Quality control

Quality in construction work refers to meeting or exceeding the specified standards and requirements.
 Quality is achieved by following proper procedures and using appropriate materials.
 It involves ensuring that the work is done correctly the first time to avoid rework and delays.
 Quality control measures should be implemented throughout the construction process to identify and correct any
issues.
 Examples of quality control measures include inspections, testing, and documentation.
 Quality assurance involves verifying that the work meets the specified requirements and standards.
 Examples of quality assurance measures include audits and reviews.
 Quality is important in construction work to ensure safety, durability, and customer satisfaction

First check all cirtificate regarding meterial then check of the construction Drowning, Approved QAP from Client,
Check NDT, visual inspection and acording to the Job producers.

1. What is MILS?
Ans. Thousand of an inch
2. Give at least 3 essential variables of WPS?
Ans. Electrode, preheat, volt/amp, position, base metal
3. What is WPS?
Ans. Welding Procedure Specification- a prepared welding procedure which serve as guidance of the welders
4. What is WPQ?
Ans. Welders Performance Qualification- is the performance testing of the welder capability to do the weld in
accordance with approved WPS
5. What is PQR?
Ans. Procedure Qualification Record- a record of welding data used to weld a test coupon
6. What is PMI?
Ans. Positive Material Identification- a process use to determine the constituents of a materials
7. What is HAZ?
Ans. Heat affected zone- a portion of base metal that was not melted during welding process but whose
microstructure & properties were altered by heat
8. What is PWHT, its purpose?
Ans. Post weld heat treatment- to relieve internal stress that has trapped inside the weld during welding process
9. What is purpose of preheat?
Ans. To slow down the cooling rate, to reduce hardness of the weld to avoid cracking & brittleness
10. What is interpass temperature?
Ans. The highest temperature in the weld allowed prior to interpass weld in the case of multiple pass weld
11. What essential variables in WPS?
Ans. A change in welding condition which will affect the mechanical properties of the weldment.
12. Why maintenance temperature is very important for austhenetic materials?
Ans. To reduce intergranuallar corrosion near the weld
13. What is hardness in accordance with NACE MR0175?
Ans. 22 HRC maximum @ 620 degree (Rockwell C hardness)
14. Type of toughness test?
Ans. Charpy V-notch, IZOD, CTOD (Crack Tip Opening Displacement)
15. Type of hardness test?
Ans. Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell
16.  What mechanical test is an additional requirement for materials in low service temperature?
Ans. Impact test
17. What toe cracks is?
Ans. Generally cold cracks a results of thermal shrinkage stress acting on the weld HAZ
18. Differentiate between discontinuity & defects?
Ans. Defects- a discontinuity which exceed the permissible limit in relevant code Discontinuity- irregularity in the
normal pattern of the weld metal not necessary a defects
19. Prevention before using low hydrogen electrode?
Ans. Electrode shall be dried at 260 degree ~ 430 degree for 2 hrs. and shall stored continuously in the oven at
120 degree
20. What is GMAW?
21. Ans. Gas Metal Arc Welding- often called MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding. Widely use as semi- automatic joining
process w/c coalescence of metal is produce by heat from an electric arc that is maintained between the tip of a
consumable bare wire electrode and surface of the base metal in the weld joint.
22. What is FCAW?
23. Ans. Flux Cored Arc Welding- its similar to GMAW, FCAW have the highest deposition rate & semi-automatic
welding process w/c coalescence of metal is produced by heat from an electric arc & maintain between the tip of
consumable flux filled wire electrode & surface of the base metal in the weld joint
24. What is SAW?                                                                                                                                                 
Ans. Submerged Arc Welding- Referred to as (Submerged) because electric arc is actually submerged under the
granular flux, currently use for thick metals & heavy steel fabrication
25. What is the acronym GTAW, describe the process?                                                                                   
