International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)

Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

Variation of Pronouncing Cultural Words of

Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos Groups in Kalinga,
Philippines
Gian Karla M. Rodriguez, Aida P. Cawili, Emalyn B. Puyoc

Kalinga State University, Philippines

Received: 29 Oct 2020; Received in revised form: 08 Dec 2020; Accepted: 19 Dec 2020; Available online: 31 Dec 2020
©2020 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— Anguage plays a great role in determining one’s own identity and origin. Through language,
people are able to communicate information to one another. One can also learn to identify skills needed to
be honed and cultivated by the use of a language.
The researchers intended to respond to the following: assess and compare Selected Cultural
Words with variations in pronunciation of the Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos groups according to the types
of stress; recognize different variations of pronunciation with other languages; and put into practice the
different variations of their language as part of their identity and culture. The Biga Groups, Tongrayan,
and Limos have been selected by the researchers to study and used descriptive-analytical or visual
techniques that are subject to structural and sociolinguistic design.
Based on the result of the study, it is evident that the three groups of Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos
are rich in expressions or terms. Different tone and emphasis have not been a barrier in order for the
three groups to understand one another.
It was also proven that the variation of their language is rapidly evolving. However, the unique
pronunciation of each group is being preserved. There are also the same words which they use in their
culture which were pronounced and stressed differently among the three groups. These words also carry
different meanings that distinguish their identity or group.
Keywords— Pronunciation, Kalinga, language spoken.

I. INTRODUCTION According to Veteran Historian Dr. Zues Salazar,

The language spoken by a person reveals his own “ Culture is the sum of the thoughts, feelings, habits,
identity based on his origin. According to an African knowledge, and experiences that define the true essence of
Writer Ngungi Lhiong (1987): Language is Culture. It is a a human society so language is not only a medium but also
connected ark of human experience and of the history of a communicator and impact of any culture. “In fact, there
languages. Because of the languages recorded in historical is no structure that is not carried out by a language as a
and literacy books, the town sees its culture that has basis and soul forms what forms, shapes, and inspires this
learned to own and be proud of. culture.” (Salazar 1972-1973, 53).

Through language it is able to present information This means that language and culture cannot be
to people, and things. The speaker also learns what should separated because through the spoken language it is easy
be cultivated and shaped himself using language. to identify your cultural background.
Language recognizes each other and forming a true The Philippines is made up of many languages
identity that is not borrowed from others. that make way for each other to understand each other.
The availability of many language is a linguistic reality.

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2575
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

