Transformers

METU

by
Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAİOĞLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 1
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Transformers - Principle

Principle Area A2

Operation of a transformer can

be best explained in terms of a
connected reservoir shown on h2
the RHS Area A1

h1
Let the cross-sectional areas of
the reservoirs in the figure on
the LHS and RHS be;
Area1 = A1
Area2 = A2

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 2
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Transformers - Principle

Basic Principle

Displacement of water on the LHS =

Area A2
Displacement of water on the RHS

Volume1 = A1 x h1 Area A1
Volume2 = A2 x h2
h2
Volume1 = Volume2 h1
A1 x h1 = A2 x h2
A1 / A 2 = h 2 / h 1

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 3
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Transformers - Principle

Basic Principle

Pressure of water on the LHS =

Pressure of water on the RHS Pressure2

Pressure1 = Pressure2 Pressure1

h2
Definition:
P = Pressure = Force / Area h1
P1 = P2
F 1 / A 1 = F2 / A2
or
F1 / F2 = A1 / A2

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 4
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Transformers - Principle

Basic Principle; Energy on the LHS = Energy on the RHS

F 1 / F 2 = A1 / A 2
A1 / A 2 = h 2 / h 1 Energy2
or
F 1 / F 2 = h2 / h1 Energy1

or h2

F 1 x h 1 = F2 x h 2 h1

Definition:
Energy1 = Height1 x Force1
Energy2 = Height2 x Force2

Energy1 = Energy2
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 5
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Transformers - Principle

Basic Principle; Power on the LHS = Power on the RHS

Let us now divide both sides by t

Power2
Definition:
Power = Energy / Time
Power1
F1 x h 1 /  t = F2 x h2 /  t h2

h1
Definition:
Water flow rate 1 = I1
= h1 /  t
Water flow rate2 = I2
= h2 /  t

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 6
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Transformers - Principle

Basic Principle; Power on the LHS = Power on the RHS

F1 x I1 = F2 x I2
Power2
Conservation of Power;
Power1 = Power2 Power1
h2

h1

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 7
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Transformers - Electrical Case

Basic Principle; Power on the LHS = Power on the RHS

Conservation of Power; Primary Current Secondary Current

Power1 = Power2
I1 I2
Input Power = Output Power
S1 = V1 x I1*
S2 = V2 x I2*
S1 = S2 V1 Transformer V2

or
V1 / V2 = I2 * / I1*

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 8
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Transformers - Electrical Case

Basic Principle; Power on the Primary Side = Power on the Secondary Side

Conservation of Power Primary Current Secondary Current

P1 = P2
I1 I2
Primary Power = Secondary Power
V1 x I1* cos  = V2 x I2* cos 
P1 = S1 x cos  V1 Transformer V2
P2 = S2 x cos 
P1 = P2 = P

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 9
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Transformers - Electrical Case

Basic Principle; Energy on the Primary Side = Energy on the Secondary Side

Conservation of Energy Primary Current Secondary Current

W1 = W2
I1 I2
Primary Energy = Secondary Energy
V1 x I1* cos  x t = V2 x I2* cos  x t
P1 x t = P2 x t
= P x t V1 Transformer V2

W1 = S1 x cos  x t
W2 = S2 x cos  x t

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 10
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Transformers - Example

Basic Principle of Conservation of Power; Power on the LHS = Power on the RHS

Conservation of Power; Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

Power Input = Power Output

V1 x I1 = V2 x I2
V1 V2
13000 V x 4000 A = 154000 V x 337.67 A
13 kV 154 kV
52 MVA = 52 MVA

I1 I2 Load
4000 A 337.6 A

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 11
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Turn Ratio of a Transformer

Definition Primary Winding Secondary Winding

In principle, a transformer consists of two

windings wound around a single closed
magnetic core, one called the primary winding
and the other, secondary winding

Turn Ratio of the transformer is defined as the

ratio of the number of turns of the secondary
winding to that of the primary, i.e; n1 n2
n = n2 / n1

Laminated Iron Core

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 12
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Lenz’s Law

Statement  (t)

Voltage across and inductor can be written as;

V (t) = n d/dt  (t)

where V(t) is the voltage induced, n
n is the number of turns,
 (t) is the flux passing through the V (t)
winding

