Article

Garbage Life: Waste Collectors’

Problems, Coping Strategies, and
Insights
December 2021: 1-16
Charbie Nicanor* © The Author(s) 2021
asianjournalofresilience.com
Alexandra Adelantar
BC Faith Villar
Hazel Gay Esquiviaz-Chua
Ecleah Sol Yadao

Abstract
Waste collectors collect tons of garbage daily. While some studies explored the exposure of waste collectors to their work,
workplace, workmates, and community, the interaction of these factors and the waste collectors’ perception of their health
remain unexplored. This qualitative descriptive study explored the experiences of waste collectors by utilizing a
biopsychosocial framework in investigating their problems, coping strategies, and insights. The 20 participants specified
physical discomforts and physical injuries as their problems in terms of biological aspect. Regarding the psychological
aspect, they encountered self-worth and health uncertainty concerns, and in terms of the social aspect, they experienced
workplace issues and negative social perception and stigma. The coping strategies that they utilized were body and health
care and body perceptions (biological aspect), work acceptance (psychological aspect), and work comparison, work
convenience, flexible time, and social appreciation (social aspect). They also gained insights on health and body perception
(physical aspect), optimism and purpose (psychological aspect), and work environment and dignity (social aspect). The
insights gained by the participants enabled them to be more resilient in facing the challenges connected with their work
and be more appreciative of their job.

Keywords
waste collectors, garbage collectors, health-psychology, biopsychosocial, occupational exposure

Corresponding Author: Neghab et al., 2013; Tsovili et al., 2014). Apart from that,
Charbie A. Nicanor
Palawan State University they experience stigma caused by the nature of the work they
Puerto Princesa City 5300 do (Bickmeier et al., 2015; Vázquez, 2013) and face other
Palawan, Philippines challenges at work and in their personal lives (Velasco et al.,
Email:[email protected]
2015).

Based on the literature previously mentioned,

1. Introduction workplaces are immensely influential on a person’s overall
health. Creating conducive, safe, and healthy work
Waste collectors are the people in charge of waste collection environments for employees is of great importance to
(Mohammed & Abdul Latif, 2014). As a place develops, the preserve their safety and welfare. The negative connotation of
population increases, and so does waste production. The the work of waste collectors and the persistent existence of
steady rise of waste production is one of the worsening health risks in their workplace can have detrimental and
problems that any place constantly faces and deals with, long-lasting effects on their health. Thus said, in examining
especially the fast-developing ones (Song et al., 2015). Puerto the experiences of waste collectors using a qualitative
Princesa City is one of the fastest developing cities in the approach, results obtained are essential in diagnosing
Philippines. As the city progresses, its waste production problems present in their work environment and their line of
continues to rise; from 85 tons a day in 2014, it doubled in work and the need to address these concerns. With numerous
2015 and reached 200 tons by 2017 (City garbage doubles, institutions creating favorable and healthy work
2015; Villamor, 2018). environments for their employees, applying these to the
context of waste collectors through programs and regulations
Correspondingly, no matter how humble their work that cater to their needs is not entirely implausible. Previous
may be, waste collectors are the people society perpetually studies emphasize the impact of the occupation on the waste
needs. In Puerto Princesa City, they are the people behind the collectors, but the health perception of the waste collectors
cleanliness of the city. Their work keeps the streets clean and towards their occupation remains underexplored. It is hoped
the surroundings pleasing to the eyes. However, their work that this qualitative descriptive study can add substance to the
makes them exposed to the hazards of wastes regularly. biopsychosocial spectrum of worker and workplace
Garbage collection is rated as one of America’s seven most relationships to encourage the government and other
dangerous jobs (Johnson, 2017). Many studies prove the concerned organizations to give proper attention to their
health hazards their work brings (Abd El-Wahab et al., 2014; employees’ welfare.
Aweng & Fatt, 2014; Cruvinel et al., 2019; Decharat, 2017;

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2 Asian Journal of Resilience

Waste collectors are exposed to a day-to-day collection Waste collectors are most likely to suffer from the risks
of trash or garbage, known as solid waste, which people of waste collection. They are those with direct and regular
usually throw away. Trash, also called municipal solid wastes contact to the abundance of wastes, either in the dump truck
(MSW), comes from residential homes, offices, or the dumpsites. They are exposed to many different
accommodations, schools, and other establishments chemical, biological, physical, safety, ergonomic hazards and
(Municipal Solid Waste, 2016). various stressors. There may also be infected blood, bodily
fluids, syringes, other medical and drug wastes, or radioactive
Waste collection refers to gathering solid wastes from medical wastes included in the garbage. Airborne
houses, industrial and commercial establishments, and microorganisms such as fungi (mold) and gram-negative
institutions and bringing them to a place where those are bacteria may likewise be present, which may cause allergic
treated or disposed of (Plastics Europe, 2018). This work and irritant responses, respiratory problems, and
involves some health and safety risks such as injury, death, hypersensitivity reactions. Harmful physical agents include
and illnesses. It is described as one of the most hazardous noise, vibration, and extreme temperatures. Accidents may
jobs, ranked seventh in the United States regarding the also arise by being struck or crushed by vehicles and
number of mortalities in the workplace (Tibbetts, 2013). This equipment, leading to injury or even death. Waste collectors
work is primarily the duty of waste collectors. often complain of bone or muscular pains resulting from
lifting, pulling, pushing, twisting, and gripping a tool or
In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 7160 established object (Newman, 2016). To make the situation worse, most
that the Local Government Unit (LGU) has the direct waste collectors do not use or have no access to personal
responsibility to its area of jurisdiction’s solid waste protective equipment to safeguard them from harm in the
management, implementation of cleanliness and sanitation, workplace (Mohammed & Abdul Latif, 2014). In addition,
administration and care of its natural resources, and workplace stressors can come from stealing wages among
environment (Department of Environment and Natural workers, unavailability of a bathroom for use, overtime work,
Resources [DENR] 2019). no meal breaks, low and irregular salaries, absence of
opportunity to be promoted, and job inferiority
Open dumpsites are prevalent in developing countries. (Newman, 2016).
These are waste disposal sites that are unscientific, obsolete
and ineffective, and usually placed outside developing urban There are high incidences of waste collectors having
cities (Sankoh et al., 2013). Because of the lack of respiratory problems and lung function impairment due to
engineering and safety standards, open dumpsites are exposure to bioaerosols which are contaminants in the
dangerous to health and the environment (United Nations workplace (Neghab et al., 2013). There is a strong correlation
Environment Programme [UNEP], 2005). between waste disposal work and some health problems, like
musculoskeletal problems, skin problems, respiratory
On the other hand, controlled dumpsites are waste disease, nail problems, gastrointestinal problems, and eye
disposal sites more improved in operational and management problems (Decharat, 2017). A test for parasitic infections to
aspects only and not on a facility or structural standards. waste collectors revealed that about half of the workers were
These are usually alternatives or the next option to open infected, and 12 kinds of parasitic species were found among
dumpsites when there are insufficient funds to construct those tested (Abd El-Wahab et al., 2014). Previous test results
sanitary landfills. It can be applied over existing open also confirmed that there was indeed a rise in Hepatitis B
dumpsites or can be built on new sites (UNEP, 2005). infection among waste collectors. They found out that the risk
for infection could be from needle stick injuries. However,
Sanitary landfills are modern waste disposal sites and cases of hepatitis C infection were dismissed
built according to high site selection, design, construction, (Tsovili et al., 2014).
and operation standards. They do not only ensure cleanliness
and safety but also help reduce greenhouse gases that cause Some studies suggest that there are more challenges
global warming. Landfilling involves putting solid and semi- waste collectors appear to face in life regarding the
solid wastes on the ground in thin layers, compressing it up to psychological and social impacts. From childhood to
its smallest practical volume, and covering daily with suitable adolescence to the beginning of adulthood, waste collectors
earth materials to keep it away from the environment in Nicaragua went through many stressful and excessive
(Ghosh & Hasan, 2010). These procedures make the landfill serious situations at a very young age, which led them to take
“sanitary.” These prevent the waste from being exposed to the part in adult acts early on. They belonged to the poorest
environment and lessen the pollution problems that may arise families and lived in the poorest communities. They were
(Eskezia et al., 2016; Ghosh & Hasan, 2010). very hard to reach, had the highest illiteracy rates, were worst
in health, were extremely denounced, and did not have high
In response to the worsening problems on wastes in the hopes for the future. These factors might have significantly
country, Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the affected their isolation and discrimination from society and
“Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 enacted on its continuous aggravation (Vázquez, 2013). However, in an
January 26, 2001, to adopt systematic, comprehensive, and earlier study made by Vasquez (2013), the result showed that
ecological solid waste management programs (Art. 1, Sec. 2 even if the participants lived in extreme poverty, they still
of R.A. 9003, 2001). Included in RA 9003 is the mandate for claimed to be happy and were optimistic about the future, for
the Local Government Units to either build a sanitary landfill they did not associate happiness with earning but with their
or convert open dumps or controlled dumps into a sanitary social and leisure activities (Vasquez, 2013).
landfill (National Solid Waste Management Commission,
2016). In compliance with this, in 2002, the City Government Another study was conducted to determine if the
of Puerto Princesa built a sanitary landfill, a facility worth 200 necessity of work and other ideal beliefs and strategies could
million, in Barangay Sta. Lourdes, the first LGU controlled fight the challenges and hindrances in taking away the
and first of its kind in the Philippines. The construction started stigmas linked with dirty jobs to attain and preserve the
in 2002 and was inaugurated in April 2006 workers’ worth. The result showed the people’s preference
(PGMA inaugurates R.P.’s first LGU-controlled sanitary for appropriateness, for “clean” white-collar jobs and money
landfill, 2006).
Nicanor et al. 3