Language has different varieties due to differences in According to Wikipedia, pronunciation is the
social type, ethnicity, and gender. Due to the presence of method by which a word or language is pronounced. They
heterogeneous language and differences of individuals may consist of generally agreed sequences of sounds used
there are different variations. to speak a given word or language in a specific dialect
Pasion (2015) further proved this, explaining that ("correct pronunciation") or simply how someone speaks a
due to the need to communicate with others, the people word or language.
here learned to use not only their native language but also There are Four main types of stress in Filipino
the language of the neighboring group. However, only Grammar under the suprasegmental phoneme: 1.
their native language identifies their identity. Malumanay (Slowly stress), it is slowly pronounce and
Just proof that the existence of language variation the stress in pronunciation is in the second syllable at the
is related to the disintegration of the islands, with their end of the word. It is not applicable to use any symbol or
respective languages and dialects. Many Filipinos can be signs. 2. Malumi ( ` ) the pronunciation is the same with
considered multi-lingual because they know more than two the “malumanay”. It is slowly pronounce and the stress is
languages (Banawa, 2010). in the second syllable. 3. Mabilis ( ´ ) it is called the fast
stress and the stress is in the last syllable of the word. 4.
There are three (3) types of Language Variety and
Maragsa ( ˆ ), the word is pronounce just like the stress in
Variations: Geographically it is one of the reason why the
“mabilis” but there is glottal or sound at the end of the
group of people who speak and use the language separates
word. The cultural words collected from the Biga,
and disperses the islands, even in the mountains and lakes.
Tongrayan, and Limos group were analyze based from the
Socially, it refers to the social variation in the use of
Filipino language analysis using the stress in Filipino
language and occupationally, based on the relationship of
under the suprasegmental phonemes, because some of the
language to the situation in which it is used.
cultural word were also use in the Filipino language.
With the widespread of the Filipino language in
The Province of Kalinga has different groups or
various parts of the country, its variety has emerged. This
ethnicities and can be considered multi-lingual. Kalinga
is due to the variation within this language which can be
has also variations in pronunciation using their own
lexical or vocabulary, phonological or in sound or
language related culture, lifestyle, customs and traditions.
pronunciation, and grammatical or all of them. Language
Ikalinga is the name given to the people. Kalinga is located
variation is unavoidable because there is an “interference”
in the Cordillera with seven (7) and one (1) city. Three (3)
that occurs where the characteristics in the conversation
Municipalities in the Province of Kalinga are the focused
using the Filipino language. The first language influences
of researchers who believed that language variation exists
the second language in vocabulary or lexicon, both in
according to their identity and similarities and differences
pronunciation and even in grammar (Santos, 2010).
related to their culture.
According to linguists, the variations in
The Biga group came from various communities
phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntactic and
of Bullagian, Biga, Magimit, Talgo, Patacalig, Allap,
semantics. Language variation may be in sound, words or
Pakawit, Pakpako, Bagulit and Alatngan. In an agreement,
vocabulary, grammatical structure or all of them (Santos at
the Pangat (Tribal Leader) of various group unite to call
Hufana, 2008:10).
themselves Biga which is located along the river banks of
Pronunciation variation is very important for a the Biga stream because it is surrounded by trees. The
creature who needs to know the pronunciation of the word name “Biga,” is derived from a tree whose name is Biga
in what he wants to express, the pronunciation depends on that is stable and help retains water in their land, especially
the understanding of the words of sentences. A word is during drought. The Biga group can be considered friendly
only effective if its tone, emphasis, and delay are and caring to the fellow they are proud of.
appropriate.
The Tongrayan group consists of four (4)
In a daily journey includes language interaction. barangays with their own history. The first barangay of
Language should be able to strengthen the bond of people Itongrayan is Luplupa. Luplupa is one of the oldest
or a group through its continuous use and understanding. barangays of the Tongrayan group. Which is composed of
That is why it is important to study the small components Tinglayan, Italifong, Tingian and Sacrang. Before lived in
of language because they will provide a better the area which was full of LUPA tree, that provides water
understanding of the words or messages to be conveyed. every summer and the leaves of the tree when touched or
touched by the human body it can feel of pain in the body.

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2576
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

It is located on the other side of the “National Road” and It was during the American occupation under
crosses the “hanging bridge” of the Chico river. Walter Hale, who was popularly known “Sapao” as a
Ambato-Legleg is the second in the Tongrayan native name that the name of the place of this indigenous
group. The name comes from the word “BATO-BATO” people became “Limos.”
which means “rocky”, a tongrayan word. The area is part Definition of Terms:
of the barangay Poblacion. However, Ambato is also Biga – it is the people in upper Tabuk City who
considered to be the oldest barangay but has the smallest lives along the river side of Chico river.
population due to the large number of people going to
Ibiga – it is the people belong to Biga group.
Tabuk, Malin-awa, Poblacion, old Tinglayan and Luplupa.
Barangay Ambato is close to the proud view of Tinglayan, Ilimos – it is the people belong to limos group.
the “Sleeping Beauty” located in barangay Mount Mating- Ikalinga – it is the people in Kalinga.
oy.
Itongrayan – it is the people belong to Tongrayan
Poblacion is third in the Tongrayan Group. group.
Poblacion got its name from being the center and this is
Group – it is the name group of people living in
also where the Municipality of Tinglayan as well as its
one culture, tradition, belief and dialects.
other agencies are located. The indigenous people of
Poblacion also come from three (3) barangays: Luplupa, Limos – it is one of the group in the Municipality
Old Tinglayan and Ambato-Legleg. Others came from of Pinukpuk, Kalinga
neighboring barangays. The last group of Tongrayan is Pangat – it is the tribal leader in a group.
Old Tinglayan, so to speak. It was found on February 26,
Tongrayan – it is one of the group in the
1987. It is close to the Chico river and the Western part of
Municipality of Tinglayan, Kalinga.
barangay Poblacion. Everyone living in the area is pure
Ikalinga. Objectives:

The Itongrayan people usually make a living from The Researchers intend to answer the following:
farming and raising animals. 1. Analyze and compare Selected Cultural words
In narrating the history of each group of Biga, with variations in the pronunciation of the Biga,
Tongrayan, and Limos, the researchers also emphasized Tongrayan, and Limos groups according to the
the words with different emphasis on the pronunciation type of emphasis;
and sounds. 2. Identify the different variations of pronunciation
using different languages of the Biga, Tongrayan,
The Limos group was a village found in the 18th
and Limos groups.
century during the Spanish conquest. The Negritos or
3. Apply the diversity of communication of the
“Agtas” first settled in the Mountains, proving that they
language they speak as an identity in their culture.
hunted native pigs and made traps or “palag-ag” or “
bito,” a native term in Kalinga. In the 18th century, a group Statement of the Problem
went to a place called “Gapang,” a part of Barangay The researchers tried to answer the following
Naneng, Tabuk City, Kalinga and also went to the place of questions:
“ Madanum,” now part of Barangay Asibanglan. The 1. What are the meanings of selected cultural words
group left the “Gapang” when it flooded and collapsed. with variations in the pronunciation of Biga,
This group soon settled in the valley now known as Tongrayan, and Limos group?
“Barangay Limos.” They lived peacefully with the 2. What are the words that have similarities and
Negritos and their main occupation was “Kaingin System.” differences in pronunciation?
In Ancient time the Ilimos indigenous peoples 3. How the Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos groups
settled on the “Ipus,” (tail end)of the Baay river as their recognize different variations of pronunciation
population grew they transferred to a wider area called the using different languages.
“Imus” (farm) at the same time they went near the Saltan 4. How do the Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos groups
river. They lived by the river bank for decades. When the applied communication to the variation of the
tribesmen gained basic education from the early priests language they speak as an identity of their
they became friends and were Christianized making them culture?
forget their practice of beheading or head hunting. Scope and Delimitation

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2577
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

The researchers selected Biga as one of the Orthography, Language and Culture, they are still united.
groups from the town of Tabuk, the Tongrayan group will These three places can also be regarded as quiet because
be held at Tinglayan and Limos is located in the they are the only places rarely involved in the so-called
Municipality of Pinukpuk. “tribal war”.
The study focuses on the same varieties and
different variations in the pronunciation of the selected II. METHODOLOGY
groups to identify and evaluate the importance of
The researchers used Descriptive-analytical
communication and community aspects.
methods and sociolinguistic design. It also applied
Population and Locale of the Study structural analysis that focuses on how the Biga,
Tongrayan, and Limos languages varies from one another
and the sociolinguistic design how the pronunciation of the
three groups is similar and different. The researchers also
analyzed the words to find out what they meant in Filipino
through descriptive analysis and structural analysis.
In the gathering the data, the participants made
observations in the area on how they live and also had a
informal interview to make them feel more comfortable
sharing about the words they were uttering, and culture
also used recorders and videos to further strengthen the
question and answer.
The map of Kalinga shows two municipalities The words collected from recorded data and
and one city as the locale of the study which comprises the videos were analyzed by the researchers giving emphasis
Biga in Tabuk, Tongrayan in Tinglayan, and Limos group the words with different variations in the pronunciation of
in Pinukpuk. the language which has relevance to their culture.
The Map shows the area were the three groups
belong. Tinglayan is far from Pinukpuk and Tabuk,
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Pinukpuk and Tabuk are adjacent but barangay Limos and
barangay Mabato are both at the far end of two areas so Data collected in various groups showing similarities
they can still be considered far apart. Despite the and differences between certain terms and how words
separation of each place they still understand one another , are pronounced.
despite they have different ways of Pronouncing words,
Figure 1
BIGA TONGRAYAN LIMOS FILIPINO ENGLISH
A abèng Utténg Abéng Anak Child
àpol(y) Àpor Ápul Apog Lime
Àgtoy Agtòy Agtóy Atay Liver
B Bàkaw Kaáw Gásselang Mais Corn
Bàyat Fàrat Balát Saging Banana
Bosàl(y) Fosér Bosál Mukha Face
Bàtok Fatók Bàtok Pintang tanda sa katawan Tattoo
Bòloy Foróy Bòloy Bahay House
C Dalít Chalìt Dálit Igat Eel
Danúm Chanúm Danúm Tubig Water
Dakôl (y) Chakór Dákol Malaki Big
D Dàgga Chagkâ Doggà Pagong Turtle

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2578
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

