Iron [Ill] oxide [rust] SSS Scanned with CamScanneree] ACTIVITIES & DEMONSTRATIONS | Physi & Chemical .Changes As per the new latest Middle School Chemistry Syllabus Pedagogy/Transactional Strategies : + Providing opportunities to children to recapitulate their previous knowledge ~ during group discussion. Bridging any gaps in their understanding. | + Building on children’s ~ previous learning. : : «Providing a list of changes like- inflated balloon will burst when lought near a lighted by Suggested Learning Resources + List of physical & chemical changes: a Formation of curd form milk o Curdling of milk a Rotting of eges 2. Rustingofiron a Melting of ice a Formation of vapours 2 Sublimation of camphy Demonstrations & Discussions — By the Teacher .+ Discussing the various physical & chemical changes - simple basic ones may be demonstraty Addition of salt [NaCl].to water Addition of dilute acid [HSO,]to zinc metal Salt remains after i150, se evaporation of salt solution ZINC [Zn] Questions to ask: Original substance Final product : 4IN¢ Are new products formed... Is the change physical/Chemic: + Other examples ~ Chemical changes i] Souring of milk ii] Heat on zinc carbonate iii] Heating of iron with sulphur iv] Tamishing of jewellery v] Digestion of food vi] Frying an egg vii] Explosion of a fire cracker viii] Lighting a match xIs the change physical/Chemica « Other examples - Physical changes i] Boiling of milk ii] Dissolving sugar in water iii] Crumpling of paper iv] , Mixing sand & water v] Cutting of wood vi] Melting of chocolate vii] Freezing water to ice : ; viii] Melting of butter Physical chan; ‘show change in size, texture or shape but ~— Nonew lucts are forme Chemical pried a result in evolution of gas or heat and. — New ee are formed Demonstration of a physical change - Inflated balloon bursts when brought near a lighted bul since the air molecules in the balloon gets heated up & expand - thereby burstir ee oo Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE Physical & ch 1, Change - is the law of nature whicl emical Changes : *h occurs in everyday li aE ie ae Be. matter] undergoes 5 kind of ae 2 irreversible wefecring Of water is a reversible change while burning of 4 ents is a non-periodic my Be of seasons is a periodic change while change. of Weé State which of the followin, i bof the 8 Pertain to ~ chemical changes. al Substance Tetains its identity b] The change ip ermanent c] No new substance is formed. d] Is easily Teversible e] Produces one ore permanent its composition. and properties of the original substance are Py » 8 of a magnesium ribbon in air is considered a chemical change. ‘Compare the energy changes involved Guring a physical and a chemical change. 6, Is change of state of matter ~ a physical or a chemical change. Give reasons. Ate which of the following terms connected with change of state of matter ie. - a] Melting b] Vaporisation c] Condensation d] Freezing - pertdin’to - i] Conversion of a liquid into a vapour or gas ii] Conversion of a liquid into a solid. ——~ Conversion of a solid into a liquid on heating. Madera 8, Potassium chloride is added to water and stirred. A salt solution is obtained which is then boiled leaving behind a residue \ a] Is the above change physical or chemical — BR Qsierd | Cram yon b] Name the residue which remains behind after the salt solution is boiled. prs\-o, Gis4 ¢] Is the change reversible or not reversible. - Resrermshyda_ e@niorida, d] Are the composition and properties of the original substance altefed.— {VD e] Give a reason why the above experimentation would not be possible, if calcium carbonate is taken, in place of potassium chloride. 9. Give a reason why - = Noporisation VAZINQ a] Heating a platinum wire is a reversible change but, heating'a magnesium wire is an irreversible change. a 5 ce b] Addition of zinc nitrate to water is a physical change but, addition of zinc to dilute nitric acid is a chemical change. pf Gi ; he Rusting of iron is a chemical change but, magnetization of iron is a physical change. fi ing list of changes - Select the chemical changes from the following es : Sahin a] Vaporisation of water into water vapour. b] Boiling of milk. c] Respiration in mammals d] Rotting of eggs. e] Drying of_afruit. f] The carbon cycle. g] Occurrence of lightening otting of eggs. ] Drying of a fru ireaking of glass. i tuming rancid. j] Glowing of an electric bulb. k] Crystallisation of a from ha eae ee aircon m] Preparation of carbon dioxide from calcium farbonate_g& dilute hydrochloric aci | “ i Scanned with CamScannerOBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Physical & Chemical Changes 5 Qa Select the correct answer from the choice in bracket to complete each sentence; 4 1. Achange in which a substance retains its identity is a ical/chemical] cha 2. Matter is added or removed during a Ses chan [ch physical] cl 3. Energy required for completion of 1 change is pt when the change is aed ie Jae ee 4. Dissolution of lead nitrate in water is deemed as a * (phate chan 5. A change in which matter\ underg change but the total mass of substang, unaltered is a [physical/chemt niall change. : Q2 State which of the following 1 to 5 pertain to ~ A: Physical Change B: Chemical change: re 1. Sublimation. | PE 2. Fermentation. (> 3. Liquefaction or condensation.” 4. Magnetization. AY 5. Respiration. , & ‘ Q3 Give reasons why the following are considered as chemical chanj ges. joxide. ; Copper carbonate on heat fives copper oxide and carbor bright light is seen evolved when a strip of magnesium is heated. sulphur when burnt in air evolves a gaseous acidic eae an iron nail kept open in the atmosphere rusts. © A piece of magnesium strip is dropped into a beaker containing g dilute hydrochloric as QA Match the examples of changes in List I with the correct type of change in List I. | List I List 1. Burning of paper A: Physical change 2. Ringing of an electric bell J B: Chemical change 3. Curdling of milk B 4, An electric light is switched onfy 5, Melting of butter h Q5 Name the following. | 1. The salt obtained when a chemical change takes place on addition of iron to dilv sulphuric acid. Tron _ su)phafe Toe 2. The product obtained during a pHyscal change when water converts from a liquid if 2 sob 3. ‘The produc ofthe chemical change on keeping a polished iron rail exposed to ts atmosphe 4. A form of energy required for a chemical change, }} Heat Tron ex 5. t ic eee) Product ee ee chemical Areiae takes place during respiration Scanned with CamScannerTATEST SYLLABUS — Key ae ' + Revision of matter taught in wate + Elements, compounds & mixtures | abrief explanation, tures ~ Separation