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 13
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Lenz’s Law

Definition
Now, if we have two windings wound
around a single magnetic core

V1 (t) = n1 d/dt  (t)

V2 (t) = n2 d/dt  (t)
n2
where V1(t), V2 (t) are the primary n1
and secondary voltages,
n1, n2 are the number of turns
in the primary and secondary
windings,
 (t) is the flux passing
through the windings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 14
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Lenz’s Law

Definition
Now, Dividing the above equations
side by side and cancelling;

V2 (t) n2 d/dt  (t)

------- = -------------------
V1 (t) n1 d/dt  (t)
n2
n1
or

V2 (t)/ V1(t) = n2 / n1
=n

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 15
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Voltage Changing in a Transformer

Definition
The relation between the primary
and secondary side voltages can
simply be stated as;

or
V2 (t) = V1 (t) x n2 / n1 n2
= V1 (t) x n n1

similarly
V2(rms) = V1 (rms) x n2 / n1
= V1 (rms) x n

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 16
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Current Changing in a Transformer

Definition
The relation between the primary
and secondary side currents can
simply be stated as;
I2
I1
I2 / I1 = n1 / n2
or n2 V2
I2 = I1 x n1 / n2 n1
V1
= I1 / n

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 17
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Conservation of Power

Principle of Conservation of Power

Principle of Conservation of Power
states that
Power1 = Power2
I2
Power1 = V1(rms) I1(rms) = V1 I1 I1
Power2 = V2 I2
Hence n2 V2
n1
V2 I2 = ( n2 / n1 ) V1 ( n1 / n2 ) I1 V1
= V1 I1
Conclusion;
Transformer does not increase or
decrease power, it just changes the
voltage and current inversely
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 18
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Schematic Representation

Schematic Representation
Laminated iron core may be
represented as a frame passing
through the primary and secondary
windings

For simplicity, laminated iron core

may be omitted from the drawing
leaving only the two windings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 19
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Impedance Reflection in a Transformer

Principle
Impedance on the secondary side of
the transformer shown on the RHS Z L = RL + j X L
may be transferred (referred) to the
primary side as follows;

V2 = I2 ZL

I2 = I1 x n1 / n2
V2 = V1 x n2 / n1
Hence;
V1 x n2 / n1 = I1 x n1 / n2 ZL
V1 / I1 = ZL x ( n 1 / n 2 ) 2 ZL’ = ZL x ( n1 / n2 )2

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 20
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Impedance Reflection in a Transformer

Principle ZL’= RL’+ j XL’

ZL’ = ZL x ( n1 / n2 )2
V2 = 0

Z L = RL + j X L V2’= 0 V2 = 0

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 21
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Impedance Reflection in a Transformer

Principle
a
ZL’ = ZL x ( n1 / n2 )2
V2’= 0 V2 = 0

I1 = V1 / ZL’
n
Please note that;
V = 0 means the points “a” and “n” are
short circuited, which means that the
circuit including the transformer becomes
electrically unconnected
V2’= 0 V2’= 0 V2 = 0

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 22
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Impedance Reflection in a Transformer

ZL’= RL + j XL
Principle I1

The circuit then becomes of the form

shown on the RHS, which can be solved by V1
using the techniques given in the previous
chapters as follows;

I1 = V1 / ZL’
I1

V1 ZL’= RL + j XL

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 23
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Example

Example n2 / n1 = 1/5

Solve the transformer circuit shown on the

RHS for secondary current I2
V1 = 220 0o
ZL’ = ZL x ( n1 / n2 )2
ZL= RL + j XL
= 0.1+j 0.2 
ZL’ = (0.1 + j0.2) x ( n1 / n2 )2 (n1 / n2 )2 = 25
= 2.5 + j 5 
I1 = 220I1 = V01o / Z/ L(’2.5 + j5 ) I1
= 220 0o / 5.590 63.43o
ZL’= RL + j XL
= 39.35 -63.43o Amp V1 = 220 0o
= 2.5 + j 5 
I2 = I1 n1 / n2 = 5.590 63.435o 

= 39.35 -63.43o ( n1 / n2 ) n1 / n2 = 5
= 39.35 x 5 -63.43o
= 196.75 -63.43o Amp
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 24
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Impedance Matching in Transformers