Daowáng Chàwwang Súlong Ilog Creek

Dàl(y)pong Cherpóng Dàllìpong Kalan Stove
E Èmes Ìmis Èmes Ngiti Smile
Èmeng Ìmeng Ìming Bigote Moustache
Ènga Ìnga Ìnga Tainga Ear
F Balí Fàli Báli Bagyo Typhoon
Bayás Fayàs Báyas Basi Rice wine
G Gamán Káman Gáman Itak Bolo
Gassèlang Atíla Gannágan Kamote Sweet potato
Gatòy Katór Gátol Kati Itch
H Sàdi Anchìya Sádi Iyon That its
Sànat Annàta Sánat Iyan That is
Annàya Annàya Sátu Ito This is
I I pús Ipús Ipús Buntot Tail
Ìsna Ìsna Ìsna Kanin Food rice
Issíw Isìw Isíw Sisiw Chick
K Kìlom Ilóm Kìlom Suka Vinegar
Kòop Kúup Kúup Kuwago Night owl
Kùsa Ngíyaw Kùsa Pusa Cat
L Labì Lafí Labí Gabi Night
Làti Latí Latí Kalawang Rust
Lawòd Lawód Lawod Ikmo Beetle nut
M Màsdom Maschóm Goggídam Takip-silim Sunset
Manók Manók Manók Manók Chicken
Matìpoy Matípoy Matìpoy Gulay Vegetable
Mùtit Mútit Mùtit Musang Weasel
N Naàngag Naángag Mammágan Tuyo Dry
Naskòr Násor Náskol Nabulunan Choked
Naòtdag Naótchag Naotchág Nahulog Fell
O Onób Onób Onòb Pinto Door
Otóp Otóp Otóp Bubong Rooftop
Ol(y)àg Orág Luóp Pagtatanim ng palay Planting rice
Osók Osôk Osòk Pagtatanim Sowing seeds in
the Kaingin
P Palàto Paratò Palatù Plato Plate
Payàw Payáw Banóng Palayan Rice field
Pàngat Pàngat Pàngat Pinuno Tribal leader
Pal(y)tòg Partúg Paltúg Baril Gun

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2579
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

R Lasún Lasún Lasún Dahilan Reason

Rìlu/òlas Túras Ólas Relo Watch
Lùtung Rutúng Nálpok Rupok Weak
S Sàyang/Tubáy Tufáy Sáyang Sibat Spear
Sukì Ikê Ikí Paa Foot
Sùngad Sangì Sáfil Bibig Lips
T Tìpoy Típoy Típoy Ulam Viand
Tùkak Tùkak Gówek Palaka Frog
Tùkud Tuúd Tukúd Poste Post
U Ùgsa Ùgsâ Ùgsâ Pilandok Deer
Ùma Ùmâ Ùmâ Kaingin Kaingin
Ùsing Ùséng Ùsíng Uling Charcoal
W Wàsay Wàsay Wàsay Palakol Ax
Wày-nu Ùmali Wèno Halika Come here
Wìkwikis Wìsnit Wìsngit Madaling-araw Dawn
Y Yàyas Yàyas Yàyas Sikadi Cicad
Yongà Yònga Lònga Linga Sesame seed
Yoyòk Lùwok Lùwok Luga/tuga Earwax