Ans. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding- which often called TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding, can be manual joining
process in w/c coalescence of metal is produced by heat from an electric arc that is maintain between the tip of
a tungsten electrode (non consumable) & the surface of base metal in the weld joint.
26. What is SMAW?                                                                                                                                               
Ans. Shielded Metal Arc Welding- its commonly called stick welding, widely use arc welding process w/c
coalescence of metal is produced by heat from an electric arc that is maintain between the tip of a covered
electrode & surface of base metal in the weld joint
27. What is a straight face in a size of 3mm in Bevel?
Ans. Root Face
28. It is need to qualify the welder, if the WPS is pre-qualified in the same project?
Ans. No
29. What NDT which use illumination for testing? (RT not included in the choices)
Ans. Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
30. Give at least 3 “attributes” that could result form tension test.
Ans. Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and percent elongation
31. Enumerate at least 5 essential attributes in material test report (MTR).
Ans. Material specification/grade, mechanical properties, chemical properties, heat number, name of
manufacturers
32. Why there is a need to specify maximum interpass temperature for austenitic stainless steel?
Ans. To avoid excessive heat input
33. Why is it 3mm root face (in groove preparation) is important in most weld joint?
Ans. To avoid melt through weld, burn through, root concavity.
34. What is the minimum mechanical test required to qualify a welder?
Ans. Bend Test
35. What is the effect of Hydrogen on the weld metal?
Ans. Cracking/Brittleness
36. Define the meaning of Overlap?
Ans. A form of lack of fusion that occurs in the weld face area during the positional welding caused by action of
gravity.
37. What is Acid Test?
Ans. It is a Non-Destructive Test applied in cladded plate after removing of stainless to carbon steel.
38. What are the 4 grooves joint and each positions?
Ans. 1G – Flat; 2G – Horizontal; 3G – Vertical; 4G – Overhead
39. How do you preserve electrodes after it has been removed from its container before using?
Ans. Holding oven
40. What is Autogenous Weld?
Ans. A type of welding process that do not use filler metal.
41. Where does porosities be obtained?
Ans. Atmospheric contamination; chemical contamination
42. When welding of high nickel content material, the electrode to be used always lower in nickel
content than the base metal.
Ans. False
43. What is the most automated NDE process?
Ans. Eddy Current
44. If there is no accessability to do the weld at the back side of the joint. What welding process can be
used?
Ans. GTAW
45. If there is no accessability to do the weld at the back side of the joint. What discontinuities mostly
can be found?
Ans. Lack of fusion; Burn through; Root concavity
46. What is the necessary requirements for the inspection of instruments?
Ans. Calibration Certificates, Check the calibration date.
47. Is it required to Qualify Procedure Specification if there is a chance in the Essential Variable?
Ans. Yes
48. Where does hydrogen can be obtained?
Ans.Rust, moisture, oil/grease
49. When you found a weld repair and make a weld report, to whom will you address the report?
Ans. Welding Foreman
50. For non magnetic materials, What NDT method can detect surface cracks?
Ans. PT
51. Where can you find Toe of the weld?
Ans. Junction between face and weld metal.
52. When a vendor received a P.O. from a client which have conflicts from a code and standard
requirements. Does the vendor require to accept?
Ans. False
53. What NDT method used to detect Lamination?
Ans. UT
54. What are the important traits of an inspector?
Ans. Informed, impartial,….
55. In AWS D1.1, Pre-qualified Welding Procedure does not need to qualify a welder (true or false)?
Ans. False
56. In AWS D1.1, Pre-qualified Welding Procedure does not need to qualify a welder (true or false)?
Ans. False
57. According to AWS D1.1, all welding procedure needs to be qualified? (True or False)
Ans. False
58. In doing the inspection for size of the fillet weld, what is the reference that you will use to make
sure that the you are checking the right size of the fillet weld?
Ans. Fabrication drawing
59. What is the function of Root Face?
Ans. To remove excess heat and act as a heat sink.
. What is QA/QC?

