Good day, my dear students! How are you? I hope you’re doing well.

Start with the Lord’s Prayer

before you cover this module. For today’s discussion, we will talk about data management and below
are our objectives for this whole unit.

MODULE 5

Learning Outcomes
1. R ecognize and analyze geometri c shapes
2. A pply geometric concepts, especially isometries in de scribing and creating designs;
3. C ontribute to the enrichment of the Filipino culture and arts using concepts in
geometry.

Expectations:
1. Accomplish this module completely.

Materials
book in Mathematics in the Modern World

Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric Shapes

Mathematics is a study of patterns which may be numerical, logical or geometric. Geometric

patterns depict abstract shapes, like lines, polygons, and circles. These are observed in nature
and arts. It is also defined as geometric information that still remains there even if scale,
orientation, location and reflection are displaced from a particular geometrical object. We can say
that if we move the shape, enlarge it, reflect it or rotate it, then also the shape remains the same,
i.e. it does not change into another.

Since primary grades, we were taught of the basic shapes found around us: circle squares,
rectangles, oval, triangles, and many more. As time goes by, as we go to higher grades, more
complex geometric shapes were introduced to us: pentagon, hexagon, dodecagon, and other n –
gons. There are two types of geometric shapes: it can be two dimensional (2D) or it can also be a
three dimensional shape (3D).

Generally the two-dimensional geometric shapes are represented by the lines joining the
set of points called vertices in a bounded form. These are known as polygons including triangles,
quadrilaterals etc. Some two-dimensional shapes formed by

bounded curves, for example - circle and ellipse.

A two-dimensional shape is a shape that has length and width but no depth. In
mathematics, shapes (mathematical models) are derived from objects in the real world that have

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 common geometric attributes. For example, a circle is a round shaped figure that has no corners
or edges. In geometry, a circle can be defined as a closed, two – dimensional curved shape.

A square is a closed, two – dimensional shape with 4 equal sides and is part of
quadrilateral family. A rectangle is a 2D shape in geometry, having 4 sides and 4 corners. Its two
sides meet at right angles. The opposite sides of a rectangle have the same lengths and are
parallel. Two sides are said to be parallel, when the distance between them remains the same at
all points. A triangle is a closed, two – dimensional shape with three straight sides. Pentagon,
heptagon, hexagon, octagon, and other n-gons are considered as geometric shapes.

Aside from two – dimensional shapes, we also have three –

dimensional shapes. We also have three – dimensional shapes. A
three – dimensional shapes. It is defined as a solid figure or an
object that has three dimensions – length, width and height. Unlike
two-dimensional shapes, three-dimensional shapes have thickness
or depth.

There are a lot of three – dimensional shapes that can be

found around us. Most of the three-dimensional geometric shapes
are represented by the lines joining a set of points as well as two dimensional surfaces containing
those lines. It has height, width and depth, like any object in the real world is considered as a
three dimensional shape. 3D shapes have faces, edges, and vertices. Face is a flat surface on a
three dimensional shape. An edge is formed when two faces of a three – dimensional solid meet
to form a line. A vertex is a corner point of a three – dimensional shape where faces and edges
come together. For example - cubes, cuboids, pyramids etc.

A cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides,
with three meeting at each vertex. A cylinder is a three-dimensional solid that holds two parallel
bases joined by a curved surface, at a fixed distance. These bases are normally circular in shape
and the center of the two bases is joined by a line segment, which is called as the axis. A
rectangular prism also known as cuboid, is a solid three – dimensional object which has six
faces that are rectangles. It has the same cross-section along a length, which makes it a prism.

Transformations

In geometry, a transformation is a way to change the position of a figure. In some

transformations, the figure retains its size and only its position is changed. Isometry is a
transformation in which the resulting image is congruent to the pre-image. It is also called as
rigid transformation. Examples of this type of transformation are translations, rotations,
reflections and glide reflections. In some transformations, such as dilations, the size of the figure
will change.

Translation moves or slides a shape. In the example below, the triangle has been
translated, moved, or slid. We can also notice that the vertices of the triangle A, B, and C had
been translated or moved 6 units to the right.

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 Reflection flips a shape over to create a mirror image. In the example, the triangle above
has been reflected, flipped over to create a mirror image. Notice that the second figure is exactly
opposite of the original figure. One best example of this is when you look yourself in the mirror.
You’ll see a reflection but you are seeing a mirror image in which everything is opposite. If you
have writing on your shirt, it’s backwards in the mirror. A glide reflection, on the other hand, is a
transformation that combines a translation with a reflection.

Rotation turns a shape. In the example, the triangle has been turned or rotated.
Sometimes shapes are rotated just a few degrees and other times they may be rotated
significantly. Whenever rotation occurs, the figure must always stay the same size and the same
shape, it is only turned.