Problem Z1 = Zsource + Z primary Z2 = Zload + Zsecondary

Determine the best value of the load Z1

impedance, i.e. the total impedances of
the load and secondary side, such that
the real (active) power transferred to
the load ( Z2 = R2 + jX2 ) is maximum Z2

Solution
Z1 Z2’
P2 = V2 I2* cos 

The first thing to do is to reflect the

load impedance to the primary side,
Z 2 ’ = Z2 x ( n 1 / n 2 ) 2
I1 = V1 /( Z1 + Z2’ )
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 25
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Impedance Matching in Transformers

I1 Z1
Solution (Cont’d)

I1 = V1 /( Z1 + Z2’)
V1 Z2’=R2’+ jX2’

Hence power transferred to the load

resistance is R2’ will be

Pout = R2’I12
Z1 + Z2’
= R2’ V12 / Z1 + Z2’ 2
j(X1 + X2’)
= R2’ V12 / (R1 +R2’) + j(X1 + X2’) 2
R1 + R 2 ’
Please note that the vertical component
can be made zero, by choosing;
X2’ = - X1 (i.e. full compensation)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 26
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Impedance Matching in Transformers

I1 Z1
Solution (Cont’d)

Then;
V1 Z2’=R2’+ jX2’

Pout = R2’ V12 / (R1 +R2’)2

which can then be maximized by

differentiating Pout wrt R2’ as follows;
d/dR2’  V12 R2’ / ( R1+ R2’)2  = 0
[ V12( R1+ R2’ )2 – 2 ( R1+ R2’ ) R2’] / denom2 = 0
denom = denominator
2 ( R1+ R2’ ) = 0
or
R 1 = R2 ’ X1 = - X2’
( R1+ R2’ )2 – 2 ( R1+ R2’ ) R2’ = 0
R1 + R 2 ’ - 2 R 2 ’ = 0 Z2 ’ = Z 1 *
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 27
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Impedance Matching in Transformers

Z1
Solution (Cont’d)

Turn ratio of the transformer may

Z2’=R2’+ jX2’
then be calculated as follows;

R 1 = R2 ’
R1 = R2 (n1 / n2)2
Hence
(n1 / n2)2 = R1 / R2
n 1 / n 2 =  ( R 1 / R2 )

Since, Z1 and Z2 are both fixed,

they can not be varied.
But the turn ratio n1 / n2 can be
adjusted to match them
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 28
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Calculation of no. of Turns of a Transformer

Cureent and Flux Waveforms

Now, assume that current I1(t) has a sinusoidal
waveform;
I1(t) = Imax sin wt
where Imax is the peak value of the sinusoidal
current waveform

Thus the resulting flux  (t) has a sinusoidal

waveform;
 (t) = max sin wt
where max is the peak value of the sinusoidal flux
waveform

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 29
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Calculation of no. of Turns of a Transformer

Voltage across the Primary Coil

Voltage across the primary coil may then be written
as;

V1 (t) = n1 d/dt  (t)

where V1(t) is the primary side voltage,
n1 is the number of turns on the primary side,
 (t) is the flux passing through the core
V1 (t) = n1 d/dt max sin wt
= n1 max w cos wt
= n1 max 2  f cos wt
= V1,max cos wt
where V1,max = n1 max 2  f is the peak value of the
voltage waveform
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 30
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Calculation of no. of Turns of a Transformer

Voltage across the Primary Coil

RMS value of that waveform will then be;
V1,RMS = V1,max /  2
= 2  / 2 f x n1 x max
= 4.44 x f x n1 x max

Hence, voltage across the primary coil V1,RMS

depends on frequency f, no. of turns of the
primary side n1 and max

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 31
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Calculation of no. of Turns of a Transformer

No. of Turns of the Primary Coil B-H Characteristics

Magnetic Flux Density B (T = Tesla)

1.8
V1,RMS = 4.44 x f x n1 x max 1.6

Please note that; 1.4

V1,RMS depends only on f, n1 and max 1.2

Mild steel sheet
Cast steel
Hence, in order to have a certain desired voltage Cast iron
1.0
V1,RMS on the primary side, we must vary either f, n1
and max 0.8