return, rather than manual service work and work helpful to waste workers and were directly exposed to the collected
the communities (Hamilton et al., 2017). garbage. Table 1 presents the necessary information about the
participants. To protect the identity of the participants, they
The present study utilized the conceptual framework of were given aliases.
biopsychosocial approach which systematically considers
biological, psychological, and social factors and their Table 1. Profile of the Participants
complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and
health care delivery.” (Biopsychosocial Model, n.d.). Alias Age Place of Marital Years Extra Income Educational
Biopsychosocial approach, pioneered by Dr. George Engel, Residence Status In Level
together with Dr. John Romano, claims that in determining Service
Wil 59 Sta. Lourdes, Married 5 Construction Elementary
the course of health-related outcomes, any one factor is not Puerto work graduate
enough. Rather, it is the interaction between people’s genetic Princesa City Pangangalakal
makeup (biology), mental health and behavior (psychology), (sells
recyclable
and social and cultural context (Lumen Biopsychosocial trash)
Model of Health and Illness, n.d.). In the biopsychosocial Rene 50 Sta. Monica, Separated 10 Pangangalakal High school
Puerto (sells graduate
approach, it is important to include the individual and his Princesa City recyclable
attributes as a person, as a human being. It countered the trash)
traditional biomedicine approach, which only points to Art 35 Sta. Lourdes, Married 10 Pangangalakal Elementary
Puerto (sells graduate
biological or physical factors as causes of illnesses. It is the Princesa City recyclable
very reason for the foundation of the biopsychosocial trash)
approach (Fava & Sonino, 2008). Oben 38 Sta. Lourdes, Married 2 Pangangalakal High school
Puerto (sells graduate
Princesa City recyclable
Health psychology likewise reflects the trash)
Roger 33 Sta. Lourdes, Married 6 Pangangalakal High school
biopsychosocial approach, as it also gives importance to the Puerto (sells graduate
combination of biological, psychological, and social factors Princesa City recyclable
in determining the cause of illness. In health psychology, the trash)
Dodoy 20 Sta. Lourdes, Cohabiting 2 Pangangalakal High school
mind and body, though separate and different entities, interact Puerto (sells graduate
with each other. Hence, it is vital to develop a holistic or a Princesa City recyclable
whole-person approach to health or consider many causal trash)
Ed 22 Sta. Lourdes, Married 2 Pangangalakal High school
factors of an illness (or a condition) (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Puerto (sells graduate
Health psychology also emphasizes that sickness does not Princesa City recyclable
trash)
only cause psychological consequences but psychological Ken 22 Sta. Lourdes, Single 1 Pangangalakal High school
factors that can also lead to sickness. Psychology and health Puerto (sells graduate
can be connected directly or indirectly. The connection is Princesa City recyclable
trash)
direct if psychological factors such as stress can cause Mike 31 Mangingisda, Married 7 Pangangalakal High school
illnesses like coronary heart disease and cancer. It is indirect Puerto (sells graduate
if psychological factors like perception can influence Princesa City recyclable
trash)
behavior, which will impact health (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Fishing
Ben 20 Sta. Lourdes, Single 1 Pangangalakal High school
Puerto (sells level
2. Methodology Princesa City recyclable
trash)
Piggery
2.1. Research Design Jay 54 Sta. Lourdes, Married 10 Pangangalakal High school
Puerto (sells graduate
Princesa City recyclable
This qualitative descriptive research involved waste trash)
collectors in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. Construction
work
The research utilized indigenous methods as cited by Yacat Hen 61 Sta. Monica, Married 16 Pangangalakal Elementary
(2013), such as pagtatanung-tanong (asking questions), Puerto (sells graduate
Princesa City recyclable
padalaw-dalaw (visiting), and pakikipagkwentuhan trash)
(having conversation). These methods provided significant Herb 55 Sta. Lourdes, Married 2 Pangangalakal Elementary
Puerto (sells graduate
data that came from the narrative of the waste collectors. Princesa City recyclable
These were essential to the design of the present study that trash)
explored the experiences of the waste collectors and gave a Ad 18 Sta. Lourdes, Separated 1 Pangangalakal Elementary
Puerto (sells graduate
deeper view and understanding (Bradshaw et al., 2017) of Princesa City recyclable
their lives. This design gave a meaningful outcome about the trash)
Harry 54 Tiniguiban, Married 14 Pangangalakal High school
experiences of the waste collectors and how these affected Puerto (sells graduate
their health and lifestyle. Princesa City recyclable
trash)
Construction
2.2. Research Participants work
Rob 55 Sta. Lourdes, Married 18 Pangangalakal Elementary
Puerto (sells graduate
The researchers used convenience sampling, also known as Princesa City recyclable
trash)
availability sampling. It is a type of non-probability or non- Construction
random sampling. This technique is used when the target work
Edgar 43 Sta. Lourdes, Married 4 Pangangalakal High school
participants are accessible and have met certain practical Puerto months (sells level
criteria provided by the researcher (Etikan, 2016). The Princesa City recyclable
researchers selected 20 participants employed as city solid trash)
Gardening

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permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the Asian Journal of Resilience
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4 Asian Journal of Resilience

