Steps in Determining the Author’s Argument
1. Identify the Argument/Issue and the audience
2. Identify the type of supports
Proofs
Claims
Evidences
3. Determining the relevance/connection of the support.
4. Determine the author’s objectivity - if he/she give the supports
clarity in the point by citing other information
5. Determine the argument’s completeness- when the author
answered the reader’s question in their writing.
6. Determine if the argument is valid
7. Decide if the argument is credible/convincing
Focus of an argumentative essay:
To pursue a reader to take certain point
3 things to keep in mind in supporting arguments
1. Author- if the author has the position/authority to give
information(professionals)
2. Pieces of evidences to the claims of the author- what are the
evidences given/provided/stated?
3. Publisher/sponsor- background check
Different sources
.com- owned by a company
edu- under education institute
.gov- under government. Owned by the government.
.net- owned by a network
.org- owned by a public/private organization
Journal Articles
-combined short written works
-mostly used in research
2 needs of Journal Article
Topic- what/who for
- focus of the article
Main Idea- expressed/explained in one sentence
- There are 2 types of main idea
Stated Main Idea
Implied Main Idea
Stated Main idea- Direct to the point. Can expressed by one sentence.
Implied Main Idea- Not clearly stated. Need of supporting details
Applying Critical Reading Skills in Academic
Discipline
-Discover more information and improves overall reading
skills/personality.
-Analyzing
-Level up the reading skills
-Exploring reading
4 ways in Critical Reading Skills
1. Annotating- to outline important details in writing.
- Highlighting/underlining key words/unfamiliar words.
- Adding explanation or short comments to improve a
written work.
2. Outlining- Presenting the main/important ideas.
- Stating the main idea by supporting the idea.
-Give Justice to a writing.
3. Analyzing- Examining the content by breaking down the parts of a
text.
- Author’s purpose, intended audience, content, etc.
- Noting details /Recording interests
- Evaluating
4. Summarizing- Compressing the main ideas/key words of the full text.
- Taking key word/terms
- Different to concluding
- Giving the gist of the whole text
Citation of Sources
MLA (Modern Language Association)
APA (American Psychological Association)
Differs in structure/format
Similarities: Both have at least one unique feature
Difference of MLA and APA (Text)
MLA
-Author’s LN
-Page#
APA
-Author’s LN or FN
-Date of Publication
-Page #
Difference of MLA and APA (Link)
MLA
-Author’s LN or FN
-Title of Document
-Title of complete work
-Document date/ Date of last revision
APA
-Author’s LN or FN
-Title of Document
-Title of complete work
-Edition/Revision Number
Focus of MLA and APA Styles
APA (Social Sciences)
-E.g. Economics, Geography, Psychology, Physiology, Sociology,
Linguistics
-Focuses on date of publication
- Format is designed for comparison of research and determining
relevance
- Often thought of as more difficult by students
-Commonly taught as an alternative citation styles
MLA (Liberal arts and Humanities)
-E.g. Fine Arts, Music, Philosophy, Literature
-Focuses on authorship
-Format is designed for ease of presentation
-Often viewed as “easier” to follow by students
-Commonly taught first to students
Basics of MLA & APA Citations (Book Example)
MLA
-Name(s) of Author(s)
-Work Title
-Publication city and year
-Publisher
-Publication Medium(I.e. print,web)
APA
-Name(s) of the Author(s)
-Publication Year
-Work title
-Publication City
-Publication Year
MLA and APA in Books
Template
MLA: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work. City of Pub: Publisher, Year.
Medium.
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City of Pub, State:
Publisher.
Examples
MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: 2003. McGraw-
Hill. Print.
APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY: McGraw-
Hill.
Another Example
Author: Stephen Jones
Title: A Review of Industry Standards
Year of Pub: 2010
City of Pub: London
Publisher: Stanton Publishing Group
MLA: Jones, Stephen. A Review of Industry Standards. London:
Stanton Publishing Group, 2010. Print.
APA: Jones, S. (2010). A review of industry standards. London: Stanton
Publishing Group.
MLA and APA in Articles in Journal
Template
MLA: Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Work.” Journal Title
Volume.Issue (Year): page numbers. Medium.
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. Journal Title,
Volume(Issue), page numbers.
Examples
MLA: Smith, Linda. “Students in Danger.” New England Journal of
Student Progress 7.2 (2007): 142-154. Print.
APA: Smith, L. (2007). Students in danger. New England Journal of
Student Progress, 7(2), 142-154.
Another Example:
Author: Samuel Brown
Volume: 4
Pages: 164-184
Title: Working for the Union
Issue: 1
Journal: Workplace Review
Year: 1995
MLA: Brown, Samuel. “Working for the Union.” Workplace Review 4.1
(1995): 164-184. Print.
APA: Brown, S. (1995). Working for the union. Workplace Review, 4(1),
164-184.
MLA and APA in Online Sources
Template
MLA: Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, Date created (use n.d. if not given).
Medium.Date accessed. <URL (optional)/>.
APA: Author. (Year, Month[use n.d. if not given]). Article or page sub-
title. Major Publication Title, volume or issue number (if available).
Retrieved from http://url.
Examples: We are citing the data found here.
MLA: Department of Enrollment Management. 2013 Fall Term
Comparison. University of Houston-Clear Lake, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 21
Oct. 2014.
APA: Department of Enrollment Management. (2013). 2013 Fall Term
Comparison. Enrollment Management 2013 Reports. Retrieved from
http://prtl.uhcl.edu/portal/page/portal/PRV/Enrollment-
Management/images/Enrollment%20and%20SCH-Fall%2013%202-
Yr%2010242013%20final.pdf
Job Application Letter
- A cover letter is written to the potential employer to provide them with
information about your qualifications, skills, and experience.
- Sent along with your resume and other necessary documents.
Structure of an Application Letter:
Header
- Inside/Sender Address
- Date
- Hiring Manager's Contact information
- Company Address
- Formal Salutation
- Body of the letter
-> Opening paragraph
-> Body Paragraph
-> Closing paragraph
- Closing/Complimentary Close
- Signature
How to Write a Job Application Letter:
- Should be written on a single page.
- Should be single-spaced with a space between every paragraph and a 1-
inch margin with the text aligned to the left.
- Font size should be 10 - 12
- Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri
- Should send the letter for every position you apply for.
Resume
- It is a comprehensive but brief summary of your education, work
experience, interests, and skills for the employer to read and includes
parts such as: header, objective statement, education, professional
experiences, skills, professional affiliations, and references.
- Is a formal document that provides and overview of your professional
qualifications, including your relevant work experience, skills, education,
and notable accomplishments.
- To show employers you're qualified for a position and convince them to
offer you an interview.
What should be on your resume:
- Introduction
- Contact details
- Work History
- Educational Background
- Relevant skills
Curriculum Vitae(CV)
- The term CV is on abbreviation of the Latin word Curriculum Vitae,
which is literally translated to “the course of your life”. A CV is a very
in- depth document that describes your career journey step-by-step,
including all sorts of personal information.
-CV’s typically include information like experience, achievements, and
awards,scholarships, or grants you’ve earned, course works research
projects and publication of your work. A CV is typically two or three
pages long.