The Differences and Similarities of each groups in In the Filipino language we use ‘tuldik’ or
pronouncing most commonly used cultural Words. ‘accent’ if we want to give emphasis on the word. The
Structural Analysis stress, Nolasco added, is a distinctive and not predictable
in the English. This means that when a word is changed or
Biga Group
transferred, the meaning of the word also changes.
The Ibiga group is composed of Barangay Amlao,
Tongrayan Group
Suyang, Balawag, Pagugo, and Bawac. All are located in
the City of Tabuk. There way of speaking is very The Tongrayan group is located in the
noticeable. It is always malumay when they pronounce Municipality of Tinglayan. The way they pronounce it is
words but there are few words pronounced very fast. There usually fast with words also pronounce it is usually fast
are also letters that are most used in their communication with words also pronounced slowly which is called
except for these words used from other places or country. malumanay. Just like the Limos group, it also has letters in
Often time, letter R is changed with letter L. Letter R in the Filipino alphabet that they do not use and pronounce,
other words is changed when it is pronounced. It will the lettersthat are not included in their alphabet are H, J, Q,
become letter Y. Example the Ilokano word “darsem” is X, and Z. The Tongrayan group replaces the letter D with
pronounce by the Ibiga as “daysom (faster),” the word CH such as the word as “Chanum (water)” and “naotdag
“apor (lime,)” is pronounced as “apoy’ different from (fell)” is pronounced as “naotchag”. The words of the
‘apoy’ as fire. The way how the Ibiga pronounced the Biga and Limos group, start with the letter B are naturally
words during the interview was recorded to have a better pronounced while in the Tongrayan the letter B is replaced
understanding and more detailed in interpreting how the by the letter F such as “boloy” is “Foroy (house)”,
words are pronounced. “boyok” to “forok (pig)”, and “beleg” to “ fileg
(mountain)”, and so on.
Nolasco (2006) discussed that the stress is based
on how it is described using the “Grammar of the Filipino Limos Group
language. He pointed out that this prevails over a single According to the data gathered by the Limos
syllable in pronouncing a word. group, the pronunciation of Pinukpuk is usually heavy and
slow but there are a few words that are pronounced fast. If
ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2580
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

you examine it in the way and type of pronunciation it language. For example, when the recipient of the message
comes in two types of emphasis: Malumay and Mabilis. does not hear the letter R in the speaker and its
Malumay because the word ends in a vowel and pronunciation is slow, he can easily identify which group
consonant, and is pronounced slowly, with a slight the person he is talking to belongs to, such as Limos. As a
extension or increase of the vowel in its penultimate, and result, their tribe immediately identified.
without accent in the end the emphasis is on the vowel but The study proved that the place where
is of the penultimate. Mabilis, also ends in the consonant communication takes place is a big factor. It has a great
and vowel but it is pronounced continuously, there is no impact on the communication process because it
momentary lengthening or increase of the vowel in its determines the type, manner and behavior of speech. There
penultimate and no accent at the end the emphasis is are cultural practices and methods of expression in each
always on the last syllable. that are unique to the speaker group.
The alphabet of the Limos group is not the same People living in an area or group have a huge
as the Filipino alphabet with twenty-eight numbers. There impact on the communication process because they shape
are letters that Limos do not use such as J, F,Q,X,Z, and C. the culture in the area. Their beliefs, customs, habits, and
In their group the letter L to them and this letter L when way of life, and even their thoughts about the things
pronounced with a slight release of tongue ( no pronoun around them determine the subject or matter. According to
until now) to pronounce the word and be understood by the Davey (2018), culture is the sum of the customs, values,
recipient as time goes on. assumptions and experiences formed as a result of social
Biga and Limos have many similarities in word interaction within a single group.
other than the tone and emphasis of speech. The way Ibiga This study also relates to theories appropriate to
is pronounced is very similar to the places in Tanudan language differences or varieties and language variations
municipality such as Pangol, Mangali, and taluctoc but such as sociolinguistic theory based on the assumption that
only differ in tone and speed of speech. For the Ilimos, on language is social and speech (langue) is individual.
the other hand, there is a lot to do with the Municipality of According to Sapir (1949), language is a tool of
Balbalan, especially in words and the intonation of socialization, whose social relations cannot be fulfilled
pronounciation. Meanwhile, among the Itongrayan, without it. For Saussure (1915), language is incomplete to
Ibontocs have a lot in common, especially the use of the any individual or speaker, it can only be done within a
letters CH and F. There are also similiraties of the collective or group.
Ilubuagan in the way they are pronounced and
The Early Theories of the Origin of Language
emphasized.
According to Ligaya, et.al. (2006), the language
The similarities of Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos
is rich in sound-based words that can be heard around such
elsewhere is one of the factors that affect the
as raindrops, crackling of leaves, murmur of streams,
communicative work location or place of people who
impulse of waves, sounds of thunder, fluttering of wings,
speak with the same goal or culture believed and practiced.
swaying of bamboo, “tiririt of pipit “ (“tiririt” is a sound
Three groups in neighboring areas or towns are also
produce by a bird called “pipit”), and sound of a frog.
influenced by their interaction. This means that the
pronunciation of Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos groups can According to her, human language has no definite
be considered Geographic variation because there is a explanation. To date, there is no direct evidence although
change in expression through the area to which it belongs. there are speculations based on indirect evidence such as
children’s languages, languages of primitive societies,
Theory of Accommodation is related to the view
types of changes taking place in languages, behaviors.
of language variability (Howard Giles, 1982). It focuses on
Other animals with high level of intelligence, such as
the people involved in the language situation. In linguistic
monkeys and people with speech defects. There are six
convergence, it is shown that in interaction of people, there
theories of the origin of language, one is the Bow-wow
will be a tendency to imitate or adapt to the speech of the
Theory.
interlocutor to value solidarity, intimacy, fellowship or
pride in belonging to the group. According to the Bow-wow theory, human
language may be derived from the imitation of sound
According to the researches interviewed, their
heard in nature. Because of this, apart from the origin of
culture and identity are recognized when they speak their
language the sound of nature can also be compared to the
native language because of its differences with other
emphasis of pronunciation of the person speaking the
language especially when other people hear their native
ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2581
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

