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On September 11, 2001, 19 militants
associated with the Islamist extremist
group al Qaeda hijacked four airliners
and carried out suicide attacks against
targets in the United States. Two of the
planes were own into the Twin Towers of
the World Trade Center in New York City, a
third plane hit the Pentagon just outside
Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane
was crashed into a eld near Shanksville
Pennsylvania. Often referred to simply
as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive
death and destruction, triggering major
U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism. Nearly
3,000 people were killed during the attacks,
including more than 400 police ofcers
and reghters and 246 passengers and
crew on the four planes. This was the most
deadly terrorist attack in U.S. history.
On September 11, 2001, at 8:46 a.m. on
a clear Tuesday morning, an American
Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with jet fuel
crashed into the North Tower of the World
Trade Center in New York City. The impact
left a gaping, burning hole between oors
93-99 of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly
killing hundreds of people and trapping
hundreds more in higher oors. As the
evacuation of the tower got underway,
television cameras broadcasted live
images of what initially appeared to be a
freak accident. Then, 17 minutes after the
rst plane hit, a second Boeing 767United
Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the
sky, turned sharply toward the World
Trade Center and sliced into oors 77-85
of the South Tower. The collision caused a
massive explosion that showered burning
debris over surrounding buildings and the
streets below. America was under attack.
The attackers were Islamist extremist
terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several
other Arab nations. Reportedly nanced by
Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al Qaeda
terrorist organization, they were allegedly
acting in retaliation for Americas support
of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf
War and its continued military presence in
the Middle East. They chose to attack the
Pentagon and World Trade Center because
they are powerful symbols of America
symbols that dene the United States as
an economic and military superpower.
Some of the terrorists had lived in the
United States for more than a year and
had taken ying lessons at American
commercial ight schools. Others had
slipped into the country in the months
before September 11 and acted as the
musclein the operation.
American intelligence agencies like
the CIA and FBI were on the lookout
for terrorist activities, but had expected
bomb attacks like those of the past, or
perhaps biological or chemical attacks
that cause widespread terror. They
were unprepared for this kind of attack.
(The 9/11 Commission Report on the
attacks revealed four kinds of failures:
in imagination, policy, capabilities, and
management.)
The 19 terrorists easily smuggled
knives through security at three East
Coast airports and boarded four ights
bound for California, chosen because
the planes were loaded with fuel for the
long transcontinental journey. Soon after
takeoff, the terrorists commandeered
the four planes and took the controls,
transforming ordinary commuter jets into
guided missiles.
As millions watched the events
unfolding in New York, American
Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown
Washington, D.C., and slammed into
the west side of the Pentagon military
headquarters at 9:37 a.m. Jet fuel from the
Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno
that led to the structural collapse of a
portion of the giant concrete building.
125 military personnel and civilians were
killed in the Pentagon, along with all 59
passengers and crew aboard the airliner.
Twenty-two minutes after the terrorists
struck the nerve center of the U.S. military,
the horror in New York took a catastrophic
turn for the worse when the South Tower
of the World Trade Center collapsed in
a massive cloud of dust and smoke. The
structural steel of the skyscraper, built to
withstand winds in excess of 120 miles
per hour and a large conventional re,
could not withstand the tremendous heat
generated by the burning jet fuel coupled
with the structural damage caused by the
plane crash. At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower
collapsed. 2,753 people died in the World
Trade Center and its vicinity, including a
staggering 346 reghters, 23 New York
City police ofcers, and 37 Port Authority
police ofcers who were struggling to
complete an evacuation of the buildings
and save the ofce workers trapped on
higher oors. Thousands of others were
treated for injuries, many severe.
Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound
plane United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing
757 was hijacked about 40 minutes after
T h e A t t a c k s o n S e p t e mb e r 1 1 , 2 0 0 1
View of lower Manhattan on the morning of September 11, 2001.
Photograph by David Monderer. Collection of the New-York Historical Society.
The Pentagon After the Attack. Courtesy Department of Defense.
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Who were the hijackers?
These 19 young men, ages 20 to 33, came from a variety of backgrounds, some wealthy, some poor. Many had college
educations, while others dropped out from college or left home to become soldiers on the side of Muslims in Chechnya
and Afghanistan. Among them were three sets of brothers. Fifteen were from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab
Emirates, and one each from Egypt and Lebanon.
leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey.
Because the plane had been delayed in taking off,
passengers on board learned of events in New York
and Washington via cell phone and airphone calls
to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not
returning to an airport as the hijackers claimed, a
group of passengers and ight attendants planned an
insurrection. One of the passengers, Thomas E. Burnett
Jr., told his wife over the phone that ,Theyre talking
about crashing this plane into the ground. We have to
do something. Another passenger, Todd Beamer, was
heard saying,Are you guys ready? Lets rollover an
open line. Sandy Bradshaw, a ight attendant, called
her husband and explained that she had slipped into
a galley and was lling pitchers with boiling water.
Her last words to him were Everyones running to rst
class. Ive got to go. Bye.
Passengers fought the four hijackers and are
thought to have attacked the cockpit. The plane then
ipped over and sped toward the ground at upwards
of 580 miles per hour, crashing in a rural eld in
western Pennsylvania at 10:03 a.m. All 40 passengers
and crew were killed. Its intended target is presumed
to be the U.S. Capitol.
By 7 p.m., President George W. Bush, who had spent
the day being shuttled around the country because
of security concerns, returned to the White House. At
8:30 p.m., he delivered a televised address from the
Oval Ofce, declaring,Terrorist attacks can shake the
foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot
touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter
steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American
resolve.In a reference to the eventual U.S. military
response he declared,We will make no distinction
between the terrorists who committed these acts and
those who harbor them.
Operation Enduring Freedom, the American-led
international effort to oust the Taliban Islamist regime
in Afghanistan that supported al Qaeda and Osama
bin Ladens terrorist network based there, began on
October 7, 2001, less than a month after the terror
attacks. Although the Taliban was initially removed
from power, ghting in Afghanistan continues. Osama
bin Laden was killed on May 2, 2011 in a compound
in Abbottabad, Pakistan by a team of U.S. Navy SEALS.
This brought some measure of justice to 9/11 victims
and our country.
Satam
al Suqami
Abdulaziz
al Omari
Waleed
al Shehri
Wail
al Shehri
Mohamed
Atta
American Airlines Flight 11 (World Trade Center)
Marwan
al Shehhi
Ahmed
al Ghamdi
Mohand
al Shehri
Hamza
al Ghamdi
Fayez
Banihammad
United Airlines Flight 175 (World Trade Center)
Khalid
al Mihdhar
Majed
Moqed
Nawaf
al Hazmi
Salem
al Hazmi
Hani
Hanjour
American Airlines Flight 77 (Pentagon)
Saeed
al Ghamdi
Ahmad
al Haznawi
Ahmed
al Nami
Ziad
Jarrah
United Airlines Flight 93 (Pennsylvania)
Flight 93 Crash Near Shanksville, PA.
Courtesy Valencia M. McClatchy.
What is Terrorism?
It is difcult to come up with a denition of terrorism with which everyone will agree.The root of the word is terror
or fear. An act of terrorism seeks to use fear to compel a group of people or a government to act in a certain way in
response to violence or the threat of violence.Terrorist acts have been committed by a variety of people representing
a wide range of political, religious, cultural or social viewpoints, ranging from lone individuals to large coordinated
groups. Generally, a characteristic of terrorism is that the victims are often civilians, that is people who are not in any
way representative of the object of the terrorism.
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Timeline
Courtesy National September 11 Memorial & Museum with other
content added. http://timeline.national911memorial.org/
5:45am
Hijackers pass security screening
Hijackers Mohammed Atta and Abdulaziz
al Omari pass through security at Portland
International Jetport in Maine.They board a
shuttle ight to Bostons Logan International
Airport, where they connect to Los Angeles-
bound American Airlines Flight 11.
Atta will pilot Flight 11 on its lethal course
into the North Tower of the World Trade
Center. Four hijackers physically subdue
passengers and crew so that Atta can breach
the cockpit and kill or disable the two
American Airlines pilots.
Over the next hour and a half, seventeen
other hijackers clear security checks at
Logan Airport, Newark International
Airport, and Washington Dulles Airport.
All presumably carry knives, box cutters or
other concealed weapons on their person
or in carry-on luggage. Although eight are
tagged for additional screening and a gate
agent ags two as suspicious, none are
prevented from boarding their intended
ights.
7:59am
American Airlines Flight 11 takes o
from Logan Airport in Boston, MA, 14
minutes behind its scheduled departure
Seventy-six passengers, 11 crewmembers
and ve hijackers board Flight 11. In
industry terms, the Los Angeles-bound ight
is riding heavy,stocked with up to 68,400
pounds of fuel for its transcontinental run.
Al Qaeda terrorists hijack the plane at
approximately 8:14 am and reroute it
towards Manhattan, using the Hudson River
as a navigational guide.
8:14am
United Airlines Flight 175 takes o
from Logan Airport in Boston, MA,
also 14 minutes behind its scheduled
departure
Fifty-one passengers, nine crewmembers,
and ve hijackers board Los Angeles-
bound Flight 175.
Al Qaeda terrorists hijack the plane at
approximately 8:45 am and reroute it
towards Manhattan.
8:19am
American Flight 11 Crew
Contact Airline
Veteran ight attendants Betty Ann Ong
and Madeline Amy Sweeney, with a
combined 26 years of experience, alert
ground personnel to the hijacking of
Flight 11. They stay on the line for almost
the entire duration of the ight after
its seizure by the terrorists, relaying key
details about the attack such as the
hijackers seat numbers and report that
the crew is unable to contact the cockpit.
Acting on Ong and Sweeneys information,
American Airlines alerts the FBI,
jumpstarting the investigation that will
become the largest in the agencys history.
According to Sweeney, the crew attends
to the safety of the passengers, providing
medical care to those injured in the
hijacking.
8:20am
Flight 77 Takes O
American Airlines Flight 77, en route to
Los Angeles, departs Washington Dulles
International Airport ten minutes delayed.
8:24am
Hijacker Mohammed Atta on Flight 11
Mistakenly Contacts Air Trafc Control
Minutes later, he makes a second
unintended transmission.
8:37am
Air Trafc Control Contacts
the Military
After hearing Attas transmission, air trafc
controllers contact Northeast Air Defense
Sector (NEADS), a division of the military
that defends North American airspace, to
report the hijacking.
8:42am
Flight 93 Takes O
United Airlines Flight 93 departs Newark
International Airport after a lengthy air
trafc delay on the tarmac. Flight 93 was
scheduled to leave Newark at 8:00 am,
within minutes of the other hijacked
ights.
8:46am
Crash of Flight 11
Flying the plane at about 470 miles per hour,
hijackers crash Flight 11 into oors 93-99,

I dont know, I think
were getting hijacked.
Flight attendant Betty Ann Ong,
American Airlines Flight 11
Courtesy of U.S. Department of Justice.
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instantly killing the 87 passengers and crew
on board and unknown hundreds within
the tower.
The crash starts res throughout the North
Tower and funnels jet fuel down elevator
shafts, igniting reballs at the lobby and
below-grade levels and burning anyone
coming into contact with this combusting
fuel.
The impact severs all three emergency
stairwells, trapping 100s in and above the
impact zone.
Investment rm Fred Alger Management
and professional services company Marsh
& McClennan have ofces in the impact
zone.Thirty-ve Alger employees and 295
Marsh employees perish in the attack. Carr
Futures 69 employees, at work on the 92nd
oor directly below the impact zone, also
perish.Trapped by debris, they are unable to
evacuate.
Bond trading rm Cantor Fitzgerald, oors
101-105, suffers the single largest loss of life,
658 employees.
I could see the big
airline coming straight
towards us.
Constance Labetti, AON,
South Tower, 99th Floor
So I stood up and I just turned
my body towards the window and
I could see the big airline coming
straight towards us. It looked like it
was coming towards us. Didnt look
like the plane was in any kind of
duress. It was going straight towards
what I thought was our building,
but in actuality Tower 1 was right
in front of us. I just stood frozen. I
didnt move I couldnt move. I just
stood at the window.
I could see it coming closer and
closer. I could see their AA
[American Airlines] on its tail. I
could see the cockpit. I could
see inside the cockpit, the tinted
windows of the cockpit, thats how
close I was.
(Sigh) I could see on the side some
of the windows of-of the passengers
were pulled down, and then it just
bellowed into Tower 1. And, for
a moment, just for that moment,
I almost sighed with relief until I
realized (pause) all those people that
had just [been] killed in that Tower.
http://timeline.
national911memorial.org/
#Explore/2/AudioEntry/ 2
8:46am
Emergency Services Mobilized
The Fire Department of New York (FDNY)
and New York Police Department (NYPD)
dispatch units to the World Trade Center
within seconds of Flight 11s crash.
On site, Port Authority Police Department
(PAPD) ofcers begin evacuating the North
Tower. PAPD headquarters in Jersey City,
New Jersey dispatches additional ofcers
from other command posts to the World
Trade Center.
In July 2001, the Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey, long-time managers
of the World Trade Center, agreed to lease
the buildings to real estate developer Larry
Silverstein. On September 11, 2001, both
Port Authority and Silverstein Properties
staff are in the building working on the
transition.Their expert knowledge of the
towers helps Port Authority re safety,
building and security staff coordinate the
evacuation.
People who were
coming down very
badly burned no skin,
no hair, just burned.
Bruno Dellinger, Quint Amasis,
North Tower, 47
th
Floor
When I arrived at the sky lobby
level there were, uh, masses of
people waiting to the elevators.
And for some reason I decided to
go back into the stairwell. And the
heat was just like, quite intense
The intensity of the warning signs,
like the sound of the alarms, it
was really like ah pounding you
Anyway, so we went down and
people were very calm.

There were three ows of people.
The regular people like me going
down. The people who were
coming down from the other oors
and who were very badly burned
no skin, no hair, just burned.
They were walking or carried
down by people; helped by people.


Screams were coming down
from the stairwell, Emergency!
Emergency! And then the
third ow of people was of course
those security personnel and re
department people. Now those
people were exhausted. In some of
those eyes, and you could see that
they knew something, and it was
dangerous. They knew something.
While there was no panic
whatsoever in the stairwell, those
people were concentrated, focused
on doing their job. And while I was
walking down, they were going up to
their death. And I was walking down
to live.
http://timeline.
national911memorial.org/#/
Explore/2/AudioEntry/26

8:50am
President Bush is Alerted Around This
Time While Visiting an Elementary
School in Sarasota, Florida
8:55am
South Tower Tenants Instructed to
Remain in the Building
Your attention, please, ladies and gentlemen.
Building 2 is secure.There is no need to
evacuate Building 2. If you are in the midst of
evacuation, you may use the re-entry doors
and the elevators to return to your ofce.
Repeat, Building 2 is secure.