Table 1. Cont. confidential by using aliases. They were also informed that
Alias Age Place of Marital Years Extra Income Educational they could refuse or stop being part of the study without
Residence Status In Level
Service penalties if they would prefer to do so. The participants were
Fred 35 Bacungan, Married 1 Pangangalakal High school also free to ask questions regarding the study. The study
Puerto (sells graduate
Princesa City recyclable
underwent technical and ethics review by the research
trash) committee (thesis committee assigned by the department).
Farming
Driving
Construction 3. Results
work
Rad 19 Sta. Lourdes, Cohabiting 4 Pangangalakal High school
Puerto months (sells level 3.1. Biological Aspect
Princesa City recyclable
trash)
Bamboo cutter The body is the primary resource and mechanism in
Ab 34 Jacana, Married 7 Pangangalakal High school
Puerto months (sells graduate performing different tasks. It is true especially for people who
Princesa City recyclable rely mainly on their physical bodies to get their work done,
trash)
Piggery like waste collectors. However, because of their work and
workplace nature, the waste collectors’ bodies face many
elements, conditions, and situations different from what most
2.3. Research Instrument
people encounter. Being in constant and direct exposure to
wastes, the waste collectors are the most susceptible to all
Before the interview with the participants, the researchers sorts of harmful materials, pollutants, and microorganisms
requested the City Solid Waste Management Office present in the garbage, in addition to the strenuous duties that
(CWSMO) for a copy of the master list of the currently their work demands. This section on the biological aspect
employed City solid waste workers and their corresponding focuses on the biological problems encountered, coping
work schedule. A semi-structured interview questionnaire strategies used, and insights gained by the participants.
which consisted of three parts, was used. The first part
contained questions about the problems they encountered as
waste collectors. The second part consisted of questions about 3.1.1. Biological Problems
their coping strategies, and the third part included questions
about the insights they gained. In terms of biological problems, the participants experienced
physical discomforts and physical injuries. As a manual job,
waste collection requires much physical effort that results in
2.4. Data Collection Procedure
physical discomforts. Waste collectors’ different body parts
are in constant action while performing their tasks. The
Data gathering and inquiry were executed using katutubong participants affirmed that they felt exhausted and sometimes
pamamaraan (indigenous Filipino method) from August to weak at the end of their working hours.
October 2018 and an ocular visit to fill in the gaps. The
researchers used indigenous methods such as pagtatanung-
tanong (asking questions), padalaw-dalaw (visiting), and “Pagod po. Medyo matamlay din nga. “
(It’s tiring. I feel weak) – Rad
pakikipagkwentuhan (having conversation). The researchers
first used the pagtatanung-tanong or asking relevant questions
based on the set of questions that the researchers crafted, and Others said that their arms were painful from lifting the heavy
padalaw-dalaw or visiting the place where the participants waste bins.
were located. The researchers scheduled the visit thrice: the
first visit was to inquire about the currently employed city “Masakit po ‘yong mga braso ko sa pagbubuhat
solid waste workers and asked the CSWMO the time and date po” (My arms got strained due to heavy lifting)
of the shift of the target participants. On the second visit, the – Edgar
researchers interviewed the target participants who were
available to have solid and reliable data. The result of the first The participants echoed that it was tiring to collect
interview was the basis of questions for the third and the last wastes. They had to carry many large, overflowing, and heavy
session. Lastly, the researchers used pakikipagkwentuhan or waste bins and bags or containers of wastes they got from
storytelling or having an informal conversation based on the individual houses or establishments. Waste collectors
previous interview. The data were recorded via a cellphone threaded through roads, streets, and alleys to collect all the
recorder, and notes were taken during the interview. wastes. They also had to move fast in going up and down the
dump truck, catch it up while running, and finish work on
2.5. Data Analysis time.

The researchers used thematic analysis to analyze the data. Tiredness and body pains, which are muscular-skeletal
Braun and Clarke (2006) argue that it should be the disorders, are the most prevalent complaints of waste
foundational analysis to better understand the qualitative collectors from different countries. To name a few, in Egypt,
descriptive study. waste collectors reported experiencing lower back pains
(Abou-ElWafa et al., 2012); in Shiraz, Iran, not only pains in
2.6. Ethical Consideration the lower back but also on the knees (Abou-ElWafa et al.,
2012). In the same way, in Malaysia, waste collectors
suffered from lower back, elbow, or wrist pains (Rahman,
The participation of the waste collectors was entirely
et.al., 2015). According to the studies mentioned, all these
voluntary. The researchers discussed the overview of the
study to the participants and sought their informed consent. ailments resulted from over fatigue due to heavy manual work
They were assured that their identity would be kept of lifting, carrying, pulling, and pushing (Rahman, et.al.,
Nicanor et al. 5

2015), walking along or running, or jumping up/down from handling wastes, the primary duty of waste collectors. One
the dump truck (Abou-ElWafa et al., 2012). participant, though at first claimed that there was no particular
negative effect waste collection had brought to his body, he
Aside from physical discomforts, the participants also suddenly remembered that his fingernails were deformed
experienced physical injuries. In the performance of work, early on after becoming a waste collector.
certain situations or tasks can cause injuries. Injuries are
injuries to the physical body due to accidents or “Iyong sa akin? Parang wala lang …. Pero iyong
environmental stressors (WHO, 2021). Though these can be kuan, para bang nasisira iyong kuko.” (I thought
prevented by observing safe behaviors and safety measures, my work did not cause physical injuries. But my
these can still happen anytime or anywhere. fingernails were deformed) – Abe

There were times when some participants were bruised, There were bodily injuries experienced by the
cut, or pricked by pointed or sharp objects. participants that could be the consequences of their
carelessness or negligence. However, it could be discounted
“Natutusok din ako ng karayom o nasusugatan that it could result from insufficient personal protective
din ako minsan kapag humahakot lalo na kapag equipment and obsolete work machinery like the dump truck.
sa ospital kami humahakot.” (Sometimes I get It could also be pointed to other people who thoughtlessly
pricked by used needles when we collect garbage throw dangerous wastes.
from the hospitals) – Ren
3.1.2. Coping with Biological Problems
One waste collector narrated that he had strained his
arm when a tree branch struck him while standing on the The waste collectors’ biological problems stem from the very
dump truck. nature of their work and workplace. Hence, the waste
collectors’ bodies and health are at risk regularly. The
“Ako nga sumabit din ako sa sanga. Kaso nasa participants claimed that they coped with biological problems
hulihan ako. Ayan o. Pinatahi ko lang iyan o. through the body and health care and body protection.
Pinasemento ko.” (I was struck by a hanging
branch of a tree when I was at the rear side of a In terms of body and health care, the participants stated
dump truck. I had my injured arm stitched and that they took care of themselves by eating a large amount of
cemented.) – Oben food and vitamins. Despite their constant exposure to the
waste, the participants confidently asserted that they had
Another more serious accident was when one normal and good body and health conditions.
participant fell from the truck when the handle he was trying
to grip to go up suddenly broke. “Ayos naman. Maliksi rin. Nag vivitamin naman
ako.” (I am energetic because I take vitamins)
“Nahulog ako sa truck yong sa December 31, –Ben
yong nakaraang taon. Alam mo mataas ‘yan.
‘Pag akyat ko natanggal yung hawakan diretso As regards body protection, the participants wore
ako sa lupa. Bagsak ako. Nadisgrasya. ‘Pag personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE is worn to lessen
bagsak ko diretso tayo ako. Kasi sa hapon hakot dangers during work and in the workplace. Employers must
sila hanggang alas kwatro. Tapos pag gabi kami provide these to their employees, and employers must also
na. Ay madilim na yon. Tapos kong nadisgrasya make sure that these are worn at all times within the
nagpahinga ako ng mga tatlong araw lang.” (On workplace (Denisov, et al., 2013).
December 31 last year, I fell from a truck. I was
about to go up when the handle I was about to grip The CWSM Office issues personal protective
suddenly broke. I stood up right away as if equipment to waste collectors. These are t-shirts as uniforms,
nothing happened. My co-workers had their shift face masks, gloves, rubber boots, and even raincoats during
until four o’clock in the afternoon. We had our rainy seasons.
turn in the evening. It was dark that time. I rested
for about three days after that incident.)– Rad
“Ah, may mask. Issue iyan dito sa office. May
mga gwantes. May mga gwantes kami, bota. Ay
kung minsan dalawa. Kung minsan, labhan mo na
In the United States, waste collection is considered one agad para kung may ipapalit ka, mapalitan mo
of the most dangerous jobs (Newman, 2016). Compared with agad. May damit, may kapote pa nga. Libre.”
average workers, waste collectors are ten times more likely to (We have free masks, gloves, and boots given by
be killed while doing their jobs. In 2014, data showed that the the office. Sometimes, we are given two pairs.
probability of waste collectors getting injured on the job is 2.6 After using them, you need to wash them
times higher than those who do mining, quarrying, oil and gas immediately. T-shirts are also provided for free,
extraction; and 1.4 times higher than those working in including a raincoat) - Hen
construction and manufacturing industries (Newman, 2016).
Nonetheless, most participants preferred using a shirt,
Not all bodily injuries are caused by untoward transforming it into bonnet-like protection for their entire face
situations. There are times when these are caused merely by and head, making it more effective than a face mask.

