FLUID STATICS

Chemical Engineering Department FT-UI

Lecturer : Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng
• when the fluid is in rest,
no shear stress develops
• and only normal stress
exists that is fluid static
pressure or hydrostatic
pressure
 RECALL
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE EQUATION

This equation can be derived from Newton Law 1

about forces of an object at rest
 DERIVATION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Upper Pressure
Pb
F = Upper Force + Bottom Force + Gavity Force = 0

Densitas=ρ

Δz
Zb

Za

Bottom Pressure
Pa
Pressure = Force per unit area.

N
p= F
Nm-2
A m2
(Pa)
 Units for Pressure
Unit Definition or
Relationship
1 pascal (Pa) 1 kg m-1 s-2
1 bar 1 x 105 Pa
1 atmosphere (atm) 101,325 Pa
1 torr 1 / 760 atm
760 mm Hg 1 atm
14.696 pounds per 1 atm
sq. in. (psi)
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
EQUIPMENTS
 How to measure ?

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
 MANOMETER

Manometers are devices to determine the

pressure difference between two points,
by using one or more columns of liquid

▪ U-tube manometer
U-tube Manometer
PRESSURE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
U-tube Manometer

a b
 Measurement of Pressure Difference
By U-tube Manometer

a b
Basic equation of static fluids :

P2=P3=Px+ρgx.

X
U-tube Manometer
using more than 1 fluid

Basic equation
PA=PB
Try to Understand these TERMINOLOGY

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

P atmosfir=14,7 lbf/inch (psi)

patmosfir= 1.013X105 Nm-2 (Pascal)

MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Barometer
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

– For mercury barometers

atmospheric pressure
(101.33kPa) corresponds to
h=760 mmHg (= 29.2 in)

– If water is used h = 10.33

m H2O (= 34 ft)
Home work 1

For mercury barometers, at atmospheric

pressure the height of mercury is h=760
mmHg (= 29.2 in). If water (15° Celcius
is used, the h = 10.33 m (34 ft)

Calculate the height if the water

temperature is 90, where the vapor
pressure of space above the water is not
vaccum, but equal to it vapor pressure.
Try to Understand these TERMINOLOGY

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
 GAUGE PRESSURE

Pressure expressed as
the difference between the pressure of the fluid
and that of the atmosphere (P=14,7 psi)
 GAUGE PRESSURE
MEASURING PRESSURE OF A POINT IN COMPARISON TO ATMOSPHERE
 Home work problem/Exercise 2

Calculate absolut pressure (atm) at point A

SG of fluid 1= 0,8 of water gr/cm3 and SG of fluid 2 = 1
Density of water 1 gr/cm3
 Home work problem 2

Using a u-tube manometer to measure gauge pressure of fluid density 700

kg/m3, and the manometric fluid is mercury, with a relative density of 13.6.
What is the gauge pressure if:
a). h1 = 0.4m and h2 = 0.9m?
b) h1 stayed the same but h2 = -0.1m?
INCLINED MANOMETER
BOURDON GAUGE
 INCLINED MANOMETER
• To measure small pressure differences need to magnify
Rm some way.
MEASURING GAGE PRESSURE BY
BOURDON GAUGE
Try to Understand these TERMINOLOGY

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
 PRESSURE TERMINOLGY

Differential pressure is
ΔP (difference in pressure) between two points.

Atmospheric Pressure is
ΔP between atmospheric pressure and perfect vaccum.

Gauge pressure is
ΔP between a point pressure and atmospheric pressure.

Absolute pressure is
ΔP between a point pressure and perfect vacuum.
Atmospheric pressure is
typically 30 inHg at sea level.

a vacuum of 26 inHg gauge

is equivalent to
an absolute pressure of (− 26+30) inHg = 4 inHg.
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 1

PRESSURE – DEPTH RELATIONSHIP

DEPTH-PRESSURE RELATION

The deeper the position , the higher the pressure

Example : Depth pressure calculation
Pressure at the surface of a water of a lake is 105 kPa.
Calculate the pressure at 35.0 m undersurface.

