Sustainable Tourism reviewer Types of Impacts
Lecture 1. TYPE OF IMPACTS:
UNWTO defines sustainable tourism as “(one that) meet ACTUAL (OBJECTIVE): backed up by hard
that the needs of present tourists and host regions data, quantitative in nature
while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the PERCEIVED (SUBJECTIVE): opinions about
future. effects of tourism based on social status,
GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM world view, educational attainment
1. Economic Prosperity; (Profit)- carefully selected markets QUALITATIVE IMPACTS: observing and
and profitable business operations describing impacts
QUANTITATIVE IMPACTS: impacts
2. Social and Cultural Equity; and (People)- respecting local measured expressed in numerical form
traditions, protecting indigenous communities. DIRECT IMPACT: immediate and flows from
tourism to the receiver of impact
3. Environmental Conservation. (Planet)- environment is INDIRECT IMPACT: flows from tourism to
safeguarded from destruction and the receiver of impact through intervening
that the tourism industry and tourists behave in a persons, agencies, or industries.
manner. Tourism impacts may also be seen in terms of its
temporal dimension.
TOURISM LIFE CYCLE (BUTLER’S MODEL) CUMULATIVE IMPACTS: caused by tourism
THE SIX STAGES OF TOURIST AREA EVOLUTION development over time.
THE EXPLORATION STAGE IMMEDIATE IMPACTS: caused by a single event,
Small numbers of tourists and could happen within a short period of time.
Based on primary tourist attractions. These maybe LONG-TERM IMPACTS: are those that will be
natural or cultural. borne or experienced by the affected sectors or
No secondary tourism attractions. stakeholders for years or even generations to
Tourism has no economic or social significance to local come.
residents. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS: are those that do not
1. THE INVOLVEMENT STAGE- Local residents become endanger the welfare of the affected people or
involved in tourism places way into the distant future.
2. THE DEVELOPMENT STAGE- High numbers of tourists Tourism-induce Impacts
that may exceed the local population during peak REVERSIBLE IMPACT: can be corrected
periods. immediately or over a short period of time
3. THE CONSOLIDATION STAGE- Tourism growth slows IRREVERSIBLE IMPACT: is one that requires a
but the numbers of tourists exceed the local population. long period of time to recover.
4. THE STAGNATION STAGE- Visitor numbers have
reached their peak. Tourism impacts may also be classified according to
6. THE DECLINE/REJUVINATION SCENARIO- Unable to the source.
compete with newer tourism attractions. POINT SOURCE: specific tourism-related facility,
project, or object.
Lecture 2. NON-POINT SOURCE: mobile, intangible, and
Definition, Dimension and Determinants of Tourism has an indefinite lifespan.
Impacts
DEFINITION OF TOURISM IMPACT A similar framework for assessing a place's potential for
Hall and Lew (2009, 54) defined impact as "a tourism is the As framework suggested by Cruz (2009).
change in a given state o time as the result of an The framework consists of:
external stimulus." For our purposes, external Atmosphere refers to the general impression of
stimulus, referred to as tourism. being welcome and safe in a destination.
Attitude is about the friendliness and readiness INVESTMENT INCENTIVE CRITERIA AND
of residents in a destination to have tourists in WEIGHTS
their midst. INVESTMENT INCENTIVE - policy
Atmosphere and attitude are similar to international implemented by government to promote
openness, safety and security, and health and the establishment of new businesses or to
hygiene criteria in the Travel and Tourism encourage existing businesses to expand or
Competitiveness Index. not to relocate elsewhere.
Administration is the management of tourism in FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, such as grants and
the destination and covers how effective the loans,
national and local tourism agencies are in doing FISCAL INCENTIVES, such as tax holidays
their jobs. and reduced tax rates, and other incentives,
Assistance is the level of support provided by such as subsidized infrastructure, market
government to tourists and to the tourism preferences, and regulatory exemptions,
industry. are the three main types of investment
Awareness refers to the tourism promotional incentives that can be implemented at the
effort of the government. local, regional, and national levels.