We have some planes.
Just stay quiet and
you will be O.K.
Hijacker Mohamed Atta,
mistakenly spoken to trafc control
North tower on Fire. Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum.
Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.
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Announcement made by Port Authority
ofcial via Public Address inside the South
Tower
8:59am
On Board Flight 175
As hijacked Flight 175 approaches the
World Trade Center, crewmembers and
passengers manage to contact loved ones
and authorities on the ground.
At 8:59 am, Flight 175 passenger Brian
David Sweeney, 38, leaves a message for
his wife Julie. He then calls his mother,
Luise, to report the hijacking, telling her
that the passengers are considering
storming the cockpit to wrest control from
the hijackers.
Brian began the ight in the rst row of
coach, but makes his calls from a GTE
airphone located in one of the last rows of
the plane.
Machine: BEEP. Message 1
Hi Jules, this is Brian. - Listen Im on an
airplane thats been hijacked. If things dont
go well, its not looking good, I just want you
to know I absolutely love you. I want you to
do good, go have some good times. Same to
my parents and everybody. And I just totally
love you and I will see you when you get
there. Bye babe. Ill try to call you. (Message
courtesy of Julie Sweeney Roth.)

http://timeline.national911memorial.
org/#/Explore/2/AudioEntry/12
9:02am
South Tower Evacuation Order
May I have your attention, please.
Repeating this message the situation
occurred in Building 1 [North Tower]. If the
conditions warrant on your oor, you may
wish to start an orderly evacuation.
Port Authority Statement
9:03am
Crash of Flight 175
Hijackers, ying the plane at 590 miles per
hour, crash Flight 175 into oors 77 to 85
of the World Trade Centers South Tower,
instantly killing the 60 passengers and
crew and unknown hundreds within the
tower.
The impact severs two of three emergency
stairwells and most of the elevator cables,
trapping many inside elevator cars, and
cutting off escape routes.
Despite being choked with rubble,
Stairwell A remains passable. However,
only eighteen people at or above the
impact zone are known to have evacuated
using this stairway.
We felt and heard a
loud noise.
Constance Labetti, AON,
South Tower, 99
th
Floor

I think I got to the 72nd oor,
75th oor, when we heard we
felt and heard a loud noise. And
people in the stairs start to fall
down the stairs.

And what it felt like was that
some that Tower 1 this is
what I thought Tower 1 had
collapsed onto our building.
It felt like somebody took the
building shook it and put it back
down in its place.
I was holding onto the banisters
really tight so I didnt fall but a
lot of people on the staircase were
tumbling down. What evidently
happened was our building had
just been hit.
http://timeline.
national911memorial.org/#/
Explore/2/AudioEntry/13
Am I gonna have to
jump?
Florence Jones, Thomson
Baseline, South Tower
I literally thought for a moment,
cause he tried to open the door,
and all you could feel was the heat
of the re.

I was like, oh gosh, am I gonna
have to jump, because I wasnt
gonna wait for the remen. Was
I gonna have to do what I just
saw people doing.

And I remember him running back
across the oor and grabbing my
jacket saying, Lets go, lets go.
http://timeline.
national911memorial.org/#/
Explore/2/AudioEntry/270 F

9:05am
President Bush is alerted that a second
plane has crashed into the South Tower
of the World Trade Center
The President now knows that the country is
under attack, but information is scarce.
9:10am
Increasing Response
The NYPD calls a second Level 4
Mobilization, bringing its total
deployment close to 2,000 men and women.
Minutes later, the FDNY issues a second
fth alarm. Other companies and off-duty
personnel, not directly called, respond to the
attacks.
In total, more than 200 re units,
approximately 2,200 police ofcers, and
numerous others from city and federal
agencies responded to the disaster scene at
the World Trade Center.
When their vehicle becomes stuck in trafc,
Fireghter Gary R. Box, 37, and others from
the FDNYs elite Squad 1 run through the
Brooklyn Battery Tunnel to the World Trade
Center. His picture on page 8 was taken
shortly after the crash of Flight 175.
Squad 1 loses 11 members on 9/11,
including Fireghter Box.
On the morning of 9/11, Port Authority
Ofcer James Francis Lynch, 47, is on medical
leave, resting at his home in New Jersey.
Nevertheless, he responds to the attack
on the World Trade Center, using his PAPD
credentials to clear police cordons and head
through the Holland Tunnel.
Once Ofcer Lynch arrives at the towers,
he immediately sets to work. As a WTC
Emergency Services ofcer who supervised
rescue equipment within the complex, he
knows that his experience and knowledge
of the towers will be invaluable to the
evacuation efforts. He is last seen getting air
packs out of a storeroom, then ascending
the stairs carrying a load of breathing masks
and air tanks. Ofcer Lynch perishes in the
collapse of the South Tower.
North Tower on Fire. Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum.
Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.
I just want you to know I
absolutely love you.
Message from Brian David
Sweeney, passenger on Flight 175,
to his wife, Julie
Courtesy of U.S. Department of Justice.
7
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Couldnt imagine these
reghters going up there
into God knows what.
Constance Labetti, AON,
South Tower, 99th Floor
Then the reghters started to
come up and they would holler,
Move to the right! Move to the
right! I think it was probably about
the 40th oor when the reghters
started to come up.

And I remember thinking theyre
theyre gonna climb all the way
up to 80? I mean how- how are
they gonna do that? A few people
clapped, a few people wished
them blessings.

God blessings and a few people
patted them on the shoulders.
People shouted out to go to
the 65th oor where theres a
handicap person or to giving
them information. And they just
were stone faced, just looked
straight ahead; they really didnt
show much emotion. Couldnt
imagine these reghters going up
there into God knows what.
http://timeline.
national911memorial.org/#/
Explore/2/AudioEntry/2 8

9:32am
Flight 93 hijackers accidentally
transmit a message intended for the
passengers
Ladies and Gentlemen: Here the Captain,
please sit down, keep remaining sitting. We
have a bomb onboard. So, sit.
One of the hijackers of Flight 93
9:36am
Vice President Cheney Evacuated
From White House Ofce
Secret Service agents evacuate U.S. Vice
President Dick Cheney and his aides
from his ofce in the White House to the
Presidential Emergency Operations Center,
a Cold War-era bunker beneath the White
House.
9:37am
Crash of Flight 77
Hijackers crash Flight 77 into the
Pentagons western facade, killing the 59
passengers and crew on board the plane
and 125 military and civilian personnel
inside the building. A hundred and six are
severely injured in the ensuing re.
Loaded with 36,200 lbs of jet fuel, Flight 77
ignites an inferno inside the Pentagon.
The Pentagons on-site rehouse responds
immediately to the crash of Flight 77.
Fireghters from nearby National Airport
(with a foam truck designed to ght jet
fuel res) and Virginias Arlington County
Fire Department arrive within minutes.
Many civilian employees and military
personnel evacuate the building
shortly after the impact, while others
felt compelled to rush into the burning
building to rescue trapped and injured
colleagues.
A Pentagon security camera captures
the crash of Flight 77 into the buildings
western facade. At the time of impact, the
hijacked plane ew at 530 miles per hour.

South Tower Impact. Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum.
Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.
Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Justice. The wrong date was due to mechanical error.
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I was blown through
the air
John Yates, Army civilian
security manager, Pentagon

Everything I touched burned my
hands I just started crawling
on my hands and knees I
realized how badly I was hurt ,
because as I was walking I
looked down at my hands and I
remember seeing just strings of
skin A doctor [was] saying, He
goes rst
The only noise was
the crackling of ames
and it was just sheer
devastation.
Louise Rogers, civilian
accountant, Pentagon
9:42am
National Ground Stop
The Federal Aviation Authority (FAA)
grounds all ights over, or bound for,
the continental United States. The U.S.
Department of Transportation allowed
national airspace to open and ights to
resume two days later on September 13,
2001 at 11:00am EST.
9:45am
White House and U.S. Capitol
Evacuated
Throughout the morning, ofcials
evacuate high-prole buildings,
government ofces, landmarks, and public
spaces in response to rumors of escalating
attacks.
9:57am
Fight for Flight 93
Flight 93s passengers are
believed to have collectively voted
to mount a counterattack against the
hijackers.
Twelve of Flight 93s 40 passengers and
crew manage to alert loved ones and
authorities to the planes hijacking. At least
ve learn about the attacks on the World
Trade Center or the Pentagon.
9:59am
South Tower of World Trade
Center Collapses
After burning for 56 minutes, the South
Tower collapses in 10 seconds, killing
hundreds of workers and rst responders in
the building and surrounding area.
As the South Tower collapses dust and
debris engulfs the streets near the World
Trade Center. Many ee, seeking shelter in
surrounding buildings.
When the World Trade Center towers
collapse, huge pieces of the steel facade fall
to the earth, causing enormous damage to
nearby buildings and signicant loss of life.

We entered the stairway B, which
was the core stairway in the [North
Tower] building, which we were
using as our attack stairs.

The building [started] shaking,
really noticeably shaking, and
I thought maybe, you know, the
elevator was coming down the
shafts, maybe they cut loose. I
didnt know what was going on ,

but I was holding on, and I was a
little concerned about this. And
then it stopped, and that was the
South Tower going down, I found
out later. -FDNY Lt. Mickey Kross,
Engine 16
http://timeline.national911memorial.
org/#Explore/2/AudioEntry/59
Fireghter Gary Box. Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum. Photograph by Erik Troelsen.
Flight 93 Crater.
Courtesy of Flight 93 National Memorial.
Were going to rush
the hijackers.
Jeremy Glick, last words to his
wife from an airphone on Flight 93
Courtesy of U.S. Department of Justice.
Are you guys ready?
Lets roll.
Todd Beamer, his last audible
words, as heard by Lisa Jefferson,
as Flight 93 passengers fought to
take back the plane.
Courtesy of Flight 93 National Memorial.
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10:03am
Crash of Flight 93
Hijackers roll Flight 93 side-to-side, rapidly
diving and climbing, in an attempt to knock
passengers and crew off balance as they
attempt to storm the cockpit.

Eyewitnesses on the ground report the
aircrafts erratic ight, ending with the sound
of a crash.

To prevent passengers from retaking the
airplane, hijackers deliberately crash Flight
93 in a eld in Somerset County,
Pennsylvania, killing all 40 passengers and
crew.

The crash site is approximately 20 minutes
ying time from Washington, DC.
10:15am
Pentagon E Ring Collapses
The damaged section of the Pentagons
outermost ofces, known as the E Ring,
collapses. No rescue workers are injured.
Several times throughout the morning,
speculation and misinformation about
additional hijacked planes cause the
cessation of rescue operations and
evacuation of emergency workers.
While the rescue effort continues, many
Department of Defense (DoD) employees
return to work in the unaffected half of the
Pentagon.The National Military Command
Center (NMCC), located on the far side of
the Pentagon, coordinates the US military
response to the 9/11 attacks. NMCC ofcers
initiate a conference call with federal
and military responders that continues
throughout the day.
10:28am
North Tower of World Trade
Center Collapses
The North Tower collapses after burning for
102 minutes, killing 100s of people in the
building and the surrounding area.
Of the 16,000 to 19,000 people in the North
and South Towers of the World Trade Center
on 9/11, the vast majority are evacuated
safely. By the end of the day, all seven
buildings at the World Trade Center were
destroyed.

Well it was probably a half
hour later that I heard the same
rumblings coming down. And that
was from the North Tower. I said,
Oh jeez here we go again. I said
you know, whats the chance of
Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum. Gift of John F. OSullivan Jr.
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me surviving the second collapse?
I dont know, not too good. I
wanted to run like hell myself
down the stairwell that I was
sending all those people down.
But unfortunately I said, I cant
run that fast. This thing is gonna
to beat me out. So what I did was
I made it down about three or four
stairs and there was a little bit of
a landing that was there and I just
basically positioned myself there
with a couple of the other guys.

I said Guys grab the wall. You
know were going to do that
same thing we did for the rst
collapse and Im sure that were
going to make it. You know,
were gonna be ne. So we
grabbed the wall again but this
time it seemed like the collapse
lasted forever.

The whole ground was shaking.
Nothing was on re by me, but
still the blinding smoke, but I
was at the base of the smoke, I
couldnt run anywhere. The smoke
was all around me and all the
debris and the cloud the cloud
of dust. It wasnt really so much
smoke but it was the dust cloud
that was coming down. It was
choking it really was. I was like
oh my God; it was the closest to
dying that I ever thought about.
There were the loud noises that
kept coming down from all the I-
beams that were falling down all
around us. And (pause) you know,
eventually, what seemed and
it was only a few seconds it
seemed like a few hours, it nally
ended and the smoke had cleared.
It was a little bit better because
we werent buried this time like
we were for the rst collapse, but
still it was an awful ride. - Ofcer
David Brink, NYPD ESU (Survived
both towers collapsing)
http://timeline.national911memorial.
org/#/Explore/2/AudioEntry/51
Courtesy Department of Defense.
Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum. Gift of John F. OSullivan Jr.
11
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11:02am
Evacuation of Lower Manhattan
New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani calls
for the evacuation of all residents, workers
and tourists from lower Manhattan.
All of lower Manhattan south of 14th Street
from the Hudson River to the East River
is ofcially closed to all but emergency
personnel, creating an area known as the
frozen zone.
Throngs of people crowd onto streets,
highways, and bridges to evacuate lower
Manhattan. Many walk north or across
bridges to Brooklyn.
Thousands leave the island of Manhattan by
boat in one of the largest water evacuations
since World War II.
11:45am
The President arrives at Barksdale Air
Force Base
President Bush orders Air Force One to land
at Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana,
where he makes his rst televised remarks
about the unfolding events.The resolve of
our great nation is being tested,he says.
But make no mistake, we will show the
world that we will pass this test. God bless.
Although the President wants to return
to Washington, DC, those protecting him
deem this unsafe. Air Force One heads
towards Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska,
home of the U.S. Strategic Command,
where Bush uses their underground secure
communications network to confer with the
White House, the Pentagon, the CIA, and the
FBI. Although his staff will prepare for him
to address the nation from the bunker, the
President ultimately will insist on returning
to the nations capital.
12:16pm
American Airspace Cleared
The last commercial ight above the
continental United States lands.
In total, air trafc controllers guide over
4,000 commercial and private planes to
airports throughout the United States and
in Canada. Local authorities and residents
create ad-hoc plans to provide food and
shelter to stranded travelers.
I heard this very, very loud noise
above me. It was just a tremendous
roar. It was above. It sounded like
it was coming towards, towards
you. And then the wind, very, very
erce wind. It started lifting me up
o the ground and so thats when I
crouched down, the next thing I
just crouched down. I got to the
corner of the staircase by the railing
and I just got as small as I could
possibly get, cause Im not a big
guy to begin with so and I literally
(sigh) I guess the best way to
describe it, I tried to crawl into my
re helmet, thats what I wanted to
do just to protect myself. I wasnt
sure what was going on, I thought
the building might be coming down
and I gured, uh, ok this could be
it. And I was a little angry you know
it was like Damn it, why me? Why
you know its beautiful Im going
to die in the World Trade Center
on a beautiful summer morning.
I just like, its like a little denial
and disbelief sets in and then I
started getting hit with stu, you
know, it was just debris was hitting
me. It went dark and then the
next thing was just total silence.
Nothing. No wind. No noise. No
light. Nothing. And then I started
hearing noises, I started hearing
like moaning and guys were starting
to communicate, yell out. These
were the guys I was trapped with.
Theyre calling out, Whos there?,
You guys all right?, blah, blah,
blah, and this kind of thing. And I
realized I wasnt alone, cause when
youre alone in a situation like that,
thats like existential isolation, it
like - (laughs) I mean - and then you
nd out youre with other people
it makes you feel a lot better, even
though you know youre in a very
bad situation at least theres other
people. But then the strangest thing
happened, this beam of sunlight
came right in on us, like about
8 inches long, but it was clearly
Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum. Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive
Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum. Gift of Chuck Tantillo.
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sunlight. It was all dirty and full of
debris and it looked like pepper was
oating around in it, sort of. But it
was sunlight, Im like amazed now
(laughs) a 110 story building above
us and Im looking up at the sun.
- FDNY Lt. Mickey Kross, Engine 16

http://timeline.
national911memorial.org/#/
Explore/2/AudioEntry/5 9

1:00pm
and Through

the Day
Response at the World Trade
Center Site
Throughout the afternoon, volunteers,
rst responders, and construction workers
arrive at the site to search for survivors.