language. The Three Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos groups the sound of nature. According to them, the river in their
are just a few examples of how their pronunciation can be area is usually deep and its flow is malumay (gentle). They
compared to the sound of nature such as bow-wow theory. got the gentle flow of the river by pronouncing the word
The Biga Group pronunciation method is gently (malumay) and they got the emphasis of speaking in
Malumay (gentle) because the Ibiga are in the plains and the depths of the river surrounding their area.
surrounded by rivers. The way they pronounce is captured
in the show flow of the river so the Ibiga have a malumay Socio-Linguistics Analysis
(gentle) speech that they get from the sound of nature.
It is undeniable that Biga, Tongrayan, and Limos
Tongrayan pronunciation (one of the Tinglayan groups ) is
are rich in cultures and traditions that have become part of
fast and there are echo produced at the syllable of the word
their lives. It can be seen that to this day they are still using
because the area is surrounded by mountains and rivers.
and practicing them. It is noted in the chart that there are
The river flows with speed and when one shouts in the
words used in the ritual that all functions are the same but
mountains, at will produce a resounding sounds. the voice
there is only a difference in how they perform it and what
of the shouting resounds. The Tongrayan pronounce the
they mean. They respect the similarities and differences of
words fast, they got from the sound of the roaring flow of
each culture because in their blood they are one and the
the river.
same as “Ikalinga.”
The Limos Group pronunciation method is gentle but
Differences and Similarities of Selected Cultural Words
with emphasis on the first syllable of the word. According
used in their Rituals.
to the leaders who shared the history of Limos they were
surrounded by rivers, they got the way they pronounced
Figure 2
Selected Biga Tongrayan Limos
Words
Abeng It is important for the couple to have a child they can adopt. Others separate to find a woman who can give
birth. The child is considered a treasure.
Agtoy Examines the liver of a chicken or a medium-sized native pig to read the clue as to whether its message is good
or bad. For example in running a person in politics. He refers to the old man who can read the liver. In this
regard, he will know what will happen in the future.
Gaman Used in livelihood
Mutit The tail of the cat is hung on the parts of the baby, body or pregnant as a sum (antidote) to the invisible because
it has a strange smell.
Issiw Placed in the grave of the
deceased to have a companion
on his journey to the other
world.
Manok - Used in calling to a person’s soul or resurrecting his soul.
- Common viand for the breastfeeding mother.
- The chicken is dressed and served as a “gammid” (ritual for a child) the child who first visited the house of
their grandparents and relatives.

Koop The chirping of the owl conveys a hint as to whether it is a bad or a good message.
Payaw The extent of the pimp shows the luxury of living a person and Payaw is important in marriage with a
bequeathing it to loved ones. portion of land or payaw that the man will
give to the woman’s family.
Pangat Having the ability to lead whether poor or rich. But there is a chance that the rich will be listened and
recognized to more when it comes to decision making.

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2582
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

Say- Used as a weapon “Kayaw system” (search for a slain foreigner who shows a brave warrior and is also used in
ang/tubay hunting.)
Batok -The Batok (tattoo) symbolizes -The Batok (tattoo) symbolizes
being a warrior. being a warrior. In women it
-it is believed that the nape also shows that a couple can.
symbolizes beauty. - The beauty and volume of the
Batok (tattoo) means that the
family is rich.
-it is believed that the Batok
(tattoo) symbolizes also
symbolizes beauty.
Uma There are superstition that is The Itongrayan follows
usually followed especially superstitions such as playing
when hearing the chirping of with shields to ward off evil
“coops” when it heard do not spirits, pests and avoid disaster.
make noise to understand the
message it carries.
Boloy The youngest daughter is The eldest daughter inherits the Among the least daughter will inherit
priority heir of their home. houses and the parents build their their house.
own abode and the second
daughter is the next heir.