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permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the Asian Journal of Resilience
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6 Asian Journal of Resilience

“Minsan po kasi sobrang mabaho, di talagang The participants’ claim of being used to the presence
maiiwasan mareklamo ka. Ano lang takip-takip of waste is a product of habituation, adaptation, and
lang ng damit.” (Sometimes the smell is terrible. I desensitization. All three concepts are the results of constant
use a shirt as an improvised mask) -Dodoy and repeated exposure to certain stimuli. Habituation happens
basically when the emotional and behavioral reaction to a
Some participants did not comply with the use of the certain stimulus decreases; adaptation involves processes in
PPEs despite the regular provision of the CWSM office. It the brain that cause the sensation and perception to decrease,
was easier and faster for them to use their bare hands to while desensitization is the outcome of adaptation over some
handle wastes. They also said that the gloves were not thick time (Pellegrino et al., 2017).
and sturdy enough to protect their hands from wet,
contaminated, or harmful wastes. In the same way, the face The participants’ biological insights also suggest that
masks might cover their nose and mouth, but the participants their perception of risk is decreased or eliminated. It is proven
preferred to use their shirts to protect them from the foul odor that even if a condition or situation is viewed as hazardous, it
and the extreme heat of the sun. becomes tolerable because of the benefits it offers (Slovic et
al., 2005). It is called “unrealistic optimism,” when
Although the PPEs passed the quality check, one study individuals see themselves not at risk, even when dangers are
tested PPEs for their actual effectiveness and comfort. The objective (Ferrer & Klein, 2015).
result of the study shows that PPEs are uncomfortable and
inconvenient to use. The effectiveness the PPEs presents is 3.2. Psychological Aspect
not equal to their effectiveness when used (Denisov, et al.,
2013). 3.2.1. Psychological Problems

3.1.3. Biological Insights Psychological problems of waste collectors refer to issues that
affect their thoughts and emotions, and consequently,
Insights arise from different experiences. As waste collectors, behaviors. Because being waste collectors is seen as literally
the participants had personal views of their bodies and health and figuratively dirty and connected to risks, stigma, and
in response to the nature of their work and workplace. The poverty, it can be expected that they have more issues and
participants’ biological insight revolved on how they viewed worries in life compared with other people with different
and described their bodies and health as waste collectors. occupations. However, it turned out otherwise. The
participants’ psychological problems revolved only on how
The participants viewed their bodies as normal and not they saw themselves, their work, and their bodies and health
affected by their job. Wastes did not seem to have ill effects when continuously exposed to waste. In addition, all the
on them. participants realized the importance of education to have
greater work options and uplift status and quality of life.
“Parang wala na rin po. Matagal na rin akong
ano. Wala na ring apektado sa katawan.” One problem experienced by the participants in terms
( I am used to it. I have been a waste collector for of psychological aspects was low self-worth. They saw
a long time. It feels like it does not affect my body themselves as inferior to other people. They associated their
anymore) – Herb low self-worth with their low level of education, which they
believed led them to their present work and status in life. One
participant set foot in college for a few days. Another
The participants sensed no change in their bodies since
participant studied in college for a whole semester. Some
they started working as garbage collectors. Their bodies
were high school graduates, but most did not finish high
stayed the same, and they even said that they had gotten used
school or even elementary education.
to their work.

This low level of education made the participants feel

"Wala naman. Parang alam ko ng nasanay na din
less competent and confident to find other jobs that would
ang katawan ko sa trabaho na ito."
give them considerable compensation and short working
(It feels nothing. My body has gotten used to this
time, unlike what they received in their work as waste
job) - Fred
collectors.

The participants were not worried about their work’s effect

“Kung trabaho lang maraming trabaho diyan.
on their bodies.
Kasi sa totoo lang wala naman akong natapos.
Highschool lang.” (There are many jobs out
"Ah, hindi. Tuloy lang ang buhay para mabuhay. there, but I didn’t finish any degree. I am only a
" (No. Life must go on) -Harry high school graduate) - Ren

They expressed their insights based on whether their The participants’ low level of education also
bodies and health were affected by waste. The majority of conditioned their thoughts of having limited work options. All
them claimed that there were no changes in their bodies and of them were consistent in stating construction work as the
collecting wastes did not have any harmful effects. They only other work opportunity they could have.
viewed their bodies and health as normal from the start. Some
even believed that waste made them more immune to germs
and diseases.
Nicanor et al. 7