Fireghters, police ofcers, paramedics
and other emergency service workers
stream to the site to join in the reght
and rescue efforts. Operations continue
around the clock.

3:00pm
FDNY Rescue Civilian Pasquale
Buzzelli is Rescued From Rubble of
Stairwell B at WTC site
Ultimately, only 18 people deeply
embedded in the debris pulled
themselves out or were rescued, including
14 who were together in the shaft of a
North Tower stairwell. The last survivor
was found only 26 hours after the towers
collapsed.

5:20pm
Collapse of 7 World Trade Center
Because lower Manhattans waterlines
have been compromised, the FDNY
cannot get water to ght the ames.

Adjacent to the North Tower, 7 World Trade
Center had suffered signicant damage in
the collapse. Fires caused by the collapse
of 1 WTC lead to structural instability, and
ultimately, total collapse.

There are no casualties because the 47-
story tower had been evacuated that
morning. However, the fall of the building
sends rst responders racing away from
the collapsing structure to save their own
lives.

8:00pm
Rescue Workers Locate Trapped
PAPD Ofcers
Rescuers locate PAPD Sgt. John
McLoughlin and Ofcer William Jimeno
in the debris of the World Trade Center.
They free Ofcer Jimeno after three
hours of dangerous tunneling work. Sgt.
McLoughlins rescue takes another eight
hours.

Rescue operations continue throughout
the night. Thousands of construction
workers, rst responders, and self-
dispatched volunteers converge at
Ground Zero to search for survivors,
improvising bucket brigades to remove
debris.

Workers will extricate the eighteenth
survivor, Genelle Guzman, from the
remains of Stairwell B on the afternoon of
September 12. She will be the last person
rescued alive.

8:30pm
President George W. Bush
Addresses the Nation
Back in the White House, President Bush
addresses a shocked nation, praising the
strength of the nation in the face of the
overwhelming events. Terrorist attacks
can shattered steel, but they cannot
dent the steel of American resolve, he
says.Today, our nation saw evil the
very worst of human nature and we
responded with the best of America. With
the daring of our rescue workers, with the
caring for strangers and neighbors who
came to give blood and help in any way
they could.

The full transcript and video of the speech
is at:
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.
gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-
16.html

President Bush visits and speaks with
rescue and recovery personnel at Ground
Zero on September 14, 2001. A National
Day of Prayer and Remembrance is
observed.

Rescue, Recovery and Rebuilding
Federal, state, and local ofcials initiated
rescue and/or recovery operations at all
three attack sites, supported by thousands
of rst responders, ironworkers, engineers
and members of the building trades.
The attacks resulted in nearly 3,000
fatalities the largest loss of life from
a hostile attack by a foreign entity on
American soil. The Fire Department of
New York lost 346 members of its force,
the New York Police Department lost 23,
and the Port Authority Police Department
lost 37, the largest loss of emergency
responders in a single event in U.S. history.
At the three attack sites, days and weeks
and in New York City, months were
spent extinguishing res, searching for
survivors and, ultimately, searching for
remains of the victims. It took nine months
to remove approximately 1.8 million tons
of debris from the World Trade Center site.
In the aftermath of 9/11, donations of
money and supplies poured in and
thousands of people volunteered their
help and support. Memorials, services
and vigils were held in New York City,
Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, and all
over the world.
A federal fund compensated victims
families and severely injured survivors.
Families of victims advocated for the
formation of the 9/11 Commission,
which investigated the attacks and
issued a report with analysis and
recommendations.
Advanced DNA technology continues to
be used to identify the remains of victims.
However, human remains have still not
been identied for approximately 40% of
the WTC victims.
Public and private sectors partnered to
support lower Manhattans recovery,
growth and revitalization, and worked to
balance the need to remember and honor
the victims with the need for a strong and
vibrant community.
Collapse of 7 World Trade Center / Courtesy of 9/11 Memorial Museum.
Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.
Courtesy of The White House.
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National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Aftermath of 9/11
The attacks of 9/11 left the World Trade
Center (WTC) site devastated, with ruins
towering roughly 17 stories and debris
spread well beyond the 16-acre site. Thou-
sands of volunteers ocked to ground
zero to help with the rescue, recovery and
clean-up efforts, and on May 30, 2002, the
last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially
removed.
Memorials sprung up immediately after
the tragedy and acted as impromptu
outlets for grief, support, healing, and
remembrance. These memorials appeared
around the world in myriad forms in the
days and weeks following the attacks.
Within the rst two years following the
attacks, plans integrating a museum,
memorial, and commercial buildings were
proposed and advanced. The rst com-
mercial building to re-open, the new 7
WTC, was completed in 2006.
The Memorial & Museum
The Memorial and Museum are both
located on the western side of the former
World Trade Center complex where the
Twin Towers once stood. The Memorial
was designed by architect Michael Arad
and landscape architect Peter Walker. Their
proposal emerged from a design competi-
tion that received 5,201 submissions from
63 countries.
The National September 11 Memorial
opens on September 11, 2011, the 10th
anniversary of the attacks, and the Mu-
seum will open in 2012.
9/11 Memorial Design
The Memorial remembers and honors the
nearly 3,000 people who died in the at-
tacks of September 11, 2001in New York,
at the Pentagon, and in Pennsylvaniaas
well as the victims of the February 26,
1993 bombing at the World Trade Center.
Its mission is to:
Remember and honor the thousands
of innocent men, women, and children
murdered by terrorists in these attacks.
Respect this place made sacred
through tragic loss.
Recognize the endurance of those who
survived, the courage of those who
risked their lives to save others, and the
compassion of all who supported us in
our darkest hours.
May the lives remembered, the deeds recog-
nized, and the spirit reawakened be eternal
beacons, which reafrm respect for life,
strengthen our resolve to preserve freedom,
and inspire an end to hatred, ignorance and
intolerance.
Joe Daniels, President of the National Sep-
tember 11 Memorial & Museum, adds:
Collectively, the Memorial & Museum will
remind us of the powerful and binding
connection we share with one another.
A connection that eclipses politics, race,
economic class, and geography.
Each element of the Memorial design
exists in service of these goals. A plaza of
over 400 trees surrounds two enormous
reecting pools with waterfalls set within
the footprints where the Twin Towers once
stood. The waterfallsthe largest man-
made waterfalls in North Americacas-
cade into reecting pools, nally disap-
pearing into voids built into the center of
each pool.
The names of the 2,983 victims of the
September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993
attacks are etched in bronze around the
edges of the pools.
The tree-lled plaza is lined with cobble-
stones, creating a space for reection sep-
arate from the sights and sounds of the
surrounding city. The trees were selected
from within a 500-mile radius of the WTC
site, including nurseries located in New
York, Pennsylvania, and near Washington,
D.C., to symbolize areas attacked on 9/11.
Now, instead of looking up at the tow-
ers, visitors look down in reection. It is a
different kind of looking, inviting us to ap-
preciate the power of what isnt there, the
power of remembering what is absent.