REPUBLIC ACT 9593 defines tourism enterprises as
Stakeholder Power and Capacity "facilities, services, and attractions involved in
Social representation refers to the way people Tourism, such as but not limited
construct knowledge about tourism and its - TIEZA DESCRIBES A TEZ AS an area with a contiguous
impacts. territory of at least five hectares in size;
Environmental discrimination is "the result of,
and process by which, environmental policies THE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TEZ ARE:
create intended or unintended consequences,
especially those which have disproportionate CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM ZONE,
impact on individuals, populations, HEALTH AND WELLNESS TOURISM ZONE,
communities, minority populations or races, ECOTOURISM ZONE.
women and lower-income groups “ GENERAL LEISURE TOURISM ZONE, AND
Environmental racism refers to "any policy, MIXED-USE TOURISM ZONE.
practice, or directive that differentially affects
or disadvantages (whether intended or Lecture 3.
unintended) individuals, groups, or TOURISM VOLUME, DENSITY, OR RATIO
communities based on race or color" (Bullard
1996, 497 in Lee and Jamal 2008). TOURISM DENSITY refers to the number of
tourists at a given time in relation to the area of
DIMENSIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS: scope, the destination.
direction of change, type of impact, scale, TOURISM RATIO refers to the volume of tourists
distribution, duration of Effects in relation to the local population.
SCOPE: ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT, OR SOCIETY. TOURIST MARKETS SERVED
- INSTITUTIONALIZED
DIRECTION OF CHANGE: INDIVIDUAL MASS: this is the tourist
ENVIRONMENT - deterioration or improvement of who goes to an agency in search of a
place tourist package. They make individual
ECONOMY - employment trips, taking advantage of the
SOCIETY – culture, heritage destination’s infrastructure established
for mass tourism.
ORGANIZED MASS: these travelers take
organized tours where all the details
are covered and there are no surprises another. Examples include roads, highways, railroads,
of any kind. It is usually family tourism and airports.
without any major variations. Residential land use - is the land used for housing. It
- NON-INSTITUTIONALIZED includes single-family units with yards to multiple-unit
DRIFTER: this is the independent tourist structures such as apartment complexes,
who backpacks. They do not depend on condominiums, and townhomes.
the infrastructure and have little
influence on the destination, as they Pollution – land, water, noise, visual
interact with the environment and Solid wastes appear when a destination has already
usually integrate with it. exceeded its carrying capacity.
Air pollution is caused by the release of chemicals and
Land use involves the management and modification of particulates into the atmosphere.
natural environment or wilderness into built Land pollution happens when the quality of soil change
environment such as settlements and semi-natural and can no longer support life.
habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed Water pollution is often a result of too much gasoline
woods. (Allocation of land, a key to determine the area and oil in water caused by traffic of boats and ferries.
to be developed, protect, etc.) Visual pollution includes signage’s built without
Zoning is essentially a set of codes that outline the rules common standard, vandalism on cave walls, sprouting
for what may be built on a particular property. Zoning of cemented and galvanized houses in the rice terraces,
codes limit the size, shape, use, and location of misplaced billboards that block the view to a
buildings. destination and uncollected garbage.
Light Pollution is the presence of unwanted,
The six main categories and examples of each are inappropriate, or excessive artificial lighting.
described as follows:
Recreational land use - is the land that is used for
recreational purposes. In rural areas, this includes
camping, hiking, hunting, fishing, etcetera. Urban areas
can include city parks, playing fields, hiking and biking
trails, etcetera. Laws and zoning regulations
ensure that the land is only used for recreational
purposes.
Agricultural land use - is land used for growing crops
such as corn, wheat, beans, etcetera, and orchards and
vineyards. It also includes land used in raising and
grazing farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs,
etcetera.
Commercial land use - is land that has been zoned for
use in the sale of goods and services for financial profit.
Examples of commercial land use include central
business districts, shopping districts such as large or
strip malls, and many kinds of health and
personal services.
Industrial land use - is the land used in the
manufacturing, storing, packaging, processing, etcetera.
For example, manufacturing
plants, sawmills, chemical plants, oil refineries, etcetera.
Transport land use - is the land delegated to the moving
or transportation of goods and people from one spot to