Dilation is a stretch or shrink of an image. Stretch means

we make the figure larger or bigger and shrink means to make it
smaller. Unlike any other transformation, dilation is not a
change in orientation and dilation is also not a change in shape.
In our example on the right, notice how every coordinate of the
right triangle has been multiplied by the scale factor (x2).

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 ACTIVITY 5.1

Observe the following figure.

Identify whether it is rotation, reflection, and

Rotation

1.

2. Reflection

Rotation
3.

4. Reflection

translation.
5. Translation

Reflection
6.

. Rotation
7.

Reflection

8.

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 9.

Reflection

Translation

10.

Think About This!

Why do you think the picture is not a

perfect reflection?
 It is a reflection since a mirror image is
formed by the zebra. The 2nd zebra is
exactly the opposite of the original zebra.

A pattern is said to be a design having certain discriminant regularity. A pattern that is

drawn using geometric shapes which are typically repeating. Wallpaper is an ideal example of
geometrical pattern. These patterns are commonly seen in art as well as in nature. Natural
geometrical patterns may include waves, cracks, spirals, foams etc. Actually, there is a
mathematical structure underlying in each geometrical pattern.

Symmetry is the quality of being made up exactly similar parts facing each
other around an axis. A line of symmetry is a line that divides a figure into two
equal half. A plane figure has symmetry if there is a non-trivial transformation
that maps the figure onto itself. A trivial transformation refers to the identity
transformation. There are three types of geometrical symmetry namely:
reflection, rotational, and transitional.

Reflectional symmetry is symmetry with respect to reflection. That is, a figure, which does not
change upon undergoing a reflection, has reflection (line) symmetry.

Rotational symmetry, also known as radial symmetry, is an object that looks the same
after certain amount of rotation. An object may have more than one rotational symmetry. Figures
like an isosceles triangle, an arrow, letter A, have one line of symmetry. Figures like a rectangle,
a basketball, the letter H, have two lines of symmetry. Figure like an equilateral triangle, a three
petal flower, have 3 lines of symmetry.

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 Transitional symmetry is a symmetry in which a particular pattern or design is shifted from one
place to another, meaning the same exact image is found on another location, even the orientation
of the image is the same. Some examples of transitional symmetry are the chessboard,
honeycomb of a bee, translation in the snake skin. Some famous architecture have transitional
symmetry such as Mond Crucifixion by Rapahel Sanzio, The Sacrament of the Last Supper by
Salvador Dali, the San Sebastian Church in Manila Philippines, and the Malacanang Palace the
official resident of the Philippine President.

Aside from symmetrical patterns, there are also other patterns we can observe. Rosette pattern is
a pattern consists of taking a motif or element and rotating or reflecting that element. It can be a
cyclic or dihedral. Cyclic rosette pattern do not contain reflection symmetry while dihedral
rosette pattern have reflection symmetry.

Frieze pattern is a design or pattern on a two – dimensional surface that is repetitive (or
transitional symmetry) in one direction. It can be imagined that the frieze pattern goes infinitely
in both directions or wrap around.

Wallpaper pattern is a mathematical classification of a two – dimensional repetitive pattern

which covers a plane and can be mapped based on symmetries on the pattern in more than one
direction.

Design, Arts, and Culture

Archimedes and other ancient mathematicians investigated properties of regular polygons

and combinations of regular polygons that tessellated the plane. The word tessellation comes
from the word tessares meaning four.

Basically, a tessellation is a way to tile a floor (that goes on forever) with shapes so that there is
no overlapping and no gaps. A tessellation is possible only when the sum of the interior angles of
the polygons that are tessellated is . It can be created with translation, rotation and reflection
and could be either regular or semi-regular.

Regular tessellation is made from congruent

regular polygons joined side-to-side. Among regular
polygons, only equilateral triangle, square and regular
hexagon can be used for regular tessellation. A semi-
regular tessellation uses two or more different regular
polygons with sides of the same length in such a way
that all vertices are identical. The numerical notation
shown for these semi-regular tessellations represents
the regular polygon arrangement about each vertex.

Non – regular tessellation does not use regular polygons. This is also called as demiregular or
polymorph. Some works of a famous Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher (1898- 1972) is known
for his creative use of tessellations in his work. What transformations can you see in this picture?

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 Different patterns can be used to create different geometric designs. When these designs
are used correctly, the designs can be visually effective and functional. Patterns can be used to
enhance artistic skills and enrich one’s culture. In Philippines, we have rich traditional and
culture that amazes the world. Our indigenous tribes have contributed a lot in making famous
fabrics and clothes designs. Filipino culture is rich with various weaving designs by indigenous
people which elicit this wallpaper patterns.