• f cannot be inreased arbitrarily, as hysteresis 0.6

losses would be increased,
• max cannot be increased arbitrarily, as core 0.4
saturates,
0.2
• Thus, the only remaining parameter that can be
varied for obtaining a desired voltage is n1 0.0
0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 6000
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 32
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Calculation of no. of Turns of a Transformer

Voltage across the Secondary

Coil

Similarly, voltage across the secondary side

coil may be written as;
V2,RMS = 4.44 x f x n2 x max

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 33
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Basic Principle of Power Transmission
Basic principle of power transmission is to transfer power at
the sending end, (i.e. at Node A) to the receiving end, (i.e. to
Node B at the entry point of factory) with minimum power
loss on the line
Node A Node B

TEDAŞ 6300 V Mains 3 km O/H line

P+jQ

PL + j QL = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 34
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Why do we need Transformers ?

I
Average Power (Review) Generator Load

+
Pavg = Vrms Irms cos 
V R = Z cos  Vrms
Pavg = Z x Irms x Irms cos 
= Irms2 Z cos 
500
= Irms2 R R = Z cos  S(t)
S(t)avg
400
300
2 V(t)
Pavg = R Irms 200
I(t)*

100
 = Tan-1 (X/R) 0
Z -100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
X -200
Time (msec)

 -300 V(t) Vmax*coswt

I(t) Imax*cos(wt+theta)
R -400

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 35
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Why do we need Transformers ?

I
Average Power (Review) Generator Load

Pavg = Vrms Irms cos  +

V
Pavg = R Irms2

TEDAŞ 6300 V Mains

3 km O/H line

P+jQ

PL + j QL = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 36
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law Generator
r I jx Load

Vg = VL + V V
= VL + ( r + jx ) I +
Vg VL
Multiply both sides by I*

Vg I* = VL(t) I* + ( r + jx ) I2

Power delivered Power received Power losses in

by the generator by the load the line
(Variable) (Constant) (Variable)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 37
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Why do we need Transformers ?

r I jx
Generator Load
Reduction of Line Losses
V
+
Powerloss = ( r + jx ) I2
Vg VL

Active and Line resistance and

reactive power reactance Square of line or
losses in the line (Constant) load current
r=l / A
ACSR Conductor
(Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) where, r is the resistance of conductor,
 is the resistivity coefficient,
 = 1 / 56 Ohm-mm2/m (Copper)
1 / 32 Ohm-mm2/m (Aluminum)
l (m) is the length of the conductor
A (mm2) is the cross sectional area of
the conductor
Hence, line resistance can not be reduced
l (m) Similarly, line reactance cannot be reduced
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 38
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Why do we need Transformers ?

r I jx
Generator Load
Reduction of Line Losses
V
Powerloss = ( r + jx ) I2 +
Vg VL

Active and Line resistance Square of line current

reactive power and reactance (or square of the load
losses in the line current)
(must be reduced) (Constant)

Hence, the only possibility for reducing the SL = VL I*

line losses is to reduce the load current

Power received by
the load
(Constant)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 39
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Why do we need Transformers ?

r I jx
How can the load current be reduced ? Generator Load

V
SL = VL I* +
Vg VL

Active and reactive Load Voltage Load or line current

power (Can only be changed (Can be changed)
(Constant) by +/- 10 %)

An obvious solution is to reduce the line current I *

by a constant factor n, while increasing the load
voltage VL by the same factor n SL = VL I *

SL = ( VL n ) ( I * / n )
Power received by
the load
(Constant)
This factor n is called the transformation turn ratio
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 40
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Why do we need Transformers ?

I
Reduction in Line Losses Generator r jx Load

SL = ( VL n ) ( I * / n ) V
+
Vg VL
Please note that;
• Voltage is increased by a factor of n
• Current is reduced by the same factor n
Hence, the line loss now becomes;

Powerloss = ( r + jx ) (I / n)2
= ( r + jx ) I2 / n2

Example;
Active and Line resistance Square of line /
n2
reactive power and reactance Hence, loss is reduced n = 380 000 Volt / 15 000 Volt = 25.333
losses in the line (Constant) by n2 n2 = 641.77
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 41
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Transmission System Configuration
SL = (VL n) x (I* / n)

Increased voltage Reduced current

(High voltage) (Low current)