“Mahirap din kasi kung mag-construction. Hindi Though they were aware of the negative connotations
rin ako nakapagtapos ng high school eh. Third attached to their work, they learned to accept both the
year lang.” (it’s very hard to work in a negative connotations and their work.
construction-related job. I didn’t finish any
degree. I only finished third-year high school) – “Kahit iyong basurero lang, okay lang. Tanggap
Ad naman namin e.” (Even if we are waste
collectors, we accept who we are) – Ad
According to Riddell & Song (2011), in most
countries, the higher the level of education, the higher the In addition, the participants’ acceptance of their work
chances of being employed, securing jobs with employment made them consider it as a delightful part of their lives, with
contracts, higher salaries, better work conditions, and being one participant saying,
re-employed after being unemployed. Moreover, people with
a higher level of education have more choices in life, giving “Parang naging hobby ko na rin na magtrabaho
them greater freedom, control and security, and economic rito.” (I use my job as a hobby) – Ad
condition (Gardner & Oswald, 2018). They added that work
achievements and financial successes are positively
By saying this, the participants could likely see the
correlated to a higher level of education.
other sources of happiness in being waste collectors. One
cannot consider something a hobby without the pleasure that
Another problem in terms of the psychological aspect can be derived from it.
was the participants’ health uncertainty or concern.
The participants’ acceptance of their work also
All participants confidently expressed during the involved undertaking all the risks their job entails. Though
interview that their bodies were in normal and good subconsciously there might be health worries and
condition. However, some confided uncertainty or concern uncertainties, they tended to set aside the feeling of fear, for
regarding their future health when suddenly confronted by their work was also their source of living.
the thought of continuous and prolonged exposure to waste.
“Wala lang. Basta trabaho. As long po na
“Minsan naiisip ko rin na umalis. Ayaw ko rin kumikita.” ( It’s nothing as long as I have a job,
kasi tumagal dito. Nangangamba din ako sa as long as I am earning) – Jay
pangangatawan ko. Sa basura iyan eh”
(Sometimes it comes to my mind to resign. I don’t
These statements prove that the participants were
want to stay here any longer. I am afraid what it
inclined to give more importance to having a job, owning and
might do to my body; it’s garbage we’re talking
embracing it, drawing positive emotions until it became a
about) - Oben
source of pleasure and significance. At the same time, their
suppression of negative thoughts and emotions towards the
Another study on dirty work confirmed that the risks probability of getting sick as a harmful effect of being
are often disregarded and repressed due to the necessity of the exposed to waste to earn an income is their way of coping
work. This sudden confession of health uncertainty or with health worries and uncertainties.
concern can be due to the unintentional expression of their
repressed worry and fear. The participants tended to set aside
In the context of dirty work, this practice is called
the possible dangers of their work because it is the main
“reframing,” wherein dirty workers modify the meaning of
source of their income. However, with the additional
their work in two ways. First, utilizing “infusing,” they
knowledge they gained (Feinstein et al., 2018) and the
attached merit to their work. For the participants, waste
influence of other people’s perceptions regarding their work
collection meant income-earning work and even a hobby,
and workplace, there might be times when they consider the
which provided for the needs of their families. Second,
likelihood of their body and health being negatively affected
employing “neutralizing,” they rejected the demerit attached
by wastes.
to the work (Ashforth & Kreiner, 1999). For the participants,
it was essential to set aside the risks, shame, worries, and
3.2.2. Coping with Psychological Problems uncertainties because they had to work, and their family’s
survival was their utmost responsibility.
Considering the dirt, risks, negative connotations, and
poverty the waste collectors had to face constantly, they were 3.2.3. Psychological Insights
able to cope with these problems. For the participants, coping
psychologically means acceptance, meaning, and
Based on their everyday experiences and multiple problems,
significance.
the waste collectors learned to select and prioritize the issues
that were essential and worthy of attention and action. When
The participants’ perceived and acquired limitations there are fewer options, when value and significance are hard
led them to adopt a willing attitude of being waste collectors. to find and expect from the society, regardless of the
When asked if they were not demanded or forced to work as numerous interconnected problems, it will be more objective
waste collectors, they replied: and helpful to focus on whatever is urgent, attainable, good,
and beneficial. It is also helpful to assure themselves of the
“Oo. Kusang kagustuhan.” (Yes. I willingly necessity and higher purpose of what they do. These surround
applied for this job)– Ab the participants’ psychological insights.

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8 Asian Journal of Resilience

The participants found a sense of optimism and waiting for the government for financial support and
purpose in their work. Purpose makes people do what they assistance; they worked and generated income; and they were
have to do, making them understand their situation and agents of the society taking responsibility of the wastes
directing them to create goals to achieve in the future. because if they would not, no one else would, and the
Purpose involves action, not merely knowing and community would be left dirtier. Being in charge of sanitation
understanding (Rainey, 2014). That is how Viktor Frankl, a gives the trash collectors the “necessity shield,” which assures
psychologist, and physician, pioneered the study and therapy them that society unfailingly needs them and which at the
of finding life meaning (Auhagen, 2000). same time somehow protects them from being discriminated
against and stigmatized (Ashforth & Kreiner, 1999).
The participants might have problems regarding their
work, workplace, and lives, yet they chose to look at the 3.3. Social Aspect
positive side of every situation. They chose to accept their
limitations, work, and uncertainties, and more than that, they 3.1.1. Social Problems
also put higher significance on what they do to give a greater
meaning to who they are. These pushed them to keep working This section presents the waste collectors' common stressors
with a sense of optimism and purpose despite their issues regarding their interactions and relationship with the
within themselves and their work. environment and people around them. These include work
issues, workplace issues, and negative social perceptions and
For them, they worked for their families. They would stigma.
do everything they could for the sake of their families.
The participants faced several work issues, one of
"Bayaan na lang at pinapakita ko lang na kaya ko which was the delayed salary.
ito at kakayanin ko ito para sa pamilya."
( I let it be, I show to them that I can do it for my Receiving a monthly salary is one of the main reasons
family)- Oben why people work. What makes work even more appealing is
gaining additional benefits and the opportunity to make it a
The participants continued to work to provide for their regular stable job. However, it is not the case for the
daily basic needs and provide education for their children. participants. First, all participants affirmed that their salaries
Some participants did not want to give their children the were delayed for three to four months. Salary or
responsibility of providing for them as long as they could still compensation is a benefit of workers in pay, wages, or some
work and provide for themselves and their families, even their monetary rewards in exchange for performed work (Ramzan
children’s families. When the participants were asked when et al., 2014). For the participants, it was hard when their
they would stop working as waste collectors, even those older salaries got delayed. The delay made it harder for them to
or who had worked for a long time responded that they could make both ends meet. That was why some of them had to
not stop working yet. resort to credits or loans.

“Wala pa rin po. Kasi kagaya sa akin, mahirap “Ganitong wala pang sahod, nangungutang lang
lang. Iyang ano tama lang. Ibig sabihin parang ang misis ko sa tindahan. Pagkasahod bayad
kaya ko pa rin, Ayaw ko ring magpa ano sa mga lang.” ( Just like these days we don’t have salary
anak ko kasi may mga anak pa ako tinutustusan yet, my wife borrows from the store. We pay for
…. mga apo ko ba.” ( I will not stop working yet. it once we receive our salary. ) - Oben
Like me, I am poor. I don’t want to be a burden to
my children because they have their own too. I Secondly, all participants asserted that all of them were
have to earn for my grandchildren) - Herb job order workers. No single waste collector had become a
regular worker since day one.
In a larger scope, the participants believed they were
doing something for the community, and the people should “Wala pong regular dito sa amin. Kuan lang,
even be thankful to them. casual lang po talaga. Kahit sabihin mong
matagal ka na po, wala po talaga. Wala pong
“Dapat nga magpasalamat pa sila kasi regular.” ( There is no regular employee among
nakakatulong kami.” ( They should be thankful to us. We are casual employees only. Even if one
us because we help the community) – Ed has been working for a long time, there is no
provision for regular employment.) – Jay
Seeing their work as a means of empathy and sacrifice
for their families and the community was how the participants The CSWM Office confirmed this, saying that waste
viewed their work to compensate for their low self-worth, collectors had to renew their employment and pass another set
worries, and uncertainties. It was for them, their higher of biodata every three months, prioritizing those previously
purpose. It made their work and themselves valuable. Their employed, except those who had frequent absences and other
work was not only for themselves but also for others. negative work records.
Again, in the context of dirty work, this is also a
practice of “reframing” through “infusing” and In a study conducted in Kenya, job order workers
“neutralizing,” but this time including a larger and deeper usually were not loyal to their work, resulting in their
significance for the family and the community. They saw downsized commitment (Wandera, 2011). However, this
their work and themselves as productive and contributing finding did not apply to the participants of the present study.
forces of society. They were not menaces scattered in places Most of them stayed loyal and committed to their work, some
only doing vices and crimes; they were not dependents merely
Nicanor et al. 9