National September 11 Memorial
Museum
The Memorial Museum, like the Memorial,
aims to honor the victims of these attacks
and all those who risked their lives to save
others. It further recognizes the thousands
who survived and all who demonstrated
extraordinary compassion in the after-
math.
In doing so, it seeks to educate for a better
future. Demonstrating the consequences
of terrorism on individual lives and its im-
pact on communities at the local, national,
and international levels, the Museum
attests to the triumph of human dignity
over human depravity and afrms an
unwavering commitment to the funda-
mental value of human life.
This work is complex, as Alice Greenwald,
the Museums director, has noted: At its
core, the Memorial Museum must care-
Memorial Pool Names at Night.
Aerial View.
Aerial view of the Museum Pavilion. (3 Renderings by Squared Design Lab)
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fully balance the act of commemoration
- which has its own requirements of sensibil-
ity and reverence - with the imperatives of
education, historical documentation, and
delity to the emotionally resonant artifacts
on display.
Visitors will enter the Memorial Museum
through a Pavilion where two steel tri-
dentsremnants of the North Towers
faadestand in the buildings atrium.The
main exhibition space will be located seven
stories down at the bedrock foundations of
the World Trade Center.
The Museum will offer displays of artifacts
from the WTC and 9/11 attacks, interac-
tive exhibitions, contemplative areas, and
programs that will convey individual and
collective stories relating the experiences
of survivors, responders, area residents, and
eyewitnesses. A memorial exhibition will
honor the individual victims of the attacks,
featuring artifacts, photographs, and oral
remembrances recalling the people killed
on 9/11.
In addition, educational programs, such as
eld trips, lecture series, and lm screenings,
will offer deeper explorations into the events
of 9/11, its historical context, the ongoing re-
percussions of the attacks, and the 9/11 Mu-
seums collections. Visit www.911memorial.
org/teach-learn to view current resources for
schools and families.
Around the Memorial
On the rest of the WTC site and next to the
Memorial and Museum will be commercial
buildings, a transportation hub, and a Per-
forming Arts Center. One of these buildings
has already been completed and two are
under construction. 1 WTC, the building
directly north of the North Pool, will have
105 stories and stand taller at 1,776 feet
than the original Twin Towers.This building
is expected to be completed in 2013.The
other buildings will be developed in the
coming years.
Visiting the Memorial
When the 9/11 Memorial opens, construc-
tion will still be continuing at the WTC site.
Millions of visitors are expected in the rst
year of operation and plans are in place to
ensure that the visitor experience is safe and
meaningful.
During much of the ongoing construction,
visitor capacity at the 9/11 Memorial will
be limited. To ensure fairness and a wide
distribution of visitor passes, a temporary
timed reservation system will be used for
all visitors.The reservation system will help
reduce potential wait times and ensure as
many people as possible are able to visit.The
passes will be free. For more information,
visit www.911memorial.org.
Pentagon Memorial
The 184 souls lost in the terrorist attack at
the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, when
hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 crashed
into the Pentagon, were mothers fathers
husbands, wives, children, brothers, sisters,
coworkers, ight crew, friends, patriots.
The Pentagon Memorial captures that
moment in time at 9:37 a.m. when 184
lives became intertwined for eternity. Each
victims age and location at the time of the
attack have been permanently inscribed into
the Memorial by the unique placement and
direction of each of the 184 Memorial Units.
Elegant and simple, the Pentagon Memo-
rial serves as a timeline of the victims ages,
spanning from the youngest victim, three-
year-old Dana Falkenberg, who was on board
American Airlines Flight 77, to the oldest,
John D.Yamnicky, 71, a Navy veteran, also
aboard Flight 77 that morning.
The Pentagon Memorial Gateway
The 184 Memorial Units within the Pentagon
Memorial are located on the age line ac-
cording to the year the victim was born.The
age lines, denoted by stainless steel strips
that cross the Memorial, begin at the zero
line, which spans from the Gateway to the
entrance of the Memorial. Etched into the
granite zero line is the date and time of the
attack:SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 9:37 A.M.
Visitors to the Memorial may look up a
victims name and birth year on the locator
stone within the Pentagon Memorial Gate-
way. On age lines with multiple victims, the
Memorial Units are organized by birth date
along that line.
The Memorial Units
Each Memorial Unit is a cantilevered bench, a
lighted pool of owing water, and a per-
manent tribute, by name, to each victim, in
one single element. Each memorial bench
is made of stainless steel and inlaid with
smooth granite. Each Memorial Unit con-
tains a pool of water, reecting light in the
evenings onto the bench and surrounding
gravel eld.
Each Memorial Unit is also specically posi-
tioned in the Memorial to distinguish victims
who were in the Pentagon from those who
were on board American Airlines Flight 77. At
the 125 Memorial Units honoring the victims
of the Pentagon, visitors see the victims
name and the Pentagon in the same view.
At the Memorial Units honoring the 59 lives
lost on Flight 77, the visitor sees the victims
name and the direction of the planes ap-
proach in the same view.
Victims from the same family are linked by
a plaque at the end of the pool of water,
which lists their family members who also
died in the attack, forever binding the family
together.
The Pentagon Memorial Landscape
Within the Pentagon Memorial, 85 Crape
Myrtle trees are clustered around the Memo-
rial Units, but are not dedicated to any one
victim.These trees will grow up to 30 feet to
provide a canopy of shade over the Memo-
rial for years to come.
The Memorials stabilized gravel surface is
bordered on the western edge by an Age
Wall.The Age Wall grows one inch per year
in height above the perimeter bench relative
to the age lines. As visitors move through the
Memorial, the wall gets higher, growing from
three inches (the age of Dana Falkenberg) to
71 inches (the age of John D.Yamnicky).The
Age Wall draws the eye to the Memorial for
drivers passing by on Washington Boulevard
and the adjacent Arlington County Bike Path,
while ensuring solitude for visitors. Orna-
mental grasses mark the boundaries of the
Memorial.
The Pentagon Memorial design was
developed by Julie Beckman and Keith
Kaseman.Their vision for the Memorial was
selected from more than 1,100 submissions
by a panel of architects, family members,
and public gures in the Washington, D.C.
area, including two former Secretaries of
Defense.The Pentagon Memorial is the rst
national memorial dedicated to the hor-
ric events that unfolded on September 11,
2001 events that claimed 184 lives at the
Pentagon, and thousands more around the
United States.The Pentagon Memorial is also
dedicated to future generations that they
might reect upon and renew their faith in
shared American values.
Learn more at http://pentagonmemorial.org
The National 9/11 Pentagon Memorial
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Flight 93 National Memorial
In the hours and days following the crash
of Flight 93, the nal chapter in the hor-
rible events of 9/11, a story of incredible
bravery and heroism emerged. Flight 93
was the only one of the hijacked planes
that failed to reach its intended tar-
get. Flight 93 was just 20 minutes from
Washington, DC, and had the passengers
and crewmembers not taken decisive ac-
tion, it is likely that the plane would have
been used to crash into the U.S. Capitol or
the White House causing unimaginable
destruction.
The ordinary people on board Flight
93 were anything but. They were men
and women, mothers, fathers, and chil-
dren. They were executives, technicians,
students, and retirees. They were young
and old, black and white, Americans and
foreign-born visitors. Yet despite these
apparent differences, they all possessed
undeniable qualities of the human spirit
courage, bravery, selessness that en-
abled them to join together in an extraor-
dinary way and achieve the rst victory in
the war on terrorism.
The passengers and crew of Flight 93 will
be permanently honored at the Flight 93
National Memorial, set at the site where
their nal struggle ended in a rural eld
near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The Flight
93 National Memorial was created by an
act passed by Congress and signed by
President George W. Bush on September
24, 2002.
This peaceful place was not chosen by the
terrorists they had other targets for their
violence and hate. This spot was chosen by
the passengers of Flight 93, who spared our
country from even greater horrors.
Former First Lady Laura Bush
The Memorial
When completed, the Flight 93 National Me-
morial will be the only unit of the national
park system chronicling the events and
personalities of September 11, 2001. Creat-
ing a place that not only remembers the 40
heroes of Flight 93 but also inspires ordinary
citizens to act in their own heroic ways is
what the Flight 93 National Memorial is all
about.The components of the Memorial are:
The Sacred Ground is the heart of the Flight
93 National Memorial because it was here
that the plane with all 40 passengers and
crewmembers aboard crashed on Septem-
ber 11, 2001. A memorial plaza will offer a
viewing position of the meadow and hem-
lock grove, which absorbed much of the
devastating impact.The plaza will terminate
in a wall of names white marble panels
inscribed with each of the names of the
forty passengers and crew, parallel to a black
concrete walkway denoting the planes nal
ight path. A series of benches and trees
will create a chapel-like setting for peaceful
contemplation.
The Field of Honor is the largest and most
prominent of the Memorials unique design
features. Measuring a half-mile in diameter
and adjacent to the memorial plaza, the
bowl-shaped Field links the entire Memorial
through sightlines and pathways.
The Entry Portal is the opening to the Flight
93 National Memorial.The portal will be
marked by two parallel concrete walls that
trace the nal trajectory of Flight 93 as it
descended toward the crash site.
Visitors approaching the Entry Portal will
pass through its twin walls along a symbolic
black walkway called the Flight Path. Imme-
diately visitors will be brought back to 10:03
a.m. on September 11, 2001 when Flight 93
careened in this direction toward a stand of
hemlock trees. Passing through the wall and
across a plaza, visitors will be standing at an
overlook with a sweeping view of the Field
of Honor. At the end of the walkway will be
a sloped glass plaque inscribed with the
memorials mission statement.
A common eld one day. A eld of honor
forever. May all who visit this place remember
the collective acts of courage and sacrice of
the passengers and crew, revere this hallowed
ground as the nal resting place of those
heroes, and reect on the power of individuals
who choose to make a difference.
Preamble to the Flight 93 National Memo-
rial Mission Statement
Mission statement at: www.nps.gov/ni/park-
mgmt/missionstatement.htm
Creating a living memorial within the Me-
morial is the objective of planting 40 Memo-
rial Groves along the perimeter of one-half
of the Field of Honor. Each grove will contain
40 trees, such as sugar or red maples, for a
total of 1,600 trees that radiate toward the
center of the Field. An alle of trees, a walk-
ing path, and a road for vehicles will frame
the Memorial Groves.
A large area just below the entry portal
overlooks the western edge of the impact
site of Flight 93 and provides a key vantage
point to view the entire Memorial site.
The Tower of Voices will dramatically mark
the main entrance to the Flight 93 National
Memorial from Route 30. Reaching 93 feet
into the air, the Tower will feature 40 wind
chimes for each of the passengers and crew-
members and serve as an audible reminder
of their seless act of courage in the nal
moments of Flight 93.
The Visitor Center will be located just inside
the Entry Portal, between the large concrete
walls designating the nal ight path of
Flight 93.The Visitor Center will be one of
the educational and interpretive hubs of
the Memorial, where visitors can learn both
about the Flight 93 story as well as about
the layout of the Memorial park. A portion of
the Visitor Center will be devoted to exhibits.
The Learning Center will be located a
short distance away. The Learning Center
will be able to host temporary or traveling
exhibitions about September 11, and its
spaces can be easily adapted for small or
large groups to host lectures, lms, or other
programs. Engaging exhibitions will be an
important part of the visitor experience.
The drama and tragedy of Flight 93 will
be chronicled using the latest audio and
video technology, primary source materials,
photographs, and oral history testimony
from those who were there, including family
members, rst responders, volunteers, and
local residents.
Learn more at:
www.nps.gov/ni
www.honoright93.org
Entry Portal Courtesy: Paul Murdoch Architects and Alexsander Novak-Zemplinski
Tower of Voices Courtesy:Paul Murdoch
Architects and Alexsander Novak-Zemplinski
Flight 93 National Memorial
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Foundations of Islam
Islam (a word that literally means sur-
render to the will of God) arose in Arabia
with what Muslims believe are a series of
revelations to the Prophet Mohammed
from the one and only God, the God of
Abraham and of Jesus.
These revelations, conveyed by the angel
Gabriel, are recorded in the Quran (some-
times titled Koran). Muslims believe that
these revelations, given to the greatest
and last of a chain of prophets stretching
from Abraham through Jesus, complete
Gods message to humanity. The Hadith,
which recount Mohammeds sayings and
deeds as recorded by his contemporaries,
are another fundamental source. A third
key element is the Sharia, the code of law
derived from the Quran and the Hadith.
Islam is divided into two main branches,
Sunni and Shia. Soon after the Prophets
death, the question arose of choosing a
new leader, or Caliph, for the Muslim com-
munity, or Ummah. Initially, his succes-
sors could be drawn from the Prophets
contemporaries, but with time, this was
no longer possible.
Those who became the Shia held that any
leader must be a direct descendant of the
Prophet; those who became the Sunni ar-
gued that lineal descent was not required
if the candidate met other standards of
faith and knowledge.
After bloody struggles, the Sunni became
(and remain) the majority sect. (The Shia
are dominant in Iran.) The Caliphate the
institutionalized leadership of the Um-
mah thus was a Sunni institution that
continued until 1924, rst under Arab
and eventually under Ottoman Turkish
control.
Many Muslims look back at the century
after the revelations to the Prophet Mo-
hammed as a golden age.
Rise of Islamist Extremism
The ensuing centuries after the golden
age of Islam saw the rise in power of Euro-
pean nations and then the United States
of America, with Western culture and
values becoming dominant on the world
stage. The dominance of Western powers
and ideals led to feelings of resentment
among Muslims, many of whom felt op-
pressed, many of whom lived in poverty,
many of whom embraced values at odds
with those of a Western culture that they
felt had become increasingly materialistic.
Islam is both a faith and a code of con-
duct for all aspects of life. For many Mus-
lims, a good government would be one
guided by the moral principles of their
faith. This does not necessarily translate
into a desire for clerical rule and the aboli-
tion of a secular state. It does mean that
some Muslims tend to be uncomfortable
with distinctions between religion and
state, though Muslim rulers throughout
history have readily separated the two.
To extremists, such divisions, as well as
the existence of parliaments and legisla-
tion, only prove these rulers to be false
Muslims usurping Gods authority over
all aspects of life. Periodically, the Islamic
world has seen surges of what is often
labeled fundamentalism.
Denouncing waywardness among the
faithful, some clerics have appealed for a
return to observance of the literal teach-
ings of the Quran and Hadith. One scholar
from the fourteenth century from whom
Osama bin Laden quoted, Ibn Taimiyyah,
condemned both corrupt rulers and the
clerics who failed to criticize them. He
urged Muslims to read the Quran and
the Hadith for themselves, not to depend
solely on learned interpreters like himself
but to hold one another to account for the
quality of their observance.
The Islamist extremist version of history
blames the decline from Islams golden
age on the rulers and people who turned
away from the true path of their religion,
thereby leaving Islam vulnerable to en-
croaching foreign powers eager to steal
their land, wealth, and even their souls.
A Declaration of War by al Qaeda
In February 1998, the 40-year-old Saudi
exile Osama bin Laden and a fugitive
Egyptian physician, Ayman al Zawahiri,
arranged from their Afghan headquarters
of al Qaeda for an Arabic newspaper in
London to publish what they termed
a fatwa issued in the name of a World
Islamic Front.A fatwa is normally an in-
terpretation of Islamic law by a respected
Islamic authority. Neither bin Laden, Za-
wahiri, nor the three others who signed
this statement were scholars of Islamic
law. Claiming that America had declared
war against God and his messenger, they
called for the murder of any American,
anywhere on earth, as the individual duty
for every Muslim who can do it in any
country in which it is possible to do it.
Ayman al Zawahiri & Osama bin Laden. Credit: AP.
The Quran