Water density
Example
How far below the surface of the ocean on Earth do
you need to be to experience the same pressure as
the surface of Venus (95 atm)?

Density of sea water

 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 2

OIL RESERVOIR PRESSURE

OIL RESERVOIR PRESSURE
Drilling of Oil Well

Static pressure calculation

related to oil well drilling
operation are:

•Calculation of Wellhead
pressure reservoir pressure

•Calculation of density of
drilling mud
WELLHEAD PRESSURE AT OIL FIELD
1000psi

What is depth of oil well ?

HAVE YOU EVER SEEN THIS

Oil blow out in an oil well

 Exercise/Example

Predict the depth of a hydrostatic type oil reservoir located near the sea.
the well is 50 meter above the sea level. The wellhead pressure is 120
kN/m2. The oil specific gravity 0.85; density of sea ρ water = 1000 kg/m3;
and Patm= 101kN/m2
Predict the depth of a hydrostatic type oil
reservoir located near the sea.

120 kN/m2
Patm= 101kN/m2

ρ water = 1000
?
kg/m3
SG=0.8
5
 120 kN/m2 Patm= 101kN/m2
W

ρ water = 1000
y=?
kg/m3
SG=0.8
5 P=ρgh
B

Pw+ρoilgX = PA+ ρwaterg(X-50)

 Homework problem 3

THE DEPTH OF OIL RESERVOIR

Calculate the depth of a hydrostatic type oil reservoir if

wellhead is located 100 meter above the sea level,
the wellhead pressure is 120 kN/m2,
oil specific gravity 0.8; density ρ water = 1000 kg/m3;
and Patm= 101kN/m2
 Exercise Problem 4
Patmofer

Find gauge pressure (kPa) at points

A,B,C,D.
 Problem Example

B
A
SG=0,7 θ
1ft
10ft

•If pressure at A (surface) 2 psi higher than pressure at B

calculate angle θ
 Problem 2.47 page.72

P1
h P2

Pa Pb

H
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 3

WALL THICKNESS DESIGN

The Design of wall thickness of Dam
FORCE ON VERTICAL PLANE SURFACES

h P One side is exposed to

F H the atmosphere and
Here the pressure the other side to the
varies linearly with water.
depth: P=ρgh

Vertical rectangular wall (wall width = W)

FORCE ON VERTICAL PLANE SURFACES

h P

F H

Vertical rectangular wall (wall width = W)

The Design of wall thickness of Dam
The Design of wall thickness of a Tanks
The Design of wall thickness of a Tanks

The loads to which a process vessel will be

subject
Major loads

1.Static head of liquid.

2.Weight of the vessel and contents, under operating
conditions.
3.Pressure Operation of the vessel
4.Wind loads.
5.Earthquake (seismic) loads.
6.Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.
The Design of wall thickness of a Tanks

The loads to which a process vessel will be

subject

Major loads
1.Static head of liquid.
 Home work

Calculate the thicknes of tank to store 10.000m3

If the matarial is steel. Tank Diameter D. The yield
tensile strength of stell 53700 psi.
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 4

GRAVITY SEPARATOR FOR

FLUIDS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITI
 OIL-WATER SEPARATOR OR GRAVITY DECANTER

How it works…
for the separator to work / to get oil-water separated, It need to keep
the oil water interface at desire level.
 GRAVITY SEPARATOR

When ρB≈ρA interface location is very sensitive to height of heavy liquid overflow leg. This leg is often has
adjustable height to give the best separation.
SEPARATION OF FLUIDS BY GRAVITY FORCE
(OIL- WATER
SEPARATOR)
 Homework 5

DECANTER PROBLEM
• It is proposed to use a gravity decanter to
separate a light petroleum oil (density 50.0
lbm/ft3) from water (density 62.3 lbm/ft3). Its
desire to maintain a total depth of 30 in. in the
vessel and to have exactly equal depth of oil and
water. What should be the height , expressed in
inch of the water discharge leg above the bottom
of the vessel.