even for years because they and their families needed the However, it was not the smell of the waste that
salaries they got from it. bothered the participants. For participants, the most
challenging part of their work was being exposed to the
Lastly, in connection with the participants’ being job- scorching heat of the sun or extreme coldness due to
order workers, they did not receive complete work benefits or continuous rain.
even a single health benefit considering their work posed
health hazards. What made it worse was that the workers were ”Hindi na rin sa amoy ng basura, sa init na ba
not fully aware of these important matters. Ma’am, yung init po ang kalaban,. Iinom na lang
ng tubig, bibili ng ice. Minsan kapag maulan,
Study shows that work benefits are beneficial to work malamig, natutuyuan kami ng pawis sa likod.”
performance and work satisfaction (Tessema et al., 2013). ( It’s the heat that is challenging, not the smell of
Therefore, lack of it leads to the opposite result. The the trash. We just drink water, and we buy ice.
employees in the CWSM Office affirmed that most waste Sometimes, if it rains, our sweat just dries on our
collectors often fail to render obedience to policies, rules, and back.) - Mike
instructions and at times get absent from work, often without
permission. The Office employees added that they understood These weather conditions can affect workers in two
the waste collectors because they were aware of the ways. Biologically, these bring discomfort to the body. These
limitations of the waste collectors, the difficulty of their work, are labeled as thermal stress. It can either be heat stress or
and the Office’s shortcomings in terms of providing salaries cold stress. Heat stress can cause heat exhaustion which is
and benefits. They were also aware that it would be difficult experienced in headaches, dizziness, sleepiness, lack of
to find a replacement if the garbage collectors stopped concentration, and in more severe cases, dehydration and
working. However, the participants were still satisfied with heatstroke. Cold stress can cause vascular injuries, skin
their work even without complete work benefits. They inflammations and blisters, increased muscle tone and
already viewed their daily income in pangangalakal (selling shivering, hypothermia, lowering of organ’s temperatures,
recyclable trash) and flexible working time as significant and even death (World Health Organization, 2021).
advantages of their work.
The third social problem experienced by the
Aside from the work issues, the participants also faced participants was negative social perception and stigma. Social
workplace issues. Workers usually view their workplace as perception is how people create impressions of other people
their second home as they spend ample time in it. Home is and then combine all their information to construct a general
pictured as a place of health and safety, arranged in a pleasant logical picture. For the waste collectors, social perceptions
and welcoming way, with its roofs and walls to serve as about them were predominantly negative, relating it to their
protection. However, it is not the case for waste collectors work. Most participants had their fair share of negative
whose workplace is the dump truck or the dumpsite. Largely experiences on how other people perceive and treat them. All
and constantly surrounded by waste, waste collectors’ of them claimed that people regard them as smelly.
workplace can be seen plainly as a problem with full exposure
to extreme or changing weather. “Hindi talaga maiiwasan yan. Pagtapat kaagad
ng truck tabon kaagad ng bunganga eh.
Though the participants acknowledged that they were Nakakainsulto tapos kaya sabi nila ang baho.”
already accustomed to waste, there were still times when its ( You cannot avoid it. When the truck stops, they
sight, dirt, and smell bothered them. According to one will cover their mouth. It is insulting because they
participant, the decomposing waste made him vomit. will say it’s smelly) - Mike

Sumuka-suka ako. May mga uod. Kaso gano’n e. Some even belittled them because of their work.
Basurero ka.” (I vomit. There are worms, but it is
what it is, I’m a waste collector) - Oben “May mga sinasabi ang bayaw ko sa akin, kasi
ito lang ang trabaho ko, basurero.” (My brother-
Moreover, there were excrements and dead animals. in-law belittles me for being a waste collector) -
Oben
Wastes gathered by waste collectors are largely
residual wastes which are mainly comprised of leftover food Stigma is a trait wherein particular people are regarded
and waste coming from yards. These wastes are as unworthy of credit and acceptance. People sometimes
biodegradable wastes that decompose over time. That is why avoided the participants because they were waste collectors.
these wastes are not only a haven for maggots, as a participant
recounted, but also for rats, cockroaches, vermin, flies, and “Minsan po ayaw po nila makipagkwentuhan
other organisms that are possible carriers of transmittable kasi ganon mabaho.” (Sometimes they don’t
illnesses (UNEP, 2005). In addition to visible organisms and want to talk to us because we smell bad.)- Jay
pests, other microorganisms like organic pollutants, bacteria,
and fungi are also present in waste (Domingo & Nadal, 2009). Both negative social perception and stigma have
Furthermore, decomposition involves the emission of foul unfavorable effects on a person’s self-esteem (Crocker, 2008)
smell, and underlying it, are methane gas, carbon dioxide, and sense of self (Mousaid et al., 2017). These can either
dust, endotoxins, and airborne microorganisms motivate people to work harder and prove their worth or lead
(Ho Hwang et al., 2011). to thinking they are not really worthy of credit and acceptance

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permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the Asian Journal of Resilience
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10 Asian Journal of Resilience

and should be ashamed of their work. Social stigma is a “Minsan yung hinahakutan namin ng basura
problem encountered by waste collectors because it causes binibigyan kami ng meryenda kapag may sobra
unfair treatment from other people. Their smell repulses some sa mga hotel.” (Sometimes the people in the
people, and some consider their work lowly. Some people try hotel where we collect garbage give us snacks.)
to avoid them and disrespect them. These contribute to the – Ad
factors that cause society’s negative perception and stigma
because the garbage collectors might take these negatively. This simple act of kindness towards the waste
collectors somehow encouraged them to believe that many
3.3.3. Coping with social problems people still respect and understand their job as waste
collectors. Moreover, waste collectors were motivated to stay
The participants dealt with social problems through the in their job because they were appreciated by their superiors
following: work comparison, work convenience, flexible and their co-workers. They treated one another as family
time, social appreciation, and sidelines. members.

In terms of work comparison, the participants “Kasi sa trabaho naming ito para na kaming
considered their current job similar to or even better than their magkakapatid.” (In our job we treat one another
previous job. as a family) - Mike