Each of the planes that crashed
into the World Trade Center had a
jet fuel capacity of nearly 24,000
gallons.
All civilian air trafc was banned
from landing on U.S. soil for two
days.
Among the fatalities were 346
New York City Fire Department
reghters, 23 New York City
Police Department ofcers, and 37
Port Authority Police Department
ofcers.
Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an
investment bank on the 101st-
105th oors of One World Trade
Center, lost more employees than
any other rm: 658.
Approximately 16,000 people
were below the impact zones in
the World Trade Center at the time
of the attacks, most of whom
evacuated before the towers
collapsed.
7 WTC, 6 WTC, 5 WTC, 4 WTC the
WTC Marriott Hotel (3 WTC) and St.
Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
were also destroyed in the attacks.
Mohamed Attas luggage, which
did not make it onto American
Airlines Flight 11, contained a will
and 757/767 ight manuals.
Unlike many stereotypes of
hijackers or terrorists, most of the
attackers were educated and
came from well-to-do
backgrounds.
The New York Stock Exchange, the
American Stock Exchange and
NASDAQ did not open on
September 11 and remained
closed until September 17.
2,880 victims compensation
awards were issued to the families
of those killed.
9/11 Facts
Understanding 9/11
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Three months later, when interviewed in
Afghanistan by ABC-TV, bin Laden enlarged
on these themes. He claimed it was more
important for Muslims to kill Americans
than to kill other indels.It is far better for
anyone to kill a single American soldier
than to squander his efforts on other activi-
ties,he said. Asked whether he approved
of terrorism and of attacks on civilians, he
replied:We believe that the worst thieves
in the world today and the worst terrorists
are the Americans. Nothing could stop you
except perhaps retaliation in kind. We do
not have to differentiate between military
or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they
are all targets.
How did bin Laden with his call for the
indiscriminate killing of Americans win
thousands of followers and some degree of
approval from millions more? The history,
culture, and body of beliefs from which bin
Laden has shaped and spread his message
are largely unknown to many Americans.
Seizing on symbols of Islams past great-
ness, he promised to restore pride to people
who consider themselves the victims of
successive foreign masters. He used cultural
and religious allusions to the holy Quran
and some of its interpreters. He appealed to
people disoriented by enormous change as
they confront modernity and globalization.
His rhetoric selectively drew from multiple
sources and centers on recurrent themes
Islam, history, and the regions political
and economic malaise. He also stressed
several grievances against the United States
throughout some segments of the Muslim
world. He inveighed against the presence
of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, the home
of Islams holiest sites. He spoke of the
suffering of the Iraqi people as a result of
sanctions imposed after the Gulf War, and
he protested U.S. support of Israel.
Bin Ladens Worldview
Despite his claims to universal leadership,
bin Laden offered an extreme view of Is-
lamic history designed to appeal mainly to
Arabs and Sunnis. He drew on fundamental-
ists who blame the eventual destruction of
the Caliphate on leaders who abandoned
the pure path of religious devotion. He re-
peatedly called on his followers to embrace
martyrdom since the walls of oppression
and humiliation cannot be demolished
except in a rain of bullets.For those yearn-
ing for a lost sense of order in an older,
more tranquil world, he offered his Caliph-
ateas an imagined alternative to todays
uncertainty. For others, he offered simplistic
conspiracies to explain their world.
Bin Laden also relied heavily on the Egyp-
tian writer Sayyid Qutb, a member of the
Muslim Brotherhood executed in 1966 on
charges of attempting to overthrow the
government. Qutb mixed Islamic scholar-
ship with a very supercial acquaintance
with Western history and thought. Sent
by the Egyptian government to study in
the United States in the late 1940s, Qutb
returned with an enormous loathing of
Western society and history. He dismissed
Western achievements as entirely material,
arguing that Western society possesses
nothing that will satisfy its own conscience
and justify its existence.
Many Americans have wondered, Why do
they hate us? Some also ask, What can
we do to stop these attacks?
Bin Laden and al Qaeda have given an-
swers to both these questions. To the rst,
they say that America had attacked Islam;
America is responsible for all conicts
involving Muslims. Thus Americans are
blamed when Israelis ght with Palestin-
ians, when Russians ght with Chechens,
when Indians ght with Kashmiri Muslims,
and when the Philippine government
ghts ethnic Muslims in its southern
islands. America is also held responsible
for the governments of Muslim countries,
derided by al Qaeda as your agents. Bin
Laden stated atly, Our ght against these
governments is not separate from our
ght against you.These charges found a
ready audience among millions of
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER (WTC)
Facts and Figures
7 buildings in the complex
110 stories in each twin tower
1,368 feet high the North Tower (1 WTC)
1,362 feet high the South Tower (2 WTC)
3 WTC: Marriott Hotel 22 Floors
4 WTC: 9 Floors
5 WTC: 9 Floors
6 WTC: US Customs House 8 Floors
7 WTC: 47 Floors
12,000,000 square feet of rentable space in the World Trade Center
1 acre of rentable space on each oor of the Twin Towers
7 underground levels included services, shopping, and a subway station
200,000 tons of steel used in the construction of the Twin Towers
425,000 cubic yards of concrete used in the construction of the WTC complex
43,600 windows in the Twin Towers
99 elevators in each tower
70 feet of foundation excavated so the Twin Towers could rest on solid bedrock
3,500 people worked at the site during peak construction
250,000 tons the weight of each of the Twin Towers
U.S.S. Cole after October 2000 attack. Courtesy Department of Defense.
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Arabs and Muslims angry at the United States
because of issues ranging from Iraq to Palestine
to Americas support for their countries repres-
sive rulers.
Bin Ladens grievance with the United States may
have started in reaction to specic U.S. policies
but it quickly became far deeper.To the second
question, what America could do, al Qaedas
answer was that America should abandon the
Middle East, convert to Islam, and end the immo-
rality and godlessness of its society and culture:
It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst
civilization witnessed by the history of mankind.
If the United States did not comply, it would be
at war with the Islamic nation, a nation that al
Qaedas leaders said desires death more than
you desire life.
Terrorist and al Qaeda Attacks on the
United States
1993, World Trade Center Bombing
On Friday, February 26, 1993, at 12:18 pm, a
small cell of terrorists, with links to a local radical
mosque and broader Islamist terror networks,
9/11 NATIONAL DAY OF SERVICE
AND REMEMBRANCE
MyGoodDeed, which represents the inter-
ests of many 9/11 organizations, was the
rst group to formally call for September
11 to be designated as a federally-recog-
nized National Day of Service and Remem-
brance. Progress was made early when, in
2002, President George W. Bush declared
September 11 Patriot Dayto honor both
the victims and heroes of the September
11 attacks, and highlighted the spirit of
service by launching USA Freedom Corps.
In 2004, Congress unanimously passed
H. Con. Res. 473, expressing the sense of
Congress that September 11 should be a
national day of service and compassion. In
2008 President Bush amended the Patriot
Day proclamation to specically include
volunteeringas an appropriate form
of remembrance. In 2009, Congress, in a
bi-partisan, bi-cameral action, passed the
Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act,
which for the rst time authorized the
President of the United States to formally
designate 9/11 as a National Day of Ser-
vice and Remembrance. On September
11, 2009 President Obama amended the
Patriot Day proclamation to ofcially and
permanently make 9/11 a National Day of
Service and Remembrance, as requested
by Congress and the 9/11 community.
Learn more at: www.911dayofservice.org
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detonated approximately 1,200 pounds
of explosives in a rental van in the under-
ground parking garage at the World Trade
Center (WTC), below the Vista Hotel (3 WTC).
The terrorists ed the area after setting the
bomb to explode.The explosion created a
ve-story crater in the sub-grade levels of
the towers and undermined the oor of the
adjoining hotel.
The terrorist attack on the WTC killed six
people: four members of the Port Authoritys
World Trade Department, a Windows on the
World employee; and a visitor to the com-
plex. Over a thousand people were injured,
including 88 reghters, 35 police ofcers,
and one EMS worker.
1998 Bombings of the U.S.
Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
On the morning of August 7 bomb-laden
trucks drove into the U.S. Embassies about
10:30 a.m. in Nairobi, Kenya and 10:39 a.m. in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
The attack on the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi
destroyed the Embassy and killed 12 Ameri-
cans and 201 others, almost all Kenyans.
Over 4,000 people were injured.The attack
on the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam killed
11 more people, none of them Americans.
Interviewed later about the deaths of the
Africans, bin Laden answered when it be-
comes apparent that it would be impossible
to repel these Americans without assault-
ing them, even if this involved the killing of
Muslims, this is permissible under Islam.
Asked if he had indeed masterminded these
bombings, bin Laden said that the World
Islamic Front for jihad against Jews and Cru-
sadershad issued a crystal clearfatwa. If
the instigation for jihad against the Jews and
the Americans to liberate the holy places is
considered a crime,he said,let history be a
witness that I am a criminal.
2000, U.S.S. Cole
On Thursday, October 12, 2000, while refuel-
ing at a port in Aden,Yemen, the U.S. Navy
destroyer Cole was attacked by two suicide
bombers navigating a small motorboat
full of explosives.The explosion occurred
around 11:18 a.m. local time, killing 17 crew-
members and wounding 39 others.
Witnesses later said the boat, which sidled
up along the ships port side, came so close
prior to the explosion that sailors aboard the
USS Cole exchanged greetings with the two
suicide bombers, who stood at attention just
before the explosives detonated.The explo-
sion occurred as crewmembers had begun
lining up for lunch in the galley, and blew a
hole 40 feet wide in the side of the ship.The
blast was likely caused, CIA ofcials believe,
by a shape charge,explosives molded into
the hull of the boat.
The tragic events of September 11, 2001
changed the U.S., and the world, forever. For
those who were old enough to watch those
events unfold, that day and the aftermath
of the attacks has left an indelible mark. For
those too young to remember, the legacy
of 9/11 shapes their lives as a central event
in history.
Many schools will want to commemorate
the 10th Anniversary of September 11,
2001 and nd ways to honor and remem-
ber those who lost their lives. HISTORY
offers this guide to provide suggestions for
9/11 activities and commemorations.
ALL SCHOOL ACTIVITIES:
1. Organize an all-school assembly with
simple readings or announcements
about why we should remember 9/11
and those who lost their lives. Since
September 11th falls on a Sunday,
schools may want to organize these
assemblies on Friday, September 9th or
Monday, September 12th.
2. Many communities were affected by
9/11 and lost family and friends in this
tragedy. If any children at your school
lost family members or friends, dedicate
a memorial or plant a tree to honor
those who were lost.
3. Many brave Americans from reght-
ers to police to everyday citizens cou-
rageously helped others on 9/11 and
in the aftermath of the attacks. Schools
may want to establish a Community
Spirit Awardto honor those in your
community who have contributed
to making your school a better place.
These awards can be offered in honor
of the outpouring of sacrice and gen-
erosity after 9/11 that so many Ameri-
cans remember.
4. Collect small contributions for the
National September 11 Memorial & Mu-
seum, the Flight 93 National Memorial,
the National 9/11 Pentagon Memo-
rial, or another 9/11 Memorial of your
choice.
5. Another way to honor the memory
of 9/11 is for students to donate time
through service projects. Visit Service
Nation or Operation Honor Cards to get
started, or organize a service project at
your school or nearby.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES:
1. In classroom time, have students
review a timeline of what occurred on
September 11, 2001. Review on a map
where and when the 9/11 attacks took
place. Advanced high school and col-
lege students can also review the 9/11
Commission Report.
2. Have students take time for a free-writ-
ing exercise about what they remember
about 9/11/2001, or what they have
learned about that day from others.
Have students share these writings, if
they feel comfortable, in a larger class or
group.
3. Creative projects can be an effective
way for students to work through their
emotions about difcult topics such
as 9/11. Working in small groups, have
students design a mural or poster
about 9/11 and what it means to them.
Students may also want to design their
own 9/11 memorial.
4. Have students locate newspaper
articles published in the days after 9/11
online or at the library and create a 9/11
scrapbook or notebook. The New York
State Archives 9/11 Memory & History
site has great tips for preserving related
items: www.nyshrab.org/memory/in-
dex.shtml
5. Middle school and high school students
can play a role in preserving the history
of 9/11 by interviewing community
members about their memories of
what happened that day. You may want
to link with a local history museum or
historic society to organize a 9/11 oral
history project.
9/11 ORGANIZATIONS AND WEBSITES
HISTORY: www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks
Videos, Interactives, & Photos: www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/interactives
National September 11 Memorial & Museum:
www. national911memorial.org & http://makehistory.national911memorial.org
9/11 Commission: www.9-11commission.gov
9/11 National Day of Service: www.911dayofservice.org
9/11 Timeline: http://timeline.national911memorial.org
A & E Flight 93: www.aetv.com/ight_93/index.jsp
Bio Channel: www.biography.com/proles-of-9-11/index.jsp
Center for History and New Media: http://911digitalarchive.org
Flight 93 National Memorial:
www.nps.gov/ni/index.htm & www.honoright93.org
National 9/11 Pentagon Memorial:
http://pentagonmemorial.org & http://pentagon.spacelist.org
September 11 Education Trust: www.wtcufg.org
Smithsonian Institution: http://americanhistory.si.edu/september11
Story Corps: http://storycorps.org/listen/stories/category/september-11
Television Archive: www.archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive
Tribute WTC Visitor Center: www.tributewtc.org/index.php
Voices of September 11th: http://voicesofseptember11.org
HISTORY: Documenting 9/11
HISTORY has produced several important specials that capture the
experiences of those who lived through 9/11. These programs also
give context for the timeline of events and insight gathered in the
aftermath. Access classroom guides to many of these programs at:
www.history.com/classroom.
Programs: 102 Minutes That Changed America, The Day the Towers Fell,
Making the 9/11 Memorial (Premieres September 2011), 9/11: State of
Emergency, and Relics from the Rubble
How-To Guide for Schools: Commemorating September 11, 2001
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PLAN YOUR VISIT
RESERVE YOUR VISITOR PASS AT
911memorial.org
For education tools and resources, visit
911memorial.org/teach-learn