of the com, «Emphasis on the p Learning Outcomes: 7 recall previous knowledge related to elements, compounds & mixt 3 es classify substances into elements, compounds and mix- tures on the basis of their ies; sh i & Perform activities to separate components of a mixture; * explain the principle involved in using a particular fechnique in separating a mixture ments, compounds & Matter ~ occupies space, has mass & — i i <2 can be i + Matter ~ i.e. substances maybe pu: ceived by the sense: Aybe pure or impure in natne. - 7 Pie substances ~ are classified into elements & com: ounds & Impure as mixtures. sification of matter wo MATTER pone) fe aniaul [NON-LIVING ] [Substances] >mMponents of a mixture, rinciple of separation, PURE SUBSTANCES, IMPURE SUBSTANCES ¥ av v ELEMENTS |COMPOUNDS| MIXTURES = v 57 v v v. IMETALS NON-METALS METALLOIDS NOBLE GASES ¥ HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS| Tron Sulphur Silicon Helium Iron sulphide Air Oil & water Non-metal - Sulphur Compound Iron sulphide Mixture — iron & Sulphur © He base uit of mater cma be «_Itismainly cased ito mas nonetals metaoas Wl gs | ee Sf eel by coxsbhiation of - fwwo or me ane «one broken dan no seamen by chen mens RE a lon ct —e x psaaen, teeee The substances are mechanically mixed together in - any ratio. fi JOH Scanned with CamScanner4. ELEMENTS - Te + An element - is a pure substance - made up of one kind of atoms only. «Anatom ~ is the basic unit of an element. ‘Atom ~ is the smallest particle ele of an elena en ‘onsrrs Bucrnons | which may of may not exist on its own. PROTON” | Ap atom is further divisible as Seen today in NEUTRON |. Nucleus — in the centre of the atom containg Protons - positively charged particles, Neutrons ~ particles carrying no charge, Orbits — surround the nucleus in which revolve Electrons - negatively charged pats ‘An atom — of fluorine [At. No. 9] Pp = e \fatomicno.] [no, of protons] [no. of electrons] | 2. ELEMENTS - Classification | The modern periodic table — Arrangement of elements from atomic numbers ~ 1 to 29, ATOMIC NUMBER. ‘MASS NUMBER. ae ihre Scanned with CamScanner. Have lustre — Te shine Are malleable ~ ie, amt be beaten into sheets, : icity.| Are poor conductors ~ of heat & electri Have high ~ melting & boiling points Have low ~ melting & boiling points Have high ~ density Have low - density a , Contain ~ one type of atoms - monoatomic Contain ~ monoatomic or diatomic atoms ‘ceptions ~ To properties of metals & non-metal Mercury - ametal is iqui Zinc Iodine Graphite - a non-metal - ‘at Toom temperature. ~ a metal is non-malleable and non-ductile ~ a non-metal - is lustrous is lustrous & a good conductor of sen [beyond certain temperatures]. + Elements ~ which show properties | Elements - which occur in traces in ~ of both metals é& non-rhetals, the atmosphere in the gaseous sta Are chemically reactive Are chemically inert or inactive | Contain - one type of atoms - Contain - one type of atoms - monoatomic monoatomic ; PIZZOATHE Scanned with CamScanner= 7 iio} c. MOLECULES = Formation from atoms of same or different Cleme, OLECULES - Term lolecule — toms of the - same element or different elements combine to form a ~ molecyi, is the smallest particle of a substance - which can normally exist - independently & can retain, the physical & chemical properties of the substang, (Atomicity - the number of atoms of an element that join together forming a molecule of that element is known as the atomicity. j ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT - FORMING A MOLECULE Elements made up of single atoms - monoatomic molecules 6 | qonoata + _ In certain cases single atoms maybe regardéd as a molecule - where the single atom retains all the properties of a chemical substanc ! felium [He]; Neon [Ne]; [Ar] ee e.g. Metals - Na, Mg etc. ‘Noble gases ! Elements made up of two atoms - diatomic molecules _& Q "| « They are molecules which contain two atoms of the same type. e.B-H,, O, N,, Elements made up of more than two atoms —-polyatomic molecules, + They are molecules which contain more than thréé atoms of the same type. e. ( ELEMENT Molecule| Atomicity Molecules of atoms — of the sai 3 DIATOMIC MOLECULES HYDROGEN -(H)| H, 2 OXYGEN -O} 0°, (HY) Hvarogen molecule| CHLORINE - Chce Ge) come mot BROMINE -@] Br, POLYATOMIC MOLECULES IODINE -@} 2 Ozone molecule | J OZONE -E| 2 PHOSPHORUS-(B)| Py ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS ~ FORMING A MOLECULE (COMPOUNDS) + Molecules of elements containing - two or more atoms of different kinds ~ chemically combined together are called - molecules of compounds. e.g, water [E,0} nein oloment Molecule Meoreeales cer sebies a ee NM NNN ELEMENTS HO [water] CO, [carbon dioxide] Scanned with CamScanner2 atoms of ‘H’ with - 1 ‘atom’ of ‘O’ to give water - HO 2. COMPOUNDS — Characteristics of compounds - Components in a compound are ina = . Compound is always . Particles in a compound . Compounds have a . Elements in the compound _ Components in a compound Aron Geeta sietie IRON CANNOT BE SEPARATED Compound IRON SULPHIDE definite proportion. homogeneous [i.e, identical composition] are of one kind. definite set of properties do not retain their original properties. can be separated - by chemical means only.) Mixture IRON + SULPHUR Iron a component in the compound iron sulphide ~ cannot be separated from the compound by physical means - ie. using a magnet 3.ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS — A comparative: ELEMENT Contains ~ one Kind of atoms only. eg. elements - carbon [C] & oxygen [O]. Cannot be broken down - into two or more simpler substances - by physical or chemical means. Elements have their - own set of properties - ¢.g. elements * Carbon [C] - is combustible & Oxygen [0] - supports combustion. Combustible _ Supports combustion COMPOUND Contains — two or more kinds of atoms. eg. compound - carbon dioxide [CO,] Can be broken down - E into two or more simpler substances — by chemical means. f Properties of compounds - differ from those of their elements. eg. CO, contains elements - Carbon [C] & Oxygen [O] - but a carbon dioxide is = non-combustible & non-supporter of combustion. sii Scanned with CamScannermixture is made up of - two or more eae - elements or compounds or! ically mixed together in - any proportiot + Amixture - retains the properties of its constituent elements or compounds, both’ Element + nt | Compound + Compound | Element/s + Compoy 0:0 2>]"00 Mixture Mixture [Brass] [Salt solution} [Gun powder] 2. TYPES OF MIXTURES — Homogeneous & heterogeneo! HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE + Constituents - uniformly mixed. + Constituents - not uniformly mixed, + Properties & composition - + Properties & composition - same throughout the mixture. vary throughout the mixture, Two solids - Brass [Cu + Zn] Two solids - Iron + sulphur * Solid & liquid - Salt + water Solid & liquid - Sand + ‘water Two liquids - Alcohol + water Two liquids - Oil+water ~ Two gases = Air Two gases ee ab 3. COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES — a comparative study - CONFOUND 0.9. FeS MIXTURES 6.9. Fe+§ + Composition - = - ertnetetenin | Sorte compen + Nature - always homogeneous + Nature-hom; ‘arying proportions. + Properties - components Plone ogencaus, orheterogen do not retain their original properties, |" \f aires = compontits, bi weet components — a their original Properti | an be rby chemical means\ |! Separation - components iON TF arated by physical means. MIXTURE — Fo +5 Scanned with CamScannerie SOLID-SOLID MIXTURE |, SUBLIMATION Separation based on - sublimable solid NaCl [sodium chloride] sublimes on heating leaving behind the NH,C1 - sublimes on heating - ae directly changes into vapour. SOLVENT EXTRACTION SOLUBLE SOLID INSOLUBLE SOLID Ss c [sulphur] [charcoal] Separation based on - soluble solids dissolves in a solvent leaving behind the other. S - dissolves in solvent ~ . recovered on evaporation, s iron} [sulphur] Separation based on - magnetic solids — attracted by a magnet leaving behind the other.) Fe ~ magnetic in nature — ‘ * attracted by a magnet. i FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION SOLUBLE SOLID SOLID KNO, KcIO, [potassium nitrate] [potasetuns cilaratey Separation based on - difference in solubility of the solids in a‘ particular solvent, KNO) - more soluble int water; ts KC10, - less soluble in water, lz SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURE FILTRATION . INSOLUBLE SOLID Caco, [calcium carbonate] Separation based on - insoluble solid being filtered out using filter paper. CaCO, - insoluble in water - filtered out |. and remains on filter paper. EVAPORATION 7 —— SOLUBLE SOLID FROM LIQUID COMPONENT} NaCl Water [common salt] Separation based on - evaporation of liquid component leaving behind the solid. NaCl ~ dissolves in water - on evaporation |« SEDIMENTATION INSOLUBLE SOLID FROMLIQUID CO! Sand Water x Separation based on - insoluble solid settling down due to sedimentation. _ Sand - insoluble in water ~ settles down and remaining upper liquid decanted out, DISTILLATION SOLUBLE SOLID FROMLIQUID COMPO} Nacl Water {common salt] 1 Separation based on - liquid component evaporates & recondenses - solid remains, NaCl - remains in distillation flask ; Water - collects in receiver after condensation, — recovered in evaporating dish. ett Scanned with CamScannerMETHODS OF SEPARATION TYPE OF MIXTURE 3. LIQUID-LIQUID MIXTURE . SEPARATING FUNNEL IMMISCIBLE IMMISCIBLE LIGHTER LIQUID: HEAVIER LIQUID Oil Water Separation based on - difference in densities of the two liquids + Oil remains in separating funnel Water — collects in flask below on opening tap [YPES OF MIXTURES - Methods of separation’ _ At METHODS OF SEPARATIO; FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION MISCIBLE LOW MISCIBLE} BOILING POINT LIQUID BORING FONT, Methyl alcohol Water Separation based on - difference in boiling points of the two liquids «Methyl alcohol ~ collects in receiver «Water - remains in distillation flask LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE BOILING THE LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE Capa Spee. GAS LIQUID COMPONENT Carbon dioxide Water Separation based on ~ decrease in solubility of a gas in a liquid e.g. water with increase in temperature of the liquid. 5. GAS-GAS MIXTURE Carbon dioxide- escapes out from water on boiling the carbon dioxide-water mixture. DIFFUSION LIGHTER HEAVIER, GASCOMPONENT GAS COMPONENT Hydrogen Oxygen Separation based on - passage of the gases through porous partition «Hydrogen - lighter gas - diffuses more rapidly ‘on passage through porous partition Oxygen - heavier gas — diffuses less rapidly on passage through the same, COMPLEX MIXTURES CHROMATOGRAPHY To separate the mixture of - different _ solid constituents in a liquid constituent, SOLUBILITY IN SOLVENT SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE GAS COMPONENT GAS COMPONENT Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen Separation based on - solubility of the gas in the solvent. e.g. water Hydrogen chloride - highly soluble gos ~ dissolves in water. Nitrogen - almost insoluble in water - bubbles out of the solvent Dissolved gas in water - expelled by boiling. CENTRIFUGATION Separation of mixtures -usingacentrifvt force [force exerted by revolving object] Scanned with CamScanner= 4, SUBLIMATION aration of - ‘Sublimable solid ‘A’ Non-sublimable solid “B’ Separation of — TRS .SEPARATION OF MIXTURES — Solid-solid mixtures ADK > &g. ammonium chloride -_eg sodium chloride (NaCl ; INH, Cl] from - slowly as shown below. Sublimable solid — ‘A’ Non-sublimable solid — ‘B" PROCESS a + Take the mixture‘A+B’- |. Sublimable solid i olid'B 1 re “A : + Non-sublimablesolid‘B in an evaporating dish. collects on the - remains in the =.» : Thee dla iscovered witha | inner side of the funnel & evaporating dish & a nel Re ueoet wibeoton is scrapped out easily, is separated out easily. 4 . Heat the evaporating disti'|¥\!)") Lain wnt MAGNETIC SEPARAT! + Move a magnet over the mixture ‘A + BY, Separation of . Magnetic soli ._.Non-magnetic solid - eg SAS {s] Separation of - Magnetic solid — ‘Non-magnetic solid — ‘B" PROCESS 1a + -Take the mixture ‘A+B’- |. Magnetic solid ‘A’ - ++) Non-magnetic solid “B= ina flat dish and spread it | is - atfracted to the magnet. | | remains in the dish.. _ out uniformly init: o 4 : ise Scanned with CamScannerSEPARATION OF MIXTURES - Solid-solid mixtures 3. SOLVENT EXTRACTION tion of - + Soluble solid ‘A’ ~ eg-sulphur [S] [soluble in a solvent] from - «Insoluble solid ‘B’ = e.g charcoal [C] Separation of — Soluble solid — Insoluble solid ~ 'g PROCESS d + Add mixture ‘A +B’ - + Soluble component ‘A’- Insoluble ‘component to a beaker containing the| is obtainedon- remains behind ~ solvent-[carbondisulphide]. | slow evaporation of the onthe filter paper, + Stir well till the - soluble | filtered solution. component dissolves. | «Filler the contents ~ The mixtue of Sul phur j of the beaker. ond Charcoal can | ADD ‘A + BY Separa led 2 \ Solveni bara ted n Mh de 1 a= otiltradt on ——_, i 5 |; evaporation 4. FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION Separation of - : . Soluble solid ‘A’ ~ ©§- potassium nitrate [KNO,] - more soluble from - «Soluble solid ‘B’ =_€g potassium chlorate [KCIO,] - less soluble ina solveri Separation of — Less soluble solid - ‘A’ More soluble solid —'B' PROCESS a + Add the mixture‘A+B’- |. Less soluble solid‘A’- |. More soluble solid ‘B’- toabeaker of water &heat | _is filtered out from the is obtained from the toobtainhotsaturatedsoln. | hot saturated solution, filtrate by heating the + Coolthehot saturatedsoln. | recrystallised from hot filtrate followed by when crystals of less soluble| water & dried, cooling. The crystals of ‘A’ crystallize out. the more soluble solid Kao, crystallises out, w me fi, ft fy HEATON FILTRATE h \cRYSTA v 5 Le Scanned with CamScannerot SEPA 4. FILTRATION Separation of - o Insoluble solid ‘A! . Liquid component ‘B’ Separation of — =| &g: calcium carbonate [CaCO,] from - Water [HO] Insoluble solid - Nene cote ctolowing. donk | white’ “a: formakey a) im rane RATION OF MIXTURES — PROCESS . Place a wet folded filter paper in.a funnel - clamped above a beaker. «Pour the mixture ‘A +B’ carefully through it. ADD “A+ Insoluble solid “A‘ - remains on filter paper, It is dried & recovered. FILTER. PAPER +. Liquid component ‘B’-._ remains behind = in the lower beaker. SEDIMENTATION Separation of - . Insoluble solid ‘A’ 2 «Liquid component ‘B‘ Separation of — PROCESS +. Take the mixture ‘A + B’— in a beaker. + Keep the contents aside for a while. e.g, sand from = = e.g water [H,O] Insoluble solid — Insoluble solid ‘A’- settles down. & i: E = 3 4 3 3 % a decanted [poured out] _ into a beaker. 7 a Scanned with CamScannerCat RS SET a, + Soluble solid a‘ e.g. sodium chloride [NaCl] [non-volatile] from _ + Place the mixture‘A +B’- |. Soluble solid ‘A’ - +_ Liquid component ‘B’ e.g water [H,0] Separation of — Soluble solid - ‘A’ Liquid component PROCESS Liquid component », in an evaporating dish in the evaporating dish is is lost as water vapoy, & heat carefully on -| ; recovered on evaporation of a sand bath, the solution, + The flame is adjusted to Prevent the solid left behind inthe dish from spurting out. ADD ‘A+B ON Be EVAPORATING| EY ASCRATION ” ‘VAPOUR ISH ee ae | 4. DISTILLATION 4 Separation of - + Soluble solid ‘A’ «_ Liquid component ‘BY 8; lead nitrate [or dissolved impurities in water] from e.g water [HO] Separation of — Soluble solid ~ Liquid component - 8° PROCESS + Add the mixture of ‘A +B’ — to the flask ‘X’ of the distillation apparatus. + The flask is then carefully heated as shown below & | the mixture evaporates & later condenses.. Liquid component 8 collects in receiver Y’- after condensation. Scanned with CamScanner» Immiscible lighter liquid ‘A’ ~ eg. oil from ~ = e.g water [H,0] . Immiscible heavier liquid ‘B’ (e Separation of — Immiscible lighter liquid — ‘A* Immiscible heavier liquid - 'B" PROCESS . Pour mixture ‘A +B’ - fromthe top ofaseparati funnel,clampedasshow Allow themixturetostand in the funnel for sometime till the layer [heavier - below & lighter - above] - + Lighter liquid ‘A’- remains in the - separating funnel, vomited, + Heavier liquid collects in the flask~ (on opening the tap. Separation of — « Miscible low boiling point liquid ‘A’ - eg: methyl alcohol [CH,OH] from - + _Miscible high boiling point liquid ‘B’ - e.g water [HO] _[orbenzene bp. 80°C from toluene bp. 110°C] ‘Separation of — High boiling point liquid - ‘B" Low boiling point liquid — ‘A’ PROCESS + Mixture ‘A+ BY - is kept in a distillation flask ’X’ attached with a fractionating column. ‘The flask is then heated as shown below & the mixture Higher boiling point liquid “B’- remains in flask ‘X’ - after condensation. FRACTIONATING ‘COLUMN j Lower boiling point Tiquid‘a’=- ’ collects in'receiverY’ — after condensation in Scanned with CamScanner[4. CHROMATOGRAPHY Separation of - + Liquid constituent ink. J. SEPARATION OF MIXTI + Solid constituents e.g. ‘A’, ‘BY, ‘C’, ‘D' which are different dyes in Chromatography is based on difference in adsorption of the solid constituents egd [‘A’, ‘B, ‘C;, ‘D’ in ink] on the surface of an adsorbent medium eg. filter paper." containing different solid constituents [dyes] - it’s lower end completely dipped ~ in the solvent. Separation of — Solid constituents ining PROCESS f + Place the ink spot|. Thefilterpaperishungwith’| The solvent flow over the ink spot" the ‘Solid constituen + More dense component ~ eg. cream from- onthefilter paper. yah 1 [dyes “A’“B', “Cr, ty) n 10. a Se masat bag separate out as shown, | | Pare fy - y | INK spor & CENTRIFUGATION Separation of - i +__Less dense component __ ~ eg milk [ Separation of — More dense component Less dense component PROCESS | + Involvesuseof-centrifugal |. More dense component - | « Less d Smponent- force - for separation. of the mixture migrates - |." of the mixture niga + Arevolving object exerts away from the axis — towards the axis { a force - away from the of the centrifuge of the centre of rotation called - oie renting) od centrifugal force. i Scanned with CamScanner| ACTIVITIES & DEMONSTRATIONS Elements, Compounds & Mixtures As per the new latest Middle School Chemistry Syllabus pedagogy/Transactional Strategies . Revisiting earlier concepts. + Building on = children’s previous learning. Organising the discussion of the topic concerned by question- answer method. Give feedback to the children - about the gaps found in their learning. : Activities performed by children to - Separate the components of 2-3 mixtures involving different techniques. e.g.-a CaCO, & NaCl a kerosene & water | . Discussing the principle of the techniques involved - in separation of different mixtures. Suggested Learning Resources + Collection of samples of some - elements, compounds é mixtures. Demogstrations & Discussions — By the Teacher ; ion of examples of various elements, compounds & mixtures - generally seen in daily life. |" iples of - Elements Examples of - Compounds AS Mercury ~ in thermometers + Alcohol = in thermorheters + Aluminium — -infoils& + Carbon dioxide - in fizzy drinks + Copper ~incooking vessels + Table salt [NaCl] - in food items + Carbon [graphite] - in lead pencils + Ammonia ~inhousehold deaning + Silicon ~inelectrical equipments |. Sulphuricacid asa battery acid + Lithium + Calcium carbonate - in black board chalk + Neon ivertisement signs |» Epsom salt [MgSO,7H,O] - asa bath salt + Fluorine ~in toothpaste ~ |. Milkof magnesia [Mg(OH),}- helps digestion + Examples of - Mixtures: Concrete [CaO, water & sand]; Milk & honey; Sugar & coffee ; Sea water; Brass [Cu & Zn] ; Stainless steel [Ni, Cr, Fe] ; Honey & tea ; Petrol; Air etc. Separation of mixtures — may be demonstrated by the, teacher or performed by the student.” [- Separation of CaCO, &NaCl- +. Separation of kerosene & water — a Solvent extraction - add mixture to| Separating funnel - pour mixture’ into water, Stir well till NaCl dissolves & filter | separating" funnel. Heavier’ water layer thecontents. Slow evaporation ofthefiltered | settles down & lighter Kerosene layer is solution gives back soluble NaCl, while | ' above it. Kerosene remains in the funnel & insoluble CaCO, remains on the filter paper. ‘water collects on opening the tap below. EVAPORATION S None Suu BEHIND NaCl si CFOs momo ) Yt WATER: y eB LOE bBE Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE vox. | Elements, Compounds & Mixtures 1. Represent with’ the \hélp"of ‘a’simple chart how matter is classified ‘into’ pure o, ; substances & further into elements, compounds é mixtures, with elements further seg? 2. Define the terms elements, compounds é mixtures with a view to show their basic dltfer 3, ‘An atom is the basic unit of an’element’.’ Draw a diagram of an atom ~ divisible as seen iy 4. "The modern periodic table consists of elements arranged according to their increasing atomic: With reference to elements with atomic numbers 1 to 20 only in the periodic table ~ differen, into'— metallic elements, metalloids, non-metals & noble gases. fens are 'broadly classified into metals & non-metals. State six :general’ dif physical properties of metals & non-metals. State fwo metals & two. non-metals wh contradict with the general physical properties - giving reasons, State one differencg property between metalloids & noble gases. 6. With reference to elements ~ define the term ‘molecule’. Give two examples each of a 1) 'monoatomic, diatomic & polyatomic molecule. ae "7. Define the term ‘compound’. In the compound carbon dioxide - the elements carbon & oxygen are combined in a fixed ratio. Explain. . 8. State five different characteristics of compounds. Give three differences between element compounds with relevant examples. ; ; 9. Explain the term ‘mixturé.. Differentiate between homogeneous & heterogeneous mixtures. State w brass is considered as a homogeneous mixture while a mixture of iron & sulphur - heterogenec Give an example of two liquids which form a] homogeneous b] heterogeneous ~ mixtures 10. Compare the properties of iron [Il] sulphide with iron-sulphur mixture, considering iron sulphide as a compound & particles of iron & sulphur mixed together as an example of a mixt n ‘any one method - to separate the following mixtures - beeen’ ‘a] ‘Two solid mixtures one of which . - directly changes into vapour on heating.» b] ATwo solid mixtures one of which ~ dissolves in a particular solvent and other does ¢]--A solid-liquid-mixture-containing~ - an insoluble solid in the liquid component 1)"“A' solid-liquid mixture containing -'a'soluble solid in the liquid component e] -Avliquid-liquid mixture containing - two immiscible liquids having different densitie f].Apliquid-liquid mixture containing - two miscible liquids having, different boiling pol g] -A liquid-gas mixture, containing ~ a gas dissolved in a liquid component, hy ‘A gas-gas mixture containing, - two gases with different, densities. i] A misture of different solid constituents ~ in’a liquid constituent, wis _| 12, Kxplain with diagrams the process used to - separate the following substances from the. given mit fa] Ammonium chloride from a mixture of - ammonium chloride & potassium chloride b] Iron from a mixture of - iron & copper ¢} Sulphur from a mixture of ~ sulphur & copper d] Potassium nitrate from a mixture of - potassium nitrate & potassium chlorate. e] Lead carbonate [insoluble] from a mixture of - lead carbonate & water. f] Lead nitrate [soluble] from a mixture of - lead nitrate & water ie lead nitrate solution. g] Carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of ~ carbon tetrachloride [heavier component] & wale h] Benzene from a mixture of - benzene [b.p. 80°C] & toluene [bp: 110°C]. » i] Different dyes ~ in their liquid constituent ink ¢ oe —! Scanned with CamScannerOBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS : Elements, Compounds & Mixtures 25/RMtEe QJ Select powder Wet from A,B, C, D & E for each statement given below: Bl A: Gunpowder B: Iodine C: Boron D: Helium E: Bromine 1, Adiatomic molecule. Py pn; 2. Ametalloid. C_ MEINE = 3. Anon-metal which is lustrous, 8 4. A mixture consisting of elem 5 ents & . Anoble gas. () a ssmopcund. Q2 Match the separation of components in List List 1 1. Naphthalene from naphthalene & sodium chloride. 2. Cream from milk. [) 3. Kerosene oil from kerosene oil & water, ‘4, 5, ‘with the most appropriate process in List IL Bl List II QA: Separating funnel Br Sublimation , Boiling Lead nitrate from an aqueous solution of lead nitrate D: Centrifugation . Ammonia from an aqueous solution of ammonia. E: Distillation Q3_ The diagram represents fractional distillation for separation of mixtures, Answer the: following: [5] 1. Can two immiscible liquids be separated by this process. - Separation of liquids by this process is based on which physical property. ._ If methyl alcohol & water are to be separated, which liquid would remain in flask’X’ after condensation. . Give a reason for the above answer. .. State the purpose of the fractionating column intheapparatus. eos the correct answer from the choice in bracket to complete each sentence: B) . Dust inair is an example of. {heterogendcts/ asus beedd mixture. 2. A soluble solid is separated from an insoluble solid by [fractional crystallisation/ solvent eXxffaction]. . coma 3. The reactive element from the two monoatomic elements is [neon/silicon]. 4. Compoundsare [homogeneous or hetcrogeneous/ always hoitgeneous | innature, 5. An example of a monoatomic molecule is _______ [hydrogen/helitfm]. Q5 Give reasons for the following statements: BI 1. Components in a mixture can be separated by physical methods only. : 2. Centrifugation can be used for separating an insoluble heavier solid, present in an - insoluble solid-liquid mixture. : ee 3. The filter paper made into a cone & placed in a funnel for filtering out the solid particles in a solid-liquid mixture, should be moistened before placing. : 4. Brass & bronze are examples of mixtures, while copper sulphate & lead nitrate are examples of compounds. gstslirs, 5. Zinc is considered an element, while zinc sulphide is considered a compound. o> One | ae Scanned with CamScannerLATEST SYLLABUS - Key Concepts / Concerns + Fundamental subatomic particles Present in an atom: electrons, protons, neutrons. + Nucleus & extra nuclear parts. + Atomic number & mass number, A. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM - Introduction & ancient view; 1. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM - Introduction + The word ‘atom’ is a Greek word meaning ‘indivisible ~ since it was considered an ultimate particle beyond sub-division. + The concept that all matter consists of extremely small particles was put { Indian & Greek philosophers & later when John Dalton developed his tomiche| + Various scientists including J.J. Thomson, Goldstein, Rutherford, Chadwick & Bi further contributed to the discovery of the ultimate particle - ‘the aton’ 2, STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM - Ancient views of the atomic structure | A. KANADA’S CONCEPT OF AN ATOM — + Kanada an Indian philosopher conceived that matter is made up of particles called - paramanus [atoms]. He said that a binary atomic compound is formed when two atoms combine & called it dvyanuka & further combination results in tryanuka, B. DALTON’S ere re ice ms a + John Dalton’s [1803] theory explains successfully a number of chemical observations such as ‘Pints of Choral Gonbtvaior bat fled Wo cpa he ts a towards different chemical activities. The main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory : - Matter consists of small icles called atoms cee eae ble & Canal be crtted or desioyed « Atoms of the same element are alike but differ from atoms of all other elements. « Compounds or molecules are formed when atoms combine with other atoms = in simple whole number ratios. “ ? 2 ; . Anatom is the smallest unit of matter which takes part in a chemical reaction. tradiction of Dalton’s atomic theory by the Modern atomic theory. Learning Outcomes: 13 descr that an ton cones of DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY MODERN ATOMIC THEORY + Atoms are indestructible ~ Atoms are destructible if | | Anatom is the indivisible, smallest + Atoms are divisible and consist of - particle of an element. Protons electrons &eneutrons. + Atoms of the same element are alike + Atoms of the same element may 1 in all respects alike as seen in case of isotopes. ‘The modern atomic theory correlates with Dalton’s atomic theory in the fact that — atoms are the smallest unit of the matter taking part in a chemical reaction. Scanned with CamScannerELECTRONS ATOMIC NUCLEUS ee a NEUTRONS ‘An atom eal cathode rays — Leading to the discovery of — ‘electrons’ intist ~ William Croakes 11878]. + Discovery - The cathode rays. + Experiment + An electric discharge was passed through a tube containing a gas at low pressute. ;, Blue rays were emitted from the cathode [ negative plate] ~ which were called cathode rays. Conclusion Cathode rays were thus discovered ~ leading to discovery of electrons. 4. DISCOVERY OF — Electrons ~ Scientist - JJ. Thomson [1897] han + Discovery = Constituents of cathode rays ive: particles that contain lectrons. + Experiment = << - a + JJ. Thomson studied the characteristics & constituents of cathode rays. The rays have kinetic energy & cast a shadow of an object in their path. He also saw that cathode rays were deflected by a positively charged plate. clusion R fate le rays consist i articles no} S dectrons /) All electrons are identical & atoms 01 contain —the same particle electfons. + Since an atom is electrically neutral it must contain some - oppositely charged particles. + This conclusion further lead to the discovery of positively charged particles ~ protons. Te ae Scanned with CamScanneroa & ae Py fe of protons & atomic nucleus 2. DISCOVERY OF - Protons ee - Goldstein [1898] - Discovery - Constituent of Positive rays i.e. particles that contain - protons, « Experiment ‘CATHODE RAYS Goldstein Discharge tube + Goldstein used a modified cathode ray tube with a perforated cathode. - He observed a new type of rays produced from the anode passing through the hol of the perforated cathode. These rays were called anode rays. ” Conclusion | « ZAoode nyo postive ray consist of postive charged partes now cilled~ protons,” ~ The positive rays were affected by electric & magnetic fields but - ina direction . opposite to that of cathode rays. . Thus with the discovery of the positive particles - proton was initiated. 3. DISCOVERY OF - Atomic nucleus j . sere Late ie , " ¥ Discovery -‘Study atomic model leading to the discovery of = atomic a, . Experiment Lord Rutherford f 6) S eas . Rutherford projected alpha particles towards a thin gold foil, - in the path of the rays. . He saw that most of the alpha particles when straight through the foil, - but som were deflected slightly & some by large angles. Conclusion 14 _+ Anatom on the whole is relatively empty but consists of a - concentrated positi' mass in the centre, which lead to the deflection of the alpha particles. + Thus the discovery of a central positive region - atomic nucleus was initiated. Scanned with CamScanner« Scientist - James Chadij, : Discovery=Srady ore i ‘omic nucleus leadii i x ‘ Poatilates of Chadwick's theory a ili i discaeery ee « Since electro ipil ns have negligible mass, the mass of the atom i.e. atomic mass - However in the case of helivon van : ‘ ium which has init tats . the atomic mass was not equal to the mase of te eae en Conclusion - Tt wee ac braved! that in the nucleus of the atom are present - | pe 3 bie ve No but mass almost equal to the mass of the proton. + Thus the discovery in the atomic nucleus = of-the neutronwas-initiated. 5, DISCOVERY OF - Rotation of electrons around the nucleus) =a] + Scientist = Bohr [1940] (Case + Discovery - Location & mode of rotation of electrons around the nucleus . - Postulates of Bohr’s atomic theory £ + Electrons revolve around the nucleu: s in = fixed “orbits called ‘energy levels < + The energy levels 1,2,3... are represented by - integer ‘n’ or as K, L, M, N... | + Electrons rotate around the nucleus, in one or more of the energy levels. Representation of an atom — As per the modern atomic theory AN ATOM Sub-atomic particles . The three sub-atomic particles are - protons, neutrons.celectrons. ; Saeeaaetemes ‘a Nucleus t ; + The nucleus is found in the centre of the atom & ae ~ protons &1 Orbits or shells ae « Theelectrons revolve around the nucleus in imaginary paths called - shells or orbits. Orbits - imaginary path in which electrons revolve [shells] (@) H Nucleus - contains protons [p] & neutrons [n] Electron \ mic particle witha - positive charge [+1] Remar & unit mass a jc particle with - no charge (0) . NEUTRON |. Sub-atomic part Alerts a i icle witha - negative charge —_[-1] . ELECTRON |- Sub-atomic particle wit & negligible mass [0] Scanned with CamScannerin C.THE ATOM - Terms involved - atomic number & mass numbe; || Mendeleeff [1869] ~ Classified elements systematically in a table called — Modem Periodic Taj, THE PERIODIC TABLE SHOWING