“Kasi po kung nagtatrabaho ka po sa Filipinos have their ways and concept in initiating
construction, buong araw, mabigat pa. Eh dito social interaction that builds and promote a good and smooth
sa amin, pag nagpasok ka ng ala-una,area relationship with others that becomes the outcome of
nakasampa ka sa truck, kapag naubos na yung pakikipagkapwa or shared identity/self (Mendoza &
ano yung hinahakot nyo at naikot nyo na yung Perkinson, 2003). In the setting of waste collectors, they
area nyo, ah sabi ng monitoring clear na clear enjoyed and chose to stay in their job because they liked the
na. kahit na alas dos, alas tres, alas tres y media same flow together and understood one another.
pwede na ako mag dump.” (Because if you work
in construction site, it is a whole day’s work, and The participants had their way of considering
it is heavy, unlike here. When we are scheduled “kapwa” (shared identity). They developed a smooth
for one o’clock in the afternoon, and we finish interpersonal relationship with their co-workers, leading them
it, and the monitor tells us that the area is already to stay and enjoy their jobs. It is a usual trait of the Filipino to
clear, we can dump the garbage and go home have a good connection and promote a good relationship. In
even if it just 2:00 or 3:00 or 3:30 in the the case of the waste collectors, they initiate “pakikisama”, an
afternoon) - Art interpersonal relationship where people are friendly to one
another, a typical Filipino trait (Saito, 2010).
Another participants’ way of coping with social
problems is work convenience. Waste collectors applied for Another coping strategy of the participants was
the job because the application process was not difficult. They looking for alternative ways of having income or sidelines. In
also chose their job because they lived near their workplace. the case of the waste collectors whose salaries were delayed
for four months, they looked for alternative means to earn
“Kasi dito na din po ako lumaki, sanay na din their everyday living.
po ako. Kasi sa simula pa lang nandito na ako.”
( I’m used to it because I was raised here, I have “Ang mahirap lang naman dito sahod eh. Dapat
been here since the beginning. ) -Rad may sideline.” (Salary is the only problem here.
You should know how to find alternative
In addition, the participants stayed in their present job sources of income)- Mike
because they thought that it had its advantages. Almost all the
participants said that they liked their job because of the Every waste collector had extra work to make both
flexible schedule or time. They only spent five to seven hours ends meet if they did not receive their salary on time. Some
a day, and often, the garbage varied in quantity. of them worked at construction sites after their working shift.
Two of them were fishermen, and some of them raised swine.
“Kasi may pahinga naman dito. Hindi naman They also segregated and sold recyclable garbage. They
full day ang trabaho. Pagkatapos trabaho found other means to earn money and provide for their
pwede ka na magpahinga.” (We have a break, families.
we don’t have to work the whole day. After our
work, we can rest) - Ben When the participants’ salaries were delayed, their
spouses looked for different ways to provide for the family's
Another coping strategy that the participants used was needs.
the appreciation of the other people towards them. Some of
the participants testified that some people they did not know “Minsan iyon na lang po ang misis ko na
were good to them. They were given food from hotels and naglalaba. Minsan sa isang lingo, tatlong beses.
restaurants. Iyon na lang po ang ginagawa namin. Minsan
pang suporta pag walang sahod.” (Sometimes
my wife gets hired to do laundry three times a
week. That’s how we support the family when
there is no salary yet. )- Jay
Nicanor et al. 11

Some of the participants raised hogs that they could The working environment has a significant impact on
sell to have extra income for their future use. Some of them job performance and occupational motivation (Raziq &
worked in the construction sites when their shift was over Maulabakhsh, 2015). In the case of the waste collectors, their
was. Another alternative way that the participants had in mind route or their assigned place where they collect affects them.
was to sell recyclable trash (pangangalakal). Their working environment is a factor that contributes to their
job satisfaction.
“Ay po. Nangangalakal po. Mga plastic na iyan,
bale hati kayo. Hatian natin iyan.” (We collect Another social insight that the participants gained was
trash such as plastic and divide it among us)- dignity. For the participants, collecting wastes could provide
Harry for their daily needs and might be more profitable than other
jobs. Collecting wastes could help them through their salary
Waste collectors found several ways to have extra and the sideline, such as in “pangangalakal”.
work to provide an additional income for their daily living
expenses based on the data. They had their simple strategies “Pero hindi nila alam, mas kuwan sa basura,
for living or “diskarte” in Filipino concept, such as raising a may pera. ” (But they don’t know that there is
domesticated pig so they could sell it. Another sideline money in the garbage.) -Jay
is“pangangalakal” or selling recyclable trash. The
participants’ strategies in coping showed the Filipinos’ Aside from being in a profitable job, waste collectors
common characteristic, which is not to stick in only one area considered their job dignified.
just to provide their needs for a living (Valledor-Lukey,
2012). “Marangal naman kasi ang trabaho na ito e.
Iyon ang kagandahan.” (Our job is a dignified
3.3.3. Social Insights one. That’s the beauty in it) - Harry

As regards social insights, the participants valued their work The participants considered their job as something
environment. Waste collectors enjoyed the little detours that really valuable to the community. They helped the
their duty afforded them. They enjoyed looking at places community to be clean. Although some people would
along their routes. comment on their smell, for the participants, if not for them,
the community would suffer from the smell and not them.
"Lalong-lalo na kung mga nasa ano ka, marami
ka nakikita, marami ka ano. Kasi iba iba iyong “Sabi ng mga tao, mabaho daw pag nagakuha
mga hindi mo naaabot na lugar na naaabot mo. kami ng basura. Sa isip isip ko normal lang
Akala ko noon ang Puerto maliit lang iyon pala naman ang trabahong ito. Marangal naman
malaki rin. Kasi iyan sabihin mong hindi ka kaysa naman magnakaw ka. Baka mataas pa
palagi sa truck na iyan. Minsan may isa doon na ang sweldo namin kaysa sa iba dyan.
hiramin ka, doon ka na naman sa isang Magpasalamat na lang sila pag hindi naming
barangay.” ( When we collect trash, we can go hakutin mamaho din kayo dyan. Pag hindi
to places we’ve never been. I thought Puerto is a talaga nakuha ang basura grabeng baho nyan.
small place but it’s big. We do not always have Sa bayan isang araw lang hindi makabyahe ang
the same route. Sometimes, if the other group in truck tambak na ang basura.” (They say that we
another barangay has limited garbage collectors, smell when we collect garbage. In my mind, our
we will be requested to help. )- Herb job is normal; it is dignified; it is better than
stealing. Our salary may be higher than what
Doing their job not just for their own but also for the other workers receive. They should thank us
community shows how important the waste collectors’ job is because if we don’t collect garbage, it will stink.
for our community. In the city proper, if we don’t collect in just a
day, there will be tons of garbage.) - Art
"Siyempre kapag maka ano, iyong, sa paglilinis
ng basura sa bayan. Kasi mapangit man tingnan The participants were aware of their value to the
kung marumi iyong ating lugar e. Kasi parang people. They were not ashamed of their job, and they even
maganda rin ba ano, para makatulong din ba said that the community must be thankful to them because of
kami sa bayan. Maglinis ng Puerto...” (It is good their significant contribution through their job.
to help in maintaining the cleanliness of the
community. Because it is unpleasant to see a “Ano po syempre, di naman naming kinakahiya
place full of garbage. It is a good thing that we trabaho namin. Dapat nga magpasalamat pa
can help our community. We help in maintaining sila kasi nakakatulong kami.” (I am not ashamed
the cleanliness of Puerto)- Ad of my job. They should thank us that we can help
the community) – Ed
The participants perceived their job positively. They
could see the good in the little things, even with just the Dignity can affect an individual’s self-esteem and a
simple tours they get on duty and how they could help the sense of societal value (Hamilton et al., 2017). The waste
community. collectors accept their job but cannot control the societal view
about them.