Cyan Yellow Magenta Black

Attack on U.S. soil remains in every Americans heart
online exclusive
inside
32 Pages volume 102 no. 181 Johnson countys daily newsPaPer 75 weekdays $1.50 sundays
sunday
Sept. 11, 2011
sept. 11, 2001 - sept. 11, 2011: a decade of remembrance
The Times-Review has posted a
Sept. 11 special edition online in
addition to the Sunday coverage
inside todays print edition.
The Times-Review news staff
shares its memories of that fateful
day on Sept. 11, 2001. Page a12
A timeline refects the day of the
terrorist attacks on the World Trade
Center towers. Pages a10-a11
WE STAND UNITED
Today, our
nation saw evil, the
very worst of human
nature. ... This is a day
when all Americans
from every walk of life
unite in our resolve
for justice and peace.
America has stood
down enemies before,
and we will do so this
time. None of us will
ever forget this day.
Yet, we go forward
to defend freedom and
all that is good and
just in our world.
President George W. Bush
on Sept. 11, 2001
2,819 Total number killed in
attacks (official figure as of 9/5/02)
343 Number of firefighters and
paramedics killed
1,402 Number of employees who
died in Tower One
614 Number of employees who
died in Tower Two
36,000 Estimated units of blood
donated to the New York Blood Center
258 Total units of donated blood
actually used
1,609 Number of people who lost
a spouse or partner in the attacks
3,051 Estimated number of chil-
dren who lost a parent
1,506,124 Tons of debris
removed from site
99 Days fires continued to burn af-
ter the attack
146,100 Jobs lost in New York
owing to the attacks
By the numbers
Hard to believe time passed so quickly, two
Cleburne firefighters and a deputy detective said
of the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001,
terrorist attacks on America.
Page A8
Nationwide military recruitment did not surge in the
years after Sept. 11. In fact in 2005, the U.S. Army
had fallen short of its 80,000-person recruitment goal,
according to Len Butler, public affairs specialist for the
U.S. Army Recruiting Battalion in Dallas.
Page A13
Stamm Todd can remember exactly where he was
during the two most traumatic days of his life. He can
also remember what he was thinking and why.
Page A9
As the youngest reporter at the Times-Review, I
quickly realized my recollection of Sept. 11, 2001,
and the recollections of my fellow reporters were
quite different from one another.
Page A13
Andrea Booher/FEMA News Photo
9/11 special
edition
1A
www.darryllackey.com
817-558-6997 817-296-4890
UNITED WE STAND
A8 times-review community sunday, september 11, 2011
8A-9/11
September 11, 2001
By Matt SMith
[email protected]
H
ard to believe time
passed so quickly, two
Cleburne firefighters
and a deputy detective said of
the 10th anniversary of the
Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
on America.
They, like everyone else,
got on with their lives eventu-
ally, without ever completely
forgetting that tragic day.
I saw the second tower
collapse live on TV, CFD Lt.
David Griffin said. I remem-
ber that like it was yesterday.
In the weeks following the
collapse of the World Trade
Center towers both Griffin and
Lt. Brent Easdon traveled to
New York, as did Johnson
County Sheriffs Office Detec-
tive Brian Peterson.
We were on duty, doing
our yearly physical and medi-
cal assessments, Griffin said.
News reports started coming
out and I remember they started
talking about an airplane crash.
First thing I thought was that it
was a bad-weather incident
with a little bitty airplane.
Easdon was also on duty
that day.
We were cleaning the sta-
tion, had the TV on and saw the
first plane hit the towers, Eas-
don said. Thought hmm, what
a freak accident that was.
Peterson, at home getting
ready for work, said he thought
the same when he heard reports
of the first plane.
The reality of the situation
hit soon after.
When the second plane hit,
thats when we realized its not
a freak accident, Easdon said.
Peterson said he realized
the same when he heard the
second tower had been hit
shortly after he arrived at work.
It was just kind of a dark,
dreary feeling day, Peterson
said. We were sitting in my
office and I had a little monitor
on. People kept coming in the
office watching it and it was
just ... we were in shock.
All said they, and their re-
spective departments, got to
work with the situations of the
day at hand in those chaotic
hours immediately following
the attacks.
It was unreal, Griffin
said. I think everyone was
anxious and unsettled that
whole day. For a while you just
didnt know. I didnt think they
were going to attack Cleburne.
I wasnt so sure about Dallas.
Cleburne firefighters
werent sure what to expect ini-
tially, Easdon said.
Once we realized it was an
attack on our country we
started thinking, well we have
Glen Rose, Easdon said. The
four planes were all up north,
but then you start thinking
what targets are here? Dallas
would be a big target, Fort
Worth. So we started thinking
of all the possible targets in our
area that could possibly in-
volve us.
Cleburne is the relocation
center for Glen Rose. We set up
at the senior center and they go
through there to get processed.
The mood at JCSO was just
as anxious and unclear, Peter-
son said.
At the time, you didnt
know what was going on, Pe-
terson said. We knew it was
terrorist attacks and they were
shutting down all the airlines.
The first thing that goes
through your mind, you know,
is that going to be the only air-
port? Are those going to be the
only attacks?
So we were pretty much
wondering what the nation was
going to face and how it might
possibly affect us and other
parts of the country.
In the days after, members
of the Cleburne Firefighters
Association knew they had to
help somehow.
We could either try to send
crews up there, Easdon said.
But at the time our department
wasnt really capable of send-
ing people.
Instead, association mem-
bers hit the streets for Fill-the-
Boot fundraisers.
Just the need to take care
of fellow firefighters and their
families, Griffin said, when
asked what prompted the idea
to raise money. Of course, we
had a real big response from
everyone here. I dont remem-
ber exactly how much we
raised, but about $44,000.
We took that to give to the
New York Firefighters Associ-
ation. That money was desig-
nated for the firefighters and
their families.
Griffin and Easdon, chosen
to represent CFD, flew to New
York in either late October or
early November, 10 years on,
neither recalls the exact date.
Part of the criteria of who
could go was who could pay
their way, Easdon said. Be-
cause what we raised, we
wanted to make sure we gave it
all to them. David and I had a
little money tucked away and
some of the guys refused to fly
at that time, so it kind of cut the
choices down.
Peterson and [now retired]
JCSO Sgt. Marvin Iles traveled
to New York about the same
time for an appearance on the
TV show Americas Most
Wanted.
A neglect case involving
two little girls, which Peterson
and Iles responded to about a
year before the terrorist attacks
resulted in national attention
and appearances by Peterson
and Iles on Good Morning
America, Americas Most
Wanted and other shows.
Although in town to appear
on TV and discuss the neglect
case, Peterson said the recent
attacks were on his mind.
First thing Marvin and I
wanted to do was visit ground
zero, Peterson said. They had
a lot of it cleaned up by that
point, but there were still a lot
of remnants of the destruction.
Seeing the site in person
proved far more emotional than
having seen it on TV and news-
paper photos, Peterson said.
You could walk in other
parts of town, you heard horns
honking, people talking; I think
honking horns is one of their
favorite hobbies up there, Pe-
terson said. But when we got
to ground zero, the thing that
was most impressive was the
silence. No one talked. It was a
very solemn feeling to know
over 2,000 people died at that
location.
Ive been to a lot of
scenes where bad things hap-
pened. But Ive never been in
a scene where the affects after
lasted that long. People still
reverenced that spot. It just
resonated strongly. Seeing all
the family mementos, pic-
tures and flowers lined up
against the wall, I dont know,
it was very moving, hum-
bling.
I thought it amazing see-
ing where the planes hit the
buildings, seeing where the
fire singed area buildings just
how big of an explosion that
thing actually was to see
buildings charred so far away.
I dont know, it made it more
personal. I walked away feel-
ing a whole lot different
about what happened.
The experience of visiting
ground zero was just as emo-
tional for Easdon.
When you get up there
you realize its close to 100
acres just gone and col-
lapsed, Easdon said. When
we were there, it was still
burning. They were still dig-
ging bodies out. From the
rooftop [of Fire Station No.
10] I took a picture of the en-
tire scene.
In the middle of ground
zero theres a fire truck where
the crews were working. I
didnt even see the truck until
I zoomed in. So that kind of
tells you, a 40-foot truck, and
its just dwarfed by the size of
it all.
In addition to delivering
the money, Easdon and Grif-
fin attended the funerals of
two firefighters.
We stood outside the
church for one because it was
too crowded to get in, Grif-
fin said. The second, there
was a line of firefighters from
all over the country that
seemed blocks long. The
family of that firefighter
walked right past us. There
was a little boy, I guess it was
his son, carrying a helmet.
That kind of hit hard.
On a lighter note, both
said that while emotional, it
was also fun to meet fellow
firefighters.
You think New Yorkers
or people from California or
Florida are going to be differ-
ent, Easdon said. But when
you go and meet the firefight-
ers, theyre pretty much the
same breed, same characters
everywhere you go. Theyre
just different. Most of them
are just nuts.
Similarly, Peterson recalls
how New York police officers
were excited to meet him and
Iles.
The morning we went to
do the TV show we were
dressed in our Class A uni-
forms and had our cowboy hats
on and stuck out like I dont
know what, Peterson laughed.
I came down, couldnt find
Marvin, walked out on the
front street and there were
probably about 50 police offi-
cers gathered around Marvin
talking to him, asking about
Texas and telling us things
about Sept. 11 and what they
went through.
The officers were shocked
to learn that Peterson and Iles
visited Battery Park after mid-
night the night before and told
both they were lucky to get out
of there without getting
mugged.
We wanted to see the
Statue of Liberty before we
left, Peterson said. So its af-
ter midnight and were putting
quarters in the [telescope] slot
to look through at the Statue of
Liberty. Which is amazing.
Pictures do not do it justice; its
a work of art.
I remember when we first
got to New York, Marvin said
lets take the subway. I said no.
He asked why not. I said,
Man, every bad movie Ive
ever seen about New York be-
gins on the subway.
Easdon plans to return for
the 10th anniversary.
I dont really leave Texas a
whole lot and never had the de-
sire to go to New York, Eas-
don said. But, going there af-
ter Sept. 11, I just feel a strong
desire to return for the 10th an-
niversary.
Griffin and Peterson both
said they hope to return some-
day as well.
All three said they still think
about that day off and on. That
the recent killing of Osama bin
Laden brought it home even
more so.
Asked if most Americans
have moved on, Easdon said
hes not so sure. CFD last year
acquired a steel beam from one
of the WTC towers, a beam
that will figure prominently in
a planned park to honor fire-
fighters and commemorate
Sept. 11. Since bringing the
beam to town, the department
has displayed it at various
events.
Whats interesting is that
everyone who sees it just wants
to touch it, and they ask per-
mission, Easdon said. I think
Sept. 11, it touched a lot of
people. They may not really re-
alize it, and they may not admit
it, but when somebody asks to
touch a piece of steel you think,
well its just a piece of metal so
why would they ask?
Well, they ask because
they feel a form of reverence
and they really respect it. They
understand the sacrifice, not
just firefighters but police and
all the other victims in the
event.
Local rescue workers share New York memories
Amber Bell/Times-Review
Cleburne Fire Department lieutenants Brent Easdon, left, and David Griffin pose with a steel beam pulled from the rubble of
the World Trade Center. The beam, which CFD acquired last year, will one day be displayed at a city park being planned to
commemorate the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and honor Johnson County firefighters.
Courtesy photo
Cleburne firefighters Lt. David Griffin, second from left, and Lt. Brent Easdon, third from left, visit a New York fire station
shortly after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.
But when we got to
ground zero, the thing
that was most impres-
sive was the silence.
No one talked. It was a
very solemn feeling to
know over 2,000 people
died at that location.
Brian Peterson
I dont really leave
Texas a whole lot and
never had the desire to
go to New York. But,
going there after Sept.
11, I just feel a strong
desire to return for the
10th anniversary.
Brent Easdon
I think everyone was
anxious and unsettled
that whole day. For a
while you just didnt
know. I didnt think
they were going to at-
tack Cleburne. I wasnt
so sure about Dallas.
David Griffin
Average beneft already
received by each FDNY and
NYPD widow: $1 million
SEPT. 11 REMEMBRANCE SET FOR TODAY
The Cleburne Fire Department will hold a Sept. 11 remembrance
event at the Cleburne Conference Center today to commemorate the
tenth anniversary of the 2001 terrorist attacks on America.
The event, which is open to the public, runs from 2-4 p.m. The Cle-
burne Conference Center is located at 1501 W. Henderson St. The cer-
emony includes an honor guard and bagpiper, chaplains comments, a
Sept. 11 memorial presentation and other events.
An artifact a steel beam from the World Trade Center, which CFD
received last year will be on display as will other items of Sept. 11 his-
tory, CFD Chief Clint Ishmael said.
Renderings for a proposed park to honor Johnson County firefighter
and Sept. 11 will also be on view. That park, which donors, not city tax
dollars will fund, also remains in the planning stages. Several residents
who have donated to the project will also be recognized during the cere-
mony, Ishmael said.
A documentary on Sept. 11, titled Rebirth, will be shown at 4 p.m.
The film recounts the events of that day and its affects throughout the
subsequent years. For information on the ceremony call 817-645-0964
or 817-929-5688.
Matt Smith
sunday, september 11, 2011 community times-review A9
9A-9/11
Lance Mitchel, OD
University of Houston College
of Optometry
Summa Cum Laude
Therapeutic Optometrist
Steve G. Surratt, MD
Residency Scott and White Hospital
Board Certified
Diplomate American Board of
Ophthalmology
Eye Physician and Surgeon y g y
203 Walls Dr., Ste. 209 / 817-641-2020 / www.cleburnecataract.com
On September 11, 2011,
we remain grateful
to the heroes of 9.11
and to our men and
women in uniform;
freedom is not free.
We remain united
as Americans.
600 W. Henderson St., Cleburne 817-641-6203
September 11, 2001
By Pete Kendall
SPECIAL TO THE TIMES-REVIEW
S
tamm Todd can re-
member exactly where
he was during the two
most traumatic days of his
life.
He can also remember
what he was thinking and
why.
When President Ken-
nedy was assassinated, I was
just a kid, the Cleburne res-
ident and Fort Worth native
said. When I heard it, I
thought somebody was jok-
ing. I thought, This is not
right. This couldnt possibly
be happening.
It took longer for that to
soak in than 9/11, when the
World Trade Center was hit.
I was an adult when 9/11
happened. It was a whole
different feeling.
While the JFK assassina-
tion impacted us more indi-
vidually, Todd said, 9/11 af-
fected us collectively, as
family units.
9/11 brought families
closer together, Todd said.
It brought my family close.
Ive never seen families
come together like that. I had
people tell me, We havent
been this close in 15 years.
Would that same type of
feeling have been there for
me during the Kennedy as-
sassination if Id been older?
I dont know. I know what it
did to my family. There was
a sadness of losing our
leader. With 9/11, the attack
was from outside.
Sept. 11 was a literally
and figuratively a blur, he
said. JFKs tragic death was
not. Historic events sur-
rounding the 1963 tragedy
stretched on for weeks. The
World Trade Center struc-
tures went down in minutes.
Like many other baby
boomers, Todd grew up
quickly after the assassina-
tion.
I remember where I was
when Kennedy was shot,
what I was doing when I
heard about it, Todd said. I
remember what happened
when I went back to class.
I remember the [Arling-
ton Heights High School]
football team getting to-
gether to decide what to do
about the football game
against Eastern Hills that
Friday night. I remember the
looks on everybodys faces.
Todd, a senior lineman,
said head coach Homer Lu-
diker told the players,
Were not going to play Fri-
day because the president
has been assassinated. Were
going to leave it up to the
teams whether to play the
game later. This is a tragic
moment. We dont have to
play it at all if we dont want
to.
We took a vote, and we
decided we needed to play
the game to release the pres-
sure of what was going on.
Eastern Hills made the same
decision. I remember the
morale, the sadness, the
whole nine yards. It was just
devastating. I think a lot of
us became adults after that.
The game was played the
week after the regular season
was complete.
Im glad we played,
Todd said. For a couple of
hours, it took all that out of
our minds. The game was in-
tense. One of our guys got
thrown out of the game be-
cause of a fight. There was
passion. That was because of
the tension.
It was probably the most
intense game I ever played
in. It was probably the best
game I ever had. We also
came out on top.
Ironically, Todd took up
part of Sept. 11, 2001 by tell-
ing an interviewer about the
effect of the Kennedy assas-
sination on a Fort Worth stu-
dent and athlete.
I was getting ready to go
to work that morning, he
said. I saw the first plane hit
the World Trade Center and
didnt think much about it. I
thought it must have been an
accident.
Then the second plane
hit, and I didnt have a clue
what to think. I never
thought the buildings would
collapse ... couldnt visualize
that. And then they did. That
was horrible.
Cleburne resident recalls two traumas in his lifetime
By Scott Mayerowitz
AP AIRLINES WRITER