QA/QC means, “Quality Assurance/Quality Control” the purpose of this (QA/QC) is to establish the
sequence of requirement for the quality of material, quality of works, its inspection and records.

2. What are basic responsibilities of QA/QC personals?

To ensure execution of works and comply fully as per standard and approved specs.

3. What are the basic required documents for a QA/QC personal?

The basic required documents QA/QC personal are as following:

ITP: to conduct the Quality check (inspection/witness/surveillance) etc.
WP: standard procedure to execute the works. (Work Procedure)
P&ID: as a reference to ensure that the work is as per standard drawing.
MTC: To ensure that the material complies the PES standard specs.
PP: To ensure that the Instruments are installed as per P&ID and PP as per convenience.
IDS/ISS: To ensure that the instrument comply with the basic requirement.
RFI: To conduct the inspection of completed works. (Request for Inspection)
QR: To maintain the quality records of completed works etc.
QCO: To issue a warning in case of little violation and observation
NCR: To issue a warning in case of serious violation of standard. (Non Compliance Report)
Calibration Report: To ensure parameters are function checked as per IDS.
Hook Up: To ensure that the remote connection of pneumatic is done correctly.
Wiring Diagrams: To ensure that the wiring is done correctly.

4. What is NCR? Why does it need for a QA/QC personal?

NCR means Non‐Compliance Report, QA/QC personal has reserve the right to issue a warning if the
contractor doesn’t comply or violate with the standard procedure.

5. What are the general work procedures (WP)?

The general sequence of activities will be as follows:

a) Receiving Drawing and Documents
b) Reproduction of Drawings
c) Issuing of Drawing to site
d) New‐Issuing New Revisions
e) Shredding of Drawings
f) Redlining Drawings
g) Transmittal of redlines to Client (As‐built)
h) Restricted access to the DCO
i) Work Permit prior to start the works
j) Record

6. What is redlining? Brief its color coding.

In case of any change occur to the standard approved drawing while the project is being constructed
or tested the relevant drawing will be “redlined”. Following color coding shall be used for this
purpose:

Red : If any addition required in the drawing.

Green : If any deletion is required from the drawing.
Blue : if any comment is added.

7. What are the difference between Inspection (Surveillance), witness and Hold point?

Inspection : Work can be execute without clients inspection and it can be Inspect some part of
them if it required.
Witness : Work can be execute without client inspection and then it can be inspected upon the
completion of work.
Hold Point : Work can’t be executed without client inspection.

8. What is ISO? Explain some of its standards?

ISO means International Standard Organization; some of them are as below: ISO: 9001, ISO: 9002,
ISO: 9003 etc.

9. What are Zone classifications? Give a brief.

 Zone classification is defining the area of hazards, they are as below;

Zone – 0: A zone in which explosions gas/air mixture is continuously present or present for extended
periods, during normal operation.
Zone – 1: A zone in which explosions gas/air mixture is likely to occur in normal operation.
Zone – 2: A zone in which explosions gas/air mixture is not likely to occur in the normal operation
and if it occurs, it will only exist for a short time.
Zone – 10: A zone in which explosive dust atmosphere is present continuously or for extended
periods of time.
Zone – 11: A zone in which there is likelihood that explosive atmosphere may occur for short periods
due to unsettled dust layers.

10. What are the standard heights to install the instruments?

A standard height to install the instruments is 1‐4 meters, but it can vary less or more as per
location’s convenience.

11. What are the required documents for an inspection?

Following are the required documents for an inspection:
: RFI (Request for Inspection)
: P&ID for line inspection
: PP for location
: Wiring diagram for wiring details.
: Data Sheet for calibration and pressure test.
: Hook‐up etc. for remote tubing/air line
: QR for maintaining record.
: WP (Work Procedure) to check each and every step as per spec.
: QCO for issuing in case of little violation.
: NCR (Non Compliance Report) for issuing in case of major violation etc.