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12 Asian Journal of Resilience

The statements of the participants above show that repressed fears but were overshadowed by the imbibed
they were satisfied with and proud of their job. They did not necessity of their work to their families and the community.
see that their work was lower than the other higher-earning Acceptance, “reframing,” and “necessity shield” made them
jobs. They were not ashamed of their source of living because view their work as not only the main source of their livelihood
their reason for working was to provide for their family. and extra income, ensuring their family’s survival first and
foremost, but also giving them a sense of positivity and
4. Discussion purpose. This sense of optimism may be considered
“unrealistic optimism,” as pointed out in a previous study that
In view of the biological problems met by the waste the waste collectors viewed themselves as not at risk even
collectors, the participants experienced physical discomfort when the dangers were evident (Ferrer & Klein, 2015).
and physical injuries. Their experience supports studies that
report that waste collection is an occupation that is risky and In terms of the social aspect, the participants faced
dangerous to the health of workers (Johnson, 2017; Abd work issues (e.g., delayed salary, no job tenure or security,
El-Wahab et al., 2014; Decharat, 2017; Neghab et al., 2013; and absence of health or work benefits), workplace issues
Tsovili et al., 2014) and requires much bodily and physical (direct exposure to different types of wastes and exposure to
effort that waste collectors claim to have bones and muscular extreme or changing weather), and negative social perception
pains (Newman, 2016). Nevertheless, the present study and stigma. The participants counteract these social problems
participants viewed themselves as healthy despite the risks by work comparison, work convenience, flexible time, social
and dangers associated with their work. They viewed health appreciation, and sidelines. Regarding work comparison, they
as the absence of sickness. As previously mentioned, all of considered their work as good or better than other jobs
them believed that their bodies were in good and normal (e.g., working on the farm). They pointed out that job
condition despite being in constant and direct contact with application was easy and living near their workplace was
wastes. They claimed that they did not feel any change in their advantageous for work convenience. Concerning flexible
bodies from the first day as waste collectors until the present. time, they highlighted that a flexible work schedule enabled
Even if they experienced physical discomfort and injuries, them to have other sources of income after collecting waste.
they did not consider it a problem because they believed that For social appreciation, they felt their importance because
it is common for everybody, regardless of work or workplace. they were appreciated by some people and by their superiors
They also believed that having such a workplace does not and fellow workers. Lastly, for the sidelines, they looked for
hinder them from being healthy. For them, it is only a matter alternative sources of income if their salaries were delayed.
of seeing and taking things and situations positively. The These coping strategies were in contrast to some studies that
physical discomforts they experienced were only part of and signified that negative perception and stigma impact a
consequences of their daily work. In the same way, the person’s self-esteem (Crocker, 2008) and sense of self
physical injuries were part of their work but were only (Mousaid et al., 2017). The waste collectors involved in this
occasional and isolated happenings, which could happen to study did not mind negative experiences with other people in
anyone, anywhere, and anytime. the community. Instead, they cultivated a good and stable
relationship with co-workers, “refocusing” on the advantages
Their coping strategies regarding these identified of their work and establishing their moral and societal values.
problems in terms of the biological aspect were body and As regards insights gained, they highlighted work
health care, such as taking vitamins and body protection like environment and dignity. Their work enabled them to see the
wearing personal protective equipment. If they will not work, other places in the city, and they were happy that they played
they will not survive, their families included. They focused a significant role in maintaining the cleanliness of the
their attention on the positive side of their work. Acceptance, community. They also emphasized that working as waste
optimism, and a sense of purpose were the keys to their collectors is a dignified means of earning a living; hence, they
assumed “normal, good, and healthy” bodies and health and were not ashamed of it.
why they continue to live and thrive.
5. Conclusion
In terms of the psychological aspect, the participants’
problems led them to perceive limited work options, value Waste collectors encounter several challenges that make them
their present work more, and disregard all the worries and develop strategic ways to deal with them. These challenges
uncertainties of body and health risks to which their work is are the risks to the body and health, exposure to hazardous
connected. In a study by Vasquez (2013), waste collectors in waste, the intense smell, the weather, absence of health
Nicaragua experienced stressful events even at an early age, benefits, delayed monthly salary, limited compensation, the
leading them to participate in adult acts. Because they stigma that the community gives to them, and accidents.
belonged to the poorest communities, worst in health, had the Those challenges do not hinder them from viewing
highest illiteracy rates, and did not have high hopes in the themselves as healthy and dignified as other workers.
future, these led them to discrimination and isolation from Resiliency plays a significant role in bouncing back from
society. Previous studies also reported that the level of those challenges. Their co-workers and their families serve as
education is positively correlated with work achievements their sources of motivation in continuing their work as waste
and financial successes (Gardner & Oswald, 2018; Riddell & collectors.
Song, 2011). In this connection, the present study participants
reported that they had low self-worth because of a low level This study shows the risks and dangers waste
of educational attainment. However, low self-worth did not collectors face in their occupation, making them find several
affect the participants’ rejection of a sick role because of the strategic ways of counteracting them. It also emphasizes the
acceptance and “reframing” they applied to work importance of unity, affirmation, and motivation, and a
(Ashforth & Kreiner, 1999). Their health worries and positive attitude in coping with workplace challenges no
uncertainties, on the other hand, may be reflections of their matter how risky the occupation is. Furthermore, it
Nicanor et al. 13

demonstrates that the Filipino culture has a significant role in Aweng, E.R., and Fatt, C.C. Survey of Potential Health Risk
molding the resilient attitude of waste collectors. Unity in the of Rubbish Collectors from the Garbage Dump Sites
workplace, smooth communication, and community in Kelantan, Malaysia, February 2014.
appreciation are factors that enhance their resiliency. https://www.ajouronline.com/index.php/AJAS/article/
view/828/439
This study recommends that the waste collectors be
provided compensatory benefits because they have intense Bickmeier, R., Lopina, E., & Rogelberg, S. (2015). Well-
exposure to risks and dangers and be supplied with being and performance in the context
appropriate personal protective equipment or protective gear of dirty work. In Veldhoven, M., & Peccei, R. (Ed.).
that will make them perform their tasks efficiently. It is also Well-being and Performance at Work: The role of
recommended that they be given free regular check-ups and context, 16.
medications such as pain relievers or vitamins. It is also https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/97813175887
suggested that proper waste management seminars and 95/chapters/10.4324%2F9781315743325-8
awareness campaigns be conducted among the residents to
help the community and the waste collectors to make their Biopsychosocial Model. (n.d.). University of Rochester.
work easier. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/medialibraries/urmc
media/education/md/documents/biopsychosocial-
Declaration of Conflict of Interest model-approach.pdf

The researchers declare that there is no conflict of interest Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in
involved in the study. psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3, 77-101, doi:10.1111/j.1467-
Funding 7717.2009.01129.x

The authors received no financial support from any Bradshaw, C., Atkinson, S., & Doody, O. (2017).
individuals or groups for the research and/or authorship of Employing a qualitative description approach in
this article. health care research. Global Qualitative Nursing
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16 Asian Journal of Resilience

About the Authors Alexandar B. Adelantar is a graduate of Bachelor of Science

in Psychology from Palawan State University. At present, she
Charbie A. Nicanor is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in works as a content editor at Reed Elsevier Shared Services
Psychology from Palawan State University. A licensed Philippines, Inc.
Psychometrician, he currently works as an instructor at
Palawan State University- El Nido. He was invited as a Hazel Gay Esquiviaz-Chua graduated with the degree
speaker at the 2nd International Virtual Research Conference Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Palawan State
of Asia Pacific School Psychology Association. He was also University. Her research interest includes family psychology,
a psychosocial volunteer at the Mental Health and marital counseling, and child psychology.
Psychosocial Services ( MHPSS) during the COVID-19
pandemic. He also serves as a volunteer counselor at Share Ecleah Sol M. Yadao obtained her Bachelor of Science in
Psychosocial Services and an on-call Psychometrician at Psychology from Palawan State University. A licensed
Psych System Innovation Incorporated and Palawan State psychometrician, she previously worked as a guidance
University- Office of the Student Affairs and Services. His counselor at Palawan State University. She is currently
research interest includes criminal psychology, political designated as a psychometrician at the Provincial
psychology, LGBT psychology, and Filipino psychology. Government of Palawan.

BC Faith C. Villar obtained her Bachelor of Science in

Psychology from Palawan State University. She currently
works as an assistant therapist at Tiny Nook Therapy Center,
a pediatric clinic that offers occupational therapy for children
with special abilities.