F
ive-year-old Frank Allocco
is 37,000 feet above Amer-
ica, face pressed against the
window.
Cool, he says to his 6-year-old
sister. Francesca, look.
Its their first flight. They ignore a
Harry Potter DVD and video games.
Instead, there are rivers, mountains
and tiny cars below.
Francesca chimes in: Wow,
Frank, look at that cloud.
For Frank and Francesca, soaring
high above the country is magical.
The kids from Park Ridge, Ill., are
treated like stars. A flight attendant
gives them wing pins. Mom and dad
snap photos.
For most of us, though, the ro-
mance of flight is long gone lost
to Sept. 11, 2001, and hard-set mem-
ories of jets crashing into buildings.
We remember what it was like be-
fore. Keeping all our clothes on at
security. Getting hot meals for free
even if we complained about the
taste. Leg room.
Today, we feel beaten down even
before reaching our seats. Shoes
must be removed and all but the tini-
est amounts of liquids surrendered at
security checkpoints. Loved ones can
no longer kiss passengers goodbye at
the gate. And airlines, which have
struggled ever since the day terrorists
used airplanes as missiles, are adding
fees, squeezing in passengers and
cutting amenities to survive.
In interviews conducted during a
week flying around the country
nine flights totaling 8,414 miles
many passengers expressed anger
with air travel, which they said left
them feeling like second-class citi-
zens. Generally, the terrorism fears
that prompted most of the changes
were a distant afterthought.
Anytime I walk into an airport, I
feel like a victim, said Lexa Shafer,
of Norman, Okla. Im sorry that we
have to live this way because of bad
guys.
Despite the aggravations, Ameri-
cas skies are busier than ever. Air-
lines carried 720 million passengers
last year, up from 666 million in the
year before the attacks.
There was little concern about ter-
rorism even on a flight that was al-
most identical same route, airline,
plane type and departure time to
United Airlines Flight 93, which
crashed in a Pennsylvania field on
Sept. 11 after passengers fought the
terrorists for control.
Instead, passengers were jockey-
ing for position at the gate as if they
were waiting for the doors to open on
a day-after-Thanksgiving sale. They
glanced at each others tickets and
mumbled complaints when some-
body boarded before they were sup-
posed to.
Passengers have lost civility,
said Karen McNeilly, of Gold Hill,
Ore.
And its not just the boarding pro-
cess that would make Emily Post
cringe.
On a flight to Houston, an over-
sized man stole a window seat. Why?
Because in his assigned seat he
would have spilled into the aisle. The
rightful occupant couldnt really ob-
ject since the seat-stealer was already
firmly planted, tray table down,
Burger King cup out.
Its easier now for passengers to
get annoyed with each other. Were
simply getting packed in more tightly
by airlines that are reining in costs
more than they ever did before the
terror attacks.
A decade ago, an average of 72
percent of seats per flight were occu-
pied. Today, 82 percent are. Passen-
gers once had a shot at an empty
middle seat. Now that rarely hap-
pens. Airlines have added rows,
meaning less leg room. Smaller, re-
gional planes now carry a quarter of
all passengers, twice that of a decade
ago.
It is a dismal experience that you
simply put up with because you have
to get from point A to point B. It used
to be the part of the trip you looked
forward to, said Virgin America
CEO David Cush. As an industry,
weve found a way to beat that joy of
flying out of people.
In another effort to balance their
books, airlines have added fees for
once-free services. Last year, $8.1
billion in fees were collected, more
than three times the $2.5 billion col-
lected before the attacks, adjusted for
inflation.
Checked-luggage fees accounted
for $3.4 billion of the 2010 total.
Without them, major airlines would
have lost money last year rather than
reporting a combined $2.6 billion in
profits.
Its no wonder that for shorter
trips, Americans now avoid flying.
New inter-city buses have popped up
and Amtrak now carries 37 percent
more riders than a decade ago. Buses
and trains dont have the security
checkpoints that make it necessary
for air passengers to arrive at the air-
port about an hour before domestic
flights and two hours in advance for
trips out of the U.S.
The days of arriving minutes be-
fore a flight are a distant memory,
and lines are inconsistent. While one
Transportation Security Administra-
tion checkpoint took four minutes to
clear, another involved a 27-minute
wait.
Frequent fliers know the ever-
changing set of security rules. Most
others dont.
Some people worry about radia-
tion-emitting, modesty-eroding full-
body scanners, although their use is
still sporadic.
Sept. 11 changed everything Americans knew about air travel
Matt Snider/Special to the Times-Review
Visitors to New York after 9/11 tour the memorials left on the walls surrounding the debris of the World Trade Center.
Courtesy photo/Shutterstock
Average beneft already
received by each FDNY and
NYPD widow: $1 million
A12 times-review community sunday, september 11, 2011
I
ts difficult to believe that Sept.
11 happened 10 years ago. The
day is vivid in my mind because
it was already a memorable year
for me. My son was born in June
2001. That fateful morning I was sit-
ting at home with him. At the time I
was on the job at the Times-Review
for about seven months as the new
sports editor.
He and I would spend our
mornings watching Bear in the Big
Blue House or The Wiggles.
Later in the day when my wife
came home, I would head into
work. How the Times-Review cov-
ered the event is vague to me since
I was in the sports department. My
wife called me to see if I saw what
had happened in New York.
Of course, I blew it off as no big
deal. I just assumed some fool in a
small plane lost control and ran into
a building. On TV, you lose the
scale of the damage and the scale
of the plane. The hole in the tower
appeared small. Then, when the
second plane hit, everything
changed. I knew something was
up.
From that point, the news side
of me kicked in. I spent the whole
day watching all the coverage I
could. It was stunning to me that
the U.S. was attacked on its own
soil. After hearing about the plane
at the Pentagon and then the plane
going down in Pennsylvania, I knew
terrorism was brought to a level we
would never forget.
The word surreal is probably
the most fitting word I can come up
with. My thoughts were, Wait a
minute. Whats going on here? How
in the world did U.S. security allow
something like this to happen?
Over the years since that time,
weve all come to learn that our se-
curity systems are flawed. Its im-
possible to catch everyone and ev-
erything. Its a scary thing and it
would be much scarier if we had
any idea who and what has been
captured, stopped, etc., since Sept.
11. I dont want to know. Im just
glad we live in a country, despite its
many flaws, that allows us the free-
doms we have and the fortitude to
fight the war on terror.
To me, its amazing nothing
else has occurred on U.S. soil
since that time. I thought Sept. 11
was the first of many attacks we
might see. Maybe that was fear
making me feel that way. If it could
happen once, why cant it happen
again and again?
Perhaps the one thing I wish
had lasted from that fateful day was
the camaraderie our country had
immediately after the attacks. It
didnt matter what party you be-
longed to, who was president or
whether you lived in the north or
south. We all pulled together and
looked out for one another. That
feeling has long since gone away.
Just flip on the TV or log on to the
Internet and watch the politicians.
Dale Gosser
12A-9/11
September 11, 2001
Number of Americans
who changed their 2001
holiday-travel plans from plane
to train or car: 1.4 million
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10 Years Later ...
WE REMEMBER
8EPTEMBER 11, 2001
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O
n the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks,
most Americans will recall with great clarity where
they were or what they were doing when they
learned of the tragedy. To commemorate the anni-
versary, the Times-Review news staff share their memories and
what each one learned from the events or how it has shaped
their lives. Whether we were behind the desk in school, in a
newsroom or with loved ones, each message speaks of confu-
sion, fear and sadness, along with a new awareness of our na-
tions security and independence and for some a marked point
in their growing up. How did it change your life?
Courtesy photo/ 9/11 Memorial Museum/John F. OSullivan Jr.
Times-Review staff remember where they were
I
was in seventh grade on Sept.
11, 2001. My second period
teacher was frozen against the
back wall of the classroom when
we walked in. The television was
on. There was a lot of smoke, de-
bris and people crying on the
screen.
I remember different teachers
coming in to speak with my
teacher. They whispered things to
each other and made sure we
couldnt hear.
My teacher told us to be quiet,
to watch the television. She just
kept standing at the back of the
room with her hand over her
mouth. She shook her head a lot
and blinked back tears. She had
mascara all over her cheeks.
We asked to see what the
other television channels had on.
They were all replaying the video
of a plane crashing into a building
in New York.
There had been a bad acci-
dent, my teacher said. We
skipped school announcements
that morning, which was unusual.
Rumors started going around the
room on scrap pieces of paper. All
of us kids were wide-eyed, mak-
ing faces at each other and trying
to figure out what was going on.
How could someone accidentally
fly a plane like that into the middle
of a building?
I wasnt looking at the screen
when the second plane hit, but
my teacher screamed and
pointed at the television. I remem-
ber her saying, Oh, my God,
which was something teachers
werent supposed to say in class.
I noticed she started to cry. She
grabbed a box of tissues and said
our lives were about to change
forever.
This is not an accident, she
said. This is a terrorist attack.
As a seventh grade student, I
had no idea what a terrorist attack
was, or why anyone would want
to hurt us.
The rest of the day was a blur
of rumors. My parents didnt really
explain much to me after school,
but now I know its because they
were as confused as I was.
I went to my younger sisters
soccer practice that afternoon, but
all I can remember is how eerie it
was with no airplanes in the sky.
Every so often, a military plan
would zip through the clouds. I
thought a bomb would fall on us
in the middle of Fort Worth, be-
cause if innocent people in New
York, the Pentagon and Pennsyl-
vania were targeted, what made
me any different?
I worried that every place I
went to was a target. I worried
about that for a long time.
Amber Bell
H
ard to believe the Sept. 11 terrorist
attacks happened 10 years ago be-
cause that certainly doesnt seem
that long ago.
Still, its also hard to recall certain de-
tails from a decade ago, but I seem to re-
member a news story some months before
September 2001 about a man flying a
small airplane. He had a heart attack and
crashed into a house. Dont recall if any-
one else was hurt or where the crash oc-
curred. Probably wouldve forgotten the
story long ago had it not been for Sept. 11.
I remember hearing the first report of a
plane crashing into the World Trade Cen-
ter that morning on my car radio. Didnt
give it much thought to be honest. Surely
just a small plane like the other crash a
month or so earlier. Several minutes and
news updates later brought realization that
such was obviously not the case.
Thinking back, I recall the overall
mood of somber and stunned quietness
everywhere in the days immediately fol-
lowing and anger from watching victims
jump from the upper floors of the towers
before they collapsed. On a lighter note, if
such is possible, I remember a benefit
show a few days later where a New York
firefighter cussed out bin Laden on live TV.
To this day, Id still love to buy that guy a
drink.
What would the long-term effects of
the tragedy be, a lot of media people won-
dered at the time. Would it bring the coun-
try closer together? Unfortunately, 10
years on, we seem more divided than
ever.
Matt Smith
E
ver since I became a journalist, news has always
played a vital role in my life. No matter where I am, I
have to stay connected ... radio, TV or the Internet.
On this particular 9/11, I remember hurrying myself and my
second-grade son out the door into the car to school and
work. We naturally buckled in and tuned into Radio Disney,
my sons favorite news channel.
As the Backstreet Boys bopped in the background, I un-
buckled and kissed my kiddo good-bye, wishing him a good
day.
Back in the car, I immediately tuned my radio back to
MY station, KRLD, and that is when the world changed for
me. I remember getting in on the middle of the breaking
news broadcast about a jet flying into the World Trade Cen-
ter building. At that time I was working for the Star-Telegram
and so was my then-husband, Rusty. I sat there motionless
in the car to catch the details of the report and then phoned
Rusty to tell him to turn on the television telling him I am
coming back home to see what was going on.
I drove back to my house, not even sure how I got there
because I was so intent on listening to the events unfold in
New York City. I remember racing into the bedroom where
the TV was on, sitting on the edge of the bed and watching
the replay of the tragedy. I slowly got up and knew that the
news world would be crazy today and began to leave for the
office when, BAM, the second plane hit the tower.
I remember repeating over and over again, What is go-
ing on here? What is this? Why? I noticed the news an-
chors lost their professional decorum and simply became
human as they questioned what was happening? Search-
ing their teleprompters for a news link or an explanation. But
nothing ... just plain human reaction. Attempting to regain
their composure, I also gathered my thoughts and headed
into work, listening to the broadcast reports from the car.
Once there, the newsroom was an anthill of activities.
Meetings here, press deadlines changing there ... extra sec-
tions added to the daily run. And all the while, televisions
updating and replaying the TRAGEDY. There is something
exciting and addictive about the adrenaline and teamwork
that comes into play in a newsroom during a major news
event. I remember the same sense of calm urgency that
buzzed from reporter to editor to photo desk when Princess
Di died.
Anyone and everyone with writing experience worked
on local angles to the terrorist attack, everyone stayed close
to the AP wirefeeds and occasionally glanced over the com-
puter screen to catch a glimpse of the TV coverage.
All of the busy work stopped cold, when before our very
eyes the damaged buildings crumbled to the ground. All
eyes were on the TV screens. Silence, gasps, tears and
more silence.
Followed by more meetings, phone calls, news monitor-
ing and reporting. No time for idle chatter about American
Idol or The Office episodes. No time for a Starbucks run.
Only time for news gathering and reporting that affected
features, sports, business and local news. That day, I knew
what it felt like to be a member of the media. I also knew
how vital the news is and how quickly it can change and
touch the lives of people all over the globe. That day not
only was I a member of a unified newsroom, but also I be-
came a concerned member of a unified nation. One nation,
under God. Indivisible.
Diane Hall
I
was in the eighth grade when the
planes were hijacked. I was in
my first period class and Im
pretty sure the only thing on my
mind was lunch.
It was around 8 a.m. and most
of my classmates began receiving
early dismissals and I had no idea
why.
It wasnt until our teacher
turned on the TV that we realized
what had just occurred moments
before.
I sat there in disbelief that the
U.S. had just been attacked.
From such a young age we
were taught that the U.S. is the
most well-protected nation and we
could not be touched. It was defi-
nitely an eye-opener.
Throughout the rest of the day
students continued to receive early
dismissals and the most of the
teachers diverted from their regu-
larly planned lessons to talk to us
about the attack.
I remember one teacher saying,
Looks like were about to have our
third world war.
Other teachers talked about the
possibility of a nuclear threat and
the end of the world not some-
thing a 12-year-old wants to hear.
I was obsessed with the news
coverage and every single detail
that emerged. I remember the na-
tional orders to ground all aircraft, I
remember hearing reports of what
the terrorists would attack next and
I remember seeing images of
ground zero smoldering weeks af-
ter the attack.
Even though I was fixated on
the attack in New York, it didnt re-
ally set in that my country had been
attacked. New York is more than a
1,000 miles away and Im only 12.
However, I think the first signs
that it was real was the increased
number of fighters jets I saw during
the day, the tanks I saw shipping
out on passing trains and the in-
creased armed security at the air-
port.
The world definitely changed.
Before 9/11, I had no worries about
war or a threat of an attack on our
soil.
John D. Harden
S
ept. 11, 2001, changed the
lives of everyone in America.
That single day, whether di-
rectly involved or not, impacted ev-
ery person in the country.
As a junior in high school, I was
in math class when it happened. I
have terrible memories of math
class, especially on test days.
Thats when I always got bad news.
We were in the middle of a test
that fateful day, and the teacher
stopped and wheeled a television in
so we could watch what was going
on.
Later I was sitting in journalism
class. Our entire class was silent as
we just watched the news unfold on
television.
In fact the entire school was si-
lent ... hardly any words were spo-
ken that day as we tried to take in
what was happening to our nation.
Even though I didnt know any-
one there or anyone involved, I was
still impacted, as I am sure every-
one was that day.
Monica Faram
A
s a sophomore in high school, I didnt
have much stake in current events in
the real world. That changed on Sept.
11, 2001.
As a freshman, I remember paying close
attention to the 2000 presidential election
and the Florida recount. But that was an ab-
erration. Pre-AP biology was my second pe-
riod class at about 9 a.m. at Dripping Springs
High School, 25 miles west of Austin.
The bell rang and I sat down in my seat
on the left side of the classroom.
After a few minutes, the voice of our prin-
cipal, Greg Jung, came on over the speakers
to announce that a plane had crashed into
the World Trade Center in New York City.
I dont think Id ever heard the word ter-
rorist before, even at 16.
The first image that went through my
mind was a small, single-engine plane hitting
a large building. I had forgotten how massive
the twin towers were and I had no idea that
what had really happened was that a full-size
jetliner had crashed into the building.
It scared me to think of what might result
from such an impact. How could the building
sustain such a blow from, essentially, a mis-
sile traveling at 400-plus mph?
Regrettably, one of my classmates made
a smart-aleck comment after Jung finished
the announcement, but in the end, it mightve
been for the best because it kind of broke the
mood.
The rest of the day, I had a feeling in my
head that I was living out a day that the
world, and particularly the U.S.A., would
never forget. Later in the day at tennis prac-
tice, one of my friends made the following
comment.
Can you believe were out here playing
tennis and several thousand miles away,
thousands of people are trapped under what
used to be a tall building?
It reinforced the disconnect between us
and the victims of the attacks. But, in another
way, it made me realize the gravity of the
event. It was truly a day Ill never forget.
Zack Cunningham
View the 9/11 special section on our
website, www.cleburnetimesreview.com
sunday, september 11, 2011 community times-review A13
By John d. harden
[email protected]
Nationwide military re-
cruitment did not surge in the
years after Sept. 11. In fact in
2005, the U.S. Army had
fallen short of its 80,000-per-
son recruitment goal, accord-
ing to Len Butler, public af-
fairs specialist for the U.S.
Army Recruiting Battalion in
Dallas.
But in the years after
2005, when the Army fell
7,000 recruits short of its
goal, the Army has hit it re-
cruiting goals for both active
and reserve services.
The average enlistment
age over the last 10 years has
been between 20-22, mean-
ing that many of the new re-
cruits were only in fourth
grade at the time of the trag-
edy.
Johnson County resident
David Clark decided to enlist
right after high school. The
18-year-old doesnt remem-
ber much about the Sept. 11
attacks but he grew up in a
generation where news of
war was a regularly occur-
ring headline.
Its just something Ive
always wanted to pursue
growing up, he said. I
wasnt necessarily affected
by 9/11 that day, but every-
thing that occurred after
pretty much shaped my ca-
reer choice, he said.
Almost one million men
and women have chosen to
enlist in the U.S. Army and
the U.S. Army Reserve over
the past 10 fiscal years fol-
lowing Sept. 11, 2001. And
in Johnson County a total of
900 residents have enlisted
since 9/11.
The 9/11 generation, as it
has been called, has bore the
burden for our security dur-
ing this decade of war, But-
ler said. Its inspiring that
many of them between 18
and 20 want to serve because
of what happened on that day
10 years ago. For some its a
career choice but for others
its a calling.
Tens of thousands of
young men and women who
have enlisted in the military
this year grew up in the
shadow of 9/11, often too
young to remember the world
well before it, he said.
In contrast to earlier con-
flicts, the 9/11 generation are
all volunteers who chose to
serve in a time of war, he
said. They have upheld the
virtues of service, sacrifice
and selflessness that have al-
ways been the source of
Americas strength.
But to place things in per-
spective, a weak economy
also played a role in peoples
decision to enlist.
Branches of the military
report that they are meeting
or exceeding their recruit-
ment goals and are attracting
better qualified recruits,
largely because of the lack of
jobs for young people. Mili-
tary service ensures a pay-
check and benefits.
Angelo Haygood, the dep-
uty chief of recruiting opera-
tions for the U.S. Air Force,
said that all recruits are asked
their top three reasons for
joining the service.
In seven out of the past 10
years, recruits have cited
patriotism as a reason for
joining, Haygood said. But
he wouldnt say that Sept. 11
was the sole motivator for
people to enlist in the Air
Force.
Recruiters say they now
hear a mixture of reasons for
enlisting, with many poten-
tial recruits still citing patrio-
tism, but a growing number
also looking for benefits such
as health care.
When they come in now,
theyre looking at benefits,
Butler said. Theyre not talk-
ing about the GI Bill ... theyre
talking about a safety net.
Army recruitment remains steady in post-9/11 America
13A-9/11
September 11, 2001
... were going to do that same thing
we did for the frst collapse and Im
sure that were going to make it.
Offcer David Brink, NYPD ESU
NEVER
FORGET
By aMBer Bell
[email protected]
A
s the youngest reporter at the
Times-Review, I quickly re-
alized my recollection of
Sept. 11, 2001, and the recollections
of my fellow reporters were quite
different from one another.
Because of that, I felt it would be
interesting to visit Cleburne High
School and talk to some of the ju-
niors and seniors about what they
remembered about that day. After
all, I was only a seventh grader then,
roughly six years older than the stu-
dents I wanted to interview.
As I talked to the students, I was
surprised at how much they did re-
member and how well they under-
stood, even though they were only
first- and second-graders at the time.