I1 I2 I2 I3

+ High Voltage System

V1 Transformer V2 Transformer
V2 V3

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Secondary Voltage Load Voltage

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 42
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Voltage Levels in a Power System

I1 I2 I2 I3

+ High Voltage System

Transformer V2 Transformer
V1 V2 V3

Generation Voltage Transmission Voltage Transmission Voltage Load

(Distribution) Voltage
13.0 kV 66 kV
13.5 kV 154 kV 31.5 kV
15.0 kV 380 kV 34.5 kV
6.3 kV
0.4 kV (380 Volts)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 43
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Step-up and Step-down Transformers
Transformers used to raise the voltage are called step-up
and lower the voltage are called step down transformers

Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer

(1/n =15 kV/154kV), 1/n = n1 / n2 (1/n = 154 kV/34.5), 1/n = n2 / n3

I1 I2 I2 I3

+ High Voltage System

Transformer V2 Transformer
V1 V2 V3

Generation Voltage Transmission Voltage Transmission Voltage Load Voltage

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 44
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Step-up and Step-down Transformers
Transformers that raise and reduce the voltage are called
step-up and step down transformers, respectively

Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer

(1/n =15 kV/154kV), 1/n = n1 / n2 (1/n = 154 kV/34.5), 1/n = n2 / n3

I1 I2 I2 I3

High Voltage System

+
V1 V2 V2 V3

Generation Voltage Transmission Voltage Transmission Voltage Load Voltage

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 45
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Why do we need Transformers ?

Generation-Transmission-Distribution Systems
Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer
(1/n =15 kV/154kV), 1/n = n1 / n2 (1/n = 154 kV/34.5), 1/n = n2 / n3

Generation System Transmission System Distribution System

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 46
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Three Phase Transformer

Primary Side (Delta) Secondary Side (Star)

Primary Side Phase - a Secondary Side Phase - a
Primary Side Phase - b Secondary Side Phase - b
Primary Side Phase - c Secondary Side Phase - c
Voltages
Primary Side
Vline = 34500 Volts
Vphase = Vline = 34500 Volt

Secondary Side
Vline = 380 Volts
Vphase = 380 / √ 3 = 220 Volts

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 47
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Three Phase Transformer

Primary Side (Delta) Secondary Side (Star)

Primary Side Phase - a Secondary Side Phase - a
Primary Side Phase - b Secondary Side Phase - b
Primary Side Phase - c Secondary Side Phase - c
Please note that
almost all distribution c Ic Isec.-a
transformers are delta- c Vsec.-a
star connected
Ica Ibc
Vsec.-a
+
n

Ib Iab
b
Vsec.-b
Ia a b
a
Vsec.-c
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 48
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Three Phase Transformer

Three-Phase Power
(Overview)

Pprim. - a = Va Ia cos
Pprim. - b = Vb Ib cos
Pprim. - c = Vc Ic cos
+
Pprim. - Total = Va Ia cos + Vb Ib cos + Vc Ic cos
= 3 Vphase Iphase cos
= 3 V line Iline / √3 cos
= √3 V line Iline cos

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 49
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Three Phase Transformer

Three-Phase Power
(Overview)

Power on the Primary Side

PPrim. - Total = √ 3 V Prim.- line IPrim.-line cos
QPrim. - Total = √ 3 V Prim.- line IPrim.-line sin
SPrim. - Total = √ 3 V Prim.- line IPrim.-line

Power on the Secondary Side

PSec. - Total = √ 3 V Sec.- line ISec.-line cos
QSec. - Total = √ 3 V Sec.- line ISec.-line sin
SSec. - Total = √ 3 V Sec.- line Isec.-line
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 50
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Example: Delta-Star Connected Dry Type Transformer

Delta – Star Connection

Line Voltage = Phase Voltage Iba = Phase Current
Line Current =  3 x Phase Current
Ia = Iba = Line Current
Isec.-a b c
c Ic
c Vsec.-a a
Ica Ibc
Vsec.-a/phase
+
n

Ib Iab
b
Vsec.-b
Ia a b
a
Vsec.-c

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 51
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Example: Delta-Star Connected Dry Type Transformer