12. What are the primary elements for measuring pressure?

The primary elements for measuring pressure are:

1. Bourdon Tube
2. Diaphragm
3. Capsule
4. Bellows
5. Pressure Spring
The above are known as elastic deformation pressure elements.
1. Types of Bourdon Tubes.
1) ‘C’ Type.
2) Spiral
3) Helix
2. Diaphragm : The diaphragm is best suited for low pressure measurement
3. Capsules : Two circular diaphragm are welded together to form a pressure capsule. Material used:
PHOSPHER BRONZE, NI‐SPONGE, STAINLESS STEEL
4. Bellows : Bellows is a one‐piece, collapsible, seamless metallic unit with deep folds formed from
very thin walled tubing.
5. Pressure Spring : Pressure springs of helical or spiral shape are used for measuring high pressures.

13.Name the type of tests required for testing following cables:

• Medium voltage power cables – Megger test & DC High Potential test
• Catholic protection – Holiday test
• Low voltage cables – Megger test & continuity test.

14. Name some of the tests required for testing following equipment:
1. Oil type transformers – Winding test and Ratio test
2. Electrical Motors – Winding test, Resistance test, Megger test
3. Batteries – specific gravity, voltage, current
4. Circuit Breakers – Megger & Ductor test, primary current Trajection test

15.  What is the NEMA rating for electrical enclosures installed in the following
environments:
1. Indoor – NEMA – article – 250
 2. Outdoor – 3R , 3CR4
3. Corrosive environment – 4X

Structural
1. Question 1. What Is Structural Steel Design?
Answer :
structural steel design, is an area of knowledge of structural engineering used to design steel
structures. The structures can range from schools to homes to bridges. ... The second is the Load
and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method.
2. Question 2. What Are The Mechanical Properties Of Structural Steel?
Answer :
Resistence to deformation based upon:
o Material.
o Length.
o X-section.
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3. Question 3. Explain The Design Process Of Structural Steel?
Answer :
Design process :
o Preliminary member sizing of beams
o Structural analysis - modeling, analysis
o Design review - member modifications
o Cost of estimation
o Preparation of structural drawings and specifications
o Loads for structural analysis and design
o Dead load
o Live load
o Mean return period OR
o Recurrence interval OR
o Live loads for various occupencies
o Reduction in basic design live load
o Impact Load
o Wind load

Question 4. Describe The Steps Used For Erection Of Structural Steel?

Answer :
o Material received at site.
o Concrete bases and anchor bolts.
o Shims.
o Pre assembly at ground level.
o Main construction steel erection (dimension bolt)
o Tightening for anchor bolt.
 o Alignment for structural steel.
o Tightening for steel.
o Tightening for anchor bolts.
o Grouting.
o Complete structural steel erection (secondary beams, bracing).
o Calibration of whrench and device.
o Modification during and after erection includes cutting, welding, NDT,….etc).
o Painting inspection.
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Question 5. What Are The Defects You Can Except During Inspection Of Material
Receiving At The Site?
Answer :
o Lamination.
o distortion.
o pitting.

Question 6. Mention The Steps To Check Material Received At The Site?