Ashley Scarr
Senior Ashley Scarr said she re-
members Sept. 11 vividly.
Scarrs mother was due to have
surgery that morn-
ing, so when ru-
mors of bombs and
explosions started
going around, Scarr
said she feared for
her mothers safety.
As a second-grade
student, she said her
mothers surgery
worried her, but
nothing compared
to the confusion she felt after the
first plane hit in New York.
Scarr remembered her teacher at
an Arlington elementary school
turned on the television and said, if
you dont want to watch this, thats
fine.
Scarr said she and some of her
classmates watched until the second
plane hit the World Trade Center.
Thats when Scarr was called out of
class. Her grandmother was waiting
in the school office with news that
Scarrs mother had been pulled from
surgery early as a precaution.
I didnt know what was going
on, Scarr recalled.
Later that night, Scarr and her
family gathered around the televi-
sion and Scarr said she started to un-
derstand more of what happened,
but feared for some family members
who resided close to attack sites.
At the time, Scarrs uncle lived
about 10 miles from the Pentagon.
The family was unable to contact
him because communication in that
area had either failed or was con-
gested. Luckily, Scarr said no one in
her family was harmed during the
attacks and her uncle called them
about three days later with the good
news that he was OK.
Scarr said she believes technol-
ogy today is more efficient and will
help better predict any future attacks
on American soil.
We wont be completely blind-
sided, she said, but added that she
doesnt think U.S. officials will al-
low something as catastrophic as
Sept. 11 to happen again.
Josh Hodges
Junior Josh Hodges was a first-
grade student at Coleman Elemen-
tary School when he heard about the
attacks.
He said he re-
members his
teacher tried to go
along with her les-
son plan all day, but
never talked about
what happened. She
had to stop teaching
because she kept
crying, Hodges re-
membered.
In first grade, you really dont
have a grasp on stuff, Hodges said.
Hodges uncle and father were
both airline pilots at the time and
were grounded in Dallas.
Before all that happened, we
flew all the time. It was so much
easier to go through security, he re-
membered.
Hodges said the pain of going
through security now is worth it be-
cause he feels much safer than be-
fore.
Katie Reynolds
Katie Reynolds, a senior, was in
her second-grade classroom in Fort
Worth on Sept. 11. She said her
school sheltered students from in-
formation, and she didnt know
much until her family told her about
it and she watched footage on the
news.
She said the impact of Sept. 11
didnt hit her until
she was in middle
school.
When youre
that young, you
dont understand
that was a personal
attack against us.
That was hard for
my mind to grasp,
Reynolds said.
Matthew Mead
Senior Matthew Mead, also a
second-grade student at the time of
the attacks, was at Gerard Elemen-
tary School when he heard what
happened.
My dad had just dropped me
off. My teacher
started crying, and
then she turned on
the TV for us to
watch it, he said.
Meads father, a
Marine, came home
that night with tears
in his eyes and ex-
plained to Mead the
seriousness of the
attacks.
Mead said that he feels safer than
ever, especially flying. He remem-
bers how easy it was to get on an
airplane before but said he is glad
for the added security, even if it is a
hassle.
Cooper Walls
Senior Cooper Walls was a sec-
ond-grader at Coleman Elementary
on Sept. 11. He said he doesnt re-
member much about the school day
other than teachers being really
bummed out, and people crying.
He remembers
his parents telling
him what happened
after school, but he
learned most about
the event from
watching news
channels.
Back then I
wondered why,
Walls said. He said
teachers started talking more about
Sept. 11 when he was in middle
school, and thats when he realized
how big of a deal it was.
Ryan Richards
Ryan Richards, a junior, was a
first-grade student at Coleman Ele-
mentary when she first heard about
the attacks.
She said he
doesnt remember
too much about that
day, but recalled
seeing lots of peo-
ple crying.
I just remember
my mom picking
me up from day
care and I asked
what was wrong because everyone
was crying, she said.
Though Richards said she didnt
start to learn more about the reasons
behind the attacks until middle
school, she said noticed the increase
in security immediately.
Richards said she sometimes
worries about a future attack be-
cause its impossible to know for
sure what world leaders have
planned.
There is always that possibil-
ity, she said.
Cleburne High School students remember Sept. 11 attacks
Amber Bell
[email protected]
Ashley
Scarr
Josh
Hodges
Katie
Reynolds
Matthew
Mead
Cooper
Walls
Ryan
Richards
Nine hundred Johnson County
residents have enlisted in the
Army since the 2001 attacks.
Remax
4x8
Courtesy photo
RE/MAXof Cleburne
1601 West Henderson www.cleburnerealestate.com
817-641-6696 Metro 817-558-1050
A14 times-review community sunday, september 11, 2011
14A
Legal Professionals of Johnson County
ATTORNEY
DIRECTORY
M.C. DavIs
Attnrncy At Law
11 N. Main Slreel
CIeburne, TX 76O33
817-641-5005
HuIIman & Van 5!ykc
Attnrncys At Law
115 S. Main Slreel, Suile 2O3
CIeburne, TX 76O33
817-641-4040
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Attnrncy At Law
2 Lasl Chambers
CIeburne, TX 76O31
817-645-9151
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Attnrncy At Law
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1O1 L. Henderson, CIeburne, TX 76O31
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September 11, 2001
Estimated cost of cleanup:
$600 million
By liSa MagerS
CISD COMMUNITY SERVICES
Sept. 11, 2001, began as
an ordinary day in their high
school lives until second
period.
Ten years later, they are
now teachers, many of them
in the same high school
where they first heard the
news of the attack on their
nation.
Every time I hear some-
thing about Sept. 11 it takes
me back to my sophomore
year at Cleburne High
School, watching the news in
shock, said Ryan Stepp, a
special education teacher and
coach at CHS. I definitely
remember that day clearly. I
was headed to second period
Mrs. Penningtons Alge-
bra II class when I began
to hear rumors in the hallway
about how someone had
bombed the twin towers. No
one knew for sure what was
happening.
There was just an eerie
feeling throughout the rest of
the school day, he said. Ev-
ery class period from then on
we just sat in awe and
watched the news and foot-
age of what was happening. I
didnt know what to think.
Watching replay after replay
of the second plane hitting
the tower, all I could do was
pray that God would be with
everyone involved. It was an
unbelievable and scary sight
to see.
Kala Taylor was a fresh-
man at CHS on 9/11. She is
now a first-year teacher at
CHS, teaching freshman
English. Taylor had an ortho-
dontist appointment that
morning and was with her
mother when news of the at-
tack came on the car radio.
I remember walking up
the stairs at school and a girl
came down the stairs crying,
saying that she had a family
member in New York on
business, Taylor said.
When I made it to my class-
room, I was the first to tell
my teacher of the news.
She immediately turned
on the classroom television
and we saw that the second
tower had been hit, Taylor
said. For the rest of the pe-
riod we sat in silence. It was
probably the most silent a
freshman class had ever
been. I think that silence
came from our fear of what
might come next.
English teacher Joy
Cooke was a sophomore in
first period marching practice
when word of the attack be-
gan to filter through the hall-
ways inside the school.
I had no idea of what had
happened until I walked into
second period and Mrs. Bun-
docks science class, Cooke
said. I was surprised, and
confused, to see the lights
turned off and the TV turned
on to the news. Everyone was
either somber or panicky.
We were quickly filled in
on what had happened and it
seems the rest of the day was
filled with the fiery, ash cov-
ered images on a constant
loop, she said. I might have
had a lesson or two that day,
but I dont have any recollec-
tion of them.
When the school day fi-
nally ended, I remember be-
ing surprised that we still had
band practice scheduled that
evening, Cooke said. With
other activities being can-
celed it was more or less as-
sumed that we wouldnt be
practicing. I think, overall, it
was a good thing that we did.
The day was very shaky
and unnerving and between
the eerie and scary atmo-
sphere, and the panic in the
parking lot as juniors and se-
niors rushed to the nearest
gas station before prices shot
up or gas ran out, the routine
and normality of practice that
night was calming and assur-
ing.
That historic Tuesday was
also challenging for the fac-
ulty and staff of CHS, includ-
ing Assistant Principal Ron
Garcia, who was a speech
teacher at that time.
Garcia was on his confer-
ence period putting together
a test when he first learned of
the attacks.
With class about to start,
I immediately went to the
English Department office
where we had a 12-inch black
and white TV, Garcia said.
It was turned on and they
were replaying the crash into
the second tower. Mrs. Fort
and Mrs. Bell (English teach-
ers) were watching, too. I
was shaken, as were they.
We all went back to class
to try and teach, he said.
As we began second period
they announced what had
happened over the PA. I re-
member the rest of the day
being a blur.
Three days later the high
school held its regular Friday
morning pep rally, but it was
much more about the red,
white and blue, than the
black and gold. The pep rally
opened with the playing of
the National Anthem by the
Golden Pride Band, followed
by the pledge of allegiance.
The pep rally that Friday
was incredible, Garcia said.
There were lots of tears,
crying and patriotism dis-
played. There was so much
red, white and blue, it was
awe inspiring.
There was not a dry eye
in the gym as the National
Anthem was played and the
pledge was recited. I was ex-
tremely proud to be an Amer-
ican that day.
In the following weeks,
at every pep rally, chants of
U.S.A., U.S.A. reverberated
in the gym.
Ten years later, CHS pep
rallies still open with the Na-
tional Anthem and the
pledge. This Friday, instead
of a pep rally, students and
staff will assemble in obser-
vance of the 10 year anniver-
sary of 9/11.
While the memories of
that day may be limited for
the student body the se-
nior class were second grad-
ers at the time the day re-
mains quite real and memo-
rable for their teachers.
It was just like any other
morning of my freshman
year of college, said social
studies teacher Chris Poss.
My first class was in the
business building at Tarleton
State and there was always a
TV on in the lobby.
As I walked through the
glass doors I saw a bunch of
students huddled around the
TV, Poss said. One of them
turned around to me and said
come hereyou have to see
this. I knew something was
terribly wrong by the sound
of his voice and the look of
anguish on his face.
Like his fellow students
of the time, Poss recalls a day
in which classroom instruc-
tion was replaced by a tragic
lesson in American history
which was being written
right before their eyes.
The day was awash in
terms of classes as students
and professors alike huddled
around TV sets, he said. I
remember after that initial
feeling of insecurity, feeling
angry and up in arms. I didnt
know the people who were
killed in the attacks and those
who lost their lives trying to
save them. But they were my
family because were Ameri-
cans.
The acts of 9/11 have, for
obvious reasons, changed our
lives from what they were
prior to that day, said the so-
cial studies teacher. Every
day we now live with the
threat of attack. My experi-
ence this summer as I walked
through the airport, going
through security and the
other measures now in place
was strenuous at best.
The experience was a def-
inite reminder that we should
always be on watch, we
should thank our communi-
tys public servants along
with anyone who has been or
is currently serving in our
armed forces and, above all,
we should never forget the
events of 9/11 and what was
taken from us.
High school students, now teachers remember 9/11
Lisa Magers/CISD
Every Cleburne High School pep rally begins with the National Anthem and the Pledge of Allegiance.