ELEMENTS — ‘Atomic Numbers 1 to 10 ATOMIC NUMBER N—{symbol of element Nitrogen| Dio vax iN ‘MASS NUMBER. + It, ELEMENTS ARRANGED IN THE PERIODIC TABLE ACCORDING TO THEIR- DER OF ATOMIC NUMBERS INCREASING ORI Banyan [Carbon [Nitrogen] Oxygen] Fluorine PENH 4 6 7 8 9 2. Be c | N}.O F [Ne | 4. ATOMIC NUMBER — of_an_atom [element] - [2] eer | [ ELEMENTS “ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT - is equal to '« Number of protons - in the atom of an element. = since atoms are electrically neutral ‘Number of protons = Number of electrons. ‘_ Atomic number of an element - is also equal to -ctrons - in the atom of an element « Number of ele x4 = Pp = e [atomic no.1 Ino. of protons] __[no. of electrons] (MASS NUMBER — of an atom [element] - [A] aa MASS NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT — is equal to « Total number of protons & neutrons - in the atom of an element. «since electrons carry negligible mass, the inass of an atom is ~ almost the mass of the- neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. ) protons & A = Pp d n. /, mass no.]_-_ Ino. of protons] ___[no: of neutrons] | ‘ATOM OF HYDROGEN ‘ATOM OF CARBON Atomicnumber [Z] = p= € = 1 Atomic number Massnumber [A}=p+ n= 1 Mass number [A]'= p [_No.ofneutrons _[n] “A+ Z_=_0 No. of neutrons Scanned with CamScannerhe collec five kntip 025 config. & isotopes \\,// Pro\ons ond Nutro pre 2entsuuilh THE ATOM - Atomic & molechtar wee etn Weight, electroni Se by indirect methods is found to be very small. (on with other particles such as - = « Mass of an atom determined « They were taken in comparis: hydrogen or later carbon as the standard for comparison. Relative atomic mass — is equal to + Number of times one atom of an element + Number of times one atom of an element ~isheavier than the mass of an- atom of hydrogen. tisheavier than’ the ¥/the mass of an- atom of carbon] 4, MOLECULAR WEIGHT — Relative molecular mass 72 a Relative molecular mass — is equal to cee tunes one molecule ofthesubstance—isheavgrthanthemassofan atom . Number of mes one molecu ofthe substance ~isheavier than the the macs of a catonreoton ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION — Distribution of electrons in Orbits - Electrons revolve around the nucl an_atom | leus in imaginary paths called - orbits or shells. Different Orbits~ K shell firstshell,n=1], -L shell [second shell, n=2] M,N. ete, Distribution of electrons in different shells /MAXIMUM NO. OF ELECTRONS IN EACH SHELL = 292 > + Kshell = 2n? = 2x22 = 2 electrons +L shell= 2n? = 2x22 = 8 electrons + Mshell = 2n? = 2X32 = 18 electrons Atom withorbits _ | OUTERMOST SHELL CANNOT HAVE MORE THAN 8 ELECTRONS. 3 Sodium atom Calcium atom tA z + pel, n=12 Sox + p=20, n=20 : [77> N\ + no.of electrons’e’=11| ES + No. of electrons ‘e’ = 20 ) Electronic configuration| \C (Q) Electronic configuration Ze es = K L MN Incorrect - 2, @ Incorrect- 2, 8 @ Correct - 2 8 1 Correct - 2 8 8 2 ISOTOPES Isotopes are atoms of the same element having - the same atomic number [Z] but different mass numbers [A] rn At. no.=1 \ ty| At.no.=1 Wa Atno.=1 a Mass no, =1 }! | Mass no. =2 oO Mass no. = 3 | P=Le=1,n=0 p=1e=1n=1 p=Le=1n=2 ‘ = ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 7 JI eGo aa Scanned with CamScannerAt. No. 2 Mass No. 4 HELIUM LITHIUM At. No. 3 Mass No.7 Elec. Config. 2,1 Elec. Config. 22 ALUMINIUM At. No. 13 Mass No. 27 At. No. 14 Mass No. 28 Elec. Config. 24 NEON At. No. 10 Mass No. 20 o-6 Elec. Config. 28 SILICON NITROGEN OXYGEN At. No. 7 Mass No. 14 At. No. 8 Mass No. 15 0-0 Elec. Config. 26 MAGNESIUM At. No. 12 Mass No.2 Elec, Config. 25 "" SODIUM ‘At. Na:41 Mass No. 23 Elec. Config. 2,8,1 PHOSPHORUS At. No. 15 Mass No. 31 SULPHUR At. No. 16 Mass No.32 POTASSIUM At: No.19 Mass No, 39, CALCIUM At. No. 20 Mass No.#! Scanned with CamScannerTHE ATOM - Arrangement of electrons in atoms Electronic Type | Element 2’ \ a ins |_ Configuration in Valency of, | - ayn Element 4 |} HYDROGEN | 1 larsrb—q—stee (2 : Pela, Oda id acade ceboc Metal a ihe os lon- I 2.31.25 eer ict te Reeedh beg Noble gas 34 jajaja [fos Meta / m7 Be BERYLLIM aif. 4) 1.9.1.4 .)-4.,] 5.1212, in fetal B_PORON 5 {1}5 |5 16 }2 |'5 : 43 Metalloid pe CARBON 6 |12/6 | 6 |6 |2 |4 4 Non-metal HT N NITROGEN | 7 [14/7 1.7 |7 |2./5 ‘ aS lanenietal || OXYGEN 8 | 16)8 | 8 [shat ei ios 2 lon-metal IF FLUORINE 9 [19.9.9 | 10 € 1 lon-metal || Ne NEON 10 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 0 loble gas NasopwM =| 11 | 23. | 11 | 11 12 |2 af yaa” petal | Mgmacnesum | 12 | 24 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 2° 2{e +2 Metal Al ALUMINIUM | 13 | 27 | 13 | 13 | 14 3 43, Metal | a Si suicon | 14 | 28 | 14 zal 14 4 4 Metalloid |P rHosraorus| 15 | 31 |15 | 15 | 16 5 | °| “ 3135]|Non-metal S surrHur | 16 | 32 | 16 | 16 | 16 6r foe} o-2)| Nonthetal | + - Cl cHtorine | 17 | 35 | 17 | 17 | 18 |2 7h. 4 4 Non-metal Be eget - Ar ARGON 18 | 40 | 18 | 18 | 22 }2.|8 | 8 0 loble gas — K rorassum | 19 | 39/19 | 19} 20}2./8 |8|1| + fetal Ca caLclum 20 | 40.|20| 20}20}2°}8 | 8|2] +2 etal \ 72! = Atomic number; ‘A’ = Mass number; : \ ‘p= number of protons; ‘e’ = number of electrons; én’ = number of neutrons i c&o Scanned with CamScannerE. THE ATOM. - Valency |[ VALENCY - The term + Valency ~ is the number of - hydrogen atoms which can combine with [or displ, one atom of the element or radical forming a compound. Hydrogen | HCl | One Atom of Hydrogen - ‘ chloride combines with one atom of chlorine | Valency of Chlorine Water H,0 | Two Atoms of Hydrogen - combine with one atom of oxygen | Valency of Oxygen = 2] + Valency — is also the number of electrons - donated or accepted by an atom - so as to achieve stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas. + Noble gases e.g. helium, neon or argon, have stable electronic configuration ie. their valence or outer shell is complete. i. they have 2 or 8 electrons in their outer shell, Electrons donated by atoms To achieve stable electronic configuration — Metals generally have - 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer shell. — Metals donate orlose - 1, 2 or 3 electrons to become positively charged ions [cations — Thenumber of electrons an atom of an element donates or loses - represents its-valency, - electrons donated & accepted by atoms ace), + Metals donate electrons Cation formed [Nearest noble gas Valency Na = le > Nal Neon Nel Pras ce 8,1] [2,8] (2,8) lium atom Sodium ion Mg - 2% > Mg2* Neon [Ne] 42 (2,82) (2,8) [2,8] [Magnesium atom Magnesium ion Al = 3° 9 ABt Neon [Ne] a [2, 8, 3] [2,8] [2,8] é Aluminium atom Aluminium ion | aii . Electrons accepted by atoms To achieve stable electronic configuration — Non-metals generally have - [4], 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outer shell.; — Non-metals accept or gain - 3,2 or 1 electrons to become negatively charged ions [anions] — The number of electrons an atom of an element accepts or gains - represents its-valency. Non-metals accept electrons Anion formed _|Nearest noble gas Valency a + le > cr Argon [Ar] E> haus 2,8, 8,8 : coiige om erticton 2.8.8) {) + 2 > oe Neon [Ne] 2 12,6) 2, 8) [2,8] ey Oxygen atom E Oxide ion j N + 3e > N3- Neon [Ne] * 3 cl 5I i _UNitrogen atom nitiae ion ea } Scanned with CamScannerHE ATOM — Formati STABLE & UNSTABLE - Elect —— a ew He CONFIGURATION UNSTABLE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION “Grable ~ electronic configu ATOMS OF OTHER ELEMENTS HAVE "Their valence [outer Se + Unstable - electronic configuration. Tears peel shell is - complete. | . Their valence shell is - incomplete. ae repeal se + They tend to attain stable electronic ~ 8 electrons [Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn]} configuration of the nearest inert gas - in their outer shell By gait i ‘ ze ini Jlectrons [electron transfer] Thy dot ine ors cco |= ERNE lense 2) @ @|© | Neca Argon: Sodium ‘Chlorine (Bec.config. 2] __[leconfg,2.6] (Hes contig 26,81 | lecemig’ 2] [Eee contg 3/87) (Ee. contig 26] 2. FORMATION: OF COMPOUNDS =~ From atoms : ‘+ Combining atoms redistribute their electrons so that each combining atom attains -' astable electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas. This is achieved by - ELECTRON TRANSFER - ELECTROVALENCY + Elec. cor ation = 2,8,1 + Nearest inert gas = Neon [2, 8] «Loses one electron ~ + Gains oneelectron- Na-atom _ fromouter shell to attain stability. | _ Cl in outer shell to attain stability. . Formation of sodium chloride - by transfer of electrons of compounds | from atoms —___ + Elec, configuration = 2, 8,7 + Nearest inert gas = Argon [2, 8,8] - + a ‘al ies} Na-atom (Cl-atom Nat || SHARING OF ELECTRONS - COVALENCY Elec. configuration = 2, 6 Nearesf inert gas = Neon [2, 8] « Nearest inert gas = Neon [2, 8] « Needs two electrons - Needs two electrons ~ two elec 3 to’attain stability. Ovatom — tattain stability. ‘ . Formation of oxygen molecule — by sharing of electrons Go O*itom —O-afom [atoms before combination] Scanned with CamScannerACTIVITIES & DEMONSTRATIONS 1 Atomic Structure As ‘per the new latest Middle School Chemistry Syllabus ” Pedagogy/Transactional Strategies + Discussing ~ Historical perspective of discovery - of electrons, protons & neutrons, + Identifying that a nucleus consists of - protons & neutrons. " electrons are present in its extra nuclear part. + Describing that the - atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in an atom. It is also equal to the - number of electrons in an atom. + Mass number: It is the sum of the number of protons & neutrons in an atom. Suggested Learning Resources + Books of Science/Chemistry + _Charts/Models - showing the structure of atom Demonstrations & Discussions — By the Teacher + Discuss historical perspective of discovery of the subatomic particles through charts & modé Make students match the scientists with their discoveries. ened Scientists Discoveries 1. William Crookes [1878] A. Location & mode of rotation of electrons- 2. JJ.Thomson . [1897] around the nucleus 3. Goldstein [1898] B. Neutrons 4. Lord Rutherford [1911] C Atomic nucleus 5. James Chadwick [1932] D. Protons 6. Bohr [1940] E. Electrons F. The cathode rays & models of atoms & experiments - maybe shown to the students Orbits [shells] Electron Nucleus Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE : Atomic Structure 1, State the main postulates of - Dall ' i i atomic theory contradicted Dalton’s atomic tae atomic theory. Explain how the modern With reference to the discove, in in, brief ~ ith fe Ty of the structure of an atom,, explain \in William Crookes experiment for the discovery of cathode rays, followed by - JJ, Thomsons experiment pertaining to the constituents of the cathode rays. State which sub-atomic Particle was discovered from his experiment. 3. Explain in brief ~ Goldstein’s experiment which le ak: Lert b 3 id to the discovery of the proton anc Rutherford’s experiment which led to the discovery of the dante miles ite 4. ‘Electrons revolve around the nucl ae 4 lea bald State how these energy level wee leus in fixed orbits or shells called energy levels’. « Tepresented. §,/Draw a neat labeled diagram rey resentin; tom. Ni ic particles in the atom & represent ry symbolicalhe g an em, jame the three sub-atomic p: rn it the mass & charge of each. we where the sub-atomic Particles are present in the atom. j’ Define the term - ‘atomic number of an atom. If an atom ‘A’ has an atomic number of - eleven, state the number of protons & electrons it contains, 7. Define the term - ‘mass nut ber’ of an atom. If an atom ‘B’ has mass number 35 &!atomic number 17, state the number of protons, electrons & neutrons it contains, 8. State why the atomic weight of an element is also termed ~ relative atomic mass. 9. State how electrons are distributed in an atom. Explain in brief the rules which govern their distribution. a) 10.If an atom ‘A’ has atomic number 19 & mass number 39, state - i] Its electronic configuration. ii] The number of valence electrons it possesses. 11. Draw the atomic diagrams of the following elements showing the distribution of ~ protons, neutrons & the electrons in the various shells of the atoms. a] Carbon -12,C, _b] Oxygen - 18,0, ¢] Phosphorus - 31,5P, d] Argon - “°,gAr ——e] Calcium - 4y,Ca we [The upper number represents the - mass number & the lower number the - atomic number eg, calcium - mass number = 40, atomic number = 20] x 12.’Valency is the number of hydrogen atoms which can combine with [or displace] one atom of the dlemneat [or radical] CTA a compound’. With reference to the above definition of valency, state the valency of chlorine in hydrogen chloride, giving reasons. 1g," is al: iber of electrons - donated or accepted by an atom so as to achieve stable Hctronte configuration of the nearest noble gas. With reference to tis dfinion © a] State what is meant by ‘stable electronic configuration’. 2 b] State why the valency of - , i] sédiua, magnesium é& aluminium is: +1, +2 & +3 reper ii] chlorine, oxygen & nitrogen is: -1,-2& -3 oe | ae tron transfer — electroval 14. With referer tion of compounds from atoms by elec aie the basic Sepsin the conversion of sodium & “line aaa sod & chlor le ions leading to the formation of the compound on chloride. |__ [electronic configuration of: Na = 28/1 & Cl = 26, i: whi bs al Ea Scanned with CamScanner