Purpose of VT:

 Transform the voltages from a high value to a lower value, so that easy to handle for relays and
instruments for metering & protection purpose.

 To isolate the metering & protection circuit from the primary high voltage.

 To get the synchro check (sync check relay (25) are used to verify that voltage, phase angle, frequency
and phase rotation across two sides of a breaker are the same prior to closing the CB)

 Voltage transfers standard are IEC 61869-3 & 5

Type of VT:

i. Magnetic/Inductive Voltage Transformer (VT)

Difference in VT and CVT:

 As both VT & CVT are used for voltage measurement, but the magnetic voltage transformers are most
economical for voltage up to 33kV and the capacitive voltage transformers are most economical for
voltages above 33kV.

 Above 33kV voltage level the VTs because very bulky and uneconomical due to more turn ratio for
step down higher voltage ( ). Their turn ratios becomes very high such as for example 132kV
level, the PT shall have 132000/ 110/ = 1200 turns so not economical. Therefore, for
transmission system (66 kV & above) CVT is preferred over the VT, since in a CVT the step down is
done from a reduced voltage, due to that the no. of turns in secondary winding is less required and hence
the size of CVT is smaller and lighter in weight than VT & low in the cost than VT.

 CVT accuracy will less than VT due to that reason VT (MVT / IVT) used in substation but that for the
electricity revenue metering. As seems from name itself, the inductive voltage transformer consists of a
winding or coil with inductance only. Whereas the capacitive voltage transformer consists of a capacitor
which work as a voltage divider and consist winding with inductance (L) also.

Why inductor, L is required in CVT?

When we are using capacitance, C there would be the phase shift between V & I so to counter balance
phase shift have to use L and to stop the carrier communication use L also.
Purpose of CVT:

 The voltage divider reduces the primary voltage to a lower level and then it is further stepped down to
the desired level.

 When a substation send power to another substation, along with power sending, we also need the
telecommunication between the sending end substation to receiving end substation & for that
communication between the sending end substation to receiving end substation & for that communication
signal is used & that signal in the range kHz (i.e 40kHz - 50kHz) means high frequency communication
signal used. Therefore, the CVT could be used for carrier communication & through the CVT
communication signal could be diverted to communication equipment (PLCC) as well.

Difference in CVT and IVT / MVT:

 As so when frequency, f is higher then capacitive reactance, is lower, so that C

 A CVT can also be combined with the PLCC equipment used for communication over the high voltage
transmission lines for any utility substation. Due to voltage divided by C hence the accuracy is
compromise & due to that not suitable for revenue metering. And the carrier coupling device is connected
to the earth lead of the intermediate voltage capacitor. But an IVT cannot be used for carrier
communication for any IPP substation. Its direct voltage transformation so more accurate than
CVT. For IPP project use separate CVT for voltage measurement and communication purpose.

 IVT is widely used in substation where electricity billing (i.e. Tariff Metering) is required by VT.
Along with CVT the EMVT is used only when there’s a concern of energy metering for electricity
billing as it is costlier. If in case no any electricity billing needed, then only CVT is used for protection
and voltage monitoring purpose in a substation, as it reduces the installing cost.

VT or CVT rating indication in SLD:

The standard VT secondary voltage rating for most of relays & instrument is 110V, as most relay input
voltage range is 100 VAC-120V, refer below extract for overall range Voltage.

Rated voltage: 100 V AC/ 110 V AC/ 115 V AC/ 120 V AC (Parameterization)

And in CVT the capacitor used to divide the voltage & also used for the carrier communication, therefore,
we need to indicate the capacitance value (pF) in CVT ratings. The CVT capacitance would be designed
for a preferred capacitance rating of the value of 4400 or 8800 pF, for system voltage range of 110 kV to
800 kV for a frequency range from 40 to 500 kHz mostly, but this need to check with utility
telecommunication department.
Number of Core:

Generally, Up to 132kV take two core VT or CVT (metering, protection that all protection is combined
one core (i.e 21-Distance, 67,67N-Directional O/C & EF, 27-Under Voltage,59-Over Voltage))

Generally, above 132kV take three core VT or CVT (metering, two no of protection core that all
protection is combined one core (i.e 21-Distance, 67,67N-Directional O/C & EF, 27-Under Voltage,59-
Over Voltage))

79- Auto reclose, 25-Sych check

VT sizing & calculation Factors:

1) VT Ratio.-
i. Primary Side: Connected System Voltage
ii. Secondary Side: 110V
2) Accuracy Class-as per IEC 61869 Part 3
i. Metering – 0.2, 0.5, 1; Generally take for substation 0.2 or 0.5 (for HV) & LV take 1
ii. Protection – 3P
 3) Burden VA- this based on the calculation ; Generally take 50VA

VT is connected more number of devices that’s why take VT burden rating is little bit higher than CT.

VT & CVT Name Plate Vender Drawing Review Check Points:

As we know, during the single line to ground fault, the voltage in other 2 healthy phase would shoot up to
the line voltage level by a factor of usually a factor of 1.1 times of voltage. Due to that in VT, the
overvoltage factor is very much important rating to indicate. (how much over voltage VT can withstand)

Whereas in ungrounded system the over voltage factor for VT shall be maximum 1.9 PU (instead of
1.5 PU,) So, during VT vendor drawing review need to ensure 1.9 PU. Whereas for the solid the
grounded system, the max allowed over voltage is 1.3 PU as per standard, so 1.5 would be enough if
system is solidly grounded.

Maintenance of VT and CVT:

For maintenance purpose up to 33kV VT secondary side take fuse.

For maintenance purpose EHV and UHV CVT secondary side take isolator specially for the Bus VT and
CVT.