Answer :
o Visual inspection.
o Dimension inspection.
o Verification of heat no and mill certificate information’s.
Question 7. How Can You Check The Support Foundation ?
Answer :
o Location.
o Orientation.
o Elevation.
Question 8. What Is The Minimum Top Elevation Of Leveling Shims?
Answer :
Minimum 25mm.
Question 9. What Is The Acceptable Variation In Dimensions Between The Centres Of
Two Anchor Bolts (within An Anchor Bolt Group)?
Answer :
Maximum 3 mm
Question 10. Which Code You Can Use For Check Bolts Used For Primary Structural
Connection?
Answer :
ASTM A325 N.
Question 11. What Is The Minimum Size Of Bolt Used At Astm A32 N ?
Answer :
Minimum size 20mm.
Question 12. How Much Variation In Elevation Of The Top Of Anchor Rods?
Answer :
Max 13 mm.
Question 13. How Many Days Minimum Required To Archive 70% Concrete Strength
(curing Time)?
Answer :
7 days minimum.
 Question 14. How Many Bolts Minimum Required Per Connection?
Answer :
2 bolt minimum required.
Question 15. How Much Variation In Dimension From Centre Of Any Anchor Bolts Group
To Be Establish Column Line Through The Group?
Answer :
Equal to or less than 6mm
Question 17. What Are The Types Of Joints You Can Use For Erection Of Structural Steel?
Answer :
Snugtightened joint. Pretension join or slip critical joint.
Question 19. What Is The Vertical Tolerance (alignment) For Straight Compression
Structural Member?
Answer :
1 mm per 1m accepted.
Question 20. What Are The Types Of Methods Of Bolt Tightening?
Answer :
Snug tightening, turn of nutpreten sioning calibrated wrench pretensioning or directtension
indicator pretensioning
Question 21. Complete, All Bolts, Nuts And Washers Shall Be Properly Identified And
Marked With ?
Answer :
o Material grade.
o manufacture’s logo.
Question 22. .all Nuts For High Strength Bolts Shall Be …………. To Reduce To Torque
Installation .
Answer :
Wax – dipped.
Question 23. All Gusset And Stiffener Plates Shall Be …………..mm Minimum Thickness
Answer :
10 mm minimum
Question 24. What Is The Minimum Height Of Handrails Provided On Walkways And
Platforms ?
Answer :
Over 1 meter heigh.
Question 25. Complete, Standard Bolt Holes Shall Not Be Enlarge By More Than
……………. Mm To Make Connection Resulting From Minor Mislit
Answer :
1mm.
Question 26. What Are The Properties Of A Steel?
Answer :
The important characteristics of steel for design purposes are:
o yield stress (Fy).
o ultimate stress (Fu).
o modulus of elasticity (E).
o percent elongation (ε).
o coefficient of thermal expansion (α)
Question 27. What Are The Types Of Structural Steel?
 Answer :
Types of structural steel : Various types of structural steel sections and their technical
specifications are as follows:
o Beams.
o Channels.
o Angles.
o Flats

Question 28. What Are Steel Beams?

Answer :
Steel Beams : Steel Beams is considered to be a structural element which mainly carries load in
flexure meaning bending. Usually beams carry vertical gravitational force but are also capable
of carrying horizontal loads generally in the case of an earthquake.
The mechanism of carrying load in a beam is very unique, like; the load carried by a beam is
transferred to walls, columns or girders which in turn transfer the force to the adjacent structural
compression members. The joists rest on the beam in light frame constructions. 
Question 29. Explain About Steel Channels?
Answer :
Steel channels : Steel channels are used ideally as supports and guide rails. These are roll-
formed products. The main metal used for making channels is steel along with aluminum. There
are certain variations that are available in the channels category, the categorization is mainly on
the shape of the channel, the varieties are mentioned below: 
o J channels: This kind of channel has two legs and a web. One leg is longer. This
channel resembles the letter-J.
o Hat channels: This channel has legs that are folded in the outward direction
resembling an old fashioned man's hat.
o U channels: This most common and basic channel variety. It has a base known as
a web and two equal length legs.
o C channels: In this channel the legs are folded back in the channel and resemble
the letter-C. C channels are known as rests.
o Hemmed channels: In this kind of channel the top of the leg is folded hence
forming double thickness. 
Question 30. What Are The Applications Of Steel Channels?
Answer :
Application : Steel channels are subjected to a wide array of applications. The application fields
are:
o Construction.
o Appliances.
o Transportation.
o Used in making Signposts.
o Used in wood flooring for athletic purposes.
o Used in installing and making windows and doors