IV. CONCLUSION However, each group still wants to retain their

Based on the outcome of the study it is highly observed identities as a member of their group still wants to retain
that the rich terminologies of the three groups, Biga, their language because it is one of their group.
Tongrayan, and Limos. Currently, there are recorded languages, dialects
1. It has been proven that there is a wide variety of that die or rare forced to die due to the influence of other
pronunciation of selected cultural words used by the languages and others are not firmly maintained by people
three groups even though they are far apart and it has who use them.
also been observed that there are differences and
similarities in the pronunciation of words as well as RECOMMENDATION
their uses.
1. Further study on the variation and variety of language
2. The selected cultural word they use have different
in Kalinga.
pronunciation, accents that identify their group to
2. Use and development of native languages especially
which they belong. The large correlation of each
in future generations due to its frequent use in the
group was also shown to symbolize strong unity.
present.
Despite the differences in tone and emphasis, there is
3. Implementations of programs and seminar workshops
no varied of understanding among the three (3)
on the development of the Filipino Language and
groups.
Culture.
3. It has also been proven that the variation of their
words also changes rapidly due to their interaction
with different tribes and also the use of non-Kalinga REFERENCES
words but still retains their pronunciation that is [1] Obaldo L. (2014). “Adhika-Shuntug” National Commission
different from other groups. on Culture and Arts
4. It has also been proven that culture plays an [2] Banawa, Mary joy D. (2010). “Cebuano Interferens:
important role in their lives because culture has Panimulang Pag-aaral”. Babasahin sa Varayti at
become the life, blood and soul of the Ikalinga Varyasyon ng Wikang Filipino at Iba pang mga wika at
wikain. Iligan City: MSU-IIT. Departamento ng Filipino at
without the language they speak no culture can be
ibang mga wika.
formed.
ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2583
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(6)
Nov-Dec 2020 | Available online: https://ijels.com/

[3] Barangay Development & Investment Plan (2016-2018)

Limos, Pinukpok Kalinga.
[4] Binwag, A.M. et,al (2018). Kontekstuwalisadong
Komunikasyon sa Filipino. A. Maria Regidor St., Area XI,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines. St. Andrew-Publishing House.
[5] Igboanusi, H. (August 2006) “A Comparative Study of the
Pronunciation Features of Igbo English and Yoruba English
Speakers of Nigeria” English Studies Vol.87, No. 4 August
2006, 490-497. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
[6] Pasion, R. (2015). “Yang Pagbu’l lok-bul lok: Varyasyon
ng Wikang Mandaya sa Ilang Munisipalidad ng Davao
Oriental”. Davao Oriental State College of Science and
Technology, Makati City, Davao Oriental.
[7] Rubin, L. et.al (2006). “Retorika, Wikang Filipino at
Sulating Pananaliksik” CM Recto Avenue, Manila,
Philippines, Rex Bookstore.
[8] Santos, A. L. at Hufana, N. L. (2008). Ang Akademikong
Filipino sa Komunikasyon Teksbuk-Workbuk sa Filipino 1.
Malabon City: Mutya, Publishing House, Inc
[9] Santos, A. L. (2010). Varayti at Varyasyon ng Wikang
Filipino. Sa mga babasahin sa Varayti atVaryasyon ng
Wikang Filipino sa Iba pang mga Wika (pp.41-49). MSU-
IIT, Iligan City.
[10] https://akosibebelz.weebly.com/mga-varayti-at-varyasyon-
ng-wika.html
[11] https://prezi.com/m/ae9mdlpkctvc/,ga-ponemang-
suprasegmental/
[12] https://www.google.com/search?q=kalinga+map&prmd=im
nv&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEX6JDv3
vbdAhVPWXOKHfgWD4wQ_AUIESgB#imgrc=VRUmO
Vpo9BsM
[13] https://prezi.com/m/tcttti1bp5ji/teoryang-bow-wow
[14] https://tl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/bigkas
[15] https://www.scribd.com/doc/ARALIN 1

ISSN: 2456-7620
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.97 2584