VIDEO WATCHING

Mathematical Symmetries of Selected Philippine Indigenous Textile

https://youtu.be/8eE4uVC437s

ACTIVITY 5.2

Photo Exhibit
Collect or capture at least 3 Filipino indigenous designs and write a
brief explanation about the design. Additionally, share your
insights on how rich our culture is when it comes to indigenous
designs (at least 2 paragraphs).

T’nalak

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/109353097177734590/?autologin=true

This is an example of the design of T'boli people it is called T'nalak it is

a traditional dress of T'boli or T'bolis people located on Mindanao island.
Through this dress, they show their talent and creativity in creating a
unique Indigenous design like the one above. This dress is made of Abaca
fibers which traditionally has three primary colors, red, black and the
original color of the Abaca leaves. After you are amazed you will also
notice its geo-metric pattern, they say that this pattern was formed after
the weaver dreamed and after that their province was called The Land of the
Dreamweavers and T'nalak serves as the festival icon because it symbolizes
the blending of the culture, strength, and unity of the various ethnic
groups living in the province.

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 By making this handicraft, we can show the talent of being Filipino
and how rich our culture is so as a Filipino we should not be ashamed of our
talent but be big and when we combine our work show the brand Filipinos
embrace our work more than foreign work.

Okir

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/292593307031806558/
This is an example of an indigenous design by the Maranaos
Tribes. The Maranaos are an indigenous Muslim tribe found in
provinces of Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, and Marawi City. they
show their skill in making Unique Indigenous Design the only example
of which is the above. The above is what they call it “Okir” is a
design or pattern that tells the story of a person his experiences,
beliefs, and values that composed his being and identity, through the
use of authentic symbolisms which reveals the distinct & original
culture and civilization of the Muslim south. When you finish what
you see, let's discuss what pattern and what are the tools to do it,
Okir is a design or pattern often rendered or curved in hardwood,
brass, silver and wall painting in curvilinear lines and Arabic
geometric figures. and okir is a symbol of power and prestige usually
adorned during festivities.

Through this handicraft, the Maranaos Indigenous People show

their Creativity and Skill to show how beautiful their culture and
beliefs are. So as a Filipino like them, even if our beliefs and
self-esteem are different I am proud of their creations and I am
proud of what they are because even if we believe differently, we are
still the same blood because we are Filipinos and I am proud there.

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 Malong

https://zambongga.weebly.com/about-malong.html
This is an example of an indigenous design by the Maranaos
Tribes. The Maranaos are an indigenous Muslim tribe found in the
provinces of Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, and Marawi City, They
show their creativity in making unique Indigenous design and one
example of this is the one above, the above is what they call it
Malong and it says it is from Gujarat, India. Also known as “patola”,
these circular patterns from India were adapted by Maranao weavers.
and let's go over what design and pattern it is and where they use it
first what is its design and pattern, we can see above that malong is
a traditional Filipino rectangular or tube-like wraparound skirt
bearing a variety of geometric or okir designs and made of cotton
with simple plaids and stripes as the preferred patterns. The more
elaborate malong made of silk, in colors of red, purple, and yellow.
and the use of malong can function as a skirt for both men and women,
a dress, a blanket, a sunshade, a bedsheet, a “dressing room,” a
hammock, a prayer mat, and other purposes. A newborn is wrapped in a
malong, and as he grows this piece of cloth becomes a part of his
daily life. and the last is the malong is a symbol of Maranao
culture, deserving encouragement and support from both government and
the Maranao community.
Think about how good the Maranaos are, even if we say that this
design is not really came in here, it really improves the making of
this and they are also very good at making it, so I can also say that
this garment can also called them. also, because this garment become
part of their daily attire or equipment of our brothers and sisters

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 Maranaos so because of their skill and talent I am proud as their
fellow Filipinos.

LEARNING SUMMARY
In this module, I learned the importance of geometric designs in terms of indigenous
materials because

 It significance to the indigenous people because it serve as a symbol of their tradition and
culture that making them unique and also I learned that the every geometric symbol on
their design had meaning to them.

REFLECTION
As an OLSHCONian, how will you promote the rich culture of Filipino designs to other
countries?
 As a Filipino like them I tell to other country that the product of our country had a very unique a
design and pattern that you will see only here in the Philippines and also its very strong that can’t easily
to destroy and most of all our product here is eco friendly so what are you waiting for buy our product.

As a steward of God, how will you take care of the geometric designs made by our indigenous
tribes?
 As a steward of God I will show my respect and love to indigenous geometric design by
helping them to promote their product because the more they product sold the more
people remember the indigenous geometric design and never been forgotten.

In this module, I need to understand more the concept/s on

 None

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