Delta – Star Connection

Line Voltage = Phase Voltage Iba = Phase Current
Line Current =  3 x Phase Current
Ia = Iba = Line Current

c Ic Isec.-a
c Vsec.-a a
Ica Ibc
Vsec.-a/phase
+
n

Ib Iab
b
Vsec.-b
Ia a b
a
Vsec.-c

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 52
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Example: Delta-Star Connected Dry Type Transformer

Delta – Star Connection

Line Voltage = Phase Voltage Iba = Phase Current
Line Current =  3 x Phase Current
Ia = Iba = Line Current

c Ic Isec.-a
c Vsec.-a a
Ica Ibc
Vsec.-a/phase
+
n

Ib Iab
b
Vsec.-b
Ia a b
a
Vsec.-c

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 53
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Dry Type Transformers

Configuration
• Since there is no oil, outside cover is not
needed,
• No oil, hence no fire risk, and no need for oil
maintenance,
• Open ventilation, hence, no need for forced
cooling, fans etc.
• Relatively lighter and smaller

Application
• High buildings, where fire risk, oil
maintenance and weight is a problem

Disadvantage: Expensive !
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 54
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Transformer Windings

Line Voltage = Phase Voltage

Line Current =  3 x Phase Current

c Ic
c
Ica Ibc

Ib Iab
b

a Ia a b

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 55
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Transformer Windings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 56
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Measuring Devices – Clamp Ammeter

Sometimes the electrical service carried out by

the circuit may be so vital, that it is not allowed
to break it for a series connection of ammeter
Ammeter shown on the RHS is a particular design
for such tasks for measuring the current flowing
in the circuit as well as the resistance without
breaking the circuit

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 57
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Measuring Devices – Electronic Current Transformer

Sometimes the electrical service carried out

by the circuit may be so vital, that it is not
allowed to break it for a series connection of
ammeter

Ammeter shown on the RHS is a particular

design for such tasks for measuring the
current flowing in the circuit as well as the
resistance without breaking the circuit

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 58
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Manufacturing Process

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 59
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Manufacturing Process

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 60
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Manufacturing Process

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 61
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Transformers - Representation
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer 380 kV Current Transformers

r1 jx1 r2’ jx2’

Iprim
Ishunt

Vinput Vload
gc bm

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 62
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Transformers - Representation

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 63
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Generator (Step-up) Transformers at Atatürk HPP

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 64
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Generator Transformers

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 65
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Distribution Transformer Factory

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 66
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380/154 kV Power Transformers

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 67
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Step-down Transformers in a MV/LV Substation

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 68
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MV/LV Substation Inside

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 69
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MV/LV RMU Kiosk

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 70
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MV/LV Metal Substation

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 71
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 72
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 73
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 74
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 75
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 76
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 77
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 78
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 79
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 80
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 81
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 82
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 83
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 84
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 85
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MV/LV Transformer Stockyard (Bingöl)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 86
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MV/LV Step-down Transformer - Installation

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 87
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Pole Type Step-down Transformers

European Design (6.3 kV) USA Design (4 kV)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 88
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Transformer R&M Activity

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 89
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Pole Mounted Transformer

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 90
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Transformer Factory (Malatya)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 91
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Transformer Factory (Kartal)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 92
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Transformer Factory (Ş. Urfa)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 93
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Kiosk Sizes

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 94
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Voltage Levels in the Turkish Electrical System

Generation Transmission Distribution

13 kV 66 kV 0.4 kV
13.5 kV 154 kV 3.3 kV
15 kV 380 kV 6.3 kV
15.8 kV
31.5 kV
33 kV
34.5 kV

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 95
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Cooling of MV Transformers

Oil Circulating Radiators Fans

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 96
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System Voltage Regions

Distibution
TEİAŞ 15 kV
154 kV System

13.5 kV Distibution 0.4 kV

(Gen.) 34 kV Domestic

TEİAŞ
380 kV System
Distibution
6.3 kV

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 97
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Is there anyone who did not understand

the principles transformers ?

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 98
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 99
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REAL TRANSFORMERS

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 100
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 101
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Variations of the Transformer Model

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 102
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 103
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Regulation and Efficiency

Vno-load  Vload
percent regulation   100%
Vload

Pload  Ploss 
power efficiency   100%  1    100%
Pin  Pin 

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 104
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EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 105